6.

1
Chapter 6: Continuous Construction Design Considerations

6.1 Introduction
A common form of concrete cast-in-place building construction consists of a
continuous one-way slab cast monolithically with supporting continuous beams and
girders.
In this type system, all members contribute in carrying the floor load to the
supporting columns.
- The slab steel runs through the beams.
- The beam steel runs through the girders.
- The steel from the beams and girders run through the columns.
The result is that the whole floor is tied together, forming a highly
indeterminate and complex type of rigid structure.

The behavior of the members is affected by their rigid connections.
Loads applied directly on a member produce moment, shear, and a definite
deflected shape.
Loads applied to adjacent members produce similar effects because of the
rigidity of the connections.
The shears and moments transmitted through a joint depend on the relative
stiffness of all the members framing into that joint.
With this type of condition, a precise evaluation of moments and shears
resulting from a floor loading is very time consuming.
- Several commercial computer programs are available to facilitate this type
of analysis.

In an effort to simplify and expedite the design phase, the ACI Code (Section
8.3.3) permits the use of standard moment and shear equations whenever the span
and loading conditions satisfy certain requirements.
The use of standard moment and shear equations applies to continuous non-
prestressed one-way slabs and beams.
The use of standard moment and shear equations is an approximate method and
may be used for buildings of the usual type of construction, spans, and story
heights.
- The ACI Code moment values result from the product of a coefficient and
w
u

n
2
.

6.2
- The ACI Code shear values result from the product of a coefficient and
w
u

n
.
where
w
u
= the factored design uniform load

n
= the clear span for positive moment and shear
= the average of two adjacent clear spans for negative moment

ACI Code coefficients and equations for shear and moment for continuous beams
and one-way slabs are shown below (ref. Figure 6-1, p. 200 of the textbook).




























Figure 6-1. ACI Code coefficients and equations for shear
and moments for continuous beams and one-way slabs.

6.3
The application of the ACI Code coefficients and equations is limited to the
following.
1. The equations can be used for two or more approximately equal spans (with the
larger of two adjacent spans not exceeding the shorter by more than 20%).
Examples:
Shorter span Longer span
10 12
20 24
30 36
2. Loads must be uniformly distributed.
3. The maximum allowable ratio of live load to dead load is 3:1 (based on service
loads).
4. Members must be prismatic (e.g. rectangular, symmetrical).

The shear and moment equations generally give reasonably conservative values for
the conditions noted above.
A more theoretical and precise analysis must be made if
- More precision is required, or desired, for economy, or
- The stated conditions are not satisfied.

6-2 Continuous-Span Bar Cutoffs
Using a design approach similar to that for simple spans, the area of main
reinforcing steel required at any given point depends on the design moment.
As the moment varies along the span, the steel may be modified or reduced in
accordance with the theoretical requirements of the members strength and
the requirements of the ACI Code.

Bars can theoretically be stopped or bent in flexural members whenever they are
no longer needed to resist moment.
A general representation of the bar cutoff requirements for continuous spans
(both positive and negative moments) is shown below (ref. Figure 6-2, p. 202 of
the textbook).








6.4




























- Positive moment steel: In continuous members, the ACI Code (Section
12.11.1) requires that a minimum of one-fourth of the positive moment steel
be extended into the support a distance of at least 6.
- Negative moment steel: The ACI Code (Section 12.12.3) also requires that at
least one-third of the negative moment steel be extended beyond the point
of inflection by the larger of the following.
A distance not less than one-sixteenth of the clear span.
A distance equal to the effective depth of the member d.
A distance equal to 12d
b
.
If negative moment bars C (Figure 6-2a, p. 202 of the textbook) are to be
cutoff, they must extend beyond the theoretical cutoff point defined by the
moment diagram.
- That extension must be at least a full development length
d
beyond the face
of the support, and

6.5
- The bars must extend beyond the theoretical cutoff point, defined by the
moment diagram, by the larger of the following.
A distance equal to the effective depth of the member d.
A distance equal to 12d
b
.
The remaining negative moment bars D (minimum of one-third of total negative
steel) must extend
- At least the full development length
d
beyond the theoretical point of
cutoff of bars C.
- In addition, these bars must extend past the point of inflection by the
larger of the following.
A distance equal to the effective depth of the member d.
A distance equal to 12d
b
.
A distance equal to 1/16 of the clear span.
When negative moment bars are cut off before reaching the point of inflection,
the situation is analogous to the simple beam cutoffs where the reinforcing
bars are being terminated in a tension zone.
If positive moment bars (Bars A in Figure 6-2b, p. 202 of the textbook) are to
be cut off, they must extend the larger of the following.
- A distance equal to the development length
d
past the point of maximum
positive moment.
- A distance equal to the effective depth of the member d.
- A distance equal to 12d
b
.
The location of the theoretical cutoff point depends on the amount of steel to
be cut and the shape of the applied moment diagram.
- The remaining positive moment bars B must extend
d
past the theoretical
cutoff point of bars A and extend at least 6 into the support.
- Requirements for terminating bars in the tension zone again apply.
- The size of the positive moment bars at the point of inflection must meet
the requirements of the ACI Code (Section 12.11.3).

