MA9001 Introduction to Energy

Topic #2 Electricity System in Society

Week 2 (3 hours)
presented by
H B Gooi, PEng
Associate Professor
School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
13 August 2014
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Contents
1. Overview of Electrical Energy Systems;
2. Generation, Transmission and Distribution of
Electricity;
3. Environmental Impact of Overhead Transmission Lines;
4. The Singapore Scenario.
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References
1. Environment Impacts of Transmission Lines
http://psc.wi.gov/thelibrary/publications/electric/electric10.pdf
2. EMAs Statement of Opportunities 2012 and 2011
http://www.ema.gov.sg/media/files/publications/soo/EMA_SOO_2012.pdf
http://www.ema.gov.sg/ema_soo/index.html
3. EE3015 Power Systems & Protection Lecture Notes
4. EE8085 Electricity for Modern Society
5. EMA-MOE Energy for Educators Forum - Factsheet on Power
the Power Sector in Singapore
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6. H B Gooi, P L So, E K Chan, E Toh and H Gan Towards a
Sustainable, Economic and Secure Electricity Supply in
Singapore , IEEE Power & Energy Magazine, Vol. 10, No. 4,
pp. 65-74, Jul/Aug, 2012, USA.
Overview of Electrical Energy Systems
Electricity may be generated from (1) traditional non-
renewable fossil fuels such as gas, oil and coal or (2)
renewable sources such as sunlight, wind, hydro power,
biomass, geothermal heat and tidal waves.
Most traditional generating sources produce electricity
through synchronous generators.
Climate change concerns coupled with high oil prices
and increasing government support are driving
increasing renewable energy legislation, incentives and
commercialization.
Renewable technologies are also suited to rural or
remote areas.
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Schematic of Coal-fired Generating Station
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Generation, Transmission and Distribution
of Electricity
The structure of the electric power or energy system is
very large & complex. Nevertheless, it can be divided into
five basic subsystems.
Energy source may be coal, gas or oil (fossil fuel)
fissionable material (nuclear)
water in a dam (hydro)
renewable sources
Energy
Source
(Fuel)
Energy
Converter
(Generator)
Transmission
System
Distribution
System
Load
(Energy
sink)
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Generation, Transmission and Distribution
of Electricity (Contd)
Generator that transforms non-electrical energy to
electrical energy; usually rotating-machinery type; power
output from few kilowatts to a few thousand MW; voltage
levels 440 V to 25 kV.
Transmission system transports generated energy from
generating stations to major load centers; voltage levels
of 115 kV to 765 kV (less than 138 kV usually referred to
as sub-transmission system); overhead lines &
underground cables.
Transformers are used to change voltage levels (to high
over transmission system & low over distribution system,
etc).
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Generation, Transmission and Distribution
of Electricity (Contd)
Distribution system transports transmitted energy from
transmission system to users; voltage levels typically 1
kV to 33 kV.
Loads: industrial, commercial, residential, farm, etc.
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Environmental Impact of Overhead
Transmission Lines
Aesthetical Effects
Agricultural Land
Airports and Airstrips
Electric and Magnetic Fields
Endangered/Threatened and Protected Species
Audible Noise
Property Owner - ROW Compensation and Property
Value
Radio and Television Reception
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Underground Cables
Singapore has 100% cable network except in rural areas
Cables have conductors insulated from one another and
enclosed in protective sheaths
Advantages of Underground Cable Network
Could be used in urban areas where overhead lines cannot be
installed with appropriate clearances.
Allows for a shorter route than that of overhead.
No sighting of transmission poles - aesthetically pleasing.
Disadvantages of Underground Cable Network
Increase in soil disturbance.
Increased construction and repair costs.
Oil-filled underground cables can leak and contaminate surrounding
soils.
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The Singapore Scenario
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Singapore Oil, Gas and Electricity Industry
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Fuel Mix for Electricity Generation Others include diesel,
Syngas and refuse incineration
Singapore is one of top three oil-refining centers and the
third largest oil trading hub in the world.
Natural gas is imported via long pipelines from
from Peninsular Malaysia and Indonesia.
To meet the growing demand for electricity and enhance
its energy security, Singapore commenced commercial
operation of the LNG terminal which has a throughput
capacity of 6 Mtpa and room for expanding up to 15 Mtpa.
