.:i .

Eq4!E@ns,
American Geophysical Union Voirerne 28, Nurnber 6 Becero'oer
IJ
E tr] tr 11. N]KC]'V-,
g
C R i T'.8 JR NO }'] Fi O, F, U ], T.RA - I{a,.IJ IE FLO \i'/
Rail:h
itri"
l].o'r,ieii
A'bstract--.4 cI:iter'1on is given lorche stzbii'r't1r o, steady unifcrril flo" ir' c;;err crt?-r.-
nels.flrne[1i11s number exeeeds one, 'the fi.ow is'.liir'a--rapid, ro11 waves form, :rnd tns
flo$, ca-nnot be stea-dy. Ti:is criterion rs conrL.a;red with several winiah il'ave beer. prc-
pcseci, a,nd is ji't.dgeo tc i:e rncre corrii:rehert'sitre ;Llcl e:ract.
An em.pirrcai forn:uia ior Chez;z's
rea"d\u pubilsheC by ihe author'.
trntroductioil--Iri tv/c
,,/ery
interesirng pz..le::.s prr,lclisheol in Russian i:u'i a.vailahie in ling1ieii,
\IEDEH,ffiOV
liOef
and 1946
lha-s
elevelcped a r:r'ii:e::icr'r foi: tire s'ra.bility o-i stezi-v r.rnifor;t iior.r
i:1e say5 that whei.i the cri';e:'ion i9 less tna.n oiie, vzi/e. terrd to ,lexr.pen out, btit t]lzi xrhen ir is
actr1j:nl tc ci: ti,roie than one, ihe;r arrrpliiiy sl lnat ete:d.y iiow is ir:rpossii:ie and i;rle harve r''rLe-i. ire
ca].is i,r.itra-rapid flcw. Othe::.s have used tile expleEsicr:s:'cili wares ci' siug lc-'w.
Tlis cr1tericn, rv}licl; tr an calling
''"he
XreCe;:r1ikorr lu.r*ber, -Irial' h: \,Yritten as
r"":here V is the mearu lreLociiy !-c?urss 3-I1j
exponents rn trre resistaoce eciu.ation
s =k.dFl6(t
+ B)
."."...t2)
and h{ measures the effect of the shape of the cross section and is defined by
N6=1-Iqcltr1d.&
where S = slope of energy g::adient, R = hydratll.ic radius,
cross seciion. We aleo have the weltr known relationship
"
- v =\m/eB
[3]
wlrere B = top widttr, a"{Ld. ais tire coeffiLcieiai whieh corr'ects for nonuniforniity it'r ths vs}sc)l-y dis-
tribution.
Deyelqprneqf--In
rough channels it is aow knovr-n-iirat for t::a.nquil fiow ehezy's e is eonsia.nt
fcr z@Glative roughness, anel in (2), p
= 2 a-nd S
'=
(}"
nn srrocth e-hansretr fi,:rv oli the riher
ha;r.d, e is a funciion of Lhe P,cynolcls r:u:ttre::, whieh rco:"rircs that p + fi = ?, as csn he sscn b'i;
writing s =kVp/R{l
+ ry)
"
\,?/CZR and (e 2k
= v(2
- bllrepi.
Since in Reynoids nurober'&- 4VR,/p,
ihe veioeity anel,the hydraur.ic radius have the same expone.ut, this requires thai.2 -
p = S.
^
I" tr*-prpers"
Veccraikor iias ruuch orl the tin:.e lak-en p .
2, rvithout at thc same tiine iakjng
p= rr. lnsacr&Laflnrng s foysliiz r:rakesp
-*?*nd
fi= ti3 butitisbeginningtoirerealizeathat
B{anning's fonmula is-a noi-too-suceessfiii attempt to rnake the sarse iaw eover-both smooth
ano
rough cha-nnetr flow. Ira wha'e {oi.icv.rs we v,,iLl take p + S =
2, whieh leads t* anotirer forar of the
criterion
v'--{irF}tuuv,/tz fi\{stlatg '.'""