Because the determination of cutoff and bend points constitutes a relatively time-
consuming chore, it has become customary to use defined cutoff points that
experience has indicated are safe.
The recommended bar details and cutoffs for continuous spans are shown below
(ref. Figure 6-3, p. 203 of the textbook).


6.6



























6-3 Design of Continuous Floor Systems
One common type of floor system consists of a continuous, cast-in-place, one-way
reinforced concrete slab supported by monolithic, continuous reinforced concrete
beams.
The design of the system may be based on ACI Code coefficients (ref. Figure
6-1, p. 200 of the textbook) if the floor system parameters and loading
conditions satisfy the criteria for application of the ACI Code coefficients.


6.7
Example Design of Continuous Floor Systems

Example 6-1 (p. 203 of the textbook)

Given: Floor system shown, consisting of
a continuous one-way slab supported
by continuous beams.
DL = 25 psf (excluding the weight
of the slab)
LL = 250 psf
f
c
= 3000 psi
f
y
= 60,000 psi
Normal weight concrete
Bars are uncoated.

Find: a) Design the continuous
one-way floor slab.
b) Design the continuous
supporting beam.

Solution
The primary difference in this design from previous flexural designs is that,
because of continuity, the ACI coefficients and equations will be used to determine
design shears and moments.

a) Design the continuous one-way floor slab.
1. Determine the slab thickness.
ACI Code criteria for minimum thickness [ref. Table 9.5(a)].
With both ends continuous,
minimum h =
n
/28 = 11(12)/28 = 4.71
With one end continuous,
minimum h =
n
/24 = 11(12)/24 = 5.50
Try a 5 thick slab. Design a 12 wide segment (b = 12).

2. Determine the load.
Slab weight (dead load) = (5.5/12)(150 pcf) = 68.8 psf

6.8
Live load/Dead load = 250/(25 + 68.8) = 2.67 < 3 OK
w
u
= 1.2w
DL
+ 1.6w
LL
= 1.2 (25 + 68.8) + 1.6 (250)
= 112.6 + 400 = 512.6 psf
By designing a slab segment 12 wide, the loading is 512.6 lb/ft.
Use w
u
= 0.513 k/ft

3. Determine the moments and shears.
Moments: Moments are determined using the ACI moment equations (ref.
Figure 6-1, p. 200 of the textbook).







End span
Exterior support (spandrel beam)
- M
u
= w
u

n
2
/24 = (0.513)(11)
2
/24 = 2.59 kip-ft
Mid-span (end integral with support)
+ M
u
= w
u

n
2
/14 = (0.513)(11)
2
/14 = 4.43 kip-ft
Interior support
- M
u
= w
u

n
2
/10 = (0.513)(11)
2
/10 = 6.21 kip-ft

Interior spans
Interior supports
- M
u
= w
u

n
2
/11 = (0.513)(11)
2
/11 = 5.64 kip-ft
Mid-span (end integral with support)
+ M
u
= w
u

n
2
/16 = (0.513)(11)
2
/16 = 3.88 kip-ft

Shears: Similarly, shears are determined using the ACI shear equations (ref.
Figure 6-1, p. 200 of the textbook).
End span
Face of first interior support
V
u
= 1.15w
u

n
/2 = 1.15(0.513)(11)/2 = 3.24 kips
All other supports
V
u
= w
u

n
/2 = (0.513)(11)/2 = 2.82 kips

6.9
4. Design the slab.
Determine an approximate effective depth d.
d = h 0.75 (cover) 0.625/2 (assume
#
5 bars)
= 5.5 0.75 0.31 = 4.44

5. Design the steel reinforcing.
Minimum reinforcement for slabs of constant thickness is that required for
shrinkage and temperature.
Minimum required A
s
= 0.0018 b h = 0.0018(12)(5.5)
= 0.12 in
2
per ft
Maximum spacing for shrinkage and temperature steel = 5h or 18
s
max
= 5(5.5) = 27.5 > 18
Thus, s
max
= 18
Shrinkage and temperature steel: Use
#
3 at 11 c/c (A
s
= 0.12 in
2
).
- This is the smallest bar meeting the required area of steel.

