ANALYSIS STUDENTS ERRORS IN USING PUNCTUATIONS

MARKS
IN WRITING NARRATIVE TEXTS AT THE TWELFTH GRADE
STUDENTS AT SMA PLUS AD DAWAH
By: AI SETIAWATI

CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Definition of Punctuation
Punctuation, than, is use of spacing, conventional signs and
certain typographical devices to promote understanding and to guide
correct reading, weather silent or aloud. (Mcdermott, 1990:7)
The set of marks used to regulate texts and clarify their
meanings, principally by separating or linking words, phrases, and
clauses. (Richard Nordquist)
According to the definitions above can be concluded that
punctuation is used so that the reader better understand the book which
they read and they also know when to stop and resume.

B. Kind of Punctuation
There are fourteen punctuation according to (quizlet.com) :
1. Period (.)
Use at the end of a sentence that makes a statement.
2. Question Mark (?)
Use at the end of a direct question.
3. Exclamation Mark !
Use at the end of an emphatic declaration, interjection, or command.
4. Colon (:)
Use before a list or an explanation that is preceded by a clause that can
stand by itself.
5. Semicolon (;)
Use to help sort out a monster list or to separate closely related
independent clauses.
6. Hyphen (-)
Use to create compound words or when writing numbers twenty-one to
ninety-nine and fractions (five-eighths, one-fourth).
7. Dash (--)
Use as a super-comma or set of super-commas to set off parenthetical
elements, especially when those elements contain internal forms of
punctuation
8. Parentheses (())
Use to include material that you want to de-emphasize or that wouldn't
normally fit into the flow of your text but you want to include
nonetheless.
9. Bracket ([ ])
Use to include explanatory words or phrases within quoted language.
10. Ellipsis ()
Use when you're quoting material and you want to omit some words.
11. Apostrophe ()
Use to create possessive forms, contractions, and some plurals.
12. Quotation Marks ( )
Use to set off material that represents quoted or spoken language.
13. Slash or Slant (/)
Use to indicate a choice between the words it separates.
14. Comma (,)
Use to separate the elements in a series (three or more things), to
connect two independent clauses, and to set off introductory elements.

C. Definition of Writing
According to Big Indonesian Dictionary, Writing is making letters
(numbers, etc.) with a pen (pencil, chalk, etc.), children are learning, birth
thoughts or feelings (such as writing, write a letter).
Tarigan stated (985:5), Writing is productive skills for writing an
indirect communication and the nature of the character is very different
from that expressed by speaking directly.
From above that conclude that writing is a persons ability to
communicate information and ideas to someone, public, government, etc.
1. Teaching Writing
Teaching how to write effectively is one of the most important
life-long skills educators impart to their students. When teaching
writing, educators must be sure to select resources and support
materials that not only aid them in teaching how to write, but that will
also be the most effective in helping their students learn to write.
(www.time4writing.com)
Writing is one of the important skill which have to be mastered by
learner, because writing always used any time.
2. Good Writing
Having simple phrases to describe the good things writers do
makes learning about those things easier. Good writing has:
a. Ideas that are interesting and important. Ideas are the heart
of the piece what the writer is writing about and the
information he or she chooses to write about it.
b. Organization that is logical and effective. Organization refers
to the order of ideas and the way the writer moves from one
idea to the next.
c. Voice that is individual and appropriate. Voice is how the
writing feels to someone when they read it. Is it formal or
casual? Is it friendly and inviting or reserved and standoffish?
Voice is the expression of the writer's personality through
words.
d. Word Choice that is specific and memorable. Good writing
uses just the right words to say just the right things.
e. Sentence Fluency that is smooth and expressive. Fluent
sentences are easy to understand and fun to read with
expression.
f. Conventions that are correct and communicative.
Conventions are the ways we all agree to use punctuation,
spelling, grammar, and other things that make writing
consistent and easy to read.

D. Definition of Narrative
Narrative text is a text which contains about fantasy, fairy tales, or
a true story that has been exaggerated. There is usually a moral to be
learned at the end of the story. Example of narrative text can be folk tales,
animal stories, legends, myths, short stories, comic, cartoon, and others.

1. Generic Structure of Narrative Text
Here are the generic structure of narrative text:
Orientation: Introducing the participants and informing the
time and the place.
Complication: Describing the rising crises which the
participants have to do with.
Resolution: Showing the way of participant to solve the
crises, better or worse.




















BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://pakpuguh.wordpress.com/2011/08/22/1-narrative-text/
Fajerin, Puspita (2013). Makalah Bahasa Inggris Reading / Tentang Narative Text.
From
http://puspitafajerin.blogspot.com/2013/05/makalah-bahasa-inggris-reading-
tentang.html, 15 Juni 2014
http://quizlet.com/771276/types-of-punctuation-flash-cards/
http://www.time4writing.com/teaching-writing/
http://www.ttms.org/writing_quality/writing_quality.htm
McDermott, John (1990), Punctuation for Now. Hardback: McGrawHill.