E14.

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

OBJ ECTI VES:
1- To demonstrate an inverting operational-amplifier circuit.
2- To demonstrate a non-inverting operational-amplifier circuit.
3- To investigate the operational-amplifier voltage follower.


I NTRODUCTI ON:
The operational amplifier is probably the most frequently-used
linear integrated circuit available. There are two basic configurations for
operational amplifier circuits: inverting amplifier, and the non-inverting
amplifier. Operational amplifiers ideally have infinite open-loop gain
and infinite open-loop input resistance. For closed-loop, the resistor
provides negative feedback, whereby a portion of the output voltage is
subtracted from the input. Fig. (E14-1) shows a typical inverting
amplifier configuration. An ideal inverting amplifiers voltage gain is
determined by:
A
v
=
I
f
R
R
(E14-1)
Where:
R
1
is the input resistor
R
f
is the feedback resistor
As usual, the minus sign signifies phase inversion.
Fig. (E14-2) shows a typical non-inverting inverting amplifier
configuration. The voltage gain of an ideal non-inverting amplifier is
given by:
A
v
=
I
f
R
R
1
(E14-2)
The voltage follower shown in Fig. (E14-3) is actually a special case of
a non-inverting amplifier. Note from the above equation that as R
f

approaches 0 (short) and as R
1
approaches (open), the voltage gain of
the non-inverting amplifier approaches 1.
APPARATUS
1- 741operational amplifier.
2- 3-DC power supplies.
3- Analog signal generator.
4- Resistors.
5- Dual-trace oscilloscope.

PROCEDURE:
1- To investigate an operational-amplifier used as an inverting
amplifier, connect the circuit in Fig. (E14-1).



Fig. (E14 -1)
2- Connect a dual-trace oscilloscope to observe both the input v
s
and the
output v
o
. With v
s
=100 mvpk at 1 kHz measure and record in table
(E14-1) the output voltage v
o
for each value of R
f
listed in table (E14-
1).
3- To verify that the inverting amplifier is a DC amplifier, replace the
signal generator with a DC power supply. With R
f
= 10 k, and v
s
=
1 v DC measure the output voltage v
o
and note its polarity with respect
to v
s.

4- Now replace R
f
with a 1-M resistor and sketch the resulting output
waveform v
o
as will as input waveform v
s
.
6- To investigate an operational-amplifier used as non-inverting
amplifier, connect the circuit in Fig. (E14-2).


6- Connect a dual-trace oscilloscope to observe both the input v
s
and the
output v
o
. With v
s
=100 mvpk at 1 kHz measure and record in table
(E14-1) the output voltage v
o
for each value of R
f
listed in table (E14-
2).
7- To verify that the non-inverting amplifier is a DC amplifier, replace
the signal generator with a DC power supply. With R
f
=10 k, and v
s

= 1 v DC measure the output voltage v
o
and note its polarity with
respect to v
s.

Fig. (E14-2)


8- To investigate the operational-amplifier voltage follower, connect the
following circuit (Fig. (E14-3))

1- With v
s
= 5 vpk at 1 kHz, measure the output voltage v
o
.
Note the phase angle of the output v
o
with respect to the
input v
s
. Repeat this procedure with v
s
= 10 v DC and again
with v
s
= 2 vpk square wave.





















Fig. (E14-3)





Table(E14-1)

R
f
(Ohms)
v
o
( Volts) A
v
=v
o
/v
s

(Experimental
value)
A
v

(Theoretical value)
470
1 k
2.2 k
4.7 k
10 k
100 k


Table (E14-2)

R
f
(Ohms) V
o
( Volts)
A
v
=v
o
/v
s

(Experimental
value)
A
v

(Theoretical value)
470
1 k
2.2 k
4.7 k
10 k
100 k













COMMENTS
























OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

PURPOSE AND BACKGROUND:

OP-AMP DIFFERENTIATOR AND INTRGRATOR
The purpose of this experiment is to demonstrate the operation of
both a differentiator and an integrator using an op-amp. A differentiator is
a circuit that calculates the instantaneous slope of the line at every point
on a waveform. On the other hand, an integrator computes the area
underneath the curve of a given waveform. Differentiator and integrator
are paired mathematical operations in that one has the opposite effect of
the other. For example, if you integrator a waveform and then
differentiator it, you obtain the original waveform.
Apparatus Required:
1) OP-AMP (AU741) 8-PIN
PIN 1 OFFSET NULL
PIN 2 (- INPUT)
PIN 3 (+ INPUT)
PIN 4 (- V
CC
)
PIN 5 OFFSET NULL
PIN6 (OUTPUT)
PIN7 (+ V
CC
)
2) RESISTANCE (1/4 W)
2 X 1 K
2 X 10 K
2 X 100 K
3) CAPACITOR 4.7 F
4) TOW 0-15 DC POWER SUPPLIES
5) SIGNAL GENERATOR
6) DUAL TRACE OSCILLOSCOPE
7) BREADBOARDING SOCKET

Procedure:
I. OP - AMP DIFFERENTIATOR
Connect the circuit shown in fig (1).
Output voltage:
V
o
= - R
F
C {dVin / dt}.
Low frequency response:
f
c
= ( 1 / 2Rs C )
When fin < f
c
the circuit acts as a differentiator fig. (2)
When f
in
> f
c
the circuit approaches an inverting amplifier with a voltage
gain of (R
F
/ R
s
)















II. OP - AMP INTEGRATOR
Connect the circuit shown in fig ( 3 ) .
Output voltage

t
IN O
dt V
C R
V
0 1
1

Low frequency response:


When f
in
> f
c
the circuit acts as an
integrator.
When f
in
< f
c
the circuit approaches an inverting amplifier with a voltage
gain of (RS/ R
1
).
From minimum output offset due to input bias currents:











FIG ( 1 )
FIG ( 2 )
KHZ
C R
f
S
c
34
. 2
1

K
R R
R R
R
S
S
5 . 9
1
1
2
FIG ( 3 )

Comments: