Study Gui de for Sanskri t 102b

(1) What are the lak!ras? How many of them are there? Provide the Sanskrit terms
and their English tense equivalents

(2) What are the 10 verb classes (i.e. bh", hu, etc.)? What are their characteristic
marker signs? Conjugate one verb from each class in all of the tenses you know.

(3) Make a list of all of the paradigms for nouns in all of the possible endings in
Sanskrit, in all possible genders. List a paradigm you could memorize for each of
these and a reference source (page #) where you might look to find that
paradigm.

(4) Explain how adjectives work in Sanskrit. What do they agree with and in what
respect? What words can act as adjectives? How can non-adjectives be turned
into adjectives? What is a substantive and how can an adjective be turned into
one? What happens when adjectives occur as the last member of a compound?
What kind of compounds can they form and what kind of compounds can they
not form (when standing as first/last member)? How are comparative and
superlative adjectives formed?

(5) List the different types of participles formed from Sanskrit verbs in different
tenses and their Sanskrit namesdont forget, gerunds and gerundives are also
participles of a sort. What do the different participles agree with in a sentence
and in what respect? How do absolute constructions work? List two kinds of
absolute constructions and their uses. What sorts of elements must form part of
an absolute construction?

(6) Distinguish gerunds, gerundives, and infinitives in terms of their meaning and
the syntactic role they play in a sentence (what do they agree with? Can they be
free standing?). What are the possible endings that gerunds, gerundives and
infinitives can take and what, if any, are the rules for which verbs take which
endings.

(7) Define and distinguish the five classes of indeclinables, viz. prepositions, adverbs,
conjunctions, particles and interjections. List 10 to 25 examples belonging to
each class and provide their meaning. (Cf. Kale)

(8) What are pronouns? List all of the different classes of pronoun, their functions,
and the base paradigm from which they decline. Also, provide the nominative
declension in masculine, feminine and neuter for all of the pronouns which you
identify.

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(9) What is an abstract noun? How is it formed? How is it analyzed as a compound?
With what does it agree in a sentence? Describe several common sentential
constructions in which abstract nouns occur and what they mean.

(10) In your own words, explain what k#t and taddhita suffixes are, what they are
added to and what they form. Give three examples of k#t and three examples of
taddhita suffixes and show the steps used to derive words from them (i.e. vowel
strengthening, etc.)

(11) Define and distinguish parasmaipada and !tmanepada. To what does this
distinction refer with respect to verbs and what is its relationship to voice? What
are the characteristic primary and secondary verbal endings with respect to each
of these? (Cf. Deshpande)

(12) Define the passive voice and describe its formation. Distinguish passive voice
and impersonal passive construction, how they are formed and when they are
used.

(13) Provide the Sanskrit terms for numbers 1 to 20 in Sanskrit, along with larger
numbers like 100, 500 and 1000. List the rules for number words in Sanskrit
cardinal and ordinalhow number words are formed, what they agree with, and
provide the base paradigms from which they decline.

(14) Define and distinguish the causative, desiderative, intensive and denominative
and provide the basic rules for forming them.

(15) Provide an exhaustive list (in your own words) of the rules of sandhi, both vowel
and consonant, internal and external

(16) What are the cases in Sanskrit and their general ranges of meaning? Provide a
list of particular uses of cases, e.g. ablative with verbs of fearing, etc.

(17) What are the different forms of the aorist and the rules of their formation?

(18) What are the rules for forming present active and passive participles?

(19) What is the perfect? What are the rules for its formation and the rules for the
formation of the perfect participle?

(20) Advanced: what are the k!rak!s in Sanskrit? To what do they refer in a sentence
and what is their relationship to the cases?

(21) To what do heavy and light and long and short refer in Sanskrit prosody? What
syllables/sounds count as what? Describe the rules for scanning verses (prosody)
in Sanskrit. What is the standard pattern for $loka?

(22) Advanced: make a list of the six great epic poems in Sanskrit and their authors
(i.e. K!lid!sas Raghuvam$a, etc.); look up their first verses in Sanskrit and copy
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them down. Using your knowledge of prosody and scanning, scan these verses in
Sanskrit. Consult Aptes appendix on Sanskrit prosody and identify the meters of
these verses. Translate the verses and commit them to memory, reciting them in
the correct meter. (Cf. Apte: Dictionary)


Works to Consul t


Apte, Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary
Apte, Students Guide to Sanskrit Composition
Bucknell, Sanskrit Manual
Deshpande, Samskrtasubodhini: A Sanskrit Primer
Goldman, Devavanipravesika
Iyengar, New Model Sanskrit Grammar
Kale, A Higher Sanskrit Grammar
Leavitt, Sanskrit Notes
Macdonell, A Sanskrit Grammar for Students
Speijer, Sanskrit Syntax
Tubb and Boose, Scholastic Sanskrit
Whitney, Sanskrit Grammar
Whitney, Sanskrit Roots, Verb-forms