THE BABYLONIAN EXPEIHTION

SERIES A : CUNEIFORM TEXTS

l : l ) l ' l ' b: l ~ I i Y
H. V. HI LPRECHT
VOLUME XXI X. PART 1
1,)
HUGO RADAU
ECKLEY BRINTON COXE. JUNIOR, FUND"
PHI LADELPHI A
Published by the Department of Archceology, University of Pennsylvanta
1911
T
HE EDITOR determines the material t o constitute a vol ume and
reports t o the Committee of Publication on the general merits ol
the manuscript and autograph plates submitted for : but the
i t is not responsible Iclr the vi ews expresspJ by the writel-.
SUMERIAN HYMNS AND PRAYERS
G O D N I N - I B
I<\ '
HUGO RADAU
Published by the Deportment of Archaeology, University of Pennsylvania
1911
Dl VI Nl N LI BRARY
Gcklep Brinton Coxe, Junior
t?g l i i e IilrcritI iiity+-~*rf o f i tr~l i i ~r~\ Ict!l i ~:tI i i i ~t~eti !l i tti nrte
;ti tA Iiie +rrofniirtcI iiitcreet iii ~ni rtcri ol o!ti ui tI
;trid ;\segrinI~tgic:tl iitttrlire
i i ti t~l c tlic +*ltltlir;tti~,it af t hi * unlnrrtc +t n*ei l ~l c
Oratef ullp inscribed
~ ~
DUKING the winter of 1908-9 Professor Hilprecht assigrietl to me for publica-
tion some 200 and more tal~lcts and fragments from the Temple 1,il)rnry of Nippnr.
After a preliminary examirlation of thcse tnl)lets I informed the ICdit,or that these
tahlets furnished sufficient mat,eri:ll to w:rrrant the issu:~nce of :rt le:xst four volumes,
one with E'ttlil, orie with NIN-IB, one with D ~ I WL I L - ~ ~ anti one wit,Il "rrligious his-
torical" i~~scriptions. Part of t,he remai~iir~g t~~l)lel, s which I c.oultl not classify under
thcsr four 11t:i~tIs I 1i:~vr pul)lislietl in t.hc Ilil~~rccht ..lrril,i'i?crsnr?l Voliarn,~ undrr t,he
title ".lflscellntleoli,s Sliliaerian l'er1.s j 1. 07~ 1h.c. Te~, ~l ~l e I,iOrnr?l o/ Ni pl ~~rr, " :~tlding
to an introduc:tion and :I t,ranslat,io~i of some of t,he tal~lets (pp. 374-4.57) thirty
plates of autograph text<s and fifteen pl:ltes of halftone reprotluctioris.
I t was my original intention t,o pul)lish in this volume about 28 plates in nuto-
graph. But as will happen occasiorlally in connection with difficult ctuneiform
inscriptions, after a detailed examination arid analysis, :L scholar will change his
mind with regard to this or that particular inscription in question. Several of the
tabletas which first seemed t,o me to contain NIN-IB texts proved themselves to hc
iVerqal compositions, historical texts, etc., while others remainetl doubtful :ts to the
god addressed in theni. Anxious t,o offer only indisputable N1.V-IB t,exts, I excluded
all inscriptions in which t,hr nnmr of this deit,y c.oultl not l)r :~sc.rrt,;~ined with :rl)solut,c
cert,ainty.
The excavatiorls of Nippur, of co~use, hnve yicltlrd :I gooti ninny more KIT-IH
texts t,hi~n herr pr~l~lishrtl. But it was the i~lt,crition of t,llr Ia:tlitor :1nd t,he writ,er
to issue at once t,hosr texts which hati l)een ( ~: ~t ~: ~I og~~ed :~1id, moreover, were
excavated tiurirlg the earlier expedit,ions, in order to put I~efore st.holars some of the
material which furnished the key to the content,ion of the existence of the now
rightly famous Temple 1,ihrary. The fztct, therefore, that only 1.5 plates of auto-
graph texts are published in this volume does not by any nieans indicate that t,he
Temple Library of iyippur is exhausted as regards KIN-In texts.