'(5
nf we define the Froud.e numbes, F'as th* ratia of the. imean veloeity of ilow to the vetaclt3l
of a
gnavity wave iil still wa.ter. rve ltat'e frorn
{4)
g
in uli;ra-:rzpid flcw is derl.ved frorn daea. ai--
,
u is the veiocity of the wave, and S and p are
For a rect
(*E"/dy) = 2,/8,
(Ei, fov a recta
t ea's for"r
Ror.IsE
[i$41]"
Tkre aelvan
proposed, appl
sh*ws how to t
One i.ntere
anl
Ea =
0.5G.
ultra-rapid clir
the articie by n
The questi
follews. For r
\r= 1dF,/2" F-ol
cz = [vn)E.zu =
1n*
Yalues f:
ho diffe
channels
rectangu
lri
om
T
i:
i.
i
i:
!.:
t.rl
i,
i.r
f:il
t'
i
!
ssg
i6i
and substituting
and the critical
Cnmbining
(?) :
,.:.,:
,i
UJ-Y,fr,A-R,APID FI-OW
(orn'i:ining (?) ancl (8), .-ve have
Decernher
l.g4g
flow in open ehan-
es forrn, and the
r have been pro-
.ved from data a1-
availabie in Englistr,
f steady unifoy'm flow.
., 'out that r,/hen it is
Lnd we have whai he
ug flow.
itten as
...".....{1)
/ave, and
p
and p are
19\
.."".,.."\!l
lbv
and substit,.rting in (5) we have
1r=(xrp)\trE/Q_F)." ..."tx)
and the critical value of
E
{or vr}rich
Y =
i ;.s
1/
-
& /!"'
: zt=(
For a rectangular channel, l' = 8y, tr = E + 2y, eodFi = By/iB + 2v)" Aiso dP.'/dt\" = tdPidYi/
(#../d,y) =2,/8, sttharfrorn (3), 1"{=n - Zyi(E +2v)=]Eltts + 2y) - \/(.1 +Tv/w)" T.'herefore, frorn
(8), for a rectangular channel
Ec =[(?
- P]/(\ -'E)l (1 + zy/a\
"
."' . . (i0)
e omparison witti oth itefia--Xri a very na.nrcw chanine).,
Eo
uio'utld'oe vez'y large and ulir"a
rapid@l;cc;r.0ntheotherlrand,inaveryieidech.anne1ttre(1+2y/g)in.
(1ti)approachesone,, andE" =Q
-B)/$ +6)" Forroughchannelf1ow,6-0andIc =2.
This is
ihe value given by
IEF
FREYS [1925]
and hy THOn{"&S
[1939]"
For smooth channel flcw with 6 = 0.20, the wide channel gives 3- critical Froude number of
1,8/1"2 = 1.5, which is the result obtained bl, KEUn-,EGAN and F/*TTERSOI{
[i940]
by quite dif-
ferent reasoning.
I-ea's fonnaula for s:-aooth channels gives S= 0"25, and
Ec = 1'40 as given hy R'otsE&TsOi{ a"nci
RousE
[1941].
The advantage of Veelernikov's criterion is that ii is muchr more general than those hei:etofore
proposed, applying to channels of any shape, and io troth sn:ooth and rough channetr flow, and that it
shows how to ccrreet for the effect of non-uniforrn velocity rnistrihution.
One interesting result is that for laminar flow in very wide channels (sheet fiow),
(J
= 1, I"( - x,
(e)
.......,.i:i)
andEc =0.50"
Thj,s seemstoindicatethai-withinereasingveloeiiy, tranq,uiiflowwlllchangeto
ultra:-rapici directly, without passing ttrrougtr the rapid stage. This resrrlt
-"eems
to be impl-ied in
menter, and A =
area of
the article by ROBERTSON and ROUSE
[1941]"
Thre question as to l.vhat vaiue of 6 should, be used in any giverr case rnay be answered_as
foilolvs" I'or non-turbulent f1ow, 6 = 1 anc g
= 2ndE. Fo:'turbuien't rougtr-chrannel flow, S= 0 ancl
v =brIF/2. For fuqt:uleni^sn-looth-channel fiow, (2) rnay be corn'oinaci uith Chezy's fornrula 13 gi\.'.
CZ = CVmlpA = nErS/+SX" Djfferentiating rhis and rnakirg farrobs suLs;itLltions w3 havc
s={usie)(de/uel
"
..."iil}
An as yet unpubl.ished study by ihe writetr inCicates that for rapici flow in srnooth ehannels
e =41"2iog16
(&/e) + l?.e6p ........(i2)
where,6k is the shape correction used b5r KEUI,EGA'N
!1938,
trq. (53)"""]"
Regarding 6y as a constani anci differer-,iiating (.!,2) glves (clelei$)li -:-
2i1"2
icg16(e)/e] =
rr.i.i
ioglEe,/&, whicir cornbiued rvith (1x) gives
&-1l(0.02?se+0.5) t13)
with
for
t4)
mity in the veiocity dis-
w ehezy's C is colstant
lnnel flow on the other
= 2, as can be seen bY
nolds number R= 4VR/u,
resthat2-P=8.