Assume a tension-controlled section (i.e. the steel reaches its yield stress,

t
0.005, and = 0.90).
The maximum moment (end span, interior support) is M
u
= 6.21 kip-ft
M
u
= M
n
= b d
2
k
Required k = M
u
/ b d
2
= 6.21(12)/0.9(12)(4.44)
2
= 0.3500 ksi
From Table A-8: k = 0.3500, = 0.0063,
t
> 0.005, and = 0.90
A
s
= b d = 0.0063(12)(4.44) = 0.34 in
2
> 0.12 in
2
OK

The steel required at other points is found in a similar manner (all values in the
formula for k are the same except for M
u
):
Required k = M
u
/ b d
2
= M
u
(12)/0.9(12)(4.44)
2
= M
u
/17.742

The results are summarized in the following table.
Location Moment (kip-ft) k (ksi) Required A
s
(in
2
per 12)
End span
Exterior support - w
u

n
2
/24 = 2.59 0.1460 0.0026 0.14
Mid-span + w
u

n
2
/14 = 4.43 0.2497 0.0044 0.23
Interior support - w
u

n
2
/10 = 6.21 0.3500 0.0063 0.34

Interior spans
Interior supports - w
u

n
2
/11 = 5.64 0.3179 0.0057 0.30
Mid-span + w
u

n
2
/16 = 3.88 0.2187 0.0039 0.21

6.10
6. Check the shear strength.
The maximum shear V
u
= 3.24 kips in the end span at the face of the first
interior support.
Slabs are not usually reinforced for shear.
A check of the shear at the face of the support, rather than at the critical
section (located a distance d from the face of the support) is conservative.

Check to determine if shear reinforcement is required.
Shear reinforcement is not required if the practical shear strength of the
section (i.e. V
n
= V
c
) is greater than the shear force due to the factored
loads (i.e. V
u
), that is
V
n
= V
c
> V
u

Note: V
n
= V
c
since no transverse reinforcement is provided.
V
n
= V
c
= 2 f
c
b
w
d = 0.75(2)(1.0) 3000 (12)(4.44)
= 4377.4 lb (4.38 kips) > 3.24 kips
Therefore, the slab thickness is OK and no shear reinforcement is required.

7. Select the main steel.
Establish a pattern for the main reinforcement.
Minimize the number of bar sizes.
Minimize the number of different spacings.
In the positive moment areas, provide spacing equal to half of the maximum
spacing to allow alternate bars to be terminated.

Maximum spacing for main reinforcement = 3h or 18
s
max
= 3(5.5) = 16.5 < 18
Use s
max
= 8 in positive moment areas (to allow bar cutoffs).

The following table was developed to summarize the possible selections for the
reinforcing steel.
Location A
s
required Possible selections A
s
provided per 12
End span
Exterior support (-) 0.14
#
3 @ 9 0.15

#
4 @ 16 0.15
Use
#
4 @ 15 (multiple of 5) 0.16

At mid-span (+) 0.23
#
3 @ 5.5 0.24

#
4 @ 10 0.24
Use
#
4 @ 8 0.30

6.11

Interior support (-) 0.34
#
3 @ 3 0.38
#
4 @ 7 0.34
#
5 @ 10 0.37
Use
#
5 @ 10 (multiple of 5) 0.37

Interior spans
Interior supports (-) 0.30
#
3 @ 4 0.33

#
4 @ 8 0.30

#
5 @ 12 0.31
Use
#
5 @ 10 (multiple of 5) 0.37

Mid-span (+) 0.21
#
3 @ 6 0.22

#
4 @ 12 0.20
Use
#
4 @ 8 (matches end span) 0.30

A work sketch is recommended to establish the steel pattern and cutoff points
(ref. Figure 6-5, p. 208 of the textbook).












8. Check the development length in the spandrel beam.
Determine the development length of the
#
4 bars @ 15 c/c.

d
= (K
D
/){
t

s
/[(c
b
+K
tr
)/d
b
]} K
ER
d
b


a. Determine K
D
from Table 5-1 (p. 167 of the textbook).
K
D
= 82.2
b. Establish values for the factors
t
,
e
,
s
, and .
1)
t
= 1.3 (the bars are top bars)
2)
e
= 1.0 (bars are not coated)
3)
s
= 0.8 (bars are
#
4)
4) = 1.0 (normal-weight concrete is used)

6.12
c. Check the product
t x

e
= 1.3 < 1.7 OK
d. Determine c
b
.
Based on cover (center of bar to nearest concrete surface),
c
b
= 0.75 + 0.5/2 = 1.0
Based on bar spacing (one-half the center to center distance),
c
b
= (1/2) (15) = 7.5
Use c
b
= 1.0 (the smaller of the two values)
e. Check K
tr
= 40A
tr
/s n.
K
tr
= 0. There is no transverse steel crossing the plane of splitting.
f. Check (c
b
+ K
tr
)/d
b
2.5.
(c
b
+ K
tr
)/d
b
= (1.0 + 0)/0.5 = 2.0 < 2.5 OK
g. Calculate K
ER
if applicable.
K
ER
= A
s
required/A
s
provided = 0.14/0.16 = 0.875
h. Calculate
d
(
d
12).

