1. What is a Microprocessor?

- Microprocessor is a program-controlled device, wh

ich fetches the instructions from memory, decodes and executes the instructions.
Most Micro Processor are single- chip devices.
2. Give examples for 8 / 16 / 32 bit Microprocessor? - 8-bit Processor - 8085 /
Z80 / 6800; 16-bit Processor -8086 / 68000 / Z8000; 32-bit Processor - 80386 / 8
0486.
3. Why 8085 processor is called an 8 bit processor? - Because 8085 processor has
8 bit ALU (Arithmetic Logic Review). Similarly 8086 processor has 16 bit ALU.
4. What is 1st / 2nd / 3rd / 4th generation processor? - The processor made of P
MOS / NMOS / HMOS / HCMOS technology is called 1st / 2nd / 3rd / 4th generation
processor, and it is made up of 4 / 8 / 16 / 32 bits.
5. Define HCMOS? - High-density n- type Complimentary Metal Oxide Silicon field
effect transistor.
6. What does microprocessor speed depend on? - The processing speed depends on D
ATA BUS WIDTH.
7. Is the address bus unidirectional? -The address bus is unidirectional because
the address information is always given by the Micro Processor to address a mem
ory location of an input / output devices.
8. Is the data bus is Bi-directional? - The data bus is Bi-directional because t
he same bus is used for transfer of data between Micro Processor and memory or i
nput / output devices in both the direction.
9. What is the disadvantage of microprocessor? - It has limitations on the size
of data. Most Microprocessor does not support floating-point operations.
A Instructions, and also it is defined as a device that includes micro processor
, memory, &input / output signal lines on a single chip.
11. What is meant by LATCH? - Latch is a D- type flip-flop used as a temporary s
torage device controlledby a timing signal, which can store 0or 1. The primary f
unction of a Latch is data storage. It is used in output devices such as LED, to
hold the data for display.
12. Why does microprocessor contain ROM chips? - Microprocessor contain ROM chip
because it contain instructions to execute data.
13. What is the difference between primary & secondary storage device? - In prim
ary storage device the storage capacity is limited. It hasa volatile memory. In
secondary storage device the storage capacity is larger. It is a nonvolatile mem
ory. Primary devices are: RAM / ROM. Secondary devices are: Floppy disc / Hard d
isk.
14. Difference between static and dynamic RAM? - Static RAM: No refreshing, 6 to
8 MOS transistors arerequired to form one memory cell, Information stored as vo
ltage level in a flip flop. Dynamic RAM: Refreshed periodically, 3 to 4 transist
ors are required to form one memory cell, Information is stored as a charge in t
he gate to substrate capacitance.
15. What is interrupt? - Interrupt is asignal send by external device to theproc
essor so as to request the processor to perform a particular work.
16. What is cache memory? - Cache memory is a small high-speed memory. It is use
d for temporary storage of data & information between the main memory and the CP
U (center processing unit). The cache memory is only in RAM.
17. What is called .Scratch pad of computer.? - Cache Memory is scratch pad of c
omputer.
18. Which transistor is used in each cell of EPROM? - Floating .gate Avalanche I
njection MOS (FAMOS) transistor is used in each cell of EPROM.
19. Differentiate between RAM and ROM? - RAM: Read / Write memory, High Speed, V
olatile Memory. ROM: Read only memory, Low Speed, Non Voliate Memory.
20. What is a compiler? - Compiler is used to translate the high-level language
program into machine code at a time. It doesn.t require special instruction to s
tore in a memory, it stores automatically. TheExecution time is less compared to
Interpreter.
21. Which processor structure is pipelined? - All x86 processors have pipelined
structure.
22. What is flag? - Flag is a flip-flop used to store the information about the
status of a processor and the status of the instruction executed most recently
23. What is stack? - Stack is a portionof RAM used for saving the content of Pro
gram Counter and general purpose registers.
24. Can ROM be used as stack? - ROM cannot be used as stack because it is not po
ssible to write to ROM.
25. What is NV-RAM? - Nonvolatile Read Write Memory, also called Flashmemory. It
is also know as shadow RAM. (UC Browser)
30) Which operations are not available in 8085?
# What are the flags in 8086? - In 8086 Carry flag, Parity flag, Auxiliarycarry
flag, Zero flag, Overflow flag, Trace flag, Interrupt flag, Direction flag, and
Sign flag.
# What are the various interrupts in 8086? - Maskable interrupts, Non-Maskable i
nterrupts.
# What is meant by Maskable interrupts? - An interrupt that can beturned off by
the programmer is known as Maskable interrupt.
# What is Non-Maskable interrupts? -An interrupt which can be never be turned of
f (ie.disabled) is known as Non-Maskable interrupt.
# Which interrupts are generally used for critical events? - Non-Maskable interr
upts are used in critical events. Such as Power failure,Emergency, Shut off etc.
,
# Give examples for Maskable interrupts? - RST 7.5, RST6.5, RST5.5 are Maskable
interrupts
# Give example for Non-Maskable interrupts? - Trap is known as Non-Maskable inte
rrupts, which is used in emergency condition.
# What is the Maximum clock frequency in 8086? - 5 Mhz is the Maximum clock freq
uency in 8086.
# What are the various segment registers in 8086? - Code, Data, Stack, Extra Seg
ment registers in 8086.
# Which Stack is used in 8086? - FIFO(First In First Out) stack is used in 8086.
In this type of Stack the first stored information is retrieved first.
# What are the address lines for the software interrupts? -
#
RST 0 0000 H
RST1 0008 H
RST2 0010 H
RST3 0018 H
RST4 0020 H
RST5 0028 H
RST6 0030 H
RST7 0038 H
# What is SIM and RIM instructions? -SIM is Set Interrupt Mask. Used to mask the
hardware interrupts. RIM is Read Interrupt Mask. Used to check whether the inte
rrupt is Masked or not.
# Which is the tool used to connect the user and the computer? - Interpreter is
the tool used to connect the user and the tool.
# What is the position of the Stack Pointer after the PUSH instruction? - The ad
dress line is 02 less than the earlier value.
# What is the position of the Stack Pointer after the POP instruction? - The add
ress line is 02 greater than the earlier value.
# Logic calculations are done in which type of registers? - Accumulator is the r
egister in which Arithmetic and Logic calculations aredone.
# What are the different functional units in 8086? - Bus Interface Unit and Exec
ution unit, are the two different functional units in 8086.
# Give examples for Micro controller? - Z80, Intel MSC51 &96, Motorola are the b
est examples of Microcontroller.
# What is meant by cross-compiler? -A program runs on one machine and executes o
n another is called as cross-compiler.
# What are the address lines for the hardware interrupts? -
#
RST 7.5 003C H
RST 6.5 0034 H
RST 5.5 002C H
TRAP 0024 H
# Which Segment is used to store interrupt and subroutine return address registe
rs? - Stack Segment insegment register is used to store interrupt and subroutine
return address registers.
# Which Flags can be set or reset by the programmer and also used to control the
operation of the processor? - Trace Flag, Interrupt Flag, Direction Flag.
# What does EU do? - Execution Unit receives program instruction codes and data
from BIU, executes these instructions and store the result in general registers.
# Which microprocessor accepts the program written for 8086 without any changes?
- 8088 is that processor.
# What is the difference between 8086 and 8088? - The BIU in 8088 is 8-bit data
bus & 16- bit in 8086.Instruction queue is 4 byte long in 8088and 6 byte in 8086
.
31) What is the difference between min mode and max mode of 8086?