Rock Mechanics

and Rock Engineering 20, 111--122 (1987)

Rock Mechanics
and Rock Engineering
9 by Springer-Verlag 1987
Comput er Ai ded Anal ysi s of Rock Sl ope St abi l i t y
By
C. F. Leung 1 and S. C. Kheok 2
i Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore
2 Formerly Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore
Summary
A computer program is written in basic language on a micro-computer to
carry out kinematic analysis of rock slope stability. The program is capable of han-
dling plane sliding, wedge sliding and toppling of rock slopes. Applications of the
program are demonstrated by examples on opencast mine excavations and highway
cuts. The computer output are presented in the form of tables and illustrations for
ease of interpretation. As micro-computers are readily available in design offices
nowadays, the present work provides an efficient means for engineers to analyse
and design rock slope excavations.
1. Introduction
Rock slope failure is generally controlled by structural discontinu-
ities such as faults, beddi ng planes and joints in the rock mass. The
identification of these features is hence the most important part of the
preliminary site investigation programme which usually includes air
photos, surface mappi ng and borehol e cores. Stability analysis is then
conduct ed to assess the stability of rock slopes and details of various
met hods which may be used for the analysis are given by He ek et al.
(1973). However, for the overall design of highway or opencast mine
slopes, a detailed stability analysis is not often feasible due to insuffi-
cient geological data available. Thus kinematic analysis is usually con-
duct ed for these types of probl ems to evaluate the stability of rock
slope excavations with regards to the possibility of slope failures in
terms of plane sliding, wedge sliding and toppling.
In general, kinematic analysis makes use of the directionality of the
di scont i nuous rock mass and does not require knowl edge of the system of
forces implied in the conventional limit equilibrium analysis. At present,
112 C. F. Leung and S. C. Kheok:
such analysis is per f or med usi ng t he graphi cal st er eogr aphi c pr oj ect i on
appr oach. In this paper, a comput er ai ded appr oach is pr ovi ded to aut o-
mat e t he analysis. Pract i cal exampl es are used to demonst r at e t he val i di t y
of t he present work.
2. Method of Analysis
2.1 Vector Approach
Tradi t i onal l y, ki nemat i c anal ysi s of r ock slopes has been per f or med
usi ng st ereographi c proj ect i ons wi t h t he ai d of st ereonet . Such t echni que of
anal ysi s is well document ed in texts such as P h i l l i p s (1971) and
G o o d m a n (1980). As t he appr oach is general l y graphi cal in nat ure, it is
r at her t i me consumi ng and pr one to huma n errors when t here are
numer ous di scont i nui t i es. I n this paper, an al t ernat i ve met hod involving a
vect or appr oach is empl oyed wi t h t he pri me objective t hat t he entire anal -
ysis can be per f or med on a mi cr ocomput er (cf. K o v fir i and F r i t z, 1975
and 1984).
The sign convent i on adopt ed in t he present wor k is t hat t he angl e of
dip is measur ed f r om t he hori zont al down to t he di scont i nui t y pl ane and
t he beari ng of t he strike for t he pl ane is meas ur ed cl ockwi se f r om t he azi-
mut h (north). The angl e of di p is positive i f its ori ent at i on is on t he right of
t he strike. For exampl e, i f t he strike vect or is 60 ~ sout h-west , t hen a nort h-
west di p has a posi t i ve dip angl e wher eas a sout h-east di p has a negat i ve
di p angle.
I n general , i f t he angles of strike and di p of a weakness pl ane are a
and fl respectively, t he vect ors def i ni ng t he di p (d) and t he strike (s) are
given as
d = (cos fl cos a) i + ( - cos ]3 sin a ) j + ( - sin ]3) k (1)
s = (sin a) i + (cos a ) j
(2)
wher e i, j and k are t he uni t vect ors in t he convent i onal x, y and z di rect i on,
respectively. Al t ernat i vel y, Eq. (1) can be expressed in t he f or m
d - - | - cos fl sin a | = T2 (3)
L - s i n f l .] T3
The vect or nor mal to t he weakness pl ane is given by t he cross pr oduct
of t he di p and strike vectors. This vector, n, is upwar d nor mal and right
ha nde d on d x s i. e.