d
= (K
D
/){
t

s
/[(c
b
+ K
tr
)/d
b
]} K
ER
d
b

= (82.2/1.0)[(1.3)(1.0)(0.8)/2.0] (0.875)(0.5) = 18.7 > 12
Use
d
= 19
Available
d
= 12 (beam width) 2.0 (cover) = 10.0 < 19

9. Determine if a 180 standard hook is adequate.
Because the 19 development length cannot be furnished, a hook must be
provided.
a. Calculate
dh
.

dh
= (0.02
e
f
y
/f
c
)d
b.
e
= 1.0 (the bars are uncoated)
= 1.0 (normal weight concrete is used)
c. Modification factors are as follows.
1) Assume a side cover of 2.5 (normal to the plane of the hook); ACI Code
Section 12.5.3a) allows a modification factor of 0.7.
2) For excess steel, use
A
s
required/A
s
provided = 0.14/0.16 = 0.875
d. The required development length is determined as follows.
Applicable equation:
dh
= (0.02
e
f
y
/ f
c
) d x modification factors


6.13

dh
= [(0.02)(1.0)(60,000)/(1.0) 3000 ](0.5)(0.7)(0.875)

dh
= 10.95 (0.7)(0.875) = 6.71
Note: Using Table A-13:
dh
= 11.0 (0.7)(0.875) = 6.74
Minimum
dh
= 6 or 8 d
b
(whichever is greater)
8 d
b
= 8(0.5) = 4.0 < 6
Therefore, the required
dh
= 6.71
e. Check the total width of beam required at the discontinuous end:
Required width of beam = 6.71 + 2 (cover)
= 8.71 < 12 (width of the spandrel beam) OK

10. Determine the bar cutoff points.
Use the recommended bar cutoff point shown in Figure 6-3 (p. 203 of the
textbook).
- These are typical bar cutoff points for normal construction.
All bars terminate in a compression zone.
- Because the bars are terminated in a compression zone, the requirements
of the ACI Code (Section 12.10.5) need not be checked.

11. Prepare the design sketches.
The final design sketches are shown in Figure 6-7 (p. 211 of the textbook).


6.14
Example 6-1 (Continued)
b) Design the continuous supporting beam.
The second part of Example 6-1 involves the design of the continuous
supporting beam.

1. Determine the load.
Tributary width = 12 feet
Service live load = 250 psf x 12 = 3000 lb/ft
Service dead load = 25 psf x 12 = 300 lb/ft
Weight of the slab = (5.5/12)(12)(150 pcf) = 825 lb/ft
For the beam, assume b = 12 and h = 30 for estimating the weight.
Weight of beam = (12/12)[(30 5.5)/12](150 pcf) = 306.3 lb/ft
Live load/Dead load = 3000/(300 + 825 + 306.3) = 2.10 < 3 OK

2. Calculate the design load
w
u
= 1.2w
DL
+ 1.6w
LL
= 1.2 (300 + 825 + 306.3) + 1.6 (3000)
= 1717.6 + 4800 = 6517.6 lb/ft (6.5 kips/ft)

3. Determine the moments and shears.
Moments: Moments are determined using the ACI moment equations (ref.
Figure 6-1, p. 200 of the textbook).







n
= 24 (span c/c of column) 16 column = 22-8 (22.67)
(ref. Figure 6-8, p. 211 of the textbook)
End span
Exterior support (column):
- M
u
= w
u

n
2
/16 = (6.5)(22.67)
2
/16 = 208.8 kip-ft
Mid-span (end integral with support):
+ M
u
= w
u

n
2
/14 = (6.5)(22.67)
2
/14 = 238.6 kip-ft
Interior support (more than two spans):
- M
u
= w
u

n
2
/10 = (6.5)(22.67)
2
/10 = 334.1 kip-ft

6.15
Interior spans
Interior supports (more than two spans):
- M
u
= w
u

n
2
/11 = (6.5)(22.67)
2
/11 = 303.7 kip-ft
Mid-span (end integral with support):
+ M
u
= w
u

n
2
/16 = (6.5)(22.67)
2
/16 = 208.8 kip-ft

Shears: Similarly, shears are determined using the ACI shear equations (ref.
Figure 6-1, p. 200 of the textbook).
End span
Face of first interior support
V
u
= 1.15w
u

n
/2 = 1.15(6.5)(22.67)/2 = 84.7 kips
All other supports
V
u
= w
u

n
/2 = (6.5)(22.67)/2 = 73.7 kips

4. Design the beam.
Establish concrete dimensions based on the maximum bending moment.
The maximum moment occurs in the end span at the first interior support
where the negative moment is M
u
= w
u

n
2
/10 = 334.1 kip-ft.
Since the top of the beam is in tension, the design is that of a rectangular
beam.
a. Maximum moment (negative) = 334.1 kip-ft
b. Use the recommended design values from Table A-5.
k = 0.4828 ksi and = 0.0090
c. From Table A-5 (or Table A-8), k = 0.4828 ksi and = 0.0090.