rt the same time taking
LninE to be realized
that
corier both smooth and
o another form o{ the
(5)
f flow to the velocity
of a
Yaiues t-rom ihis formuia zre pioi:ted in Figrrre 1. Ttie rraiues of
-R
tlrere giveii are ;iroar (i-2)
two different values of S5' The r""ppc'r lir-: is for 6q = 0' vri-iictr is the
vahre for in:flnieel-rz
-u:rice
channels. The lc-r,re.t iinJis fcr Su = O.ll:fn and 1T.$
Eir = 3.4C, ti4ri.clt is the r+axii-r.u:.n valu-e
rectangu.lar ehannels and occurrs v,hen the dc'pth is hali the lvidtli"
EEBgffmenq?iES--As
a test oi this crii:ei:icil, sorre da'ea oi:taineci iiJi i.lit' \,'].-iLel
IFOi"E1L,
ig46fi;
fior&, in a Ffra*gnlar flur:re were used" trt. shcuici, periraps ho lloi:ed that v/-hile by titie ihe
studii
dealt with rough chinneJ.s, d"ata we::e a-t ibe sarne tiiae obtained on sm.oottr1 channeLs" It
qp"s
(6)
.,N
l
r
RA I*Fli
-'r;l.,PGV,/
f, LI
AG-{-I,
V
stance for
(1.1i
..,....(ls,
Bber
is sEP-
0
C, the Yalueg
observed
formula.
TbP
(able
i--Da!4 fqq-
4
-
i
Obserrred
Runi^
iu
11q A
118. ?
1C2 E
r- r 122.L
q- ) 116.]
,- 3 1i5.6
i- + 118.3
2- 5 120.i
z- 6
114"5
2- 7 12s"7
,- B \27.:)
i- s 127.1
o-rn 137 e
,-i1 llL,.6
2-12
116.2
2-73
116.2
3- L 110.3
D- n 11, 4
3- 3 111.6
3- 4 116.?
3-
"4
118.S
3- 6 118.9
3- X 127
"2
3- I 126.8
3- I 126.S
8- 1 102.9
B- 2 106"7
8- 3 108.0
8- 4 1L2.\
8- 5 tl,J.d
B- 6 114.3
8- 7 L17.2
8- 8 120"5
8" I 121.6
8-10 113.2
8-1i 110.5
B-iz 1i1.5
B-13 t22"&
B-14 125"8
B-15 122"8
8-16 123"8
8-1? 125.5
23- 1 125.8
23- 2 1 sil"S
23- 3 137.?
23-
r.,
13?.C
9?- ; it9 i
23- n 1.45.t
1a- e
1a* ?
?3. ?
80.7
?9.3
14- 4 ?8.9
14- 5
t
-e
\V
,r
o.tol
i- 1
t-Z
1-3
t- L
1- 5
,l
T
F
o.asl
,rr[
tl
rt
,,.[
',l
l t1L.l
tol
. Fig. 1--Reiationsh:
-tll
r
-.-L---t Lrf
to5
L/ALU Of Re|HOLOS NAMACR 4At
lp between 6, C, and
Bfor
smooth recta
rl
to6
/v
ngula
The method of computing Table 1 was as follows: For the rough channels,
p
was taken as
zero, and for the smooih channels it was computed from the observed Chezy coefficient by (13),
Using these values of , the critical Froude number,
Icr
was computed by (10), the channel width
B being 0.682 ft.and the values of the depth y being taken from Table l^ of POVfELL
[1946].
TIg_
FroudeDumber f wascomputedfrom(6),whichforrectangularchannelsreducestoF=VVq1gy.
Yalues of V and y were talen from Tabie 1of POWXLL
[1946j,
and g was taken as 32.16 ft/sesz.
Following KEULEGAN
[1942],
cr was defined as the ratio of the mean of the squares of the velcci'
ties to the square of the mean velocity. Its actual value was unknown and probably varied from
runtto run, but for want of a better value it was taken as 1.02. The resulting values of Fare thls
about one per cent larger than those given by POWELL
[1946]
where crwas omitted from the
definition of
!.
The Vedernikov number, Y, was then computed by (9). To avoid computational
errors from accumulating, the computations were made on a machine to four figures, aithough it
is realized that the data are not nearlv that accurate,
For
ryrla
fo! u!llalap!41!g! - -Il
.ra-rapid flow would include the Ve
checked
L The
was
rsed
erm qinno *he M in lhe Vpde
rDle
inst
80"4
${i
c,
o
5
{
,!
c =
41.2}ogls (E1c) + 42"3{(Ic - 0.515) - 113.?. . . . .