Variety of texts is what seems to be desired above everything else at present.
Shorter volumes following each other in quick succession are dem;~ndeti. As soon
as the variety of the contents of thc lil~rary hits been dcmoristr:ited, t)he Etlitor :tnd
the Publication Committee expect t'o return to t'he oltl mctliod hilherto c~nploycd
by them.
The inscriptions nos. 1-5 have been translated in the following pages, while
[ x i i ]
the epic:il fr:igrr~e~its (nos. (i&$)) \\.crc: rentlerctl in Series I), xrol. \', i:isc:. 2, where it
wits shown t hat the cont.r~its of the Yippur 'Temple ljil)rary xrr, to a great extent,
the same :IS, or similar to, thosct of the .Aslishurl)tin:~pal l i k) ~uy, furnishing in many
cases the same texts, the oi.icjri~c/s, from whi c~l ~ the 1:~ter copies of t l ~c Assyri:m king's
library were m:\tlr, either directly or intiirectly
All t,he texts here pul)lished :we writterl ill cltrssi'ccil Sumel;i:~rl interspersed with
so-called tlialecticnl forms. The script is th:rt of the Old B:J)ylorlian period with
a gooti many forms gener:~lly rcg:rrtletl as c.h:tract,eristic: of the Keo-B:~l)ylo~iian
period, cf. sliin, s f ( ! / ) , 110. 1, I1 : 30; IV : 21, with I : 37; I1 : 7, 3%; (liryir, 110. 2 : 3,
with ibitl., 11. 14, 32, 33, 3,5, clc. Only olrce : L gloss o c ~ ~ ~ r s : no. I , 111 : 18, where
the dialectic.:il I HI I (.(.) is glossctl by qiR. Tlic: inscriptions ljclong 1.0 t l ~ r carlier Temple
I i br ar y of Si ppur, which nnt,eti:~t,es tll:rt of .L\shshnrlj2n:~pd l)y :tl,oui, 2000 years.
No. 1 nientions'I<irigs cf Gi r ~~i l - f f Si ' ~~, " ~ ~ ! I I ' - ' ' A ~ ~ I L :LIICI DUIL-TI; of t,he 11. dy~i : ~st , y of ~ r .
r 7
lhrough some r~nforesee~i unfort,unute circurnstallc~es, I)eyo11(i my power of
control, t,he issuance of this .i.olum? was tlelnycd for more than half a ye:^. I have
devoted t,he ir~volunt,ary leisure tt111s ol)t,ainod to a thorough irlvest,igat,ion of the
calentlar and :rstror~orny of the txr~cient Sumerians; for il, is :il)sol~~tely necessary to
have a clear ant1 adecluate co~~c:cpt,iorr of them, if we desire 1.0 underst,arid their
religion c:orrecntly. It is my intent.ion to publish the results of my reseal.ches in a
special voll~me of Series D, entitled "The St ~meri an Cnlci~clar," which I hope will
appear about contempori~neonsly wit11 the Durn, ~, ~-z~: and h'r~121 volumes already in
the course of pl~l)licnl,ion.
To nly friend and g~~i t l e, t'rofcssor 11. V. Hilprcc:liC, \vl~osc freely given enctour-
agement, :~ssist:lncc :mtl profo1111d 1rnowletlg~;c of i l ~ c cmntrt~lt,s of the '1'emple 1,il)rary
har e furnishetl the illspir:~l.ion for illis volume; to Mrs. S:rllic ('rozer IIilprecht,
my most grarious i)elletnrtrrss, who lloi only t l r ui ~l r : the i:~st fivr yezrrs 11:~s made
my s oj o~ur ~ in Philadelphia possil)l(,, l)ut who :rlso in many other w:lys has shown
her generosity, kindness and irlterest in my work, I :hm :IS ever deeply grateful.
Also t o t hat ul~known arid unnanled frier~ti of mine, who through YIr. Samuel I".
