On the Impact of Frequency Selectivity on

Multicast Subgroup Formation in 4G Networks

M. Condoluci

, G. Araniti

, A. Molinaro

, A. Iera

, J. Cosmas

ARTS Lab., DIIES Dep., University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Italy

e-mail: {massimo.condoluci, araniti, antonella.molinaro, antonio.iera}@unirc.it.

WNCC, Brunel University, London, UK

e-mail: john.cosmas@brunel.ac.uk.
AbstractThis paper deals with the transmission of group-
oriented services, considered as the main value-added for the
future 4G broadband wireless systems. In this scenario, the design
of proper resource allocation strategies is a key issue in order
to offer high quality services to involved users and to efciently
exploit the available radio resources. In this paper we extend
the works existing in literature by evaluating the impact of
frequency selectivity on the performance in terms of spectral
efciency achieved when group-oriented services are provided
in Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced (LTE-A)
systems. We conducted exhaustive simulation campaigns in order
to dene the scenarios that could benet of the exploitation
of frequency selectivity in multicast resource allocation. We
investigated single- and multi-group scenarios with different
application proles, such as real time video ows, and we
considered several deployment cases addressing different channel
bandwidth and user congurations.
Index TermsNetworking and QoS, Trafc and performance
monitoring, Multicast, LTE, LTE-A, Frequency Selectivity, IPTV.
I. INTRODUCTION
L
ONG Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced (LTE-A)
[1] represent the emerging wireless technologies leading
the growth of mobile broadband services in the next years [2]
[3]. They offer several benets in terms of high data rates,
low latency and low cost per bit and exploit the Multimedia
Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) [4] in order to support
the transmission of group-oriented services (such as broadcast
or multicast), expected as the value-added int the 4G systems.
Such services (e.g., IPTV, audio and/or video streaming, news
forecast) are characterized by strict constraints in terms of
Quality of Service (QoS) [5] and the design of a proper
strategy for the management of MBMS services is still an
open issue investigated in several research works. Indeed,
the performance of a conventional multicast approach [6],
that foresees to serve the whole set of MBMS destinations
according to the user with the poorest channel conditions, is
strongly inuenced by the presence of cell-edge users which
limit the quality experienced by all multicast receivers. With
this aim, in [7] we proposed a subgrouping approach for the
This full text paper was peer reviewed at the direction of IEEE Commu-
nications Society subject matter experts for publication in the proceedings of
2013 IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and
Broadcasting (BMSB 2013)
DOI: 10.1109/BMSB.2013.6621752
management of multicast services in cellular systems. It ex-
ploits the multi-user diversity by splitting the MBMS members
into different subgroups according to the experienced channel
conditions. Obtained results demonstrated the effectiveness
of the proposed strategy in outperforming the conventional
multicast scheme and in guaranteeing improved session quality
in High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) [7] [8], Worldwide
Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) [9] and LTE
[10] networks.
In this paper we extend the work in [10] by considering
the impact of frequency selectivity on multicast subgroup
formation in LTE and LTE-A networks. Indeed, thanks to
the use of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
(OFDMA) which introduces the scheduling in both time and
frequency domains, the Radio Resource Management (RRM)
of 4G systems could take advantage of the multi-user diversity
by assigning a frequency resource to the user with the highest
channel gain over such resource. Frequency selectivity is
considered as a key feature in order to achieve high data
rates, high capacity, and a better exploitation of the available
spectrum, but it introduces several issues in terms of control
trafc overhead and complexity of RRM strategies in multicast
environments. In this scenario, we aim at contributing to the
advance of the state-of-the-art on this topic by addressing when
and how much the frequency selectivity exploitation improves
the system performance, in order to dene the most interesting