UPPR LtN tS FOR
ile= o
(tHF WtrtLY Vtoe catttttt)
LOUCR LIH t.t FOD tr,g przr.a6
(DprH HALF rct *rora)
ULT'RA.R,"&PID FLOW
Tnbt" l--
885
1- tr 103.4
L* 2 111.3
1- 3 115.6
"t'4
118.?
1- 5 123.5
0.295 1.75? 2.725
0.277 1.903 2.805
0.268 1.963 2.842
0.262 2.282 2.643
0.253 2.445 2.534
2-1
a- ,
Z.J
2-4
2-6
2-7
2-8
,- o
2-LA
2-LX
2-L2
2 -i3
c- 1
J- Z
a- A
3- 6
J_ O
q-
o
8-L
8-3
8-4
8-5
8-6
8- '.?
B-8
8-9
8-10
B -11
8-12
O-IJ
8-14
I -15
8-16
g-1ry
116. i
115 .6
118.3
120.1
114.5
129.1
L27.4
727.1
132.9
116.3
116
"2
116.2
110.3
L!2.4
111.6
116"?
1 18.9
118.
g
127
"2
lta o
126
"9
102.9
106.7
108.0
112.1
113.8
11^ A
Ll'.t.2
120.5
121 .6
115"2
1 10.5
11i"5
L22"fr
125.E
\22.8
123.8
125.6
130.6
137"?
13?.0
145.0
rJ" {
80"?
70 Q
78. S
80.4
.1.JI_t
3 .081
3.040
3.108
3.154
3.021
3.060
3.A44
3.04?
a.o Lo
2.97 4
3.038
3 .021
2"942
2.935
2.946
2.885
2.89 L
2 .914
Z.I LL
Z^GdJ
2.705
2.755
2.'.t66
2. ?69
a. t I I
2.X66
2.739
2"?50
L" IAH
2.627
2.54!.
2.52A
Z
"OZ,)
2
"641
2.565
2 .607
d"otc
1.711
1..692
x.625
x
"$84
I"DD"1
1.464
1 .970
2"123
1.986
1".8s 1
1..820
1.55X
r.47 4
L .448
1.158
1.477
1.X 44
L
"6'.t
4
1.661
1.?05
1.693
1.662
1.3 ?3
1.367
1.366
1.103
1.574
1.5 65
1.563
1.693
1.5 71
1"558
1.44n
1.374
1.346
1.120
1 .085
i."5 x4
n
"4?3
1 .42 i-
1.3?5
t.J,){
1.296
1"2XA
1.23 6
1.171
!"x22
1. .092
1. 102
:L.093
1"049
1"040
n.023
0.90'/
0.82I
0.69,1
0.030
0.554
0.464
0. ?29
0"?49
G.63r..
0.55$
0"484
100.9
110.0
1.13.3
Lt?.7
Lzr.1
L24.5
115.0
1 13.3
114.5
11?.9
t12.4
129.5
t29.2
129.6
130.0
1 15.0
119.6
118.6
106.5
113.5
LL',2
L[1 .2
121.3
L24.5
L24.t
123.9
L27.L
L03.9
107. ?
110.L
L13"0
114.8
1 15.9
L1,7
"2
1 19.0
L20.4
11B.0
L 16.2
1 16.6
i.21.0
L22,L
t20.4
123.3
L24.6
2"3
x"3
1.0
i.r
d"o
2.2
9l
annels
Lrt (b) of Table I oI
:it flatter slopes
gave
Vless than
r his classifieation
:ting (or
Rapid)
:il, and Run 28,
e steepest
slope
of the runs ln
:ant (n)
of the table
rn 1"00"
A few of
3 was taken as
fficient-ny (18).
the channe] width
LL 119461" The
:es to s. = VN a/Cy.
ts 32"16 ft/sec?.
res of the veloci-
ly rrarieci from
:es of X" are this
Led from the
computational
res, although it
esistance for
daia checked
for r/. fire
(14)
...(15)
number is suP-
'g10
C, the Yalues
he observed
er formula'
The
0.256 1.899
0.267 L.84L
0.268 1.830
0.263 1.823
0.260 1.863
o.27L 1.818
0.244 2.228
4.247 2.227
0.247 2.23L
0.238 2.554
0.267 1.889
0.26't 1.941
0.267 1.933
0.280 1.?38
0.2?5 1.868
0.271 1.891
0.266 1.996
0.262 2.LO4
0.262 2.165
0.247 2.420
0.248 2.463
4.24',t 2.556
0.291 L.152
0.288 1.827
0.285 1.880
0.276 1.954
0.272 2.011
0.271 2.058
0.265 2.113
0.259 2.166
0.257 2"2L6
0.269 2.244
a.m9 2.265
0.277 2.30.?
