Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Analysis of Self-Healing in Metal Matrix

Composites
Name: Jose Martinez u!!i
Ad"isor: #yo Amano
Co-Ad"isor: $radeep #o%atgi
Mar!% &&
t%
'(&(
Abstract
Self-%ealing inorgani! materials and systems represent relati"ely new area in t%e field of materials resear!%) T%ese
materials represent a new !lass of inorgani! !ompounds t%at attempt to dupli!ate t%e a*ility t%at all !omplex
*iologi!al organisms ex%i*it+ to repair minor damage to t%eir systems and to t%us !ontinue to li"e and fun!tion) T%is
feature+ %owe"er+ is not present in inorgani! materials or systems unless it is some%ow added into t%e material or
part) ,n inorgani! materials and material systems t%e "arious defe!ts formed during use a!!umulate and e"entually
lead to t%e material or system failure+ sometimes in rapid fas%ion+ as is t%e !ase for !ra!- formation and propagation)
,f su!% materials or systems !ould *e designed wit% t%e a*ility to repair minor damage on t%eir own+ and *efore su!%
damage led to !atastrop%i! failure t%en+ per%aps+ some sele!t materials !ould *e made to *e more ro*ust espe!ially
wit% respe!t to mild a!!umulated !y!li!al damage) ,n !ertain spe!ifi! appli!ations t%e self repair feature !ould
represent a great en%an!ement in t%e a*ility of t%e part to fun!tion for longer periods wit%out undergoing end of life
failure) For t%is reason t%e a*ility to in!orporate t%e self-repair fun!tion into inorgani! systems %as re!ently *e!ome
a su*.e!t of growing resear!% interest in t%e fields of metallurgy and materials s!ien!e)
Table of Contents
1 Introduction_______________________________________________________________4
2 Literature Review___________________________________________________________7
3 Design of E!eri"ents______________________________________________________7
4 References________________________________________________________________7
1 Introduction
T%e de"elopment of self-%ealing in an inorgani! material or material system is a no"el idea t%at %as not *een
in"estigated to any great extent until fairly re!ently) ,n t%is new resear!% area t%e most popular types of self-%ealing
materials are t%ose t%at are designed to mimi! %uman s-in+ an organ t%at !an %eal itself pro"ided t%at t%e in!urred
damage is not too great) /%en !ut *lood flows into t%e wound and !lots+ forming a s!a*+ t%us sealing t%e defe!t and
allowing t%e s-in to repair itself 0&1) A similar fun!tion !an *e imagined for inorgani! self-repairing systems in
w%i!%+ w%en t%ese 2self-%ealing3 materials are !ra!-ed or damaged+ a %ealing agent !an *e triggered to flow into t%e
damaged area to 2%eal3 t%e damage+ essentially sealing t%e !ra!-s) T%is would mimi! t%e way *lood flows to t%e
wound and !lots+ sealing t%e wound and allowing a new layer of s-in to grow o"er t%e damaged area) /%ile t%e
inorgani! system would not *e a*le to !reate identi!al new material to repla!e t%e damaged area+ t%e self-repair
fun!tion would ser"e to pro"ide new material in t%e damaged area+ effe!ti"ely filling it wit% a new material similar
to s!a* formation in organi! systems) T%is paper summarizes t%e most rele"ant wor- to date on self-%ealing+
polymer and metal-*ased systems as well as reports on some initial resear!% in metal system self repair area *y t%e
aut%ors)
T%e term 4self-%ealing5 means t%at a material in 6uestion %as t%e a*ility to partially or totally repair damage t%at
o!!urs during its ser"i!e lifetime) #e!ent re"iew arti!les %a"e summarized t%e su!!essful appli!ation of t%is !on!ept
to polymer matri!es) A good example in"ol"es using a resin stored inside %ollow reinfor!ing fi*ers to a!t as t%e self-