Houston, the late chairman of the Babylonian arid General Semitic Section, so
effectively helped me duririg the course of the last surnmer, I (.annot hut express
my deepest :tnd most heartfelt gfittitude. I an1 especially p1e:tsed t o be permitted to
dedicate this volume t o Mr. Eckley Brinfon ('oxe, Junior, who hy his rem~t rkal ~l e
interest in all thin.;s archa:ological has greatly prorrlotcd scientific research ill
Americ;t ant1 by his lil~cral support of the Ral)ylor~i:~n Pul)lic-ations has erected unto
himself a lasting monument :it ihe sarne time making all scholars his grateful debtors.
CONT E NT S .
~ . .
PAGES
I . THE DI,:T~ICI.OP~IENT OP' THE ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ 1 0 ~ THE SU~~ERI ASS FROM T1IE OLDEST
TIMES TILT. TIIE IN' I' RODUCTI~N OF GOD NIN-IR INTO THE
SUXZKIAN ~ AYI ' HEOX . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-38
1 . 'rlie Sumerian gods and t. heir l~urrlnri aspect. . . . 1
2 . The Sumerian gods nild t. hcir diviixc aspect . . . . . . . 4
3 . The Sumerian theology nritl t. heogonv a micro- rid n~ac:roc:osmology
arid cosniogolly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
. . . . . 4 . The epochs in the history of the Ra1)ylonian religion 11
a . The prehistoric or An epoch . . . . . . . . . . 13
b . Tlie Sumeriari or Enlil epoch . . . . . . . . . . 13
c . The Amurritish (Canaanitish)-Babylorliar1 or ilJc~rduti epoch . 13
tl . The .4 ssyrian or Ashshu r. epoch . . . . . . . . . . 13
5 . The prehistoric or .47~ epoch in the history of the Babylonian
religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
A . The sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
H . A ~ L the first "$lother-Father" . . . . . . . . . I ,i
C . An differentintetl . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1) . Ei~lil, the "Son" . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
. . . . . . . . . . . n . His genealogies I8
. . . . h . His ~i at ure: got1 of the powers of nnt.urc1
19
( uj A tlest.rt~c!l.ive agent . . . . . . . . 21
( A gracious life-giving arid life-sustaining god
. . . . . . . . of verdure 25
c . His seven nlailifest. ntions . . . . . . . . . 27
( a) As storm . . . . . . . . . . . 28
(3) Asmessenger . . . . . . . 29
(y) As planet . . . . . . . . . . 32
I I . A.IN.IB, ~ 1 1 1 . . "SON" 01' THIS; NII' PI~II TI~IXITY UUIZISG THI. . ESI.II. PEILIOU
. . . . . xr THE TIME 01. THE 11 ~ Y K A S Y Y o r 3 ~ J I C 39-84
1 . NI N- I U, orie of the most ancient gods nE the Surncriiln palithcori
3 J
2 . NIN-IB, the life-giver and physician . . . . 43
[ ix 1
3 . NIN. IB, the savior of Babylonia from foes both historical and
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mythical 63
4 . NIN. IB, the furious :lnd tlestructive wi~l.rior :~nti gorl of the
. . . . . . . . . . . .
powers of nature 74
5 . NIN. IB. the intercessor and metii:\tor . . . . . . . . . 79
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . I11 . ~)ESCRIFTION OF TABLETS 85-88
. . . . . . . A . Autograph Reproductions . . . 85
. . . . . . . . R . Photographic(Ha1ftone)lleprotluctions 88
C . Numbers of t. he ('at. alogur of the B:lbylonian AIuseum . . . . 88
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IV . C.E .;NEIFORM TEXTS Plates 1-15
. . . V . PHOTOGI ~~PHI C KEPROUUCTIOSS . . Plates I-VI
THE DEVE1,OPMEN'l' OF THE IIELIGION OF 'I'HE SUME-
RlANS FROM THE OI,UEST TIMES TII,T, THE
IN'I'RODUCTION OF GO11 Nl N- l B INTO
TIIE SIT M El i 1 AN l'AN'l'HI3ON.