t
> 0.005 and = 0.90
d. Assume b = 12, find the required effective depth d.
M
u
= b d
2
k
334.1 (12) = 0.9 (12) (d
2
) 0.4828
4009.2 = 5.214 d
2

d
2
= 4009.2/5.214 = 768.9
d = 27.73
Note: The author uses d = 28 rather than 27.73 for the following analysis. The following
notes are developed based on d = 28 to avoid confusion.
Check d/b ratio: d/b = 28/12 = 2.33 (acceptable)


6.16
e. Check the estimated beam weight assuming one layer of
#
11 bars and
#
3
stirrups.
Required h = 28 (depth) + 1.5 (cover) + 0.375 (stirrup) + 1.41/2
= 30.6
Use h = 31 and d = 28
Check the minimum h from the ACI Code [Table 9.5(a)].
The table is applicable to slabs and beams.
For beams, one end continuous,
Minimum h = /18.5 = (1/18.5)(22.67)(12) = 14.70 < 31 OK
For beams, both ends continuous,
Minimum h = /21 = (1/21)(22.67)(12) = 12.95 < 31 OK
Note that the estimated beam weight based on b = 12 and h = 30 is slightly
on the low side.
The author considers this acceptable.
f. Design the steel reinforcing for points of negative moment.
The reinforcing steel will be spread out in the flange.
1) At the first interior support.
M
u
= b d
2
k
Required k = M
u
/ b d
2
= 334.1(12)/0.9(12)(28)
2
= 0.4735 ksi
From Table A-8: k = 0.4781, = 0.0089,
t
> 0.005, and = 0.90
Required A
s
= b d = 0.0089(12)(28) = 2.99 in
2

(A
s
)
min
= 0.0033 b d = 0.0033(12)(28) = 1.11 in
2
< 2.99 in
2
OK
Select 7 -
#
6 bars (A
s
= 3.08 in
2
)
2) At the other interior supports (- M
u
= 303.7 kip-ft).
M
u
= b d
2
k
Required k = M
u
/ b d
2
= 303.7(12)/0.9(12)(28)
2
= 0.4304 ksi
From Table A-8: k = 0.4348, = 0.0080,
t
> 0.005, and = 0.90
Required A
s
= b d = 0.0080(12)(28) = 2.69 in
2

(A
s
)
min
= 0.0033 b d = 0.0033(12)(28) = 1.11 in
2
< 2.69 in
2
OK
Select 7 -
#
6 bars (A
s
= 3.08 in
2
)
3) At the exterior support (- M
u
= 208.8 kip-ft).
M
u
= b d
2
k
Required k = M
u
/ b d
2
= 208.8(12)/0.9(12)(28)
2
= 0.2959 ksi

6.17
From Table A-8: k = 0.2982, = 0.0053,
t
> 0.005, and = 0.90
Required A
s
= b d = 0.0053(12)(28) = 1.78 in
2

(A
s
)
min
= 0.0033 b d = 0.0033(12)(28) = 1.11 in
2
< 1.78 in
2
OK
Select 5 -
#
6 bars (A
s
= 2.20 in
2
)
Check d: d = 31 1.50 0.375 0.75/2 = 28.75 > 28 OK
Note: The
#
6 bars were used at all three sections, so this check is applicable to all three
locations.
g. Design the steel reinforcing for points of positive moment.
At points of positive moment, the top of the beam is in compression.
The design is that of a T-beam.
1) End-span positive moment (+ M
u
= 238.6 kip-ft).
a. Design moment: M
u
= 238.6 kip-ft
b. Effective depth d = 28
c. Effective flange width:
span length = 0.25(22.67)(12) = 68 or
b
w
+ 16h
f
= 12 + 16(5.5) = 100 or
Beam spacing = 12(12/) = 144
Use an effective flange width of 68 (ref. Figure 6-11, p. 215 of the
textbook).
d. Assume total flange is in compression, and section is tension-
controlled (
t
0.005, and = 0.90).
M
nf
= (0.85f
c
) a b Z
= 0.9(0.85)(3.0)(5.5)(68)(28 5.5/2)
= 21,673 kip-inch (1806 kip-ft)
e. Because 1806 kip-ft > 238.6 kip-ft, the member behaves as a wide
rectangular T-beam with b = 68 and d = 28
f. Determine the required k .
Required k = M
u
/ b d
2

k = 238.6(12)/0.9(68)(28)
2
= 0.0597 ksi
g. From Table A-8: k = 0.0651, = 0.0011,
t
> 0.005, and = 0.90
h. The required steel area is
A
s
= b d = 0.0011(68)(28) = 2.09 in
2

