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I. INTRODUCTION

Industrial has revolution led to the emergence of large scale business organizations. These
organization require big investments and the risk involved is very high. Limited resources and
unlimited liability of partners are two important limitations of partnerships of partnerships in
undertaking big business. Joint Stock Company form of business organization has become
extremely popular as it provides a solution to overcome the limitations of partnership business.
The Multinational companies like Coca-Cola and, General Motors have their investors and
customers spread throughout the world. The giant Indian Companies may include the names like
Reliance, Talco Bajaj Auto, Infosys Technologies, Hindustan Lever Ltd., Ranbaxy Laboratories
Ltd., and Larsen and Tubro etc.

MEANING OF COMPANY

Section 3 (1) (i) of the Companies Act, 1956 defines a company as a company formed and
registered under this Act or an existing company. Section 3(1) (ii) Of the act states that an
existing company means a company formed and registered under any of the previous companies
laws. This definition does not reveal the distinctive characteristics of a company . According to
Chief Justice Marshall of USA, A company is a person, artificial, invisible, intangible, and
existing only in the contemplation of the law. Being a mere creature of law, it possesses only
those properties which the character of its creation of its creation confers upon it either expressly
or as incidental to its very existence.
Another comprehensive and clear definition of a company is given by Lord Justice Lindley, A
company is meant an association of many persons who contribute money or moneys worth to a
common stock and employs it in some trade or business, and who share the profit and loss (as the
case may be) arising there from. The proportion of capital to which each member is entitled is his
share. Shares are always transferable although the right to transfer them is often more or less
restricted.


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FEATURES OF A COMPANY
The main characteristics of a company are:

1. Incorporated association.

A company is created when it is registered under the Companies Act. It comes into being from
the date mentioned in the certificate of incorporation. It may be noted in this connection that
Section 11 provides that an association of more than ten persons carrying on business in banking
or an association or more than twenty persons carrying on any other type of business must be
registered under the Companies Act and is deemed to be an illegal association, if it is not so
registered.

For forming a public company at least seven persons and for a private company at least two
persons are persons are required. These persons will subscribe their names to the Memorandum
of association and also comply with other legal requirements of the Act in respect of registration
to form and incorporate a company, with or without limited liability [Sec 12 (1)].

2. Artificial legal person.

A company is an artificial person. Negatively speaking, it is not a natural person. It exists in the
eyes of the law and cannot act on its own. It has to act through a board of directors elected by
shareholders. It was rightly pointed out in Bates V Standard Land Co. that : The board of
directors are the brains and the only brains of the company, which is the body and the company
can and does act only through them.

But for many purposes, a company is a legal person like a natural person. It has the right to
acquire and dispose of the property, to enter into contract with third parties in its own name, and
can sue and be sued in its own name.

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However, it is not a citizen as it cannot enjoy the rights under the Constitution of India or
Citizenship Act. In State Trading Corporation of India v C.T.O (1963 SCJ 705), it was held that
neither the provisions of the Constitution nor the Citizenship.
Act apply to it. It should be noted that though a company does not possess fundamental rights,
yet it is person in the eyes of law. It can enter into contracts with its Directors, its members, and
outsiders.

3. Separate Legal Entity :

A company has a legal distinct entity and is independent of its members. The creditors of the
company can recover their money only from the company and the property of the company.
They cannot sue individual members. Similarly, the company is not in any way liable for the
individual debts of its members. The property of the company is to be used for the benefit of the
company and nor for (5) the personal benefit of the shareholders. On the same grounds, a
member cannot claim any ownership rights in the assets of the company either individually or
jointly during the existence of the company or in its winding up. At the same time the members
of the company can enter into contracts with the company in the same manner as any other
individual can.

Separate legal entity of the company is also recognized by the Income Tax Act. Where a
company is required to pay Income-tax on its profits and when these profits are distributed to
shareholders in the form of dividend, the

4. Perpetual Existence.

A company is a stable form of business organization. Its life does not depend upon the death,
insolvency or retirement of any or all shareholder (s) or director (s). Law creates it and law alone
can dissolve it. Members may come and go but the company can go on forever. During the war
all the member of one private company, while in general meeting, were killed by a bomb.
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But the company survived; not even a hydrogen bomb could have destroyed i. The company
may be compared with a flowing river where the water keeps on changing continuously; still the
identity of the river remains the same. Thus, a company has a perpetual existence, irrespective of
changes in its membership.