1. THE SCJMERIAK (>ODs AKD THEI R IILJhIAN .4SPECT.
NI N- 18, the "son (c/,~~rcnwc) " or "princ:ipal son (d.urn7c-sac/) " ant1 "mi gl ~t y w:trrior
( I L T - S ~ ~ kala(q)-qa)" of the (thief god of Kippur, "l <, i ~/ f l , t,hough onc of t,he very best
known gods, is yet the most myst , eri o~~s one in thc Sumerian t,heolo:;y and religion.
This "mysteriousness" extends to liis oricli'l~ arrd uppearance in the system of tho
Sumeriari theoloxy ns well as to his very latrtlr~e and rrtirabufcs. As in every cnsc
:so in this one, "rr~ysteriousncss" s~rrrounds :L god wit21 a cert ai l ~ ' i ~ ~ ~ ~ d c f i ~ ~ a k ) l e some-
t hi ns ( me - l h , su-linz, i13' 3~)" which fills t,he worshiper not only wit,h "fear
( t ~ i ) , " I)ut also with "l orc (&I)" and "reverence (i)," yen, u.it,h an "irresistiblr
longing (he, ga)" to pierce t,he vail and to "1)ehold the goti from f:ve t,o face (iyi-
bar)." And after he has pierced t)he vwil and i~eheld the fnce of the ~ o t l , t,he Sumerian
worshiper is simply (:harmed l)y the n:tturalness of the object of Iris :~dor:~tion-n
llaturnlness so unsophistic~:~teti, so chiltllike we may almost say, :ls to c-ommand, on
this : ~c c o ~u ~t , rvcn : ~ t t,he present t,itnr our highest :~dmir:~tion : L I I ~ , ni:Ly he, fill us
with this god's ":~w(:-inspirinl?; fear ( I t i I I I - I - I , ' " rc~rrrence (i-,;) "
: I I I ~ ( ' ~dor : ~t i on (hu-,?ii-q(11, -i~x(c-a/, -1r1(1r)."
The more l i u n ~ a ~ ~ the god: the more divine his riat.ure, :md, iti.ulnt~:s ~rrutu'r~dis,
t,he more human the system of t,heology: the more divine its origin. Tl ~ e ancient,
Sumerians felt thal, in order to underst:tnd their woes and afflictions, their sufferings
a r ~d needs, their ambitions and aspirations, their god had to 1)e rl~dowetl with all
the qualities and frailties of humnr~ r~nt)ure. Orily hurnan 11:lturc is capable of
, %
underst~anding hllman nti1ur.e. l o ur~tlerstnntl ;mtl ha\,(! syrr1p:~thy with mill1
Go:/ rnccst hc rrLccrL. 13or thc Sumori;~ns, therefore, (jot1 is "ni:tn (!lctl~c')."
Man tloes not speak or think of Got1 cxc8epl, i n torrns of' hurrl:rn l:~t~gunqtr at111
r 7
triodes of h u u ~ a l ~ (.t~ollght,. Ilrc tr~ol.c prirr~itivc ni:ul is, ilrcs si rnl ~l r~. a~rtl c.r~ltler will
1,:: his c~or~ceptiot~ of (jutl, antl, o;cc co.scc, i hc nlorc rc~fi~rotl III:LII'S l l ~o~~; h( s , t , l ~e
[nore ad\~itncetl his i~itelli:;enc:c, the 11ol)lcr alitl 111orc ~ l ) i r i f ~ ~ ~ i ~ l i ~ ~ ~ l will l ~ e liis it lo:^^
1 ~ ' r ~ ~ ~ l ~ o ~ ~ - , S / ~ ~ r ~ ~ , 11, I l l , ~~ot c, - l ; 1 1 , LO; / I . . I . I - , , 11, 11s :I.!,
about (:od. Hut whatever the ultimate picture of God which marl m:Ly or may not
portray in his mind, the procaess of re:tsonirig is always the same: it, is :a process from
"the lcnown" t,o "t he u~ilcnown." The known cluan1,ity is "man." Hence all
nt t ri l ~ut es inherent i r ~ man-~l~e t,hcy good or i)acl-man mill, rnore or less, ascril~e
t>o his god. The Snmerian god appears, therefore, not orily as "gracious, loving,
pardoning (.?ci(q) )," Ilut also as "al ~gry, furious (hui, k211.)," yea, ever1 as "inimical
and hostile (I,iil)." He can "walk (gin), " "ride (.a)," "lie clown ( ? ~u ( d ) ) " and
"
sleep I - u - L (or di b) )," can "speak (yii-tle)," "eat (Icic)," "drink (nag), "
can " rejoice (hul)," "weep (er-mal) " and "make merry (ezmz-gar)."