n =- s x d
= (cos a sin ~ i + ( - sin a sin f l ) j + (cos fl) k
(4)
Comput er Ai ded Analysis of Rock Slope Stability 113
I n t he cas e o f s l i di ng o f a we d g e a l o n g t he l i ne o f i n t e r s e c t i o n o f t wo
we a k n e s s p l a n e s , t he ve c t or o f t he t wo i nt e r s e c t i ng b e d d i n g s ur f aces c a n be
o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e cr oss p r o d u c t o f t h e i r t wo u p wa r d n o r ma l vect or s , nl a n d
n2. Th u s
(nl n2)
= + c o s a l s i n f l l - s i n a l s i n f l l c o s p l
k cos c~ sinfl2 - s i n a2 sinfl2 cosfl2
_ s i n a i si nfl l c o s f l 2 +c o s f l l si n~2 sinfl2 ]
= + c o s a l sinfl~ cosfl z+COSfl l cos c~ sinfl2
cosa~ sinfl~ s i na 2 s i n f l z + s i n a a si nf l l sinfl2 c os a 2
= + T2
T3
(5)
2.2 Plane and Wedge Sliding
F o r p l a n e s l i di ng f ai l ur e ( Fi g. l ( a ) ) , t he r o c k b l o c k wi l l t r a ns l a t e d o wn
t h e s l ope u n d e r gr a vi t y a l o n g t h e d i p o f t he we a k n e s s pl a ne . Sl i de wo u l d
o c c u r wh e n t h e d i p a ngl e is p o i n t e d i nt o t he f r ee s pa c e o f e x c a v a t i o n a n d is
l ess t h a n t he a ngl e o f t he cut s l ope. I n a d d i t i o n , f a i l ur e c a n onl y o c c u r i f
t h e s ur f a c e o f s l i di ng di ps s t e e p e r t h a n t he f r i c t i on a ngl e o f t h e r o c k mas s .
On t he o t h e r h a n d , we d g e f a i l ur e ar i ses wh e n t wo we a k n e s s p l a n e s st r i ke
o b l i q u e l y acr os s t h e s l ope f ace o f t he e xc a va t i on. Th e we d g e o f r oc k r es t i ng
o n t he s e we a k n e s s p l a n e s wi l l sl i de d o wn t h e l i ne o f i nt e r s e c t i on, as s h o wn
i n Fi g. l ( b ) .
Us i n g t he c o n v e n t i o n a l c a r t e s i a n c o- or di na t e s , t h e d i p o f t he we a k n e s s
p l a n e f or p l a n e s l i di ng a n d t he d i p o f t he l i ne o f i n t e r s e c t i o n f or we d g e
s l i di ng c a n be d e r i v e d a n d is gi ve n as
{ } f i = s i n -1 ] / ( T12+T22 + T32) (6)
whi l e t he a ngl e o f a z i mu t h is gi ve n as
y = t a n - 1 ( T 1 / T 2) (7)
Th u s i n t h e cas e o f p l a n e s l i di ng u n d e r gr avi t y i nvol vi ng onl y a s i ngl e
we a k n e s s pl a ne , Eqs. (6) a n d (7) ar e r e d u c e d t o a s i mp l i f i e d f o r m o f 6 - - f l
a n d X= a + 9 0 ~ r e s pe c t i ve l y by s u b s t i t u t i n g p a r a me t e r s o f Eq. (3) i n t h e
a p p r o p r i a t e e q u a t i o n s .
I n ge ne r a l , s o l u t i o n s t o p l a n e a n d we d g e s l i di ng c a n be s u mma r i s e d as
f ol l ows :
(a) I f t he d i r e c t i o n o f d i p o f we a k n e s s p l a n e s is i n t he o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n o f
d i p o f cut , a ver t i cal cut s l ope is pe r mi s s i bl e , as s h o wn i n Fi g. 2.
