1 CIRCUIT SIMULATION LAB Lab manual

PES Institute of Technology - 1 - Dept of EEE

PES INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
BANGALORE-85






DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING


CIRCUIT SIMULATION LAB
(EE-355)
LAB MANUAL



Prepared by:

1. Prof. B.K.ARUN KUMAR
2. Mrs. Nandita Roy
3. Mrs. Sangeeta Modi



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List of Experiments

















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1. SINGLE PHASE FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER WITH R AND RL LOAD


Aim:
To study the performance of the single phase FWR with R and RL load.





Procedure:
1. Switch on the mains supply to the single phase converter firing circuit.
Observe the test points & trigger o/p. Verify the phase trigger o/p & their
phase sequence.
2. Make the circuit connection in the power circuit as given in the circuit
diagram.
3. Switch on the main circuit and trigger circuit.
4. Vary the firing angle potentiometer & note down the voltage waveform across
the load (R and RL load) for fully controlled and half controlled FWR. Also
note down the voltage waveform across R
L
load with and without
freewheeling diode. Note down the thyristor voltage waveforms & load
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current waveform for RL load by noting the voltage across R and RL load.


Result:

The performance of single phase FWR is analysed using R and RL load (with and
without FWD).
















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2. DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF A SELF COMMUTATION CIRCUIT.


Aim: To understand the principle of self commutation of an SCR and to
assemble the circuit along with the necessary control circuit. To also study
the behavior of the circuit and do the waveform analysis.



Self Commutation:

An SCR is a latch-up type of device. Once the device is turned on, the current has
to be forced to zero by external means especially when the SCR circuit is
operating on a DC supply. AS the current through the device is forced to zero,
such a method of turning off of the SCR is called forced commutation. It is a well
known fact that if an L-C circuit is energized by a DC source, the current through
the circuit will be purely sinusoidal. This principle is made use of in this method
of commutation. In the SCR circuit, L and C are added and it will be seen that the
SCR will commutate in its own and hence it is called self commutation. This
method of turning off the SCR is also called current commutation as current
through the device is brought to zero.

Circuit Diagram:







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Procedure:
1. The triggering module is first powered on and it is ascertained as to the
availability of the triggering signals.
2. The power module is configured for the above circuit diagram by making the
necessary connections.
3. The CRO is connected across the load.
4. The frequency of the triggering module is fixed at a particular value and the
duty cycle is fixed at a particular value (50%).
5. The waveform of the load voltage is recorded.
6. The duty cycle is changed and the effect on the load voltage is seen and the
waveform recorded.
7. The above procedure is repeated for different values of inductance and
capacitance and the waveforms noted for all these cases and compared.
Some typical waveforms are shown below both across the load and the capacitor.































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3. DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF A SINGLE QUADRANT CHOPPER USING
MOSFET/IGBT AND STUDY OF ITS BEHAVIOUR ON R/R-L LOAD.

Aim:
To study the working of a single quadrant chopper and study the waveforms on R
and R-L load. To also study the gating requirements of the MOSFET/IGBT for
continuous and discontinuous conduction.
.












Procedure:
1. Make connection as given in the circuit diagram.
2. From the gating module of the MOSFET, observe whether the required gating
signals are available, after powering the gating module.
3. Connect the output of the gating module to the gate of the MOSFET/IGBT in
the power circuit.
4. Power the main circuit, after connecting the CRO across the load.
5.Increase the voltage to the gating circuit till the MOSFET/IGBT starts
conducting. This is indicated by the voltmeter connected across the MOSFET
by showing a very small voltage. The gate voltage at which the MOSFET starts
working like a switch should be well over the threshold value that is, Vgs(th).
This voltage is noted down.
6. The duty cycle of the gate signals is varied and the waveforms of the voltage
across the load (30 0hms resistor) are noted down for these different duty
cycles.
7. The above procedure is repeated for an R-L load connected in the chopper
circuit. From the waveforms of voltage across the R-L load for different duty
cycles (typically- below50%, 50% and above 50%), it should be determined
whether the load current is continuous or discontinuous.
8. Graphs of these voltage waveforms should be plotted to scale on graph paper.





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4. SIMULATION OF SCR DIGITAL TRIGGERING CIRCUIT FOR A SINGLE
PHASE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER OR AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER

Aim:
To generate firing pulse (train of trigger pulses) for Thyristors / Triacs using
digital circuits.