scenarios to be investigated in future research works.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section
II provides an overview on the multicast service provisioning
in LTE and LTE-A systems. In Section III, the addressed
resource allocation problem is analyzed, whereas Section IV
provides the results achieved by simulation campaigns. Finally,
conclusion and future works are summarized in Section V.
II. MULTICAST SERVICES OVER LTE
The LTE system [1] represents the most promising cellular
system able to support the growing demand of high-quality
services over mobile terminals [11] [12]. LTE is characterized
by a at all-IP network architecture which allows to reduce
the latency in both control and data planes. The main entity in
the radio access network is the eNodeB, the LTE base station,
which forwards control and data trafc towards the mobile
users and performs link adaptation procedures. The most im-
TABLE I
LTE AND LTE-A PERFORMANCE TARGETS
LTE LTE-A
Peak data rate DL 300 1000
[Mbps] UL 75 500
Peak spectrum efciency DL 15 30
[bps/Hz] UL 3.75 15
Cell-edge user throughput DL 1.87 2.6
[bps/Hz/cell/user] UL 0.024 0.04
portant entity in the control plane is the Mobility Management
Entity (MME), located in the core network, which is in charge
for authentication, security, and mobility management. The ex-
ploitation of OFDMA and Single Carrier Frequency Division
Multiple Access (SC-FDMA), with the joint use of Multiple
Input Multiple Output (MIMO) techniques, guarantees higher
data rates and spectral efciency compared to previous cellular
systems. The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is
also working on the LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) system, i.e., the
extension of the LTE towards the real 4G wireless systems.
By exploiting Carrier Aggregation (CA) techniques [1], LTE-
A can guarantee a channel bandwidth up to 100 MHz while
assuring and backward compatibility for LTE devices. The
main performance targets of LTE and LTE-A systems are listed
in Table I.
Fig. 1. General Architecture for E-UTRAN MBMS
The network architecture of LTE is designed in order to
couple with the MBMS standard [4], which denes both radio
access [1] and core network functional entities (Fig. 1). The
Broadcast-Multicast Service Centre (BM-SC) represents the
entry point for content provider transmissions and is in charge
for service provisioning (e.g., service announcement, member-
ship function), security operations and header compression.
The MBMS-GW is a logical entity (i.e., it may be a stand
alone device or co-located with other network nodes such as
the BM-SC) which forwards data packets to the eNodeBs
involved in the MBMS session by exploiting IP multicast
transmissions via the M1 interface.
1
The Multi-cell/multicast
Coordination Entity (MCE) is a logical entity
2
which selects
1
The allocation of IP multicast address for the eNodeBs joined the MBMS
data session is provided via the MME.
2
[1] also allows MCE to be deployed within the eNodeB.
the transmission mode (i.e., single- or multi-cell) in the setup
(or reconguration) phase of the MBMS Service. The MCE
also performs MBMS session suspension/resumption. The
MCE exploits two interfaces: (i) the M2 interface is used for
MBMS session management and radio conguration signaling;
(ii) the M3 interface connects the MME and the MCE for
conveying MBMS session management signaling.
In the radio access network, the MBMS sessions are con-
veyed to involved users through point-to-multipoint transmis-
sions, managed by the packet scheduler which is implemented
at the Medium Access Control (MAC) of the eNodeB. It
performs the RRM by efciently handling the resource allo-
cation in the time and frequency domains. In details, the Time
Domain Packet Scheduler (TDPS) selects the ows which
must be served during every TTI (lasting 1 ms), according
to the their QoS constraints. The Frequency Domain Packet
Scheduler (FDPS) is in charge of performing the link adapta-
tion by assigning a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) at
each assigned resource. The available resources are managed
in terms of Resource Blocks (RBs). Each RB consists of 12
adjacent sub-carries and lasts 0.5 ms. The link adaptation
procedure is based on the Channel Quality Indicator (CQI)
feedback transmitted by the users at the eNodeB. The CQI
indicates the maximum supported MCS value according to
channel conditions experienced by the mobile terminal. Table
II lists the CQI-MCS mapping dened in the LTE system.