114 C. F . Leung and S. C. Khe ok:
( n l
~ Q Q ~ 8 S S
( b )
s t Q p ~
( r
Iine o f
Fig. 1. Modes of failure for rock slopes. (a) Plane sliding. (b) Wedge sliding. (c) Toppling
(b) I f t he di rect i on of dip of weakness pl anes is on t he same side as t he
di rect i on of di p of cut, t he maxi mum safe cut sl ope angl e al l owed is
f ound under t he fol l owi ng condi t i ons:
(i) I f t he di rect i on of di p of weakness pl ane is at a right angl e to t he
pr oposed strike of cut, t he maxi mum sl ope angl e is given as angl e
f r om Eq. (6).
(ii) I f t he di rect i on of di p of weakness pl ane is not at a right angl e to
t he pr oposed strike of cut, t he maxi mum sl ope angl e is given by
( S i mp s o n , 1986)
0= t an -~ (tan ~ / s i n s (8)
wher e s is t he angl e bet ween t he di rect i on of di p and t he strike of cut.
Computer Aided Analysis of Rock Slope Stability 115
w e a k n e s s
/.,/plane
vertical ~ 1
( a ) cut ~ ~ /
( b )
. L i n e o f i n t e r s e c t i o n
w e a k n e s s ~'/,~/~///
p l a n e 2 ~.,< % .~/////~
~/ / weakness
p l a n e 1
v e r t i c a l
Fi g. 2. Pe r mi s s i b l e ve r t i c a l cut s. (a) Pl a ne s l i di ng. (b) We d g e s l i di ng
2.3 Toppling
Toppl i ng fai l ure of r ock sl opes i nvol ves overt urni ng of i nt eract i ng
col umns or bl ocks of rock, as s hown in Fig. 1 (c). Such col umns are f or med
by regul ar beddi ng pl anes, cl eavage or j oi nt s whi ch strike paral l el t o t he
sl ope crest and di p into t he r ock mass. G o o d m a n and B r a y (1977) have
cl assi fi ed t he t ypes of t oppl i ng fai l ure into fl exural t oppl i ng, bl ock t op-
pl i ng and bl ock- f l exur al t oppl i ng and s howed several exampl es of such
fai l ures whi ch may be encount er ed in pract i ce. Go o d m a n (1980) al so
suggest ed t hat t oppl i ng fai l ure woul d occur i f t he sl ope angl e has a magni -
t ude great er t han (90 ~ - 6 + q~) wher e (p is t he angle of fri ct i on bet ween t he
r ock col umns. Mor eover , t oppl i ng can occur onl y i f t he col umns strike
near l y paral l el t o t he strike of t he sl ope, say wi t hi n 30 ~ . This appr oach is
adopt ed in t he pr esent analysis.
116 C. F. Leung and S. C. Kheok:
3. Executi on
3.1 Computer Program
The st ruct ure chart of t he comput er pr ogr am is s hown in Fig. 3. The
pr ogr am is wri t t en in basi c l anguage and run on a mi cr o- comput er such as
t he I BM per sonal comput er . Paramet ers such as number of di scont i nui t i es,
bear i ng of strike, angle and di rect i on of di p and fri ct i on angle of r ock mass
are r equi r ed as i nput data, as i ndi cat ed in Tabl e 1. The comput er pr ogr am
anal yses each of t he j oi nt s wi t h regards t o pl ane sliding, wedge sliding and
t oppl i ng usi ng t he met hod ment i oned in t he pr evi ous section. The l east di p
of cut for t he t hree modes of fai l ure f or all t he j oi nt s is t aken as t he max-
i mum safe sl ope angle. In addi t i on, speci al subpr ogr ams are al so i ncl uded
t o enabl e t he det er mi nat i on of t he number of j oi nt s and i nt ersect i ons wi t h
t he pot ent i al of fai l ure i f t he angle and di rect i on of di p of t he pr opos ed cut
are given. Appl i cat i ons of t he pr ogr am are veri fi ed usi ng pract i cal exam-
pl es on opencast mi ne excavat i ons and hi ghway cuts.