%ealing agent) T%e addition of t%ese resin filled fi*ers to a polymer matrix imparts a self-%ealing fun!tion to t%e
matrix) T%e fi*ers t%emsel"es ser"e as reinfor!ement agents and t%eir resin !ontents a!t as %ealing agents+ on!e t%e
fi*ers are fra!tured) 7t%er resear!%ers %a"e attempted to apply t%is !on!ept *y loading a polymer wit% an un!ured
epoxy system t%at is mi!roen!apsulated in mi!ro*alloons 0'1) Any !ra!- t%at ruptures a mi!ro!apsule is t%en %ealed
*y t%e !apillary flow of t%e un!ured epoxy into t%e !ra!-+ pro"ided t%at t%e part is t%en %eated to !ure t%e epoxy) ,n
anot%er study a stru!tural polymeri! material was en"isioned and designed wit% t%e a*ility to autonomi!ally %eal
!ra!-s08+91) ,n t%is self-%ealing !omposite :SHC;+ repair is a!!omplis%ed *y t%e in!orporation of *ot%
mi!roen!apsulated %ealing agents and !atalyti! triggers wit%in t%e epoxy matrix) /%en a !ra!- ruptures an
em*edded mi!ro!apsule+ t%e un!ured epoxy wit%in is released and flows into t%e !ra!- *y !apillary a!tion) Similarly+
w%en some of t%e !atalyti! trigger mi!ro!apsules are *ro-en t%is agent also flows to t%e !ra!-) T%e un!ured epoxy
t%en !omes into !onta!t wit% t%e !atalyti! trigger+ !ures and seals t%e !ra!-)
T%e pla!ement of self-%ealing H<F :Hollow <lass Fi*ers; plies wit%in glass fi*er=epoxy and !ar*on fi*er= epoxy
laminates %as also *een in"estigated 0>+?+@+A1) Su!% H<Fs !an ser"e *ot% to mitigate damage o!!urren!e and to
restore me!%ani!al strengt% w%en t%ey are loaded wit% a %ealing agent) ,n one study t%e H<Fs were loaded wit% a
monomer and t%eir surfa!es were !oated wit% a %ardening agent) /%en *ro-en t%e released monomer !onta!ts t%e
%ardening agent and stops t%e !ra!-) T%ese loaded fi*ers t%us ser"e to repair t%e damage in mu!% t%e same way t%at
t%e mi!ro*alloons in did in t%e earlier self-repair examples) T%e attendant resear!% in"ol"ed !%ara!terizing t%e effe!t
of monomer filled H<F on t%e %ost laminate5s me!%ani!al properties and also t%e effi!ien!y of damaged laminates
after t%ey were %ealed) T%e results o*tained *y flexural testing s%owed t%at a signifi!ant fra!tion of flexural strengt%
!ould *e restored *y t%e self-%ealing effe!t supplied *y t%e monomer loaded %ollow glass fi*ers) ,n related studies
resear!%ers %a"e de"eloped t%is !on!ept furt%er *y in!orporating 4mi!ro-"as!ular networ-s5 into a polymer matrix
0B1) T%eir resear!% in"estigated a self-%ealing system for !omposite sandwi!% stru!tures !onsisting of a %ealing
agent supply networ- lo!ated on t%e midplane of a sandwi!% stru!ture !ore) T%eir !on!lusion was t%at a self-%ealing
"as!ular networ- would offer t%e ad"antages of addressing t%e larger damage "olume expe!ted in sandwi!%
stru!tures and pro"ides multiple self-%ealing sour!es for t%e same damaged surfa!e)
S!ientists %a"e also attempted to !reate self-%ealing !erami!s) T%e main resear!% efforts in t%e area of self-%ealing
!erami!s %a"e fo!used on !on!rete !omposites) 7ne example of su!% a material is a !on!rete !omposite in w%i!%
glass fi*ers !ontaining an air !uring sealant are em*edded in t%e !on!rete matrix 0&(+&&1) T%is !omposite did ex%i*it
self-%ealing *e%a"ior *ut it suffered from a &(-9(C loss of stiffness !ompared wit% standard !on!rete) /%ile t%ere is
potential for use of sealant filled %ollow glass fi*er as self-%ealing agents in !on!rete matri!es+ mu!% more
de"elopment is needed to o*tain a usa*le !omposite) T%e proper sele!tion of t%e en!apsulated sealant and t%e
reinfor!ement filler agents are t%e !urrent primary o*.e!ti"es) ,n anot%er pro.e!t in"ol"ing self-%ealing !erami!s
resear!%ers %a"e studied t%e !ra!--%ealing *e%a"ior and me!%ani!al properties of a mullite !omposite toug%ened *y