5. Common Seal.

As was pointed out earlier, a company being an artificial person has no body similar to natural
person and as such it cannot sign documents for itself. It acts through natural person who are
called its directors. But having a legal personality, it can be bound by only those documents
which bear its signature. Therefore, the law has provided for the use of common seal, with the
name of the company engraved on it, as a substitute for its signature. Any document bearing the
common seal of the company will be legally binding on the company.

A company may have its own regulations in its Articles of Association for the manner of affixing
the common seal to a document. If the Articles are silent, the provisions of Table-A (the model
set of articles appended to the Companies Act) will apply. As per regulation 84 of Table-A the
seal of the company shall not be affixed to any instrument except by the authority of a resolution
of the Board or a Committee of the Board authorized by it in that behalf, and except in the
presence of at least two directors and of the secretary or such other person as the Board may
appoint for the purpose, and those two directors and the secretary or other person aforesaid shall
sign every instrument to which the seal of the company is so affixed in their presence.

6. Limited Liability :

A company may be company limited by shares or a company limited by guarantee. In company
limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the unpaid value of the shares. For
example, if the face value of a share in a company is Rs. 10 and a member has already paid Rs. 7
per share, he can be called upon to pay not more than Rs. 3 per share during the lifetime of the
company.
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In a company limited by guarantee the liability of members is limited to such amount as the
member may undertake to contribute to the assets of the company in the event of its being wound
up.

7. Transferable Shares.

In a public company, the shares are freely transferable. The right to transfer shares is a statutory
right and it cannot be taken away by a provision in the articles. However, the articles shall
prescribe the manner in which such transfer of shares will be made and it may also contain bona
fide and reasonable restrictions on the right of members to transfer their shares. But absolute
restrictions on the rights of members to transfer their shares shall be ultra vires. However, in the
case of a private company, the articles shall restrict the right of member to transfer their shares in
companies with its statutory definition.

8. Separate Property :

As a company is a legal person distinct from its members, it is capable of owning, enjoying and
disposing of property in its own name. Although its capital and assets are contributed by its
shareholders, they are not the private and joint owners of its property. The company is the real
person in which all its property is vested and by which it is controlled, managed and disposed of.










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II. ACCOUNTING RECORDS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT MAINTAINED
BY THE COMPANY

Good record keeping is an important part of monitoring business performance. It also makes it
easier for small business owners to meet their taxation obligations. Appropriate and up-to-date
financial records provide the necessary information for managing the business efficiently and
making sound business decisions.

To help you maintain your daily financial records, you should consider:

Setting up either a manual or electronic record keeping system that suits your needs,
Recording your business transactions accurately and promptly, How to keep daily
financial records
Preparing a summary account (including income and expenditure) at the end of each
month.
Maintaining good financial records starts with a good system and well-organized business
records. The system can be a simple one and does not need to be complicated.

DISCLOSURE OF ACCOUNTING POLICIES

To ensure proper understanding of financial statements, it is necessary that all significant
accounting policies adopted in the preparation and presentation of financial statements
should be disclosed.
Such disclosure should formpart of the financial statements.
It would be helpful to the reader of financial statements if they are all disclosed as such in
one place instead of being scattered over several statements, schedules and notes.
Examples of matters in respect of which disclosure of accounting policies adopted will be
required are contained in paragraph 14. This list of examples is not, however, intended to
be exhaustive.
Any change in an accounting policy which has a material effect should be disclosed. The
amount by which any item in the financial statements is affected by such change should
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also be disclosed to the extent ascertainable. Where such amount is not ascertainable,
wholly or in part, the fact should be indicated. If a change is made in the accounting
policies which has no material effect on the financial statements for the current period but
which is reasonably expected to have a material effect in later periods, the fact of such
change should be appropriately disclosed in the period in which the change is adopted.
Disclosure of accounting policies or of changes therein cannot remedy a wrong or
inappropriate treatment of the item in the accounts.

MAIN PRINCIPLES

All significant accounting policies adopted in the preparation and presentation of
financial statements should be disclosed.
The disclosure of the significant accounting policies as such should form part of the
financial statements and the significant accounting policies should normally be disclosed
in one place.
Any change in the accounting policies which has a material effecting the current period
or which is reasonably expected to have a material effect in later periods should be
disclosed. In the case of a change in accounting policies which has a material effect in the
current period, the amount by which any item in the financial statements is affected by
such change should also be disclosed to the extent ascertainable. Where such amount is
not ascertainable, wholly or in part, the fact should be indicated.
If the fundamental accounting assumptions, viz. Going Concern, Consistency and
Accrual are followed in financial statements, specific disclosure is not required. If a
fundamental accounting assumption is not followed, the fact should be disclosed.