TABLE II
CQI-MCS MAPPING
CQI Modulation Code rate Spectral Efciency
index Scheme [bit/s/Hz]
1 QPSK 0.076 0.1523
2 QPSK 0.120 0.2344
3 QPSK 0.190 0.3770
4 QPSK 0.300 0.6016
5 QPSK 0.440 0.8770
6 QPSK 0.590 1.1758
7 16-QAM 0.370 1.4766
8 16-QAM 0.480 1.9141
9 16-QAM 0.600 2.4063
10 64-QAM 0.450 2.7305
11 64-QAM 0.550 3.3223
12 64-QAM 0.650 3.9023
13 64-QAM 0.750 4.5234
14 64-QAM 0.850 5.1152
15 64-QAM 0.930 5.5547
III. RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN MULTICAST
ENVIRONMENTS
Several approaches have been developed for multicast data
delivery in OFDMA-based systems. The conventional ap-
proach [6], aimed at achieving the highest fairness among
multicast destinations, adapts the transmission parameters (i.e.,
MCS) according to the user which experiences the poorest
channel condition. As a consequence, this approach is not
efcient in terms of spectral efciency (i.e., the number of
transmitted bits per Hertz).
Another strategy proposed in literature, based on the multi-
rate approach, is the subgrouping [7]. In order to reduce
the bottleneck effects of cell-edge users, it foresees to split
the multicast members into different subgroups, each one
including users with similar channel conditions. The main
goals of the subgrouping technique are: (i) high robustness to
user mobility [8]; (ii) exploitation of Scalable Video Coding
(SVC) [13] techniques which foresee to split the original
video stream into a base layer and multiple enhancement
layers [9]; (iii) multicast gain maximization, i.e., all the users
are served within every scheduling frame and no additional
data coding (such as rateless code) is needed and short-term
fairness can be guaranteed [10]. The results achieved in [7]-
[10] demonstrated that subgrouping can meaningfully improve
the quality experienced by the multicast users compared to a
conservative approach and other approaches in literature.
Another key feature for achieving high spectral efciency
performance is the exploitation of the frequency selectivity
[14] in resource allocation procedures. Although this technique
is expected to guarantee meaningful improvements, frequency
selectivity in multicast scenarios must be exploited on a per-
group basis. This involves two issues: (i) a larger amount
of uplink control trafc is required for the transmission of
eNodeB-congured subband CQI feedbacks compared to the
Full Bandwidth CQI case; (ii) the scheduling policy complex-
ity, which depends on the number of multicast group members
and on the available resources, is further increased by a factor
equal to the number of channel quality levels in the system. In
details, the computational cost is equal to (K+1)
N
(M+1)
N
for a single-group scenario [14], where K is the multicast
group size, M is the overall number of MCS levels dened
in the system and N is the number of available resources.
3
The above mentioned issues cannot be considered negligible
in multicast environments, where the number of involved users
is typically high.
The goal of this paper is to dene the scenarios where the
exploitation of frequency selectivity has the highest impact on
the system performance. With this aim, the subgrouping algo-
rithm proposed in [10] has been extended according to [14] in
order to exploit frequency selectivity in subgroup formation.
This novel policy works as follows: among all the admissible
subgroups to be potentially enabled, the RRM selects the one
which guarantees the highest increase in the system spectral
efciency by selecting, for a given subgroup, the best RBs
according to the channel quality of the users belonging the
subgroup. We conducted an exhaustive simulation campaign
where we considered both LTE and LTE-A systems. We
investigated several scenarios present in literature (e.g., single-
and multi-group scenarios, scalable video services) under
different deployment cases (number of resources available for
multicast services, multicast group size). Section IV focuses
on the system setting and the achieved results of the addressed
performance analyses.
3
Authors in [14] propose an effective near-optimal policy characterized by
a complexity equal to O(MN).
IV. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
A. System setting
The performance analysis has been conducted in accordance
with the guidelines dened in [15]. The channel quality of
each multicast member is evaluated in terms of Signal to
Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) experienced over each
sub-carrier [16]:
SINR
i
=
P
0
PL
0
h
0