(A
s
)
min
= 0.0033 b
w
d = 0.0033(12)(28) = 1.11 in
2
< 2.09 in
2
OK


6.18
i. Select the reinforcing steel (Table A-2 and Table A-3).
Possible selections (for one row of steel):
2 -
#
11 A
s
= 3.12 in
2
b
min
= 8.0 OK
2 -
#
10 A
s
= 2.54 in
2
b
min
= 8.0 OK
3 -
#
8 A
s
= 2.37 in
2
b
min
= 9.0 OK
4 -
#
7 A
s
= 2.40 in
2
b
min
= 10.5 OK
5 -
#
6 A
s
= 2.20 in
2
b
min
= 11.5 OK
7 -
#
5 A
s
= 2.17 in
2
b
min
= 14.5 > 12 NG
Select 3 -
#
8 A
s
= 2.37 in
2

j. Check d using
#
3 stirrups and 1.5 cover.
d = 31 1.5 0.375 1.0/2 = 28.63 > 28 (assumed) OK
2) Interior span positive moment.
a. Design moment: M
u
= 208.8 kip-ft
b. Effective depth d = 28
c. Effective flange width = 68 (same as before)
d. Assume total flange is in compression, and section is tension-
controlled (
t
0.005, and = 0.90).
M
nf
= 1806 kip-ft (same as before)
e. Because 1806 kip-ft > 208.8 kip-ft, the member behaves as a wide
rectangular T-beam with b = 68 and d = 28
f. Determine the required k .
Required k = M
u
/ b d
2

k = 208.8(12)/0.9(68)(28)
2
= 0.0522 ksi
g. From Table A-8: k = 0.0593, = 0.0010,
t
> 0.005, and = 0.90
h. The required steel area is
A
s
= b d = 0.0010(68)(28) = 1.90 in
2

(A
s
)
min
= 0.0033 b
w
d = 0.0033(12)(27.73) = 1.11 in
2
< 1.90 in
2
OK
i. Select the reinforcing steel (Table A-2).
Select 3 -
#
8 A
s
= 2.37 in
2
(same as before)
j. Check d using
#
3 stirrups and 1.5 cover.
d = 31 1.5 0.375 1.0/2 = 28.63 > 28 (assumed) OK




6.19
5. Check the distribution of negative moment steel.
When flanges are in tension (i.e. negative moment areas), the ACI code (Section
10.6.6) requires that a part of the main tension reinforcement be distributed as
follows (using whichever is smaller),
Over the effective flange width, or
Effective flange width: b = 68
Over a width equal to one-tenth of the span.
Span/10 = 22.67(12)/10 = 27.2
Therefore, distribute the negative moment bars over a width of 27 (ref.
Figure 6-12, p. 217 of the textbook for suitable bars and patterns).
Exterior column (5 -
#
6 bars): Three of the
#
6 bars are placed within the
stirrup; the two remaining
#
6 bars are each placed on each side of the beam
13.5 from the center of the beam.
First interior support (7 -
#
6 bars): Three of the
#
6 bars are placed within
the stirrup; the four remaining
#
6 bars are spaced with two on each side of
the beam between the stirrup and a point 13.5 from the center of the
beam.
Other interior supports (7 -
#
6 bars): Three of the
#
6 bars are placed
within the stirrup; the four remaining
#
6 bars are spaced with two on each
side of the beam between the stirrup and a point 13.5 from the center of
the beam.

If the effective flange width exceeds one-tenth of the span (as it does in this
example), the ACI Code also requires
Some longitudinal reinforcement must be provided in the outer portions of
the flange.
- In this example, no additional steel is furnished.
- In the authors opinion, this requirement is satisfied by the slab
temperature and shrinkage steel.