t%e in!lusion &> "olC SiC w%is-ers 0&'+&81) T%is type of system is useful for !erami! spring appli!ations) T%e
in"estigators of t%is system !on!luded t%at to impro"e fra!ture toug%ness as well as to endow t%e mullite matrix wit%
optimum !ra!--%ealing a*ility+ t%e mullite=SiC parti!le=SiC w%is-er %y*rid-!omposites would %a"e to *e %ot
pressed)
#esear!%ers %a"e *egun to apply t%e !on!ept of self-%ealing to metals and metal matrix systems+ leading to some
no"el !on!epts in arena self-%ealing materials) #e!ently+ resear!% was performed t%at in"ol"ed dispersing >-'(
mi!ron size parti!les of a martensiti! NiTi :Nitinol; s%ape memory alloy :SMA; in a matrix of lead free B>)>Sn-
8)AAg-()@Cu solder using a reflow :solidifi!ation; pro!ess 0&91) T%ese parti!les were a*le to impro"e t%e life of t%e
solder *y imposing re"erse s%ear on t%e matrix as a result of original s%ear indu!ed p%ase transformation in t%e
s%ape memory alloy parti!le reinfor!ements) T%e a!ti"e *e%a"ior of t%e SMA parti!les is t%oug%t to %a"e
exemplified self-%ealing *e%a"ior)
Anot%er met%od employed to impart self-%ealing *e%a"ior to metals is *y t%e in!orporation of mi!ro-wires of S%ape
Memory Alloy into t%e matrix 0&>+&?1) #esear!%ers %a"e *een applied t%e property of t%e Nitinol+ transformation of
martensite to austenite to add self-%ealing *e%a"ior to a metal matrix) Sn-Di and Mg alloys %a"e *een reinfor!ed
wit% mi!ro-size TiNi SMA wires and t%eir presen!e imparts a self -repair fun!tion to t%e matrix) SMAs %a"e t%e
a*ility to re!o"er t%eir original s%ape after some deformation %as o!!urred if t%ey are %eated) T%ese SMA wires !an
t%us *e used to reinfor!e t%e metal matrix and to also impart a degree of self-%ealing pro"ided t%at t%e !ra!-ed
!omposite is re%eated) ,f t%is !omposite undergoes !ra!- formation+ %eating t%e surfa!e will a!ti"ate t%e s%ape
re!o"ery feature of t%e SMA wires+ and s%ould !lose t%e !ra!-s)
,n time and wit% more resear!%+ self-%ealing metals will *e de"eloped t%at will offer ad"antages o"er ot%er standard
materials+ ma-ing t%em attra!ti"e for many appli!ations w%ere a!!umulated low stress !y!li! damage leads to part
failure) Many su!% uses are present in "arious aerospa!e and transportation appli!ations) As engineering systems
*e!ome more sop%isti!ated and mimi! more of t%e !%ara!teristi!s of *iologi!al systems 0&@+ &A1+ t%ere may *e some
great potential *enefits to *e realized) 7ne important !onsideration t%at resear!%ers %a"e to ta-e into a!!ount in
in!orporating self-%ealing !apa*ility+ %owe"er+ is t%at it s%ould not degrade t%e me!%ani!al or ot%er properties of
interest of t%e !omposite to any appre!ia*le extent) T%is re"iew fo!uses on %ow t%e self-%ealing fun!tion mig%t *e
in!orporated in metal matri!es and %ow "arious pro!essing met%ods !ould *e employed to do so) Moreo"er+ t%e
re"iew reports t%e results of resear!% in metal *ased systems and identifies !riti!al gaps in -nowledge of metal
matri!es and t%eir engineering and industrial appli!ations
2 Literature Review
3 Design of Experiments
4 References
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7#<AN,SMS: $7TENT,A F7# D,7M,M,CI,N<3+ Hol '&? $art E: J $ro!ess Me!%ani!al Engineering)
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HEA,N< MATE#,AS /,TH M,C#7HASCJA# NET/7#IS3+) Nature Materials ad"an!e online
pu*li!ation www)nature)!om=naturematerials)
8) S) #) /%iteK+ N) #) SottosL+ $) H) <eu*elleK+ J) S) MooreM+ M) #) IesslerL+ S) #) SriramM+ E) N) DrownL N S)
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$ro!eeding of t%e first ,nternational Conferen!e on Self-Healing Materials &A-'(-April '((@+ Noordwi.i- aan
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