Source: EMA
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Source: EMA
Location of LNG Receiving
Terminal (Jurong Island)
Singapore LNG Terminal Facility
Electricity consumption is linked to GDP.
Maximum demand has increased by almost 73% from
3,485 MW in 1995 to 6,041 MW in 2009.
Demand is expected to increase at an annual rate of 2.5
to 3.0% from 2010 onwards. Electricity demand in 2010
was 41,200 GWh. Peak demand in 2012 was around 6,639
MW.
Electricity Demand
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Total Annual Electricity
Demand Trends (Forecast
is based on GDP and
population projections)
Source: EMA
Distribution of Power Plants in Singapore
Singapores generation capacity has grown at an average
annual rate of around 3 per cent from 2003-08.
About 70% of Singapores generation capacity is located
in the western part of Singapore.
Land has been set aside for a new generation plant to be
built in the northeast region.
Singapore power grid is connected to TNB System via two
submarine cables with transmission capacity of 250 MW
each.
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Source: EMA
GMR
Projected Reserve Margin
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Singapores minimum reserve margin is set at 30% above
the annual peak demand based on LOLP of 3 days/year.
With indicative new generation plantings in the pipeline,
the reserve margin is projected to be above 30% over the
next ten years.
Projected Reserve Margin
(as of June 2011)
Source: EMA
Singapore Electricity Industry Structure
SP: Singapore
Power
EMA: Energy
Market Authority
EMC: Energy
Market
Company
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To understand how demand side management (DSM)
can benefit Singapore, one needs to understand how
the market clearing process works.
Source: EMA
Currently the load demand in Singapore is very inelastic.
DSM can help to change its elasticity as customers have
the option of using their own generation or deferring the
use of electricity.
National Electricity Market of Singapore
Market Clearing Price (MCP)
Inelastic
demand
Staircase prices are
electricity price offers
submitted by Gencos.
The system demand
shown by the vertical
line is the half-hourly
load forecast value
obtained from Power
System Operator (PSO)
of EMA.
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Source: EMA
With the incorporation of DSM via microgrids and/or the
associated energy management systems, the demand is
no longer a vertical line.
As can be seen from the left diagram, when demand is
elastic, the electricity MCP is generally lower.
By introducing more competition among Gencos
(Governments job), the electricity MCP is generally lower
as can be seen from the right diagram.
Vesting contracts, a form of price regulation, were
introduced in 2004 to check market power.
Demand Elasticity and Competition
Quantity (MWh)
QE
PE
Quantity (MWh)
PE
QE
Supply
Demand
Supply
Demand
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Electricity Tariff in Singapore
For Q3 2014, Low Tension Tariff: 25.68 /kWh. High Tension Small Tariff: Contracted
and uncontracted capacity charges are 7.49 & 11.24 $/kW/Month; kWh peak, off-peak
period and kVARh charges 23.67, 14.40 & 0.59 .
Source: SP Services
Grid Performance
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Electricity Cable Tunnel Project
Source: EMA
To meet the future increase in demand for power supply
and to ensure the continued reliability and security of the
network, Singapore Power is embarking on a $2 billion
project to build cross-island transmission cable tunnels.
Two tunnels, one running East-West (16.5 km) and another
North-South (18.5 km) for a total of 35km in length, will be
built 60 m underground. The project commenced in 2013
and is scheduled for completion in 2018.
The tunnels are designed to facilitate faster and more
efficient maintenance and replacement of existing and
future cables. The frequency of road-digging works (for
future cable replacement and repair) will be minimized,
resulting in less traffic congestion and disruption to the
public.
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Clean Energy Initiatives in Singapore
Solar Energy
Singapore is located in tropical sunbelt with an average solar yield of
1,150 kWh/kWp/year.
Potential to tap on solar energy for power generation.
Energy from solar would be intermittent and highly variable due to
heavy cloud cover.
Solar PV System on a HDB Building
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Source: EMA
Grid Tied Solar PV System
Solar PV manufacturers in Singapore: Norways
Renewable Energy Corporation, Germanys Solar
Energy Power and Singapore-based Eco-Solar.
Selected Solar PV Installations: Glaxo Wellcome
Manufacturing (57 kWp), Changi Budget Terminal (250
kWp), and Khoo Teck Puat Hospital (150 kWp).
