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Course M-2029
Sound Attenuators - Aerosonics Products
and Applications
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Sound Attenuators
Online Course No. M-2029
Credits: 2 PDH
Introduction
Maintaining appropriate sound levels in occupied spaces contributes to a healthy and
comfortable indoor environment. While HVAC systems contribute to the overall comfort
level of occupants in the space by controlling the temperature and humidity of the indoor
air, they can also negatively impact comfort by generating excessive noise if not designed
properly.
Noise is produced in an HVAC system by various sources, including fans/motors and air
moving through ductwork and fittings. The sound propagates from the ductwork into the
occupied building spaces through two means: radiated and ductborn sound. Radiated
sound propagates out in all directions from the sheet metal housing of duct, fans and
fittings; this is sometimes called breakout sound. Ductborn sound travels through
ductwork and eventually enters occupied spaces through room air outlets.
Ductborn sound in HVAC systems must often be reduced to achieve acceptable comfort
levels in occupied spaces. The primary type of sound attenuating device is an Absorptive
(also called Dissipative) silencer. These devices typically use a baffle arrangement with
acoustic fill material to attenuate sound. The sound energy is partially transformed into
heat as the air passes through fibers in the filler material.
Attenuators are specially designed for particular applications, including low pressure
drop, low frequency hospital/clean room applications, elbow installations and packless
models using no absorptive fill material.
Selecting an Attenuator
When selecting a sound attenuator, the engineer needs to know the level of sound
attenuation that must be achieved in each octave band. The human ear is most sensitive to
sounds in the frequency range of 1 kHz to 4 kHz.
Air velocity, pressure drop and airflow direction (supply, return or exhaust fan systems)
are all considerations that influence the level of sound attenuation that is achievable when
selecting a sound attenuator.
Sound attenuators are available in several different lengths. A longer attenuator is used
when greater sound attenuation is required, but it is achieved at the expense of additional
pressure drop.
Appendix A contains catalog information supplied by AeroSonics a leading provider of
sound control products for the HVAC industry. Below is an explanation of the
methodology used to select a sound attenuator using the charts provided in AeroSonics
catalog:
Example
A supply duct has a velocity of 500 fpm and requires at least 34 dB of sound attenuation
in the 5
th
Octave Band (1,000 Hz). The maximum allowable pressure drop through the
attenuator is 0.10 in w.c. Select an appropriate model from AeroSonics HP line of sound
attenuators.
Solution
The table below was extracted from AeroSonics catalog in Appendix A. It shows
Dynamic Insertion loss (dB) vs. velocity (fpm) for the Model HP-36.
At 500 fpm, the pressure drop is 0.05 in w.c., which is less than the maximum
allowable of 0.10 in w.c. (OK)
At 500 fpm (gray horizontal row) and 1K Hz (gray vertical column), the resulting
Dynamic Insertion Loss is 36 dB, which is greater than the minimum required of 34
dB. (OK)
Dynamic Insertion Loss (dB)
Octave Band/Center Frequency (Hz)
Model Flow Velocity
fpm
Press
Drop
1
63
2
125
3
250
4
500
5
1K
6
2K
7
4K
8
8K
-1500 0.43 6 11 17 27 38 32 20 13
-1000 0.19 6 10 16 26 37 32 20 14
-500 0.05 6 10 15 26 37 33 20 14
0 5 9 15 25 37 33 22 14
500 0.05 5 8 14 24 36 33 23 15
1000 0.19 5 8 14 24 36 33 23 15
HP-36
Reverse
Flow
Forward
Flow
1500 0.43 5 8 14 24 35 34 24 15
Surface Burning Characteristics
Local building codes may require fire testing of ducting components used in occupied
spaces; this applies to the sound absorbing materials in the sound attenuators also. Sound
attenuator manufacturers typically publish ASTM E-84 test results for Flamespread and
Smoke Developed. ASTM E-84 uses a 10 minute surface flame test to determine the
degree to which a test specimen allows the spread of flames and the development of
smoke relative. The performance of the test specimen is compared to the benchmark
materials (mineral fiber cement board and red oak flooring) to determine Flamespread
and Smoke Developed ratings.
Independent Testing
It is very difficult to obtain accurate sound measurements in the field due to outside noise
sources or break-in noise. Sound attenuators should be tested in accordance with ASTM
E477 Standard Method of Testing Duct Liner Materials and Prefabricated Silencers for
Acoustical and Airflow Performance using an independent testing laboratory.
Appendix A
Appendix A contains catalog information from AeroSonics a leading provider of sound
attenuation equipment for the HVAC industry.