NBS
j=1
(P
j
PL
j
h
j
) +N
o
(1)
where P
j
, PL
j
and h
j
are the transmission power, the path
loss, and the small scale fast fading of the link between the
user and the j-th base station (j = 0 indicates the serving base
station, j > 0 the interfering ones); N
o
is the noise power.
Once the SINR value for all the sub-carriers is collected, the
effective SINR is obtained through the Exponential Effective
SIR Mapping (EESM):
SINR
eff
= ln

1
N
sub
N
sub

i=1
e

SINR
i

(2)
being N
sub
the overall number of sub-carriers and a scaling
factor used to adjust the mismatch between the actual and
the predicted block error rate (BLER). Finally, the effective
SINR is mapped onto the CQI level related to the MCS which
ensures a BLER smaller than 10% [16]. More details on the
LTE system settings are listed in Table III. The parameters
for modeling the real-time SVC streams, set in accordance to
[17], are listed in Table IV.
TABLE III
MAIN SIMULATION ASSUMPTION
Parameters Value
Cell layout 3GPP Macro-cell case #1
Cell radius 1 km
Distance attenuation 128.1+37.6*log(d), d [km]
Shadow fading Log-normal,0 mean, = 8 [dB]
Fast Fading ITU-R PedB (extended for OFDM)
Scheduling frame 10 ms
TTI 1 ms
Carrier frequency 2 GHz
eNodeB transmit power 20 W, 13 dB
Maximum antenna gain 11.5 dB
Thermal Noise -100 dBm
TABLE IV
DATA RATE SETTINGS FOR SVC STREAMS
BL E1 E2 E3
[kbps] [kbps] [kbps] [kbps]
CREW 306 578 814 1184
FOOTBALL 442 827 1114 1621
MOBILE 189 322 442 649
CITY 448 923 1288 1943
FOREMAN 170 407 589 890
BUS 185 390 567 857
HARDBOUR 577 1025 1379 1929
NEWS 121 259 372 564
SOCCER 385 795 1095 1651
ICE 277 548 767 1123
In our simulations we compare the spectral efciency gain
of a resource allocation scheme based on eNodeB-congured
sub-band CQI feedbacks scheme with that achieved when
the Full Bandwidth CQI mode is exploited. According to
the latter scheme, a user equipment calculates a single CQI
value for the whole available spectrum, and this feedback is
transmitted to the eNodeB. Hence frequency selectivity cannot
be exploited as the FPDS has not information on which part
the available spectrum is more suitable for the transmission
towards a given user. According to the eNodeB-congured
scheme, a terminal estimates a CQI value for each sub-band:
a sub-band is composed of k consecutive RBs, where k is
function of the channel bandwidth (refer to Table V).
TABLE V
SUB-BAND SIZE FOR ENODEB-CONFIGURED MODE
Channel Bandwidth Subband size
(RBs) (k RBs)
6-7 (Wideband CQI only)
8-10 4
11-26 4
27-63 6
64-110 8
Each simulation run has been repeated several times to get
95% condence intervals. The members of each multicast
group are randomly distributed in a concentrated area, as
depicted in Fig. 2. In the considered scenarios, we varied both
the number of multicast members and the channel bandwidth
available for MBMS services.
Fig. 2. User distribution within the cell.
B. Simulation results
1) Single-group LTE Scenario: In this simulation campaign
we consider the scenario in [10], where a single multicast
group served by the base station. No constraints in terms of
number of subgroups to enable and subgroup data rate are
considered, and the whole set of available RBs is exploited in
the resource allocation.
Fig. 3 shows the spectral efciency gain of the frequency
selectivity exploitation as a function of the number of RBs
and MBMS users. In details, the spectral efciency, measured
in bps/Hz, is the ratio between the number of bits successfully
Fig. 3. Spectral efciency gain in the single-group LTE Scenario.
received by multicast users and the bandwidth exploited for
data delivery. We varied the number of multicast members
from 10 to 100, and the available bandwidth from 6 RBs (i.e.,
1.4 MHz) to 100 RBs (i.e., 20 MHz).
The achieved results demonstrate that the subgrouping tech-
nique natively improves the spectral efciency. Indeed, no
meaningful gain is introduced by the frequency selectivity
exploitation. In details, the highest gain is about 5% and is
only obtained when the number of users in the group is very
low, namely 10, and the number of RBs is high, namely 100. In
other cases, the introduced gain is even negligible. Moreover, it
is worth noting that when the number of users is higher than
20, no spectral efciency gain is achieved also when large
number of resources are available for the MBMS service.
2) Multi-group LTE Scenario: In this simulation campaign
we focus on the impact of frequency selectivity in practical