Procedure:
1. Switch on the main supply unit.
2. Observe the AC reference signal and compare with ZCD o/p A and observe
the carrier frequency oscillator o/p.
3. Now set the 180
o
100% selector switch to 180
o
converter mode. Observe the
counter o/p.
4. Keep the firing angle at 179
o
. Adjust the potentiometer R such a way that a
very small pulse is observed at the counter o/p.
5. Now vary the firing angle from 180
o
0
o
step by step and observe the
variation in trigger o/ps T
P and
T
N.

6. Connect T
P and
T
N
to 1 & 2 input of pulse transformer isolation circuit and get
the pulse transformer isolated and observe the o/ps at T
1
T
1
1
& T
2
T
2
1
.
7. Connect these trigger o/ps of secondary of isolation transformer to CRO and
observe the trigger pulses for different firing angles 0
o
180
o
.
8. Now set the 180- 100% switch to 100% mode (chopper). Keep the duty cycle
at 99% .Adjust the potentiometer R such a way that very small pulse o/p is
observed at the counter o/p.
9. Now vary the duty cycle in steps from 99% to 1% & observe the counter o/p
and also observe the time variation between main pulse T
M
and auxiliary pulse
T
N
.
10. Connect T
M
& T
N
to i/p 1 & 2 of pulse transformer and observe the
waveforms at the secondary of pulse transformer for different duty cycle 99%
to1%.
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Result:
The train of triggering pulse was observed in the CRO for different firing angles ranging
from 0
o
180
o
.




















10 CIRCUIT SIMULATION LAB Lab manual
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5. SIMULATION OF A FULL BRIDGE INVERTER PERFORMANCE WHEN
CONNECTED TO R/R-L LOAD. ANALYSIS OF THE WAVEFORMS OF THE
LOAD VOLTAGE FOR DIFFERENT FERQUENCIES AND LOAD CURRENTS.

Aim:
To study the performance of a single phase bridge inverter at different
frequencies and load currents. From the waveforms thus obtained, to
analyse for presence of harmonics.

Single phase bridge inverters:
An inverter is a circuit which converts a DC voltage into a sinusoidal
voltage. This process is called inversion and hence the name. Basically the output
waveform of the voltage will be a square wave. By internally controlling the switching
pattern of the inverter switches, it is possible to convert the waveform of the output from
square to sinusoidal. In a single phase bridge inverter, there are four solid state switches
connected as a Wheatstone bridge as shown in the circuit. To obtain the two lobes of the
output voltage, two switches in the opposite legs of the bridge will be switched
simultaneously. The output voltage waveform will be a square wave and therefore having
odd frequency harmonic components. From the waveform it will be possible to calculate
the magnitude of these harmonics. Therefore it will be possible to determine which of the
harmonics are pre dominant. Accordingly, harmonic filters can be designed and
connected across so that the output voltage waveform becomes more sinusoidal. Inverters
from an integral part of UPS systems, power supplies and motor controls and therefore
very important components. Inverters are also used for HVDC systems.
Gating requirements for the Inverter:
The gating requirements are very stringent in a bridge inverter. The
important requirements can be listed as follows:
1. The gating signals have to be supplied to the pair of devices in such a
way that two devices in the same leg will not conduct as this will lead
to a short circuit of the input DC supply.
2. Te gating signals to the upper switches (top switches), have to be
isolated with respect to ground. The gating signals for the bottom
switches can be given with respect to ground.

Procedure:
1. Switch on the mains supply to the controller unit. The LCD displays shows 1-ph
PWM inverter with modulation type and M (Duty cycle or modulation index) 00
and F 100Hz in off position.
2. Now M 00 blinks. Press INC key to set the duty cycle from 00 100%. Now
press FRQ/DTY key. Now F 100 blinks.
3. Now use INC and DEC key to increase or decrease the frequency from 20Hz 100
kHz. After setting the duty cycle and frequency press RUN/STOP key. Now the
driver O/Ps pulses are available at O/Ps comes to OFF with soft stop.
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4. Now set the modulation type to other type and check the outputs. Check the driver
outputs for different types of modulation. Make sure that the driver outputs are
proper before connecting to the power circuit.
5. Now make the connections as given in the circuit diagram
6. Connect DC supply from 30V/2A regulated power supply unit.
7. Connect a resistive load 50ohms or 100ohms 2A at load terminals.
8. Connect driver o/p signals to the gate and emitter of corresponding IGBTs.
9. Switch on the DC supply. Switch on the driver outputs and observe the o/p voltage
across the load.
Note: The SET key works only when it is in OFF position. This is to avoid change of
modulation type when the power circuit is ON.