0.255 2.381
4.249 2.4t7
0.255 2.446
0.253 2.506
0.250 2.558
0.245 1.887
0.241 2.040
0.230 2.342
0.231 2.516
0.223 2.804
0.220 3.158
90
.!..d
2.5
3.4
2.4
i.i
3"6
0.5
,A
::
0.i
4.O
cn
(1
't6
2.4
0.5
ln
4=ffi 45=
2.4
;o
1.3
3"8
1.0
1.0
., .t
0"9
1.0
1"6
0"0 0.0
L"2
23- 1
23- 2
23- 3
23, 4
6d - 3
23- 6
1d.- l"
14,- z
14:3
'lt
- ,J.
14- 5
a,704
z"clz
3" 1S8
3.402
3.760
0
0
s
0
0
Eun
Observed
U
p F
r
=
0"1?81v1 y g=
ry/Ec e omputed
C
Discrepancy
+
*<, =uzo
\-<
R
r
-
-'::1
i:
la;
iI
i;
|,]
r1
lr
ii
i::
t,
I
, il
886
R,AI,PE W. POWELL
[Trans"
,tGU, V" Z* _
6]
im.prol'ement is hardly enough to be significant, but it m.ay tre nol-ed that in J4 oi rhe 44 rune .i.- ..
is improved. Equations (14) and (15) rnust be regarded ai tentatlve untitr a iarger **l.r.t
.,....'
a-ccu::ate measurements are available" trt is entireiy possible that an equation of oiffur"r,t
]:ni'
would fit the data better. But it seerns quite certain that the resistance 1aw is rjlifferentr, ii, r,:irl-
rapid flow than in rapicl, and that in the former, e depends upon ttre Vede:"nikov number.
.
,{plqqrytg4gtlo9pt-q--The author tiranks V. V. Yedernikov and Garkris I{. Keulegan for- ie;tei:s
which have been of assistance to him, hu.t he is alone responsiirle for anJr errcrs
"f
irt.rt rr*:]o,.
Eete{eqq_eE
JEFFIt,EYS, }IAROLD, The florv of vrater in an inclined channel of rectangular sectlon, Fh.ii_. i,...ta_g.
ser. 6, v. 49, p" ?93, 1928.
KtrutrEGAiq, G" H., Laws of turbulent flovr in open channels, triesearch Faper 1151,
[.
F.esea;:ci:,
National Eureau of Standards, v" 21, December
j.gBB.
KEULEG.AN, G" H', Equation of motion for steady mean flow of water in open channels, Resea..l:,
Paper lo{o" 1488,
J.
Res., National Bureau of Standards, v. 29, pp.
g?_i11,
}uiy
194i.
KEULEG"&Id, G. Fi., andIATTEIISON, G. W., A criterion for instabihty of flow in steep ch::,n:.ie1s
I'rans. Amer. Geophys. Union, pt" Z, pp. Bg4-S96, 1940.
POII/ELL, R." W., FIov" in a chrannel of definite rou.ghness, Trans. Arner" Soc. eirr" Engrs., i7" !.
p1:.531-566,1946.
ROBERTS0I{,
J.
M., andEO{JSE, I{{JNTER, On the four regim,es of operr channel f}ow, e i".," X;.ig."
v. 1i., pp. 169-1?1, 1941.
trHOMAS, H. -&', The propagation of waves in steep prisnxatic conduits, Froc. Hyclraulic e ollfe::e:ice.
Univ. of lowa, pp. 214-229, 1939"
VEDEENIKOV, V. V., Conditions at the front of a translation \rave disturbing a stead5T n:o,uic4 oi r
real fluid, C.-R. (Doklady),
Acad. Sci., URSS, v. 4g, no. 4, pp. ZB9_242,1g4:b.
VEDERNIKOV, V. lf", e haracteristic features of a liquid flow-in nn open cliannel, el .*F-,(iEokird;r),
Acad. Sci., URSS, v. 52, pp" 207-210, 1.946.
Ohio State [Iniversity,
eolumhus, Ohio
(Man':seript receivedApril 19, 1948; p;ese;ited at the Annual h,{ee'iing, Roeky Miountzin i,ijrd:ia_i:ti::
tr-aboratory, Allenpark, eolorado, August 1.6, L}AX; open fo;: forrnal Cllcussion until iV.ia.v il, 1!:i!.i
fransacticns
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ious moisture
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ably the best
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