Stochiometry

(chemical calculations) and the Mole Concept

The mole concept
A mole is 6.02 x 10
23
avogadro number - units of an item.
Avogadros Law: Equal volumes of different gases contain equal numbers of molecules
at the same pressure and temperature.
Molar mass and moles
When the formula mass of an ionic compound is determined by the addition of its
component relative atomic masses and expressed in grams, it is called the molar mass.
The molar mass is equivalent to the mass of 1 mole of that compound expressed in
grams.
Mole relationships
When dealing with elements
Moles of the element x molar mass = mass of the element
When dealing with compounds
Moles of a compound x molar mass = mass of the compound
When dealing with molecules of a compound
Moles of molecules x 6.02 x 10
23
= number of molecules
When dealing with atoms of elements
Moles of atoms x 6.02 x 10
23
= number of atoms
Gas volumes and molar mass
The standard conditions of temperature and pressure (STP) are 273 K and 760 mm of
mercury pressure.
The molecular mass of a gas expressed in grams and under standard conditions occupies
22.4 liters. The 22.4 liters is referred to as the gram molecular volume (gmv) or molar
volume.
Gay Lussacs Law states that, when only gases are involved in a reation, the volumes of
the reacting gases and the volumes of the gaseous products are in a small-whole-number
ratio to each other.
Density and molar mass
Since the density of a gas is usually given in gram/liter of gas at STP, we can use the
molar volume to molar mass relationship.
Mass volume relationships
Mass mass problems
Volume volume problems
Problems with an excess of one reactant or a limiting reactant
Percent yield of a product





















Liquids, Solids, and Phase Changes
LIQUIDS
Importance of Intermolecular Interaction
A liquid can be describe as a form of matter that has a definite volume and takes the
shape of its container. In a liquid, the volume of the molecules and the intermolecular
forces between them are much more important than in a gas.
Kinetics of Liquids
An increase in temperature increases the average kinetic energy of the molecules and
the rapidity of their movement.
If a particular molecule gains enough kinetic energy when it is near the surface of a
liquid, it can overcome the attractive forces of the liquid phase and escape into gaseous
phase. This is called a change of phase. When fast moving molecules with high kinetic
energy escape, the average energy of the remaining molecules is lower; hence the
temperature is lowered.
Viscosity
Viscosity is the friction or resistance to motion that exists between the molecules of a
liquid when they move past each other. The viscosity of a liquid depends on its
intermolecular forces.
Ex: H2O vs alcohol and gasoline.
Surface Tension
Molecules at the surface of a liquid experience attractive forces downward and sideways
along the surface of the liquid. This imbalance force results in a property called surface
tension.
Capillary Action
Capillary action, the attraction of the surface of a liquid to the surface of a solid, is a
property closely related to surface tension ( a liquid will rise quite high in a very narrow
tube if a strong attraction exists between the liquid molecules and the molecules that
make up the surface of the tube).
Ex: paper chromatography; meniscus; plant
PHASE EQUIBRIUM
Phase equibrium is when the rates of evaporation and condensation equalize.
In a close system, when opposing changes are taking place at equal rates, the system is
said to have dynamic equilibrium.
Chteliers Principle states that when a system at equilibrium is disturbed by the
application of a stress, it reacts so as to minimize the stress and attain a new equilibrium
position.
The molecules in the vapor that are in equilibrium with the liquid at a given temperature
exert a constant pressure. This is called the equilibrium vapor pressure at that
temperature.
BOILING POINT
When a liquid is heated in an open container, the liquid and vapor are not in
equilibrium and the vapor pressure increases until it becomes equal to the pressure
above the liquid. At this point, the average kinetic energy of the molecules is such that
they are rapidly converted from the liquid to the vapor phase within the liquid as well as
at the surface. The temperature at which this occurs is known as the boiling point.
Boiling point is defined as the point at which the liquids vapor pressure equals the
atmospheric pressure.
CRITICAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
The temperature above which the liquid phase of a substance cannot exist is called its
critical temperature. Above its critical temperature, no gas can be liquefied regardless of
the pressure applied. The minimum pressure required to liquefy a gas at its critical
temperature is called its critical pressure.