Not only, however, did the Sumeriilns ascribe to their gods all possible human
attributes and functions, but they went further: they transferrrd to the gods even their
own social institcrtions and fu7zctio.n~. Thus i t happened t,hnt the Sumeri:tn "rlivine
societ;~" cnmc to l ~e , in course of t,inie, :LII cxclct reflex of tlir "lnrmn?r sociely," I)eing
thought of as c*onsist.ing of ' ' rna~t (qtrk~r) " :urtl " wom:ln (sctl, ~i.iri)," of "m:tle ((qi.q, u.5)"
anti "[emalr (snl ), " of "parrnt s" or "F:itlier ant1 mother (trrrrn-a-n)" and "c<hildren
(tlurnu)," of "liuxl)and (il(ot/-1(. 5, ?, I ) " and " wifc (tlnr7i-.~([L, riiir)," OC "sons (cho711i-116) "
:LIICI i i d : ~ ~ ~ g h t e r ~ ((l'uti~~r-strb)," oC l)rothers (6e.:) " and "sist,ers (*"' e!ji, tli?a)," of " k i ~ ~ s s
(lliqnl)," "lords (en)," "princes (egi)," " c:ouriselors (cltl-!jI-<ji)," "scrvar~t s ( r ~i t a) " and
of all kinds of professions: "lra-te-sis," "priests (ianqcl), " " diviners (mti,?) ," " smiths
( s i n~t ~g) , " "gardeners (nri-qiR-sar)," "fishermen (fiu-ha.)," "farmers (et ~gar), " "bakers
( mu) , " " mcssen~ers (kin-qi-a)," "musicians (I,UI,)," "rein or i~ridle holders
(TsGPA-tlih), " "1):lrljcrs (hto-.?zr-{ltil)" :mtl "fem:~lr hairtlrcssers (kinclu, " " ' k7~- i ) , "
et,c., etc.'
In liurnan societ,y man or. wornm m:nvictl or was given in r r ~nr r i : ~~e, hencc the
Sunieri:ll~ ,god or goddess coultl antl tlitl marry (1~11-us?-tlii(y)-.?(I /~ug-kiuy), could arid
did "Ileget or ijear (tu-utl-(In) " children. I t seems t hat d u r i ~ ~ q thc earliest period
of their soci:tl life :~rrd institutions t,he Sumeriians reclconed the tlesve~lt t,hrough the
mother,' hrnce this practice was t r ansf ~r r r d to the gods lik(~wise.' When descent
I I'or cr.rt;tiu ~, ~. , , i' ~ssionr, ric.; i i r vi,iici,wtii,~r ,vitl~ 118,: gods si r llicl~;ila, ~:ii!!er. /ixfi:, i, 1'1'. ! I &H.
? Sot i ce tlw posi l i i , ~~ ,,1 ntt,ri, ' ' ~t t ~t l >, ~r . , ' ' i n (r~!in-(s-(t, lit. ' ' ~ ~ ~ ~ l / i ~ ~ ~ - i ' i ~ t / ~ ~ ~ ~ ' ' = .'p;it.i.tit," \ ~/ >i c11 littc,r 011 IX,C:IIIIC
o,t,<t (I\'. R, 2, 27, t ~ o . 4 :Xi, .57, sc? I?<, l<n~, p. 0, not<% 4 ; I V . R3, 57,t : :3~L, d. lwloxv 11, 7, ~ ~ o t c 3) = n-I>i(lm) u u -
( 0 , t t l . " Scr also Ri l , / A n Ci i ~i r t , p. 17, note 10, and el. bclou, p. 5. noti, I .