Illustration Courtesy of Phoenix Solar
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Installed PV Capacity in Singapore
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As of 2012, a total capacity of 9,989 kWp of grid-connected
solar PV systems has been installed in Singapore.
The non-household sector constituted about 92.1% (or
9,199 kWp) of total capacity, with the remaining capacity
contributed by household installations.
Source: EMA
Biofuels
Finnish oil refiner Neste Oils has invested S$1.2 billion
to establish the worlds largest commercial-scale
biodiesel production facility in Singapore.
Waste to Electricity Plants in Singapore
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Wind Energy
Wind speeds in Singapore are generally low (avg < 1 m/s).
Wind speed increases with elevation.
A residential wind turbines cut-in speed is typically 3 m/s
though a newly developed small turbine requires 2.5 m/s.
For the turbine to reach its rated capacity, typically a
wind speed of approximately 12 m/s is needed.
Skystream 3.7 single-phase 2.4-kW wind turbine at EEE
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Intelligent Energy System Project at NTU
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Source: EMA/Accenture
EMAs Smart Meter Trials
Pre-paid scheme testing - Owner needs to top-up the
credits in the meter when the balance becomes low.
Source: EMA
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Consumer Display Unit used in EMAs Trials
- Households were provided with real time information on their electricity usage.
- Awareness of this information alone resulted in a reduction in electricity
consumption by about 2%. In addition with differential pricing, these
households shifted about 10% of their usual electrical load from peak periods
to off-peak periods, thereby enjoying savings in their electricity bills.
Source: EMA
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Overall IES Solution
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Source: EMA/Accenture
IHD, Home Automation
32 Source: EMA/Accenture
Consumer Energy Portal Project at NTU
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WHAT is a Consumer Energy Portal (CEP)?
It serves as a platform for utilities to provide web access to
electricity consumers.
The energy services provided by utilities include:
Energy usage monitoring - usage for each day of the
billing period.
Energy cost monitoring - energy cost to date, projected
energy cost and historical cost.
Energy saving tips - for educational purposes.
Outage detection/notification.
Distributed generation (DG) aggregation.
Time of Use (ToU) pricing scheme implementation.
Home Energy Management System - electrical appliances
can be controlled and monitored via CEP.
Consumer Energy Portal Project at NTU
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WHY NTU needs CEP?
To improve Electricity Billing System
Reduce cost due to electricity billing services.
Real-time electricity consumption will be collected remotely
and automatically through smart meters (SM).
Network Management System (NMS) is setup to manage
the smart meters and consumers data.
To lower electricity bills
Introduce Demand Response Management (DRM).
ToU implementation and selection
Energy plan selection to suit consumers lifestyle.
Future smart grid implementation
Consumers load profile analysis
Integration of alternative energy sources.
Consumer Energy Portal Project at NTU
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Nanyang Meadows
Nanyang Terrace
Nanyang View
Network
Management
Server (NMS)
NTU Local Area Network (LAN)
Last Mile
Communications
Internet
Staff
Quarters
Communications Methods between CEP and Smart Meters
Consumers
Bi-directional
Intelligent Micro-Grid with Renewable
Energy Technologies for Pulau Ubin
Source: EMA
The off-grid concept displaces the diesel generators
currently being used by organizations, small businesses
and individual homes on the island of 10 square km.
The project would showcase how clean and renewable
energy can be deployed in an environmentally, socially
and economically sustainable manner for an off-grid
community.
Pulau Ubin hosts a number of plug and play test-bedding
facilities for various clean and renewable energy
solutions. This will help elevate Singapore as a living
laboratory to research, develop and demonstrate new
energy technologies.
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Intelligent Micro-Grid with Renewable
Energy Technologies for Pulau Ubin (Contd)
Source: EMA
A consortium comprising Daily Life Renewable Energy
Pte Ltd and OKH Holdings Pte Ltd has been appointed to
design, build, own and operate (DBOO) the microgrid
infrastructure.
Following the launch of the micro-grid test-bed, more
than 30 residents and businesses have signed up for
electricity from the micro-grid.
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A Smart Grid for Intelligent Energy Use
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YrcqA_cqRD8&feature=related