00967A

2005 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS00967A-page 1
AN967
INTRODUCTION
Single-phase induction motors are extensively used in
appliances and industrial controls. The Permanent Split
Capacitor (PSC) single-phase induction motor is the
simplest and most widely used motor of this type. The
classification, construction and working principle of
single-phase induction motors are explained in detail in
the application note AC Induction Motor
Fundamentals (AN887) available from Microchip. For
VF theory and basic operations, refer to AN887
mentioned above, and Speed Control of 3-Phase
Induction Motor Using PIC18 Microcontrollers
(AN843).
By design, PSC motors are unidirectional, which
means they are designed to rotate in one direction. By
adding either extra windings, and external relays and
switches, or by using gear mechanisms, the direction of
rotation can be changed. In this application note we will
discuss in detail, how to control the speed of a PSC
motor in both directions using a PIC16F72
microcontroller and power electronics.
The PIC16F72 microcontroller was chosen because it
is one of the simplest and low-cost general purpose
microcontrollers Microchip has in its portfolio. Even
though it does not have the PWMs in hardware to drive
complementary PWM outputs with dead band inserted,
all PWMs are generated in firmware using timers and
output to general purpose output pins.
THEORY OF OPERATION
A PSC motor is usually a 2-phase asymmetrically
wound motor. The main winding is designed to take the
load current. The current flowing through the start
winding is much less than the main winding. Therefore,
the start winding will have a different electrical
characteristic compared to the main winding. In order
to produce the Magnetomotive Force (MMF) produced
by the start winding very near to the main winding, the
start winding has additional turns, higher resistance,
and reduced current flowing through it. This makes the
motor windings asymmetrical.
The motor is energized with a single-phase AC power
supply, with a capacitor connected in series with the
start winding (also called an auxiliary winding) as
shown in Figure 1. The value of the capacitor is chosen
so that the total impedance on the auxiliary winding
produces sufficient phase shift in current to generate a
rotating magnetic field in the air gap.
Typically, the current flowing through the start winding
leads the current flowing through the main winding by
90 degrees.
By adding a microcontroller-based control circuit to the
motor, the voltage across the main winding and start
winding can be maintained at 90 degrees to each other.
The other advantage is that the starting capacitor can
be removed from the circuit, thus reducing the total
system cost.
FIGURE 1: ELECTRICAL EQUIVELANT
CIRCUIT OF A PSC MOTOR
A multiphase inverter can be used to drive the motor.
Two methods are discussed in the next section.
Author: Padmaraja Yedamale
Microchip Technology Inc.
Squirrel
Cage Rotor
AC
L
N
Starting
Winding
Main
Winding
VSTART
VMAIN
Bidirectional VF Control of Single and 3-Phase Induction
Motors Using the PIC16F72
AN967
DS00967A-page 2 2005 Microchip Technology Inc.
DRIVE TOPOLOGY
Using an H-Bridge Inverter
The first approach is relatively easy as far as the
power circuit and control circuit are concerned. On
the input side, a voltage doubler is used and on the
output side an H-bridge, or 2-phase inverter, is used
as shown in Figure 2. One end of the main and start
windings are connected to each half bridge and the
other ends are connected together to the neutral
point of the AC power supply, which also serves as
the center point for the voltage doubler.
The control circuit requires four PWMs with two
complementary pairs with sufficient dead band
between the complementary outputs. PWM0-PWM1
and PWM2-PWM3 are the PWM pairs with dead band.
The PIC16F72 does not have PWMs designed in the
hardware to output the way we need. Therefore, the
PWMs should be generated in firmware and output to
the port pins. Using PWMs, the DC bus is synthesized
to give two sine voltages at 90 degrees out of phase
with varying amplitude and varying frequency
according to the VF profile. If the voltage applied to the
main winding lags the start winding by 90 degrees, the
motor runs in one (i.e., forward) direction. To reverse
the direction of rotation, the voltage supplied to the
main winding should lead the voltage supplied to the
start winding.
Figure 3 and Figure 4 show the main and start winding
voltages in forward and reverse respectively.
FIGURE 2: PSC DRIVE WITH AN H-BRIDGE
AC
PWM3
PWM1
PWM2
PWM0
PWM3 PWM1
PWM2 PWM0
P
I
C
1
6
F
7
2
G
a
t
e