Ta b l e 1. Input Data Required for Computer Program
Na me o f Al l o wa b l e
S / No . Da t a Va r i a b l e s Ra n g e o f Re ma r k s
Va l u e s
1 P r o g r a m o p t i o n C H$ 1 - - 6 - -
2 Pr oj e c t t i t l e J OBS - - - -
3 Nu mb e r o f d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s NO - - - -
4 Be a r i n g o f s t r i ke AL P HA( I ) 0 ~ ~ Me a s u r e d f r o m a z i mu t h
5 An g l e o f d i p B E T A (I) 0 ~ ~ Me a s u r e d f r o m h o r i z o n t a l
6 Be a r i n g o f d i r e c t i o n o f d i p DI R (I) 0 ~ ~ Me a s u r e d f r o m a z i mu t h
7 An g l e o f f r i c t i on P I F 0 ~ ~ - -
8 Al l o wa n c e f or s t r i ke o f c ut f or AT OP 0 ~ ~ See Go o d ma n ( 1980)
t o p p l i n g
9 An g l e o f s t r i ke o f c u t S OC (I) 0 ~ ~ Me a s u r e d f r o m a z i mu t h
10 Di r e c t i o n o f d i p DI R $ ( I ) - - N, S, E, W, NE, NW, SE,
S W
3.2 Example on Mine Excavations
Ki nemat i c anal ysi s is of t en per f or med to eval uat e pot ent i al rock sl ope
pr obl ems in opencast mi ne excavat i ons. Based on a pract i cal exampl e
gi ven in G o o d m a n (1980) on t he desi gn of a ci rcul ar open pit mi ne in a
r ock mass wi t h t wo given sets of di scont i nui t i es, an est i mat i on of t he safe
sl ope angles f or t he mi ni ng oper at i on is per f or med usi ng t he comput er pro-
gram. In t he exampl e, di scont i nui t y one strikes N 32 ~ E and di ps 65 ~ to t he
N 5 8 ~ whi l e di scont i nui t y t wo strikes NS and di ps 60 ~ E. Aft er
adj ust i ng t he dat a to t he sign adopt ed in t he pr esent work, beari ng of strike
and angle of di p of di scont i nui t y one are 32 ~ and - 65 ~ respect i vel y whi l e
Computer Aided Analysis of Rock Slope Stability 117
De c l a r a t i o n of v a r i a b l e s
Input and I n i t i a l i s a t i o n
Adjust dip angle
according to sign convention
Find al l l i nes of i n t e r s e c t i o n s
For each t r i a l st r i ke
and cut
Cheek plane f ai l ur e
Cheek Nedge f a i l u r e
Cheek t oppl i ng f ai l ur e
Determine saf e slope angl e
Output in tabl es
and i l l us t r at i ons
STOP
Fig. 3. Structure chart of comput er pr ogr am
bearing of strike and angle of dip of discontinuity two are 180 ~ and - 60 ~
respectively. The friction angle of the rock mass is 30 ~ . The allowance for
strike of cut for toppling failure is taken as 30 ~ , based on the recommended
value given in G o o d m an.
From the comput er analysis, the line of intersection of these two
planes is found to plunge 28 ~ to the N ]8 ~ E, which is identical to that
given in Go o d m an using the stereographic projection approach. The
maxi mum safe cut slope angles are determined for every 30 ~ around
the pit and the computer out put is given in detail in Table 2. The
results demonstrate that slopes of different strikes have vastly different
requirements for safety. For the sake of easy interpretation, the out put
is also presented diagramatically in Fig. 4 with the aid of computer
graphics routines.