6. Prepare the work sketch.
A work sketch is developed in Figure 6-13 (p. 218 of the textbook) and shown
below.






6.20












7. Check the anchorage into the exterior column.
Determine the development length of the 5 -
#
6 bars.

d
= (K
D
/){
t

s
/[(c
b
+K
tr
)/d
b
]} K
ER
d
b

a. Determine K
D
from Table 5-1 (p. 167 of the textbook).
K
D
= 82.2
b. Establish values for the factors
t
,
e
,
s
, and .
1)
t
= 1.3 (the bars are top bars)
2)
e
= 1.0 (bars are not coated)
3)
s
= 0.8 (bars are
#
6)
4) = 1.0 (normal-weight concrete is used)
c. Check the product
t x

e
= 1.3 < 1.7 OK
d. Determine c
b
.
Based on cover (center of bar to nearest concrete surface),
c
b
= 1.5 + 0.375 (stirrup) + 0.75/2 = 2.25
Based on bar spacing (one-half the center-to-center distance).
Consider the 3 -
#
6 bars located within the stirrup.
c
b
= [12 - 2(1.5 + 0.375 + 0.75/2)]/2 = 1.875
Use c
b
= 1.875 (the smaller of the two values)
e. Check K
tr
= 40A
tr
/(sn).
Use K
tr
= 0 (conservative).
f. Check (c
b
+ K
tr
)/d
b
2.5.
(c
b
+ K
tr
)/d
b
= (1.875 + 0)/0.75 = 2.5 2.5 OK
g. Calculate K
ER
if applicable:
K
ER
= A
s
required/A
s
provided = 1.78/2.20 = 0.809

6.21
h. Calculate
d
(
d
12):

d
= (K
D
/){
t

s
/[(c
b
+K
tr
)/d
b
]} K
ER
d
b


d
= (82.2/1.0)[(1.3)(1.0)(0.8)/2.5] (0.809)(0.75) = 20.75 > 12
Use
d
= 21
With 2 clear at the end of the bar, the available embedment length in the 16
(assumed) column is 16 2 = 14 < 21
A hook is required.

8. Determine if a 90 standard hook is adequate.
Because the 21 development length cannot be furnished, a hook must be
provided.
a. From Table A-13 (p. 496 of the textbook),
dh
= 16.4
b. Modification factors to be used are
1) Assume a side cover of 2.5 (normal to the plane of the hook) and cover
on the bar extension beyond the hook is 2: ACI Code Section 12.5.3a)
allows a modification factor of 0.7.
2) For excess steel, use
A
s
required/A
s
provided = 1.78/2.20 = 0.809
c. The required development length is

dh
= 16.4 (0.7)(0.809) = 9.29
Minimum
dh
= 6 or 8d
b
(whichever is greater)
Minimum
dh
= 8d
b
= 8(0.75) = 6.0 = 6
Therefore, the required
dh
= 9.29
d. Check the available development length (ref. Figure 6-14, p. 220 of the
textbook).
Available development length = 16 2 cover = 14 > 9.29 OK

For other points along the continuous beam, use bar cutoff points recommended
in Figure 6-3 (p. 203 of the textbook) and as shown in Figure 6-18 (p. 224 of
the textbook).

9. Prepare the stirrup design.
Established values are b
w
= 12, effective depth d = 28, f
c
= 3000 psi, and
f
y
= 60,000 psi.


6.22
Note: The author continues using the estimated effective depth d = 28,
although the actual effective depth may be determined.
- In the negative moment areas: d = 31 1.5 0.375 0.75/2 = 28.75
- In the positive moment areas: d = 31 1.5 0.375 1.0/2 = 28.63

a. The shear force V
u
diagram is shown in Figure 6-15 (p. 220 of the textbook).
Recall the maximum V
u
= 84.7 kips for the interior support of the first
span.
The shear force diagram is unsymmetrical with respect to the centerline
of the span.
The stirrup design is based on the shear in the interior portion of the
end span where the maximum values occur.
The resulting stirrup pattern will be used throughout the continuous
beam.
b. Determine if stirrups are required.
No shear reinforcement is required if V
u
V
c
.
Minimum shear reinforcement is required where V
c
< V
u
V
c
.
V
c
= 2f
c
b
w
d = 2(1.0) 3000 (12)(28) = 36,807 lb (36.8 kips)
V
c
= 0.75 (36.8) = 27.6 kips
V
c
= 0.5(0.75)(36.8) = 13.8 kips
At the critical section, a distance d (28) from the face of the support,
V
u
* = 84.7 (28/12) 6.5 = 69.5 kips.
Stirrups are required since V
u
* = 69.5 kips > 13.8 kips
c. Find the length of span over which the stirrups are required.
Stirrups are required from the face of the support to the point where
V
u
= V
c
= 13.8 kips.
From Figure 6-15, V
u
= V
c
= 13.8 kips occurs a distance x from the face
of the support based on the following equation.
x = (V
u
- V
c
)/w
u
= (84.7 13.8)/6.5 = 10.91
From Figure 6-15, V
u
= V
c
= 27.6 kips occurs a distance x from the face
of the support based on the following equation.
x = (V
u
- V
c
)/w
u
= (84.7 27.6)/6.5 = 8.78
Minimum shear reinforcement is required from 8.78 < x < 10.91.
No shear reinforcement is required from x = 10.91 to mid-span (11.33).