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III. MEANING AND DEFINE OF AUDIT REPORT AND AUDIT
CERTIFICATE

AUDIT REPORT

An auditor, under Section 227 (2) of the Companies Act, 1956, is required to make a report to
the shareholders of the company whether the books of accounts examined by him exhibit true
and fair view of the state of affairs of the business.
The auditor submits his report to his client giving clear and concise information of the result of
audit performed by him. The fact or information contained in the auditor's report is not available
from any other source.
The statutory auditor of a company has to express his professional opinion about the truth and
fairness of the state of affairs of the company as shown by the Balance Sheet and of the profit or
loss as shown by the Profit and Loss Account in addition to other information in his report.

AUDIT CERTIFICATE - DEFINITION

The general purpose of an audit certificate is to give to the Commission reasonable assurance
that eligible costs (and, if relevant, the receipts) charged under the project are calculated and
claimed by the contractors in accordance with the relevant legal and financial provisions of the
FP6 legal texts, including contractual provisions.
When an auditor certifies a financial statement, it implies that the contents of the statement are
reliable as the auditor has vouched for the exactness of the data. The term certificate is,
therefore, used to mean confirmation of the truth and correctness of something after a
verification of certain exact facts. An auditor may therefore certify the circulating figures of a
newspaper or the value of imports and exports of a company.
The term certificate should not be confused with the term report'. While a certificate affirms
the truth and correctness of a fact, figure or a statement, a report is generally a statement of facts
or an expression of opinion regarding the truth and fairness of the facts, figures and statements.

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AUDIT REPORT & AUDIT CERTIFICATE

1. A report means simply an expression of opinions where as a Certificate means that the person
issuing or signing the certificate vouchsafes the truth of the statement made by him

2. The Auditor Report is based on facts, estimates and assumptions whereas Auditor's Certificate
is based on actual facts

3. Auditor Report is not a guarantee of the absolute correctness & accuracy of the books of
accounts. But the auditor certificate serves as a guarantee of the absolute correctness & accuracy
of the books of accounts

4. If the Auditor Report is later on found to be wrong, he cannot be held responsible since he has
given merely his opinion on the state of affairs of the company. But if the duly signed certificate
is found as wrong, he will be held responsible.

TYPE OF AUDIT REPORT

An audit report is an appraisal of a small businesss complete financial status. Completed by an
independent accounting professional, this document covers a companys assets and liabilities,
and presents the auditors educated assessment of the firms financial position and future. Audit
reports are required by law if a company is publicly traded or in an industry regulated by the
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Companies seeking funding, as well as those
looking to improve internal controls, also find this information valuable. There are four types of
audit reports.

1. Unqualified Opinion

Often called a clean opinion, an unqualified opinion is an audit report that is issued when an
auditor determines that each of the financial records provided by the small business is free of any
misrepresentations. In addition, an unqualified opinion indicates that the financial records have
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been maintained in accordance with the standards known as Generally Accepted Accounting
Principles (GAAP). This is the best type of report a business can receive.
Typically, an unqualified report consists of a title that includes the word independent. This is
done to illustrate that it was prepared by an unbiased third party. The title is followed by the
main body. Made up of three paragraphs, the main body highlights the responsibilities of the
auditor, the purpose of the audit and the auditors findings. The auditor signs and dates the
document, including his address.

2. Qualified Opinion

In situations when a companys financial records have not been maintained in accordance with
GAAP but no misrepresentations are identified, an auditor will issue a qualified opinion. The
writing of a qualified opinion is extremely similar to that of an unqualified opinion. A qualified
opinion, however, will include an additional paragraph that highlights the reason why the audit
report is not unqualified.

3. Adverse Opinion

The worst type of financial report that can be issued to a business is an adverse opinion. This
indicates that the firms financial records do not conform to GAAP. In addition, the financial
records provided by the business have been grossly misrepresented. Although this may occur by
error, it is often an indication of fraud. When this type of report is issued, a company must
correct its financial statement and have it re-audited, as investors, lenders and other requesting
parties will generally not accept it.