scenarios. With this aim, we conducted further analysis by
addressing multicast scalable video coding (SVC) sessions
transmitted by the base station. Two main enhancements have
been introduced with respect to the previous analysis: (i) due
to the presence of video application, each enabled subgroup
has to achieve a target data rate, i.e., the data rate of the layer
related to such a subgroup; (ii) several multicast ows are
simultaneously served by the base station.
Fig. 4. Spectral efciency gain in the multi-group LTE scenario.
Fig. 4 shows the spectral efciency gain for the LTE
system when the base station transmits four scalable video
streams, each one related to a different multicast group.
4
The
considered video streams are CREW, FOOTBALL, MOBILE
and CITY (refer to Table IV).
The gain introduced by the frequency selectivity exploita-
tion in this scenario is higher compared to the previous one,
and varies from 5% to 23%. It is worth underlining that,
in a scenario with scalable video streams, the lower spectral
efciency gain is equal to the highest gain in the scenario
addressed in Fig. 3. However, a gain higher than 20% is
obtained when the multicast groups are composed of few users
(namely 10) and a high number of RBs (from 50 to 100) are
available in the system for serving the four video sessions.
3) LTE-A Scenario: The last analysis we conducted focus
on the LTE-A system, where we considered the aggregation
of ve Component Carriers (CCs) [1].
5
We consider two cases: (i) a single-group scenario, as
proposed in [18], depicted in Fig. 5(a); (ii) a multi-group
scenario, with the transmission of four video sessions, shown
in Fig. 5(b).
(a) Single-group
(b) Multi-group
Fig. 5. Spectral efciency gain in the LTE-A scenario.
4
The x-axis in Fig. 4 represents the number of users per multicast group.
5
In Fig. 5, the y-axis refers to the number of RBs available over each CC.
The larger channel bandwidth (up to 100 MHz) of LTE-
A networks, allows to better exploit the multi-user diversity
in multicast resource management, and, as a consequence, to
further improve the spectral efciency performance. Indeed,
high spectral efciency gain, varying from 15% to 20% for
the single-group scenario and from 15% to 25% for the multi-
group scenario, is guaranteed for all the considered RBs values
when the multicast group size is low (10 and 20 users).
Moreover, in this scenario a spectral efciency gain higher than
5% is guaranteed also when a high number of users (namely
100) join the multicast group. In this case, the gain introduced
increases with the number of RBs, up to a maximum value
equal to 8%, in both the single- and multi-group case.
Fig. 6. Comparison of the average Spectral efciency gain.
Finally, we further analyzed the average spectral efciency
gain by varying the number of multicast ows in the cell.
We varied the number of multicast video streams (modelled
according to the parameters in Table IV) from 1 to 10 and we
considered the mean spectral efciency in both the LTE and
the LTE-A systems. The achieved results are depicted in Fig.
6. As expected, the frequency selectivity exploitation in LTE-
A systems allows to efciently support up to eight multicast
groups, with a gain equal to 11.6%. In LTE system, instead,
the maximum average gain is equal to 9.2% and it is achieved
when the number of multicast groups is equal to ve.
V. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper we focused on the impact of frequency
selectivity on multicast subgroup formation in LTE and LTE-
A networks. We considered the gain in terms of spectral
efciency achieved when the resource allocation is performed
in order to exploit the frequency selectivity. We addressed
two scenarios investigated in literature: a single-group scenario
with no constraints in terms of number of subgroups to enable
and subgroup data rates; (ii) a multi-group scenario where real-
time video services are transmitted by the base station, hence
with constraints on the data rate values for each subgroup.
The achieved results demonstrate that the frequency selec-
tivity exploitation can introduce effective spectral efciency
gain in multicast environments when practical applications,
such as SVC, are considered, and the gain is more evident in
LTE-A systems. The obtained results motivate future studies
related to the design of RRM strategies that can efciently
manage the transmission of multi-layer video services in LTE
and LTE-A systems, in order to further improve the spectral