D
r
i
v
e
r
Main
Winding
Start
Winding
VMAIN
VSTART
L
N
Vm
Vm +
-
/2
2005 Microchip Technology Inc. DS00967A-page 3
AN967
FIGURE 3: MOTOR RUNNING IN FORWARD DIRECTION
FIGURE 4: MOTOR RUNNING IN REVERSE DIRECTION
-150.00
-100.00
-50.00
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Phase Angle
%

P
h
a
s
e

V
o
l
t
a
g
e
VMAIN
VSTART
VMAIN = Sin(t)
VSTART = Sin(t+/2)
-150.00
-100.00
-50.00
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Phase Angle
%

P
h
a
s
e

V
o
l
t
a
g
e
VMAIN
VSTART
VMAIN = Sin(t)
VSTART = Sin(t-/2)
AN967
This method of controlling a PSC type motor has a
few disadvantages.
Because the main winding and start windings
have different electric characteristics, the current
flowing through each switch is unbalanced. Over
time, this may lead to premature breakdown of
switching devices in the inverter.
The common point of the windings is directly
connected to the neutral power supply. This may
increase the switching signal coming into the
mains power supply and increase the noise emit-
ted onto the line. This also may limit the EMI level
of the product, violating certain design goals and
regulations.
The effective DC voltage handled is high due to
the input voltage doubler circuit.
Lastly, the cost of the voltage doubler circuit itself
is high because of two large power capacitors.
A better solution to minimize these problems would be
to use a 3-phase inverter bridge, as discussed in the
next section.
Using a 3-Phase Inverter Bridge
The input section is replaced with a standard diode
bridge rectifier. The output section has a 3-phase
inverter bridge. The main difference from the previous
scheme is the way the motor windings are connected
to the inverter. One end of the main winding and start
windings are connected to one half bridge each. The
other ends are tied together and connected to the third
half bridge, as shown in Figure 5.
Refer to Appendix B: Schematics for the schemat-
ics that reference the PIC16F72 with a 3-phase inverter
bridge.
With this drive topology, control becomes more effi-
cient; however, the control algorithm becomes more
complex. The voltages V
a
, V
b
and V
c
should be con-
trolled to achieve the phase difference between the
effective voltages across the main and start windings to
have a 90 degree phase shift to each other.
The turn ratio of the start winding to the main winding is
defined by:
EQUATION 1:
where is the turn ratio, and VMAIN and VSTART are the
effective voltage across the main winding and the start
winding.
In order to have equal voltage stress on all devices,
thus improving the device utilization and provide the
maximum possible output voltage for a given DC bus
voltage, all three inverter phase voltages are kept at the
same amplitude as follows:
EQUATION 2:
The effective voltage across the main and start winding
is given as:
EQUATION 3:
The voltages are shown in the phasor diagram in
Figure 6.
FIGURE 5: CONTROLLING A PSC MOTOR WITH A 3-PHASE INVERTER BRIDGE
VMAIN
VSTART
--------------------- =
| V
a
| = | V
b
| = | V
c
| = | V
1
|
VMAIN = V
a
V
c
VSTART = V
b
V
c
AC
PWM5
PWM3
PWM1
PWM4
PWM2
PWM0
PWM5 PWM3 PWM1
PWM4 PWM2 PWM0
P
I
C
1
6
F
7
2
G
a
t
e

D
r
i
v
e
r
Main
Winding
Start
Winding
Va
Vb
Vc
AN967
FIGURE 6: VOLTAGE PHASOR
DIAGRAM
As seen in the phasor diagram in Figure 6, the voltages
across phase A and phase B are out of phase, and the
phase difference between phase A and phase C is
degrees. By applying basic trigonometry, can be
calculated by:
EQUATION 4:
By applying the Pythagorean Theorem, the voltage
vector V1 can be calculated as:
EQUATION 5:
Because the turn ratio remains constant for a given
motor, can be a compile time option. With this, and
V1 can be precomputed for a given motor. This simpli-
fies the run time calculation. Based on the phase angle,
phase voltages V
a
, V
b
and V
c
can be calculated as:
EQUATION 6:
V
dc
is the DC bus voltage, and t is the angular velocity
of the electrical cycle. The direction of rotation can be
easily controlled by adding or subtracting in the V
c
calculation.
Figure 7 shows the phase voltages V
a
, V
b
and V
c
, and
Figure 8 shows the effective voltages across the main
winding (VMAIN) and the start winding (VSTART).
Figure 8 also shows that the effective phase difference
between the voltages is 90 degrees and the effective
voltage ratio is .
FIGURE 7: PHASE VOLTAGES Va, Vb and Vd
V
a
~
V
c
~
V
b
~
VMAIN
~
V
a
~
V
c
~