4. Disclaimer of Opinion

On some occasions, an auditor is unable to complete an accurate audit report. This may occur for
a variety of reasons, such as an absence of appropriate financial records. When this happens, the
auditor issues a disclaimer of opinion, stating that an opinion of the firms financial status could
not be determined.
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ESSENTIALS OF GOOD AUDIT REPORT
The essentials of good audit report are as follows:

1. Title

An auditor report must have appropriate title, such as Auditors Report. It is helpful for the
reader to identify the auditors report. It is easy to distinguish it from other reports. The
management can issue any report about the business performance. The title o the report is
essential.

2. Addressee

The addressee may be shareholder or board of director of a company. The auditor can audit
financial statements of any business unit as per agreement. The report should be appropriately
addressed as required by engagement letter and legal requirements. The report is usually
addresses to the shareholders or the board of directors.

3. Identification

The audit report should identify the financial statement that have audited. The financial statement
may include trading profit and loss accounts, balance sheet and statement of changes in financial
position and sources and application of frauds statement. The report should include the name of
the entity. Moreover the data and period covered by the financial statement are also stated in it.

4. Reference to Auditing Standards

The audit report should indicate the auditing standard or practice followed in conducting the
audit. The international auditing guidelines need assurance that the audit has been conducted as
per set standards.

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5. Opinion
The auditors report should clearly state the auditors opinion on the presentation in the financial
statement of the entitys financial position and the result of its operations. The statement give a
true and fair view is an auditors opinion. This opinion is usually based on national standard or
international accounting standards.

6. Signature

The audit report should be signed in the name of the audit firm, the personal name of the auditor
or both as appropriate.

7. Auditors Address

The address of auditor is stated in the audit report. The name of city is stated in the report for
information of the readers.

8. Date of Report

The report should be dated. It informs the reader that the auditor considered the effect on the
financial statements and in his report of events or transactions about which he become aware the
occurred up to that date.










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QUALIFIED AUDIT REPORTS

It is necessary to firstly identify the circumstances which can give rise to a qualification.
These are as follows:
Uncertainty arising from either a limitation upon the scope of the auditors work or an inability to
obtain any evidence regarding doubts which exist in relation to an unresolved matter.
Disagreements arising from factual discrepancies, unsuitable accounting policies, inadequate or
misleading disclosures given in the financial statements or failure to comply with an accounting
standard or legislation. Some of these types of disagreement should be resolved fairly easily with
the client so that a qualification can be avoided, for example a factual disagreement should lead
to the financial statements being amended to reflect the correct view. Other types of
disagreement which are perhaps more subjective will be much more difficult to resolve such as
those relating to the suitability of an accounting policy.
Secondly, it is necessary to decide upon the effect of the circumstances discussed above.
These are classified as:

Those having a material but not fundamental effect upon the financial statements
Those having a fundamental effect upon the financial statements.

Fundamental means that the matter is such as to seriously distort or undermine the view which is
given by the financial statements to the extent that they could mislead user groups.
An except for qualification will be given when the matter is a material but not fundamental
uncertainty or disagreement. An example of an uncertainty could be the destruction of a part of
the clients accounting records leading to a limitation of scope being imposed upon the auditors
work because audit evidence is then unavailable. An example of a disagreement under this
heading could be a failure by a client to apply a reasonable depreciation policy to a particular
class of fixed assets, however in both of these examples the effect is not pervasive to the view
which the financial statements give as a whole.


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IV. ABOUT THE COMPANY AND ANNUAL REPORT

TIRTHAROOP ELECTRICALS PRIVATE LIMITED

Tirtharoop Electricals Private Limited, founded in 1987 promoted by Mr. Subhas Gokhale, at
7,Yashodeep Apt,1356 B, Shivaji Road, Panvel , Navi Mumbai ,Maharashtra 410206. The
Company is primarily engaged in providing Electrical project designing with automation &
related instrumentation. It undertakes Testing, Installation & Commissioning of electrical
fittings, erection, industrial fabrication, Supply of H.T. & L.T. switch gear, upgrade systems for
both HT & LV loads for various valued customers. It is pioneer in providing Turnkey Solution
for installation of all electrical equipments right from the stage of Designing to Implementation
electrical equipment. All the necessary approvals for commencement of this business are in
place.