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6 . DESI GN AND SI MULATI ON OF A BOOST CONVERTER AND
WAVEFORM ANALYSI S FOR CONTI NUOUS AND DI SCONTI NUOUS
CONDUCTI ON.

Aim: To design a simple converter circuit that steps up a DC voltage and understand
its working for continuous and discontinuous conduction modes of operation. To
study the corresponding waveforms of load voltage under these conditions. To also
study the gating requirements for the two modes of operation.

Boost Converter: A boost converter or a step-up chopper is a DC-DC converter
which steps up a DC voltage. Some applications require a large DC voltage which
will not be readily available. Some main applications include regulated DC supplies
and regenerative braking of DC motors. The output voltage is always greater than the
input voltage.
Circuit Diagram:

Working: When the switch (MOSFET) is on the inductance stores energy. When the
switch is off, the load receives power from the inductor as well as the input DC
source. The capacitor acts like a filter maintaining a constant voltage across the load.
The output capacitor has to be very large, typically, 470uF-1000uF. It can be proved
that:
Vo = Vdc* (1/1-D) , where Vo is the voltage across the load, Vdc is the input voltage
and D is the duty cycle of the switch where D = (ton/T), where ton is the time for
which the switch is on and T is the inverse of the frequency at which the switch is
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controlled. The time T = ton +toff, where toff is the interval of time during which the
switch is off. It can be seen from the expression for the output voltage that for duty
cycle values approaching unity, the circuit will become unstable as the output voltage
reaches very large values. There are two modes in which the circuit works-
continuous and discontinuous conduction modes. Continuous mode means that the
load current does not become zero. Discontinuous conduction mode means that the
load current becomes zero during certain intervals of time. To ensure that the current
in the load remains continuous, the following condition must be satisfied:
ILB =( TVo/2L)*D*(1-D), where T=1/f- where f is the switching frequency, Vo is
the output voltage, L is the inductance and D is the duty cycle. For the desired output
voltage, the required inductance can be calculated for a given duty cycle. A typical set
of waveforms of load voltage and current are shown below for continuous conduction
mode.

Discontinuous conduction mode:
In the discontinuous mode there will be intervals when the device will not be
conducting. If the duty cycle (D), is adjusted to around 20%, then discontinuous
conduction mode can be obtained. As the boost converter is unstable at higher values
of duty cycle, the discontinuous mode is the recommended mode of operation for the
boost converter. A typical set of waveforms for discontinuous conduction mode is
given below: It is possible to obtain the waveforms bu reducing the duty cycle or
reducing the load current in the given power circuit of the boost converter.













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7. SIMULATION OF IGBT/ MOSFET CHOPPER


Aim:
To study the speed control of separately excited DC shunt motor using single
phase half controlled rectifier.

Apparatus required:
Digital Voltmeter, digital ammeter, IGBT (IRGPH20KD), MOSFET (IRF460),
Free wheeling diode (SPR12B), Field excitation 220V,Volltage select knob, step down
transformer, diode bridge rectifier 10A/600V, capacitor filter, control circuit.


Procedure:
1. Switch on the mains supply to the unit. Initially keep the VOLT SELECT switch at
OFF position. The LCD display shows
POWER MOSFET/IGBT CHOPPER
OFF DCY - 0 FRQ 50
Digital Voltmeter and ammeter shows 000 000
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2. Measure the field voltage using digital ammeter. It should be 220V 10%
approximately.
3. Now keep the voltage select switch position 1 and measure the voltage at Vdc
terminals. It should be 24V. The output voltage should be 48V volts when volt-select
switch at position 2, 110 V when volt-select switch at position 3, 220V when volt-select
switch at position 4 approximately.
4. Make sure that DC supply is correct. Now observe the driver o/p using a CRO/Power
scope by varying duty cycle and frequency.
5. Make sure that the driver output is proper before connecting to the gate/emitter or gate
/source of IGBT or MOSFET.
After preliminary checks connections are made as per the circuit diagram
6. Initially select 24V DC. Connect a rheostat. Apply the driver output pulses. Vary the
duty cycle and observe the load voltage and tabulate the ammeter and voltmeter readings.
Now change the frequency to some other value and change the duty cycle and note down
the readings.
Observation:
S.no
Vin
(volts)
Frequency
(Hz)
Duty
cycle
(%)
Vout
(Volts)
Io (amps) Speed(rpm)







Result:

As duty cycle increases, average o/p voltage and speed of motor increases.




Duty cycle (%)
Vo (volts)
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