=
VSTART
~
V
b
V
c
~

=
~
V1 V1
V1
V V
Angle = 180 2 tan

-1
().
V1 V
1
2
+ ( )
2
------------------------ =
V
a
V1 t ( ) cos
V
dc
2
---------- + =
V
b
V1 t ( ) cos
V
dc
2
---------- + =
V
c
V1 t ( ) cos
V
dc
2
---------- + =
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Phase angle
%

P
h
a
s
e

v
o
l
t
a
g
e
Va
Vb
Vc
AN967
FIGURE 8: VOLTAGE ACROSS MAIN WINDING (VMAIN) AND START WINDING (VSTART)
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Phase Angle
%

P
h
a
s
e

V
o
l
t
a
g
e
VMAIN
VSTART
AN967
IMPLEMENTATION USING THE PIC16F72
In order to control a 3-phase inverter bridge, we need
three PWM pairs with complementary outputs. In addi-
tion, each complementary pair of PWMs needs dead
time in between any OFF and ON switch events to
avoid a DC bus short circuit. The PIC16F72 does not
have these features in the hardware. However, this can
be easily implemented using a general purpose timer
and six output pins as shown in Figure 9.
Generating Software PWMs
The scheme shown here gives a fixed PWM frequency
of approximately 7.9 kHz. Timer1 (1:4 prescale) is
counted up from 00 to 634. At the beginning of the cycle
(when Timer1 = 00), the PWMs controlling the upper
switches (i.e., PWM1, PWM3 and PWM5) are turned
ON. Based on the individual PWM duty cycle, the
corresponding PWM output is turned OFF.
After five instruction cycles, the complementary PWM
is turned ON. This gives a dead time of 1 s when the
microcontroller is running at 20 MHz. When the count
reaches 624, all outputs are turned OFF. A new PWM
cycle starts after 10 instruction cycles.
In the source code provided with this application note
(see Appendix A: Source Code), instead of com-
paring the Timer1 values corresponding to the duty
cycle values, a relative count is calculated with respect
to the previous PWM duty cycle. This count is sub-
tracted from 0xFF (Timer1 is configured as an 8-bit
timer) and loaded to the Timer1 register. When the
Timer1 value overflows, in Timer1 overflow ISR, the
corresponding Odd PWM is turned OFF and the corre-
sponding Even PWM is turned ON after five instruction
cycles. This is done for all three pairs of PWM. Refer to
the flowcharts in Figure 10 through Figure 11 for more
details.
FIGURE 9: PWM SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
PWM period = 634 for ~8 kHz PWM frequency @ 20 MHz FOSC
PWM 1/3/5
ON
PWM 1
OFF
PWM 0
ON
PWM 3
OFF
PWM 5
OFF
PWM 2
ON
PWM 4
ON
PWM 0/2/4
OFF
Dead Time Dead Time Dead Time Dead Time
Timer 1 counting UP
from 00 to 634
00
634
624
PWM 1/3/5
ON
Note: The PWMs are numbered with respect to Figure 5.
AN967
FIGURE 10: MAIN LOOP
Start
Initialize
PORTB Fault and toggle switch interface
PORTC PWMs
MAIN_LOOP
Is S1
pressed?
Copy Sine table values to
RAM locations
Initialize ADC to read Motor current
and Potentiometer
Initialize Timer0, Timer1, Interrupts
and Sine table offsets
Timer0
rollover?
Update PWM duty cycles (A)
(UPDATE_PWM_DUTYCYCLES)
Prioritize PWM duty cycles (B)
(PRIORITIZE_PWMS)
Calculate new speed
Set ADC GO bit
Is ADC
result ready? C
AD_CONV_COMPLETE
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
AN967
FIGURE 10: MAIN LOOP (CONTINUED)
Is PWM3<
PWM1?
A B
Return
UPDATE_PWM_DUTYCYCLES PRIORITIZE_PWMS
Return
Return
Is PWM5<
PWM3?
Is PWM3<
PWM1?
AD_CONV_COMPLETE
Read value pointed by TABLE_OFFSET1 from
the Sine table (corresponds to PWM1/0 pair)
PWM1/0 duty cycle =
Sine (TABLE_OFFFSET1) x NEW_FREQ
PWM5/4 duty cycle =
Sine (TABLE_OFFSET3) x NEW_FREQ
PWM3/2 duty cycle =
Sine (TABLE_OFFFSET2) x NEW_FREQ
Interchange PWM1 and PWM3 duty cycles
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
C
NEW_FREQ = ADRES MOTOR_CURRENT = ADRES HEATSINK_TEMP = ADRES
Set limit on NEW_FREQ
0x30 < NEW_FREQ < 0xD0
Set ADC mux to read motor current
(for next cycle)
Set OVER_CURRENT
flag
Set OVER_TEMPERATURE flag
Motor current >
MAX_MOTOR_CURRENT?
HS Temp>
MAX_HEATSINK_TEMP?
No No
Yes
AN967
FIGURE 11: INTERRUPT SERVICE ROUTINES (ISR)
ISR_INT
CHECK_FAULT
TIMER1_OVERFLOW
RETFIE
T1 Timer1 ISR?
Context Save: WREG and STATUS
Timer0 ISR?
INT ISR?
Restore: WREG and STATUS
T0
INT
x
TIMER1_OVERFLOW
TIMER0_OVERFLOW
CHECK_FAULT
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
INT
OVER_CURRENT_COUNT (OC_COUNT) =
OVER_CURRENT_COUNT - 1
Is OC_COUNT = 0?
STOP_MOTOR
x
Timer0 = Count for NEW_FREQ
Reset overcurrent filter count
x
T0
TIMER0_OVERFLOW
No
Yes
x
T1
Lowest PWM Duty Cycle Medium PWM Duty Cycle Highest PWM Duty Cycle New PWM Duty Cycle
Turn Off Odd Channel w/least
PWM Duty Cycle value
5 Cycles Delay
(Dead Time = 1 S)
Turn ON Complementary
Channel
Timer1 = Medium Duty Cycle
Lowest Duty Cycle
Turn Off Odd Channel w/medium
5 Cycles Delay
(Dead Time = 1 S)
Channel
Turn Off Odd Channel w/highest
Turn Off All 6 Channels
5 Cycles Delay
(Dead Time = 1 S)
5 Cycles Delay
(Dead Time = 1 S)
Channel
Turn ON All Odd PWM
Channels (1, 3 and 5)
Timer1 = Highest Duty Cycle
Medium Duty Cycle
Timer1 = End of PWM Cycle
Highest Duty Cycle
Timer1 = Lowest Duty Cycle
AN967
Initialization
PORTC<0:5> are initialized to output PWMs.
Timer1 is initialized with 8-bit operation and 1:4
prescale.
A/D channels are initialized to read frequency
reference (AN0), motor current (AN1) and
heatsink temperature (AN2).
- Frequency reference is read using a
potentiometer connected to A/D Channel 0.
- Motor current is read using a shunt resistor in
the DC return path. The voltage
corresponding to the motor current is
amplified and connected to A/D channel 1.
Timer0 is used for setting the motor frequency
based on the potentiometer setting. On every
Timer0 overflow, new PWM duty cycles are
advanced by 10 electrical degrees on the Sine
table.
The Sine table is loaded into RAM
Timer0 overflow, Timer1 overflow and INT
interrupts are enabled.
Main Routine
These tasks are done in the MAIN_LOOP routine:
New PWM duty cycle is calculated by the
subroutine UPDATE_PWM_DUTYCYCLES
Three pointers pointing to three different values on
the Sine table corresponding to the phase
difference between V
a
, V
b
and V
c
. The sine table is
drawn to maximum duty cycle available when the
sine value reaches 90 degrees. Every value is
scaled down based on the frequency input to
follow a linear VF profile.
PWM duty cycle sorting is handled by the
subroutine PRIORITIZE_PWMS
PWM duty cycles calculated earlier are sorted in
ascending order, so that the duty cycle with mini-
mum ON time can be addressed first and PWM
with maximum duty cycle last. Corresponding
Flags are set to indicate which PWM duty cycle
corresponds to which PWM output.
Timer0 reload value is calculated by the
subroutine TIMER0_OVERFLOW
Timer0 is used for setting the motor frequency. The
Timer0 reload value is calculated based on three
factors: first is the frequency reference input from
the potentiometer, second is the number of sine
table values, and third is the MCU operating
frequency.
Polling for the ADC result is handled by the
subroutine AD_CONV_COMPLETE
ADC conversion is poled in the main routine.