6.23
d. On the shear diagram, designate the area between the V
c
line, the V
u
* line,
and the sloping V
u
line as the required V
s
.
At locations between 2.33 (28) and 8.78 from the face of the support,
the required V
s
varies.
Designating the distance from the face of the support as x,
Required V
s
= maximum V
u
- V
c
6.5 x
= 84.7 27.6 6.5 x
= 57.1 6.5 x
e. Establish the ACI Code minimum spacing requirements.
Assume a
#
3 stirrup (A
v
= 0.22 in
2
)
For the region where V
u
> V
u
* (from the face of the support to a point
2.33 from the face of the support),
Required s* = A
v
f
yt
d/required V
s
*
= A
v
f
yt
d/(V
u
* - V
c
) = 0.75(0.22)(60.0)(28)/(69.5 27.6)
Required s* = 6.62
Use 6.5 spacing.
f. Establish ACI Code maximum spacing requirements.
If V
s
< 4f
c
b
w
d, the maximum spacing is d/2 or 24, whichever is
smaller.
4f
c
b
w
d = 4 3000 (12)(28) = 73,614 lb (73.6 kips)
Compare V
s
* (the maximum V
s
) at the critical section with the value of
4f
c
b
w
d.
V
s
* = V
u
* - V
c
= 69.5 27.6 = 41.9 kips
V
s
* = V
s
*/ = 41.9/0.75 = 55.9 kips < 73.6 kips
The maximum spacing that follows must be observed.
Maximum spacing is the smaller of
s
max
= d/2 = 28/2 = 14 or 24
s
max
= A
v
f
yt
/0.75f
c
b
w
A
v
f
yt
/50 b
w

= 0.22(60,000)/0.75(3000)(12) = 26.7
s
max
= A
v
f
yt
/50 b
w
= 0.22(60,000)/50(12) = 22
Therefore, use a maximum spacing of 14.
g. Determine spacing requirements based on the required shear strength.
The formula for the required spacing uses the expression for required
V
s
from Step d.

6.24
Required s = A
v
f
yt
d/required V
s

= 0.75(0.22)(60.0)(28)/(57.1 6.5 x)
= 277.2/(57.1 6.5 x)
Determine the theoretical stopping point for each spacing (in increments
of 1) based on the following formula.
6.5 x = 57.1 277.2/s
S 6.5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
X
2.22
= 27
2.69
= 32
3.45
= 41
4.04
= 48
4.52
= 54
4.90
= 59
5.23
= 63
5.50
= 66
5.73
= 69

Use a table to establish the theoretical spacing pattern.
The first stirrup is placed 3 away from the face of the support.
Spacing
(inches)
Theoretical
stopping
point (from
FOS)
Length
required to
cover
(inch)
Number of
spaces to
use
Actual
length
covered
(inches)
Actual
stopping
point
(inches
from FOS)
3 - - 1 3 3
6.5 32 29 5 32.5 35.5
7 41 5.5 1 7 42.5
8 48 5.5 1 8 50.5
9 54 3.5 1 9 59.5
10 59 0 0 0 59.5
11 63 3.5 1 11 70.5
12 66 0 0 0 70.5
13 69 0 0 0 70.5
14 10.91 = 131 60.5 4 56 126.5
9.5 136 (C/L) 9.5 1 9.5 136

Use a table to establish the final spacing pattern.
Spacing
(inches)
Theoretical
stopping
point (from
FOS)
Length
required to
cover
(inch)
Number of
spaces to
use
Actual
length
covered
(inches)
Actual
stopping
point
(inches
from FOS)
3 - - 1 3 3
6.5 5.73 = 69 66 11 71.5 74.5
14 10.91 = 131 56.5 4 56 130.5

6.25
For simplification, the 6.5 spacing is used from the face of the support
to a point 74.5 (6.21) from the face of the support.
- Only two additional stirrups are required above that required for the
theoretical spacing pattern.
From a point 8.78 from the support to a point 10.91 from the support
the maximum spacing of 14 can be used.
The stirrups are not needed beyond a point 10.91 (131) from the
support.
The last stirrup in the 14-spacing group is located 5.5 from the
centerline of the span.
h. Sketch the stirrup pattern.
Figure 6-17 (p. 223 of the textbook) shows the final stirrup spacing.
Despite the lack of symmetry in the shear diagram, the stirrup pattern is
symmetrical with respect to the centerline of the span.
This is conservative and is used for all spans.

The final design sketches are shown in Figure 6-18 (p. 224 of the textbook).
As with the slab design, the typical bar cutoff points (ref. Figure 6-3, p. 203
of the textbook) are used for the beams.
All bars terminate in a compression zone, and the requirements of ACI Code
(Section 12.10.5) need not be checked.