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Hindi
The word "Hindi"
Hindi, or more precisely Modern Standard Hindi (also known as Manak Hindi,
[5]
High Hindi, Nagari Hindi, and
Literary Hindi
[citation needed]
), is a standardised and sanskritised register of the Hindustani language. It is the native language of
people living in Delhi, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, northeastern Madhya Pradesh, and parts of eastern Rajasthan,
[6]

and is one of the official languages of the Republic of India. But many non-native speakers from other parts of India, too,
understand it easily because it is close to their native languages that, just like Hindi, originated from various Prakrit
languages. These languages have common roots and the native speakers of several regional Indian languages find it easier
to understand the more Sanskritised form of Hindi.
[citation needed]

Colloquial Hindi is mutually intelligible with another register of Hindi-Urdu called (Modern Standard) Urdu.
Mutual intelligibility decreases in literary and specialized contexts which rely on educated vocabulary. The number of
native speakers of Standard Hindi is unclear. According to the 2001 Indian census,
[7]
258 million people in India reported
their native language to be "Hindi". However, this includes large numbers of speakers of Hindi languages other than
Standard Hindi; as of 2009, the best figure Ethnologue could find for Khariboli dialect (the basis of Hindustani) was a 1991
citation of 180 million.
[1]
This places Hindi in a three-way tie with Bengali and Portuguese for the fifth-largest language in
the world.
[8]


Official status
The Indian constitution, adopted in 1950, declares Hindi shall be written in the Devanagari script and will be the
official language of the Federal Government of India.
[9]
However, English continues to be used as an official language
along with Hindi. Hindi is also enumerated as one of the twenty-two languages of the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution
of India, which entitles it to representation on the Official Language Commission.
[10]
The Constitution of India has
stipulated the usage of Hindi and English to be the two languages of communication for the Central Government. Most
government documentation is prepared in three languages: English, Hindi, and the official language of the local state.
It was envisioned that Hindi would become the sole working language of the Central government by 1965 (per
directives in Article 344 (2) and Article 351),
[11]
with state governments being free to function in the language of their own
choice. However, widespread resistance to the imposition of Hindi on non-native speakers, especially in South India (such
as the anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu) and in West Bengal, led to the passage of the Official Languages Act of 1963,
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which provided for the continued use of English indefinitely for all official purposes. However, the constitutional directive
to champion the spread of Hindi was retained and has strongly influenced the policies of the Union government.
[citation needed]

At the state level, Hindi is the official language of the following states: Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand, Madhya
Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana and Delhi. Each may also designate a "co-
official language"; in Uttar Pradesh for instance, depending on the political formation in power, sometimes this language is
Urdu. Similarly, Hindi is accorded the status of co-official language in several additional states.

History
The dialect upon which Standard Hindi is based is khadiboli, the vernacular of Delhi and the surrounding western Uttar
Pradesh and southern Uttarakhand region. This dialect acquired linguistic prestige in the Mughal Empire (17th century) and
became known as Urdu, "the language of the court." As noted and referenced in History of Hindustani, prior to the
independence of India and Pakistan, it was not referred to as Urdu but as Hindustani. After independence, the Government
of India set about standardising Hindi as a separate language from Urdu, instituting the following conventions:
[original research?]

standardization of grammar: In 1954, the Government of India set up a committee to prepare a grammar of Hindi;
The committee's report was released in 1958 as "A Basic Grammar of Modern Hindi"
standardization of the orthography, using the Devanagari script, by the Central Hindi Directorate of the Ministry of
Education and Culture to bring about uniformity in writing, to improve the shape of some Devanagari characters,
and introducing diacritics to express sounds from other languages.
The Constituent Assembly adopted Hindi as the Official Language of the Union on 14 September 1949. Hence it is
celebrated as Hindi Day.
In the year 1881 Bihar accepted Hindi as its sole official language replacing Urdu and thus became the first state of India to
adopt Hindi.

Sanskrit vocabulary
Formal Standard Hindi draws much of its academic vocabulary from Sanskrit. Standard Hindi loans words are
classified into five principal categories:
Tatsam ( / same as that) words: These are words which are spelled the same in Hindi as in Sanskrit (except
for the absence of final case inflections).
[12]
They include words inherited from Sanskrit via Prakrit which have
survived without modification (e.g. Hindustani nm/Sanskrit nma, "name"; Hindustani Suraj/Sanskrit Surya,
"sun"),
[13]
as well as forms borrowed directly from Sanskrit in more modern times (e.g. prrthan, "prayer").
[14]

Pronunciation, however, conforms to Hindi norms and may differ from that of classical Sanskrit. Among nouns,
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the tatsam word could be the Sanskrit uninflected word-stem, or it could be the nominative singular form in the
Sanskrit nominal declension.
Ardhatatsam () words: These are words that were borrowed from Sanskrit in the middle Indo-Aryan or
early New Indo-Aryan stages.
[citation needed]
Such words typically have undergone sound changes subsequent to being
borrowed.
Tadbhav ( / born of that) words: These are words which are spelled differently from Sanskrit but are
derivable from a Sanskrit prototype by phonological rules (e.g. Sanskrit karma, "deed" becomes Pali kamma, and
eventually Hindi km, "work").
[12]

Deshaj ( ) words: These are words that were not borrowings but do not derive from attested Indo-Aryan words
either. Belonging to this category are onomatopoetic words.
Videsh ( / 'Foreign') words: these include all words borrowed from sources other than Indo-Aryan. The
most frequent sources of borrowing in this category have been Persian, Arabic, Portuguese and English.
The Hindi standard, from which much of the Persian, Arabic and English vocabulary has been purged and replaced by
tatsam words, is called Shuddha Hindi (pure Hindi), and is viewed as a prestige dialect over other more colloquial forms of
Hindi.
Similarly, Urdu treats its own vocabulary, borrowed directly from Persian and Arabic, as a separate category for
morphological purposes. Excessive use of tatsam words creates problems for native speakers. They may have Sanskrit
consonant clusters which do not exist in native Hindi. The educated middle class of India may be able to pronounce such
words, but others have difficulty. Persian and Arabic vocabulary given 'authentic' pronunciations cause similar difficulty.