BACKGROUND OF KEY MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL:

Being the Second Generation entrepreneur; Mr. Sachin Subhash Gokhale (Director) son of Mr.
Subhas Gokhale, aged 33 years holds a bachelor degree of Commerce and Diploma in Electrical
Engineering from DIESE, Pune. He is qualified Engineer with more than 10 years of qualitative
experience. He has proven track record of undertaking valued engineering initiatives,
establishing new set-ups, streamlining operations, evolving cost reduction mechanism, producing
engineering techniques and creating a team work environment to enhance productivity with new
initiatives and innovations within the organizations. He is a dynamic young and enterprising
youth with effective communication skills with great presentation skills. He has the ability to
convert adverse business environment to a favorable business affair.
Mr. Vinay Dattatraya Bhave designated as (Head Sales) aged 49 years, residing at Flat 201,
Kanak Residency, Plot No. 54, MCHS, Near Purohit Hospital, Old Panvel, Dist. Raigad,
Maharashtra-410206. He is a BTech.(Elec.) and holds Diploma in Electrical Engineering from
C.W.I.T., Pune . He is a qualified Engineer with more than 25 years of qualitative experience in
industries like Orkay Polyester, Hikal etc. Expert at planning and effecting preventive
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maintenance schedules of various machineries to increase machine up time and equipment
reliability. He is related to various Social service organizations and is a Founder committee
member of Friends of children organization, a NGO working for poor students. A Member of
Managing Committee of Pen taluka Maternity & Children Welfare Center, a Charitable Hospital
providing Medical Assistance to Poor & Needy people. He is one of the Founder Managing
committee Member of Sobatee a NGO working for Betterment, Awareness, Education,
Environment, Medical Assistance etc for more than 6 years. He is highly influential with regards
to his contacts relating social welfare cause.
Mr. Vinit Vinayak Joshi designated as (Head - Admin & Logistic) aged 33 years is a resident of
At & Post Palaspe, Tal. Panvel, Dist. Raigad Maharashtra-410206. He holds a Master of
Commerce degree and is Finance Management graduate. He is a well known academician with
more than 10 years of qualitative experience of in guiding and training finance & accounts
students. An expert team builder and player, has an experience in different areas such as
Accounts, Administration and Customer relations. He is a visiting faculty for MBA at various
colleges such as, Mumbai School of Business, S. P. More College, Pillais College etc.
KEY DELIVERABLES BY THE COMPANY:

Overseeing breakdown and preventive maintenance of Spinning, Polyester, Test Rising,
Knitting, Utility Plants and Diesel Generating Sets.
Executing Fault fining and rectification of faults in control circuits, power circuits or in
any type of electrical breakdown in various types of equipments, like Extruders, (D.C.),
Agitators, Chillers, Compressors, Pumps, Heaters, Lifts etc.
Responsible for:
Erection of Machine Tools.
Process re-engineering.
Material Management.
Cost reduction.
Monitoring switchyard, H.T. (22 KV) and L.T. substation.
Responsible for implementing preventive maintenance of switchyard, H.T. and L.T.
breakers, transformers, PCCs, MCCs, lead acid batteries, etc.
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Overhauling motors in electrical workshop.
Major equipments handled:
22 KV switchyard and switchgear (MOCB, SF6 breakers).
9 nos. 2 MVA, 22 KV/433 transformers.
DG sets (1100KVA No Break and Short Break generators with AMF).DC Motors.
LT Switchgear.



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V. GENERALLY ACCEPTED AUDITING STANDARDS

The generally accepted auditing standards (GAAS) are the standards you use for auditing private
companies. GAAS come in three categories: general standards, standards of fieldwork, and
standards of reporting.
Keep in mind that the GAAS are the minimum standards you use for auditing private companies.
Additionally, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) has adopted these
standards for public (traded on the open market) companies. Each audit engagement you work on
may require you to perform audit work beyond whats specified in the GAAS in order to
appropriately issue an opinion that a set of financial statements is fairly presented. You need to
use professional judgment and exercise due care in following all standards.

a. General standards: The first three GAAS are general standards that address your
qualifications to be an auditor and the minimum standards for your work product:

As an auditor, you must have both adequate training and proficiency.
You are independent in both fact and appearance.
You exercise due professional care in performing your auditing tasks.

b. Standards of fieldwork: The next three GAAS govern how you actually do your job:

Your work is adequately planned, and all assistants are properly supervised.
You gain an understanding of the client and its environment, including internal controls,
to assess the risk of material misstatement in the financial statements and to plan your
audit.
The evidence you gather during the audit is appropriate and sufficient to evaluate
managements assertions on the financial statements.