Below is a list of the engineering data covered in Appendix A:
Rectangular Attenuators
Standard Attenuators
Low Frequency Attenuators
Hospital Clean Room Attenuators
Low Frequency Hospital/Clean Room Attenuators
Elbow Attenuators
Packless Attenuators
Tubular Silencers
Single Wall Attenuators
Double Wall Attenuators
Low Frequency Attenuators
Packless for Round Ductwork
Packless for Control Valves
Acoustical Diffuser Cones for Vane Axial Fans
Transfer Silencers
Grille Silencers
Acoustical Louvers
Acoustical/Thermal Enclosures
Qu a l i t y P r o d u c t s f o r E v e r y HVAC Ap p l i c a t i o n
Rectangular Attenuators
Standard Attenuators
Low Frequency Attenuators
Hospital/Clean Room Attenuators
Low Frequency Hospital/Clean Room Attenuators
Elbow Attenuators
Packless Attenuators
SOUND CONTROL PRODUCTS
Standard Attenuators
HP
MP
LP
SELF-NOISE POWER LEVELS
SOUND ATTENUATOR INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS
SOUND CONTROL PRODUCTS
Standard Attenuators
Standard attenuators are available in three models for traditional applications
requiring broad band noise reduction. Performance data is provided for four
basic lengths - 36, 60, 84, and 120. Units are also offered in 48, 72, and
96 lengths.
Model HP is a standard pressure drop unit ideally suited for system velocities
at or near 1,000 fpm.
Model MP also provides excellent attenuation values along with a moderate
pressure drop at somewhat higher air velocities.
Model LP offers the lowest pressure drop for higher velocity systems.
Special features of our Standard Attenuators are:
Diffusion angle to improve pressure drop
Bellmouth entrance to help minimize
turbulence
22 gauge galvanized steel casings
24 gauge perforated galvanized baffles
Long strand Fiberglass acoustical fill
Seams are mastic filled to insure airtight
units to 8 w.g.
Optional polyethylene, Mylar or fiberglass
cloth liners
ASTM E-84 ratings for the acoustical fill are:
Flamespread 10
Smoke Developed 10
Components are also available in stainless steel or aluminum construction.
Acoustical performance ratings are based on tests conducted by Intertek
Testing Services, formerly ETL Testing Laboratories, Inc., Cortland, New York,
in accordance with ASTM E477 Standard Method of Testing Duct Liner
Materials and Prefabricated Silencers for Acoustical and Airflow
Performance. Copies of the test reports are available upon request.
A I R
F L O
W
Standard Attenuator - Model HP
Dynamic Insertion Loss (dB)
Octave Band/Center Frequency (Hz)
Model Flow Velocity
fpm
Press
Drop
1
63
2
125
3
250
4
500
5
1K
6
2K
7
4K
8
8K
-1500 0.43 6 11 17 27 38 32 20 13
Reverse
-1000 0.19 6 10 16 26 37 32 20 14
Flow
-500 0.05 6 10 15 26 37 33 20 14
HP-36 0 5 9 15 25 37 33 22 14
Forward
500 0.05 5 8 14 24 36 33 23 15
Flow
1000 0.19 5 8 14 24 36 33 23 15
1500 0.43 5 8 14 24 35 34 24 15
-1500 0.59 8 18 28 36 42 37 30 18
Reverse
-1000 0.26 8 17 26 37 45 41 31 19
Flow
-500 0.07 8 16 24 38 47 48 32 19
HP-60 0 7 15 23 35 48 48 35 21
Forward
500 0.07 7 14 22 35 47 47 35 22
Flow
1000 0.26 7 13 21 35 46 46 35 22
1500 0.59 7 13 20 34 45 44 35 23
-1500 0.77 11 24 38 45 46 42 39 23
Reverse
-1000 0.34 11 23 35 48 52 49 42 24
Flow
-500 0.09 9 21 33 49 58 62 44 24
HP-84 0 9 20 31 48 58 62 47 27
Forward
500 0.09 9 18 30 47 59 65 47 28
Flow
1000 0.34 9 17 28 45 57 59 47 29
1500 0.77 8 17 26 43 54 49 47 30
-1500 1.15 13 29 48 55 62 63 50 34
Reverse
-1000 0.51 12 29 47 54 62 63 50 34
Flow
-500 0.13 12 28 46 52 62 64 49 32
HP-120 0 11 28 45 51 63 65 49 32
Forward
500 0.13 10 28 44 50 62 65 49 31
Flow
1000 0.51 10 26 43 49 61 66 49 33
1500 1.15 9 25 42 49 60 66 49 34
Forward Flow - characteristic of supply or discharge fan systems.
Reverse Flow - typical of return or intake fan systems.
Pressure Drop Calculation for Specific Velocity
Actual Velocity (fpm) = CFM x 144 [Height (in.) x Width (in.)]
Pressure Drop =
Actual Velocity
1500
2
x Catalog Pressure Drop @ 1500 fpm