Alternatively, frequency reference (AN0), motor
current (AN1) and heatsink temperature (AN2) are
selected and converted.
Interrupt Service Routines (ISRs)
Timer1 ISR: In the first three Timer1 overflow
ISRs, the corresponding Odd PWM output is
turned off in each ISR. The complementary output
is turned on after a dead time of five cycles (1 s).
In the fourth Timer1 overflow ISR, the PWM cycle
is restarted. All PWMs are turned OFF and the
timer is loaded with the value corresponding to
the lowest duty cycle value. This is repeated for
each PWM cycle.
Timer0 ISR: A flag is set to indicate that the Sine
output should advance by 10 degrees on the Sine
table. The Timer0 registers are reloaded with the
value corresponding to the motor frequency
reference.
INT ISR: The INT pin is used to interface hard-
ware overcurrent fault. Motor current is compared
with a fixed voltage reference using an op amp
comparator. Each time the motor current exceeds
the reference, in INT ISR a count (0C_COUNT) is
decremented. If the count reaches zero in one
Timer0 cycle, then the motor is stopped and
overcurrent is indicated. This count is reset in
every Timer0 ISR.
AN967
Controlling a 3-Phase Induction Motor
The advantage of the drive topology shown in Figure 5
is the same hardware can be used to control the
speed of a 3-phase induction motor. In order to control
a 3-phase induction motor with a Variable Frequency
(VF) technique, three pairs of complementary PWMs
with dead band are required.
The DC bus is modulated with these PWMs to give
three Sine voltage outputs with 120 degrees phase
shift to each other as shown in Figure 12. This can be
done by changing the offset pointers on the Sine table.
Firmware needs to be recompiled and the part should
be reprogrammed. To reverse the motor direction, the
PWM loaded to two of the phases should be
interchanged.
FIGURE 12: PHASE VOLTAGE FOR 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR CONTROL
PIC16F72 LIMITATIONS
Using the PIC16F72 for control has the following
limitations:
MIPS: Generating a software PWM takes
significant processing power. This limits any other
application that may be required to run on the
same MCU.
PWM Frequency Range: The PWM frequency
range is limited and requires firmware changes.
The safe PWM frequency range is from 6 kHz to
10 kHz with an operating frequency of 20 MHz.
The PWM cycle may have an error up to 5%.
The resolution is also limited between 6 to 8 bits.
In addition to this, generating PWM outputs in
firmware uses the on-chip Timer, program and
data memory.
CONTROL USING A PIC18F2431/4431
The PIC18FXX31 MCUs have a state-of-the-art Power
Control PWM (PCPWM) module on-chip. This module
can provide three pairs of complementary PWMs with
programmable dead band. Programming is greatly
simplified using PIC18FXX31 devices, because it
reduces the task of generating the software PWMs,
which takes most of the processor resource on a
PIC16F72. The source code included with this
application note (see Appendix A: Source Code)
also includes single-phase VF control using the
PIC18F2431.
To learn more about using PIC18FXX31
microcontrollers for different types of motor controls,
refer to application notes AN899, Brushless DC Motor
Control Using PIC18FXX31 Microcontrollers
(DS00899) and AN900, Controlling 3-Phase AC
Induction Motors Using the PIC18F4431 (DS00900)
available from Microchip.
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Phase Angle
%