c. Standards of reporting: The last four GAAS concern information you must consider
prior to issuing your audit report:

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You have to state whether the financial statements are prepared using generally accepted
accounting principles (GAAP).
Just as important is to report whether GAAP are consistently applied for all financial
accounting. Should this not be the case, you have to report any departures.
You also have to make sure that disclosures any additional information needed to
explain the numbers on the financial statements are provided.
Lastly, you have to include your opinion as to whether the financial statements present fairly in
all material respects the financial position of the company under audit.
ACCOUNTING STANDARDS (CURRENTLY APPLICABLE AND USED IN
COMPANY OR NOT)
Accounting Standards Y/N
AS 1 Disclosure of Accounting
Policies
Y
AS 2 Valuation of Inventories Y
AS 4 Contingencies and Events
Occurring After the
Balance Sheet Date
Y
AS 5 Net Profit or Loss for the
Period, Prior Period
Items and Changes in
Accounting Policies
Y
AS 6 Depreciation Accounting Y
AS 9 Revenue Recognition Y
AS 10 Accounting for Fixed
Assets
Y
AS 13 Accounting for
Investments
Y
AS 14 Accounting for
Amalgamations
Y
AS 15 Employee Benefits Y
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AS 16 Borrowing Costs Y
AS 18 Related Party
Disclosures
Y
AS 20 Earnings Per Share Y
AS 22 Accounting for Taxes on
Income
Y
AS 26 Intangible Assets Y

AS-1 DISCLOSURE OF ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Any change and financial impact of such change should be disclosed.
If fundamental assumptions (going concern, consistency and accrual) are not followed,
the fact to be disclosed. Going concern assumption is assessed for a foreseeable period of
one year
Accounting Policies adopted by the enterprise should represent true and fair view of the
state of affairs of the financial statements
Major considerations governing selection and application of accounting policies are: i)
Prudence, ii) Substance over form and iii) Materiality.

AS-2 VALUATION OF INVENTORIES

The cost of inventories should comprise all costs of purchase, costs of conversion and other costs
incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.
Inventories are valued at lower of cost or net realisable value. Specific identification method is
required when goods are not ordinarily interchangeable.





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AS-4 CONTINGENCIES AND EVENTS OCCURRING AFTER THE BALANCE
SHEET DATE

The amount of a contingent loss should be provided for by a charge in the statement of profit and
loss if it is probable that future events will confirm that, after taking into account any related
probable recovery, an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred as at the balance
sheet date, and a reasonable estimate of the amount of the resulting loss can be made.
Assets and liabilities should be adjusted for events occurring after the balance sheet date that
provide additional evidence to assist the estimation of amounts relating to conditions existing at
the balance sheet date or that indicate that the fundamental accounting assumption of going
concern (i.e., the continuance of existence or substratum of the enterprise) is not appropriate.


AS-6 DEPRECIATION ACCOUNTING

Allocate depreciable amount of a depreciable assets on systematic basis to each accounting year
over useful life of asset, useful life may be reviewed periodically.
Basis must be consistently followed and disclosed. Any change to be quantified and disclosed.
Rates of depreciation should be disclosed.
A change in method followed be made only if required by the statute, compliance to Accounting
Standard, appropriate preparation or presentation of the financial statement.
In cases of extension, revaluation or exchange fluctuation, depreciation to be provided on
adjusted figure prospectively over the residual useful life of the asset.








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AS-10 ACCOUNTING FOR FIXED ASSETS

The cost of a fixed asset should comprise its purchase price and any attributable cost of
bringing the asset to its working condition for its intended use.
Self-constructed asset shall be accounted at cost.

In case of exchange of asset, fair value of asset acquired or the net book value of asset given up
whichever is more clearly evident shall be considered.
Revaluation is permitted provided it is done for the entire class of assets. The basis of revaluation
should be disclosed.
Increase in value on revaluation shall be credited to Revaluation Reserve while the decrease
should be charged to Profit and Loss Account.

ACCOUNT SCRUTINIZED FROM BALANCE SHEET AND PROFIT AND LOSS
ACCOUNT-
Scrutiny: Scrutinizing the accounts generally and, in particular, examining the composition of
final balances; and ascertaining the extent of clearance of the balances brought forward from the
previous year particularly those relating to receivables and payables, sale or disposal of fixed
assets and of inventories.