118 C. F. Le ung a nd S. C. Khe ok:
N
I
=Q )=,.,
Hsx s ere s l o pe angl e s in degrees
FAILURE HODE$ : - P=Plane s l i d i n g
]=Wedge s l i d i n g
T=Topp] i nl
N=Nons
1=Joi nt 1
2=Joi nt 2
Fig. 4. Comput er out put of exampl e on mi ne excavat i ons (Graphi cs)
Tabl e 2. Computer Output of Example on Mine Excavations
Project title: Circular open pit mine
Joi nt 1: Bearing of strike = 32
Di rect i on of dip = NW
Angle of dip = - 65
Joi nt 2: Bearing of strike = 180
Di rect i on of dip = E
Angl e of dip = - 60
Friction angle of rock mass = 30
Al l owance for strike of cut 30
* Failure Modes: P = Plane sliding
I = Wedge sliding
T = Toppl i ng
N = None
Comput er Ai ded Analysis of Rock Slope Stability 119
Safe cut angle
Max. safe
Strike of Dim of Plane 1 Plane 2 Wedge Toppling Failure slope
cut dip of cut sliding sliding sliding Jr. 1 Jr. 2 mode* angle
0.0 E 90.0 60.0 60.0 90.0 90.0 P2 60.0
30.0 SE 90.0 63.4 90.0 55.0 90.0 T1 55.0
60.0 SE 90.0 73.9 90.0 57.8 90.0 T1 57.8
90.0 S 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 N 90.0
120.0 SW 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 N 90.0
150.0 SW 77.7 90.0 90.0 90.0 63.7 T2 63.7
180.0 W 68.4 90.0 90.0 90.0 60.0 T2 60.0
210.0 NW 65.0 90.0 68.1 90.0 63.7 T2 63.7
240.0 NW 67.6 90.0 38.1 90.0 90.0 112 38.1
270.0 N 76.1 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 P1 76.1
300.0 NE 89.1 73.9 90.0 90.0 90.0 P2 73.9
330.0 NE 90.0 63.4 35.5 90.0 90.0 112 35.5
3.3 Ex a mp l e on Hi ghway Cut s
The s e c ond e xa mpl e is on t he de t e r mi na t i on of t he best or i e nt a t i on of
cut al ong a hi ghwa y a l i gnme nt pas s i ng t hr ough a r ock mas s ha vi ng t hr ee
set s of di s cont i nui t i es . The char act er i s t i cs a nd t he pr oper t i es of t he r ock
mas s are gi ven i n Tabl e 3. Thr ee sect i ons of t he hi ghwa y r out e wi t h var i ous
val ues of st ri ke of cut are anal ys ed. The c omput e r out put is gi ven i n
Ta bl e 3 a nd Fi g. 5 i n whi ch t he ma xi mum safe sl ope angl es on bot h si des
of t he hi ghwa y are s hown i n t abl e a nd gr aphi cal f or ms r espect i vel y. The
best or i e nt a t i on of t he hi ghwa y cut woul d be t he one t hat pr oduc e s t he
st eepest safe sl ope on bot h si des of t he hi ghway. Thus , f or e xa mpl e a cut
st r i ki ng east (90 ~ can have a sl ope of 90 ~ on one si de a nd 39 ~ on t he ot her .
Howe ve r , gr ound cons t r ai nt s a nd e c onomi c cost mus t be c ons i de r e d f or an
opt i mum desi gn.
Table 3. Computer Output of Example on Highway Cuts
Project title: Highway cut
Joint 1: Bearing of strike = 32
Direction of dip = NW
Angle of dip = - 75
Joint 2: Bearing of strike = 180
Direction of dip = E
Angle of dip = - 65
Joint 3: Bearing of strike = 0
Direction of dip = E
Angle of dip = 0
Friction angle of rock mass = 25
Allowance for strike of cut = 30
Bearing of Maximum safe slope (looking in dim of cut)
strike of cut left right
90.0 90.0 38.6
120.0 90.0 37.2
150.0 53.3 44.2
120 C. F. Leung and S. C. Kheok:
Bearing of s t r i k e = 90
90
Bearing of s t r i k e = 120
Bear i ng of s t r i k e = 150
Di rn of s t r i k e
of cut
J
f
90
Joi nt 1 : Bear i ng of s t r i k e = 32
Di r eot i on of dip = NN
Angl e of di p = - 7 5
Joi nt 2 : Bear i ng of s t r i k e = 180
Di r eot i on of dip = E
Angl e of di p =- - 65
Joi nf 3 : Bear i ng of s t r i k e = 0
Di r eot i on of dip = E
Angl e of di p = 0
Fig. 5. Computer output of example on highway cuts (Graphics)
4. D i s c u s s i o n
The accur acy of t he comput er out put is veri fi ed usi ng stereonet. For
exampl e, t he compl et e st er eopl ot for t he pl anar feat ures of t he rock mass
and a sampl e cut of a hi ghway or i ent at ed to t he east is given in Fig. 6. The
met hod of const r uct i on of this pl ot and t he meas ur ement of t he angles is
gi ven in P h i l l i p s (1971). The maxi mum safe sl ope angl es are f ound to be
90 ~ and 39 ~ for t he left and right si de of t he hi ghway respect i vel y. These
results are i dent i cal t o t he comput er out put , see Tabl e 3.