Literature
Hindi literature is broadly divided into four prominent forms or styles, being Bhakti (devotional Kabir, Raskhan);
Shringar (beauty Keshav, Bihari); Veer-Gatha (extolling brave warriors); and Adhunik (modern).
Medieval Hindi literature is marked by the influence of Bhakti movement and the composition of long, epic poems. It was
not written in the current dialect but in other Hindi languages, particularly in Avadhi and Braj Bhasha, but later also in
Khariboli. During the British Raj, Hindustani became the prestige dialect. Hindustani with heavily Sanskritized vocabulary
or Sahityik Hindi (Literary Hindi) was popularized by the writings of Swami Dayananda Saraswati, Bhartendu
Harishchandra and others. The rising numbers of newspapers and magazines made Hindustani popular among the educated
people. Chandrakanta, written by Devaki Nandan Khatri, is considered the first authentic work of prose in modern Hindi.
The person who brought realism in the Hindi prose literature was Munshi Premchand, who is considered as the most
revered figure in the world of Hindi fiction and progressive movement.
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The Dwivedi Yug ("Age of Dwivedi") in Hindi literature lasted from 1900 to 1918. It is named after Mahavir Prasad
Dwivedi, who played a major role in establishing the Modern Hindi language in poetry and broadening the acceptable
subjects of Hindi poetry from the traditional ones of religion and romantic love.
In the 20th century, Hindi literature saw a romantic upsurge. This is known as Chhayavaad (shadowism) and the literary
figures belonging to this school are known as Chhayavaadi. Jaishankar Prasad, Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala', Mahadevi
Varma and Sumitranandan Pant, are the four major Chhayavaadi poets.
Uttar Adhunik is the post-modernist period of Hindi literature, marked by a questioning of early trends that copied the West
as well as the excessive ornamentation of the Chhayavaadi movement, and by a return to simple language and natural
themes.

Sample text
The following kanjars is a sample text in High Hindi, of the Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights (by the United Nations):
1

Transliteration (IAST):
Anucched 1 Sabh manuyo ko gaurav aur adhikro ke mmle me janmajt svatantrat aur
amnt prpt hai. Unhe buddhi aur antartm k den prpt hai aur paraspar unhe bhcre ke
bhv se bartv karn chiye.
Transcription (IPA):
ntedek sbi mnj ko r dka ke mamle m dnmdat
stntta papth. n bd ntatma ki den papth psp n
baitae ke ba se bta kn tahe.
Gloss (word-to-word):
Article 1 All human-beings to dignity and rights' matter in from-birth freedom and equality acquired is. Them
to reason and conscience's endowment acquired is and always them to brotherhood's spirit with behaviour to do
should.
Translation (grammatical):
Article 1 All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and
conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi
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Namaste / Namaskar /
/
Ap kaise haim
/
Maim thik hum dhayavad
/
Apka subhanam kya hai
/
Mera nam .hai .........
/ ...................
Ap kya kam karte(ti) haim ()

Maim turist/paryatak hum

/
/ /
Ap kaham se aye (ayi) haim ( )
/
Maim Thailand se aya (ayi) hum ( )
/ /
Ap kitni bar bharat aye (ayi) haim ( )
/
Maim bharat kabhi nahim aya (ayi) hum ( )
/ /

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Kya ap hindi jante (janti) haim ()
/
Maim hindi thori-thori janta (janti) hum - ()
/ /
Maim hindi nahim bol sakta (sakti) hum ()
/ /
Kya ap meribat samajhte haim
/ /
Maim apki vat samajh nahim raha (rahi) hum ()
/ /
Ek bar aur doharaiye
/
Is sabad ka arth kya hai
/


Taiksi

Bhogal market kya loge

Mitar cala do

Sidhe

Age

Daem
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Baem

Mujhe yaham chor do
/ /
Bhai sahab bas adda kis taraf hai
/ /
Yaham se kitne dur hai
/
Vaham kaise jate haim
/


Iska dam kya hai
/
Yeh bahut mahamga hai
/
Mujhe isse sasta cahiye
/ /
Kam karo
/
Paise kaham dene homge
/


Ek

Do
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Tin

Car

Panc

Cheh

Sat

Ath

Nau

Das



Khana

Caval/bhat /

Dabalroti

Anda

Cay
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Dal

Pani

Dudh

Siraka

/
Bhulgobhi

Khira

Bora

Salgam

Palak

Hari mirc

Baigan

Nimbu

Payaj
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Alu

Kela

Tarbuj

Anar

Papita

Am

Narangi

Angur

Seb



Reference: http://www.thaiemb.org.in/th/basichindi/