Flow Measurement

Introduction
For flow in a pipe, assuming no energy losses, the Bernoulli equation expressed in terms
of total head is as follows:
constant
2
v
2
= + + z
g
p
g
By assuming steady incompressible flow, Bernoullis equation can be applied to
investigate the flow dynamics in pipe! "he flow rate of the fluid can be measure by
applying Bernoullis equation and continuity!
#owever, in most cases, friction losses cannot be neglected! $s a result, a loss coefficient
or discharge coefficient is found for various measurement devices! $ discharge
coefficient can be loosely defined as the ratio of the actual flow rate to the ideal flow rate!
%b&ective
In this experiment, you are required to measure the flow rate of steadily flowing liquids
in pipes using venturi meter, orifice plate, rotameter and 'i( manually using a measuring
bea)er and stop watch '$rmfield rig( or 'ii( rotary vane water meter and stop watch, and
turbine flow meter '*idacta Italia rig(! $pplication of Bernoulli equation to the
estimation of flow rates will be investigated!
+xperimental ,rocedure
"urn on the tap slightly before turning on the pump! $d&ust the flow rate by varying the
tap opening! "he flow rate can be obtained by timing the volume of accumulated water in
the tan) in the $rmfield experimental rig! "he flow rate can be read from the turbine flow
meter or by timing the volume of flow going through the rotary vane water meter!in the
*idacta Italia rig! For each flow rate, record the height difference of the manometer
connected to the venturi meter and orifice plate! "he rotameter reading should also be
recorded! -ote that the collected data should be wide spread, ranging from a low flow
rate to a maximum flow rate, totalling at least . measurements!
/eferences
Munson, 0oung and %)iishi, 1Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 2ection 3!4!3, 2ection
.!4
5hite, F!M!, 1Fluid Mechanics, 6haps! 4!
7erhart, 7ross and #ochstein, 1Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, pp! 8.898:3, p! 2;3
and section <!8!
*ouglas, 7asiore) and 2waffield, 1Fluid Mechaics=, 2
nd
edition, 2ection 4!>, 4!< and 4!.
$ppendix ?: 2pecifications
$rmfield +xperimental /ig
@pstream "hroat
Aenturi Meter ;!;3?<>m ;!;?>m
%rifice ,late ;!;3?<>m ;!;2m
*idacta Italia +xperimental /ig
@pstream "hroat
Aenturi Meter ;!;2m ;!;?m
%rifice ,late ;!;>m ;!;2m
/eport 2tencil
The emphasis is on quality and not quantity. The length of the report is limited to 6
printed sides (i.e. 3 pages if printed double sided) or 6 hand written pages. Up to a
maximum of 6 printed or hand written sides can be included in the appendix. Pages
in excess of these limits will not be considered in the assessment. ou are
recommended to use appropriate font si!e" line spacing and margins so that your
presentation is professional.
$ recommended outline can be found at
http:BBwww!monash!edu!auBllsBllonlineBwritingBscienceB>!xml
$bstract
5hat principle was tested and howC 5hat can be concludedC #ow well did it agree with
theoretical predictionC 5here are the sources of errorsC
Introduction
#ote$ %t is not acceptable to include large bloc&s of text from the internet in your
report. ou can howe'er incorporate 'arious sources of information to assist you in
writing your report in your own words. Use in text citation for specific details cited
from external sources. %mplement a proper referencing system to cite sources of
information in your reports. (ee www.lib.monash.edu.au)tutorials)citing) for more
information. Use in text citation where appropriate.
?( 2tate in your own words the theoryBprinciples in use for todays exercise!
2( #ow is the fundamental theory applied to this particular exerciseC *escribe how it
is used to ma)e a theoretical prediction! 5hat assumptions are made in the
process and how valid are they! #ow will they affect the theoretical predictions!
3( Briefly explain the advantagesBdisadvantages of each flow measuring technique!
6onsider cost, ease of use, accuracy, possibility for automation, dependence on
fluid properties etc! 5rite in your own words and do not plagiarise!
+xperimental ,rocedures
*escribe the experimental procedure used in todays exercise! *raw a schematic of the
experimental rig! 0ou can ta)e pictures of the rig!
/esults
?( @sing the Bernoulli equation and continuity, express the volumetric flow rate D,
in terms of upstream $? and throat area $2, pressure difference p and fluid
density !
2( ,lot the discharge coefficient versus /eynolds numbers for the venturi meter and
the orifice plate!
3( 6ompare the results in 'b( with values obtained from literature! '#int see Figure
.!8? and .!8> in Munson et, al! <
th
edition(!
8( ,lot rotameter reading against volumetric flow rate measured manually with
bea)er and stop watch! '$rmfield rig(! ,lot rotameter reading and turbine flow
meter reading against flow rate measured using the rotary vane water meter and
stop watch '*idacta Italia rig(!
>( ,erform error analysis!
*iscussion
6ompare how well your measurements compare with theoretical predictions! *iscuss
how the assumptions made 'if any( have affected your theoretical predictions and
comparisons!
*iscuss the main sources of error and how significant they are when ma)ing a
comparison with theoretical predictions!
*iscuss why the discharge coefficient is much lower for the orifice plate compared to the
venturi throat!
6onclusion
5hat you didC 5hat you foundC #ow well does it agree with theoryC 2tate the reasons
for discrepancies! 5hat is the conclusionC
/eferences
Eist all references! $lso include material obtained from the internet!
Flow Measurement experiment '$rmfield /ig(, Aenturi "ube *F3?!<>mm,dF?>mm=
%rifice ,late *F3?!<>mm, dF2;mm!
-o Aolume
'litres(
"ime
'seconds(
/otameter
'lBmin(
5ater Manometer 'mm(
h? h2 h3 h8 h> h4 h< h.
?
2
3
8
>
4
<
.
:
?;
Flow Measurement experiment '*idacta Italia /ig(
-o Measuring cylinder %rifice ,late, 5ater
Manometer
*F>;mm,dF2;mm
Aenturi "ube,
Mercury Manometer
*F2;mm,dF?;mm
/otameter
'm
3
Bh(
Aolume
'litres(
"ime
'seconds(
h?G'cm( h2G'cm( h?G'cm( h2G'cm(
?
2
3
8
>
4
<
.
:
?;