Many "hi gher modes " of fai l ure are exhi bi t ed by compl exl y j oi nt ed
and be dde d rocks, in whi ch pl ane sliding, wedge sliding and t oppl i ng
occur si mul t aneousl y or successi vel y. For exampl e, consi der a rock mass
whi ch has t he pot ent i al to fail upon wedge sliding. Pl ane sliding can al so
occur on ei t her pl ane i f one of t he j oi nt s is bei ng excavat ed compl et el y.
The existing pr ogr am can also be used t o sol ve this hi gher mode of fai l ure
by choosi ng t he l east di p of cut for each of t hese di fferent t ypes of sliding,
Comput er Ai ded Analysis of Rock Slope Stability 121
W~
N
' ~ ~ \ SARPLE CUT
S
Fig. 6. Stereoplot of a sample highway cut
i. e. pl ane sliding and wedge sliding, as i l l ust rat ed in t he exampl e on cir-
cul ar open pit mi ne excavat i ons.
The pr esent appr oach has several advant ages over t he convent i onal
st er eogr aphi c pr oj ect i on met hod. Firstly it is conveni ent to adj ust i nput
par amet er s such as fri ct i on angl e of r ock mass and details of geol ogi cal dis-
cont i nui t i es and this facilitates a mor e t hor ough anal ysi s as t he resul t s
under var i ous condi t i ons may be easi l y det er mi ned. Secondl y t he comput er
pr ogr am i mpr oves t he accur acy of t he anal ysi s and el i mi nat es pot ent i al
human errors f or a compl i cat ed pr obl em wher e t here are numer ous di scon-
tinuities. Thi rdl y, t he pr ovi si on of out put in t he f or m of graphi cs enabl es
engi neers to assess a par t i cul ar case st udy cl earl y and accur at el y as t he
l ocat i on at whi ch pot ent i al i nst abi l i t y woul d arise can be i dent i fi ed easily.
Such assessment is general l y di ffi cul t due to t he t hr ee- di mensi onal nat ur e
of t he pr obl em.
In addi t i on, t he runni ng cost of t he pr esent wor k is mi ni mal as t he
comput er pr ogr am is st or ed in convent i onal fl exi bl e di sket t e and run on a
mi cr o- comput er . An I BM per sonal comput er wi t h 640 K memor y is used in
t he pr esent anal ysi s and t he comput i ng t i me r equi r ed f or t he exampl e on
mi ne excavat i ons is 14 seconds.
122 C.F. Leung and S. C. Kheok:
5. Concl usi ons
A computer program is written on a micro-computer to carry out kine-
matic analysis of rock slope stability with regards to plane sliding, wedge
sliding and toppling. The program is based on a vector approach and
examples on mine excavations and highway cuts are shown to verify the
proposed work. The computer output are given in the form of tables and
illustrations for the sake of easy interpretation. The present approach is
proved to be more accurate and efficient t han the conventional stereo-
graphic projection method.
6. Appendices
6.1 Acknowledgement
The assistance of Tong Ha ng Ngo and Hi a n Le ong Ong,
former students of the Department of Civil Engineering, National Uni-
versity of Singapore, in the development of the computer program is grate-
fully appreciated.
6.2 Computer Program
The computer program is written in basic language and stored in con-
ventional flexible diskette to be used in IBM or IBM compatible personal
computers. A Graphtec XY plotter is used for the computer graphical
output. A copy of the program can be obtained by writing to the first
aut hor at a nominal cost of US $ 20 to cover postage and cost of a diskette.
Re f e r e nc e s
Goodma n, R. E., Br ay, J. W. (1977): Toppling of Rock Slopes, Proc. Spe-
ciality Conf. on Rock Engr. for Found. and Slopes, ASCE, Boulder, Vol. 2,
201--234.
G o o d m a n, R. E. (1980): Introduction to Rock Mechanics, John Wiley &
Sons.
H o e k, E., B r a y, J. W., B o y d, J. M. (1973): The Stability of a Rock Slope
Containing a Wedge Resting on Two Intersecting Discontinuities. Quarterly J. of
Engng. Geol., 6 (no. 1), 1--55.
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