Chap. III.

PLUMBERY
687
and ventilating junction combined; also his patent Siamese trapless closet; and his
patent London side outlet vnlve closet. Banner's Acstor, Elastic, Simplex, Safety, aiid
Twin basin valve closets. Buchan's (Edinburgh) patent sanitary coset, "whereby
no sewer smell can pass into the room, even when the handle is pulled up. When the
closet valve is lifted, the water falls in full volume direct into the soil pipe, pressing all
the gas before it, and causing a syphonage that sends the whole contents in one body to
the drain. There being no trap under the valve, tlie soil pipes are scoured and kept clean."
2220<?. III. This class comprises the ^o/^^jfr water closet, or flushing k r^
basin
[^fiff.
8066
),
which is simply a basin or pan finished with a syphon
trap at the bottom, without any further apparatus than that which admits
the water to flush or wash it out. These pans require the addition
of a pail or two of water poured down occasionally to help the clearing
of dirt and paper. They are popular for servants' closets and for cot-
tage and common use, but require occasiimal cleaning out. One of
the most simple pans is that called by Messrs. Doulton the enamelled
^"'- ^"*''-
stoneware closet pan, figtore d, which, with pan and syphon trap completp, is sold at
3s. 9d each. This class includes Adams's hopper pattern closet, with flushing appa-
ratus
;
Warner's patent cottage basin and trap
;
Stidder's household closet ; and others.
2220d. IV. includes a series of more modern contri-
vances, invented for the purpose of obviating certain defects
in the others. They are called the wash-out basiii or

I-*
closet
{fig.
806c.)
;
but many still retain the chief defect
j^
in the carrying down of the discharge into another recep-
tacle, or trap, below, or at the side, only partially out of
sight, and not always with a suflfieient flushing power each
time it is used, especially where only a small "preventer" T"
~\
\
^
is allowed. Among the many patents of these closet pans,
\---_^^^^,Ai-/:-3::^^=A \
are Bostell's Excelsior; Woodward's Excelsior; Winn's
^^!^^7?t?3J\
\
complete sanitary closet ; Twyford's National ; Sharpe's ^'^?Zz^Fp^
\
\
jiatent pan basin; Winn's free flushing basin and trap;
Woodwaid and Eowley's wash-out closet ; Adams's wash-
^ ^ ^^^^,
out pattern closet, with flushing apparatus ; Stidder's Tor-
rent water closet ; Banner's patent wash-out closet
{fig.
806c.), &c.
2220c. The Merits ani Demerits
of
Various Kinds of Water Closets in General Use, by
D. Emptage, is printed in the Sanita7-y Record of October 15, 1883, p. 187. The figures
above of these closets are obtained from Dr. Corfield's Laxes
of
Health. Svo., 1887.
2220/'. A protest has been often made against the continuation of the general mode of
fitting up a water closet with a seat, lid. and riser, cr enclosure, which too often proves
to be all fair without but faul within. Probably not one of them when t^keu'down but
would disclose a state of things, as regards cleanliness, as foul as any drain; espe-
cially so, when the closet has been used ibr disposing of bedroom slops in contravention of
all orders. The lead safe gathers the overflow which will occur, as the servant cannot
hold up the handle at the same time as she empties the pail ; and unless it has a fall to
the waste pipe (if there be one), it lies there to dry up and annoy the house with the foul
smell. Otten this waste pipe passes into the trap or into the soil pipe, making matters
worse. Hence the admirable arrangement put forward by Doulton and Co., in the Lam-
beth Comhinatlon closet, which has the basin and trap made in one piece of stoneware
decorated, so that the customary riser is unnecessary ;
it stands on a finished wood or
tiled floor; the seat being made to lift up, it forms a slop sink. The Desideratum closet
;
Gildea's closet, are others. Twyford's special water closet basins, which comprise the
Unitas, Xhe, National ^aiant side outlet closet and trap; while the ^^//rtce /row^ outlet
closet and trap is a variation of the former one. The Crown, sanitary closet basin and
trap is a cheap and simple apparatus. The Farnley sanitary closets comprise the Trinal,
Universal, National, and Simjdex, each in one piece, with or without trap and ventilator.
Warner's improved London open water closets, combining in an elegant form a water
closet, slop sink, and urinal, well trapped above the floor line. Shanks's patent Tahaln.r\<\
Citizen water closet with hinged seat, &c. Shanks and Co.'s patent system of combined
closets and cisterns, where the closet is in one piece of enamelled stoneware, having a
very large inlet horn made with the closet. On it is seated a single or double valve
cistern, having a correspondingly large outlet valve, A\hich from its size gives a flush
compensating for the lack of the usual height, and washes out and replenishes the basin
fully. Banner's Holhorn combination water closet. All these require an inch-and-a-
quarter pipe from the cistern, or two gallon syphon cistern or water-waste preventer, for
flushing purposes.