P
h
a
s
e

V
o
l
t
a
g
e
Sin(wt)
Sin(wt+120)
Sin(wt+240)
Sin(t+240) Sin(t) Sin(t+120)
AN967
CONCLUSION
Microcontroller-based control for a PSC motor makes
the system easy to implement and have control over
the motor in two directions. Implementing the
algorithm using a 3-phase inverter bridge gives
flexibility and efficiency of control. In addition, a 3-
phase induction motor can be controlled using the
same hardware by making minor modifications to the
firmware. The PIC16F72 is a popular low cost general
purpose microcontroller from Microchip, that can be
used to implement the control algorithm. To a great
extent, PIC18FXX31 devices can provide flexibility in
implementing motor control algorithms.
APPENDIX A: SOURCE CODE
The complete source code is available for download as
a single archive file from the Microchip corporate web
site at:
www.microchip.com
AN967
APPENDIX B: SCHEMATICS
FIGURE B-1: PIC
INTERFACE AND POWER SUPPLY (SHEET 1 OF 2)

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AN967
FIGURE B-2: POWER SECTIONS AND MOTOR CURRENT MEASUREMENT (SHEET 2 OF 2)
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AN967
NOTES:
Information contained in this publication regarding device
applications and the like is provided only for your convenience
and may be superseded by updates. It is your responsibility to
ensure that your application meets with your specifications.
MICROCHIP MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WAR-
RANTIES OF ANY KIND WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
WRITTEN OR ORAL, STATUTORY OR OTHERWISE,
RELATED TO THE INFORMATION, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO ITS CONDITION, QUALITY, PERFORMANCE,
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR PURPOSE.
Microchip disclaims all liability arising from this information and
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Trademarks
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PRO MATE, PowerSmart, rfPIC, and SmartShunt are
registered trademarks of Microchip Technology Incorporated
in the U.S.A. and other countries.
AmpLab, FilterLab, Migratable Memory, MXDEV, MXLAB,
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Control Solutions Company are registered trademarks of
Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A.
Analog-for-the-Digital Age, Application Maestro, dsPICDEM,
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FanSense, FlexROM, fuzzyLAB, In-Circuit Serial
Programming, ICSP, ICEPIC, MPASM, MPLIB, MPLINK,
MPSIM, PICkit, PICDEM, PICDEM.net, PICLAB, PICtail,
PowerCal, PowerInfo, PowerMate, PowerTool, rfLAB,
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Endurance are trademarks of Microchip Technology
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SQTP is a service mark of Microchip Technology Incorporated
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All other trademarks mentioned herein are property of their
respective companies.
2005, Microchip Technology Incorporated, Printed in the
U.S.A., All Rights Reserved.
Printed on recycled paper.
Note the following details of the code protection feature on Microchip devices:
Microchip products meet the specification contained in their particular Microchip Data Sheet.
Microchip believes that its family of products is one of the most secure families of its kind on the market today, when used in the
intended manner and under normal conditions.
There are dishonest and possibly illegal methods used to breach the code protection feature. All of these methods, to our
knowledge, require using the Microchip products in a manner outside the operating specifications contained in Microchips Data
Sheets. Most likely, the person doing so is engaged in theft of intellectual property.
Microchip is willing to work with the customer who is concerned about the integrity of their code.
Neither Microchip nor any other semiconductor manufacturer can guarantee the security of their code. Code protection does not
mean that we are guaranteeing the product as unbreakable.
Code protection is constantly evolving. We at Microchip are committed to continuously improving the code protection features of our
products. Attempts to break Microchips code protection feature may be a violation of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. If such acts
allow unauthorized access to your software or other copyrighted work, you may have a right to sue for relief under that Act.
Microchip received ISO/TS-16949:2002 quality system certification for
its worldwide headquarters, design and wafer fabrication facilities in
Chandler and Tempe, Arizona and Mountain View, California in
October 2003. The Companys quality system processes and
procedures are for its PICmicro

8-bit MCUs, KEELOQ

code hopping
devices, Serial EEPROMs, microperipherals, nonvolatile memory and
analog products. In addition, Microchips quality system for the design
and manufacture of development systems is ISO 9001:2000 certified.
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Angle = 180 2 tan

INTERFACE AND POWER SUPPLY (SHEET 1 OF 2)

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