Debtor ledger: - These ledger accounts of customers are opened to whom trader has sold the
goods, so its other name is also sale account ledger. Because all credit sales amount can be
checked from the amount due from debtors in this ledger. It is also one place where we can find
each debtors closing balance.
The objectives of studying audit of debtors ledger is -
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1. To know about ledger (debtors).

2. To verify that there are no errors and frauds in this ledger.

3. To confirm that company has prepared debtors ledger without any errors and frauds and it is
doubt free ledger.



It is broad in its applicability as it covers all short-term and long term employee benefits. For
example, annual paid leave (though not en cashable), long-term service rewards, subsidised
goods or services, etc. are also covered.












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VI. DRAFT OF AN AUDIT REPORT

INDEPENDENT AUDITORS REPORT
To, The Members
M/s. Tirtharoop Electricals Pvt. Ltd.
Maharashtra 410 206
Report on Financial Statements:

1. We have audited the accompanying Financial Statements of M/s. Tirtharoop Electricals
Private Limited (the Company) which comprise the Balance Sheet as at 31st March 2013 and
Statement of Profit and Loss for the year ended on that date, and a summary of significant
accounting policies and other explanatory information.

Managements Responsibility for the Financial Statements:

2. Management is responsible for the preparation of these Financial Statements that give true and
fair view of the financial position and financial performance of the Company in accordance with
the Accounting Standards referred to in sub section (3C) of section 211 of the Companies Act,
1956 (the Act). This responsibility includes the design, implementation and maintenance of
internal control relevant to the preparation and presentation of the financial statements that give a
true and fair view and are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.

Auditors Responsibility:

3. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the Standards on Auditing issued by the Institute of
Chartered Accountants of India. Those Standards require that we comply with ethical
requirements and plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the
financial statements are free from material misstatement.


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4. An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and
disclosures in the financial statements. The Procedures selected depend on the auditors
judgement, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the financial
statement, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, the auditor considers
internal control relevant to the companys preparation and fair presentation of the financial
statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances. An audit
also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness
of the accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation
of the financial statements.


5. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a
basis for our Audit opinion.

Opinion:

6. In our opinion, and to the best of our information and according to the explanations given to
us, the financial statements give the information required by the Act in the manner so required
and give a true and fair view in conformity with the accounting principles generally accepted in
India:

(a) in the case of the Balance Sheet, of the state of affairs of the company as at 31st March, 2013;
and

(b) in the case of Statement of Profit and Loss, of the Profit for the year ended on that date.






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Report on Other Legal and Regulatory Requirements:

7. As required by section 227(3) of the Act, we report that:

a. We have obtained all the information and explanations which to the best of our knowledge and
belief were necessary for the purpose of the audit.

b. In our opinion, proper books of account as required by law have been kept by the company so
far as appears from our examination of those books.

c. The Balance Sheet and Statement of Profit and Loss dealt with by this report are in agreement
with the books of account;

d. In our opinion, the Balance Sheet and Statement of Profit and Loss comply with the
Accounting Standards referred to in sub section (3C) of section 211 of the Companies Act, 1956;

e. On the basis of written representations received from the directors as on 31st March, 2013 and
taken on record by the Board of Directors, none of the directors is disqualified as on 31st March,
2013 from being appointed as a director in terms of clause (g) of sub-section (1) of Section 274
of the Companies Act, 1956;

f. Since the Central Government has not issued any notification as to the rate at which the cess is
to be paid under section 441A of the Companies Act, 1956 nor has it issued any Rules under the
said section, prescribing the manner in which such cess is to be paid, no cess is due and payable
by the Company.

For XXX
CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS
Place : Mumbai MR. A
Date : 31/08/2013 (Proprietor)
Membership No. 132564
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VII. CONCLUSION

The project concluded that, given the complexity and development of Company, the overall level
of compliances with the standards and codes is of high order. This project gives the correct ideas
about how the major areas can be found by way of effective auditing system i.e. errors, frauds,
manipulations etc. form this auditor get the clear idea show to recommend on the position.
Project also contain that how to conduct of audit of the company, what are the various procedure
through which audit of company should be done. Form auditing point of view, there is proper
follow up of work done in every organization there no misconduct of transactions is taken places
for that purpose the auditing is very important aspect in todays scenario form company and
point of view.












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BIBLIOGRAPHY