efciency in multicast service provisioning or to consider
other aspects, such as computational burden, fairness, etc., not
considered in this paper.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The research of Massimo Condoluci is supported by Eu-
ropean Union, European Social Fund and Calabria Regional
Government. This paper reects the views only of the authors,
and the EU, and the Calabria Regional Government cannot
be held responsible for any use which may be made of the
information contained therein.
REFERENCES
[1] 3GPP, TS 36.300, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-
UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-
UTRAN), Rel. 11, September 2012.
[2] S. Frattasi, R. L. Olsen, M. De Sanctis, F. H. P. Fitzek, and R. Prasad,
Heterogeneous services and architectures for next-generation wireless
networks, 2nd International Symposium on Wireless Communication
Systems (ISWCS), pp. 213-217, September 2005.
[3] E. Cianca, M. De Sanctis, and M. Ruggieri, Convergence Towards 4G:
a Novel View of Integration, Wireless Personal Communications, vol.
33, no. 3-4, pp. 327-336, June 2005.
[4] 3GPP, TS 36.440, General aspects and principles for interfaces sup-
porting Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) within E-
UTRAN, Rel. 11, Sept. 2012.
[5] G. Araniti, P. De Meo, A. Iera, D. Ursino, Adaptively controlling
the QoS of multimedia wireless applications through User Proling
techniques, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol.
21, no. 10, pp. 1546-1556, December 2003.
[6] W. Rhee, and J. Ciof, Increase in capacity of multiuser OFDM systems
using dynamic subchannel allocation, IEEE 51st Vehicular Technology
Conference (VTC-Spring), vol. 2, pp. 1085-1089, 2000.
[7] G. Araniti, V. Scordamaglia, A. Molinaro, A. Iera, G. Interdonato, F.
Span` o, Optimizing point-to-multipoint transmissions in High Speed
Packet Access networks, IEEE International Symposium on Broadband
Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting (BMSB), pp. 1-5, June 2011.
[8] G. Araniti, M. Condoluci, and A. Iera, Adaptive multicast scheduling
for HSDPA networks in mobile scenarios, IEEE International Sympo-
sium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting (BMSB), pp.
1-5, June 2012.
[9] G. Araniti, M. Condoluci, A. Molinaro, and S. Pizzi, Radio-Aware Sub-
groups Formation for Multicast Trafc Delivery in WiMAX Networks,
IEEE 23rd International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile
Radio Communications (PIMRC), pp. 477-482, September 2012.
[10] L. Militano, M. Condoluci, G. Araniti, and A. Iera, Bargaining Solu-
tions for Multicast Subgroup Formation in LTE, IEEE 76th Vehicular
Technology Conference (VTC-Fall), pp. 1-5, September 2012.
[11] I. Bisio, A. Delno, G. Luzzati, F. Lavagetto, M. Marchese, C. Fra,
and M. Valla, Opportunistic estimation of television audience through
smartphones, International Symposium on Performance Evaluation of
Computer and Telecommunication Systems (SPECTS), pp. 1-5, July
2012.
[12] I. Bisio, F. Lavagetto, M. Marchese, and A. Sciarrone, Smartphone-
based user activity recognition method for health remote monitoring
applications, 2nd International Conference on Pervasive Embedded
Computing and Communication Systems (PECCS), pp. 200-205, 2012.
[13] H. Schwarz, D. Marpe, and T. Wiegand, Overview of the Scalable
Video Coding Extension of the H.264/AVC Standard, IEEE Transac-
tions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 17, no. 9, pp.
1103-1120, Sept. 2007.
[14] C. Suh, and J. Mo, Resource Allocation for Multicast Services in
Multicarrier Wireless Communications, IEEE Transactions on Wireless
Communications, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 27-31, Jan. 2008.
[15] 3GPP, TS 36.201, LTE physical layer; General description, Rel. 11,
Dec. 2012.
[16] C. Mehlf uhrer, M. Wrulich, J. Ikuno, B. Colom, D. Bosanska, and
M. Rupp, Simulating the long term evolution physical layer, 17th
European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), pp. 1471-1478,
Aug. 2009.
[17] S. Sharangi, R. Krishnamurti, and M. Hefeeda, Energy-Efcient Mul-
ticasting of Scalable Video Streams Over WiMAX Networks, IEEE
Transactions on Multimedia, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 102-115, Feb. 2011.
[18] L. Militano, M. Condoluci, G. Araniti, and A. Iera, Multicast Service
Delivery Solutions in LTE-Advanced Systems, IEEE International
Conference on Communications (ICC), June 2013.