"('i. tlrr "se\-ell cliildrpn ol dRi!-,i," Crer~iior~-Stor!,, p. 23, note 6; d. \ - i r ~- ~~i i ~. ki , ~ I I C ilangl>tc,r ol ". \ l r ~i i , I.,:., p. 27,
rrote I); d . ~ l . V - ~ ~ , the SOIL (lliili) oi' ' i l ~ q i ( = l ~ l ~ ) - ! ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ ( ~ ~ ~ ~ ) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ! ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ i ~ ~ ~ - ~ i = ~ . \ - i r ~ - l i / , C, T. , XXIV,
5 : X) , I. R., 29 : IS. f in titis voln~cclion nlsu tllr 1,~-hi.! niL-,ntn.-n(i bii-I<iii. ~<r l i ( - I i l : ) - l i i ni ( ! ) - i dr , I<. !lXSO
(Bea<,ld, Q~l al ogt (a, p. 10-17). This t n t is nci t l ~rl . ;L l >y ~l l t ~ to tlw Mmn-god (UDZOI<I), IIOI. 011<, to Scrgal (Iihllcr~rrlcliet~,
.\-~rqnl, p. 50 : :l)-llioi~glt tllr l at t er is per sc possiblc ([I. .I. I . , p. 128)-1,~1 xt t l l cl . on<, to d.Vl \-l /j . .Y<,ti~.c: als,, tlcc
x~t t u~c UF-T,<,!<-,,L ( = 1!r-'I'~,-t~,vl.) I J, j,',, 111, 1xgvt I, 88 :.is I l l : ti (c<xr<;ct 31yl>r~n:~, >, 1, . s!l,t. ('r-II,-ul, :LIKI d. 1). s!lb),
1'1,1. I<L' - egihi:? 131.. 10501. Yrum this it ~ V U L ! ~ ~ l u l l ~ ~ ~ v 1,It:~t t l ~ : ~ 1 ~ s ~ <:-!gi 1" 8S.lI, ~ ' - I<(. rd'cr- only t u Kl ' . I [ , 11,
I.,, 11. :<!I1 : Ili cl posai1,i. ongllt llc I ~ ~ L ~ I c I ~ s I ~ I I I ~ ~ :f(.(.~rdil~gl!.. Cr, al3u 11, 17> ~ 1 ~ 1 1 , ~ :i,
came to be reckoned through the father, we find that also this method or custom
was in vogue in the "divine society."' In like manner it can be shown that the
early Sumerisns must have practiced polyg:tmy2 and polyundry,"&t lilavc per-
mitted the l~rothrr to marry his own sist,er,' t,he son to wctl his Own mother' and thc
father his own dnughter."This :lpparently explztins why a ccrlain gotldess may
appear sometimes as the "mother," sometinies as the "wife" 2~nd at other times as the
"sister" of this or that god or why, vice versa, a god may be either the "father" or
"husband" or "brother" of one itnd the same goddess."
There is, then, absolutely no doubt that t,he ancient Sumerians did ascribe
to their gods int,ensely human attributes, functions and institutions and by so doing
portrayed faithfully-either consciously or unconsciously-in t,heir theology and
religion the earliest c:i\.ilizstion and cul t ~~vc of their race. By stutlyin!l their theology
and relirio?~ tcc i pso facto cc.cquire a k~aocrletl!le of tllc history nrd culkire o/ tllc S~cmeri nns.
Th e Stcmcriaiz gods t~cconlc ~ I L t hi s ci>isc thc " rcccnlo~s" of all lzisto~~!j n ~ l r l Lr~slitcctiot~s~--
tlivir~e n , ~ l hzirr~rc?~.
Surnmirlg up, we m;ty safely :~ssert. th:lL ltlc process in tho tlcvoluprr~cnt of (.he
Sun~erian religion was the following:
I. Man-human society.
2. God-divine society. The latter is s reflex of t,he former.. Man, human
society are the prototypes; god, divine society their picture: the Sumerians created
god in their own image.
3. The gods are the "revealers." They reveal zr:hat mnn has previotcsly ascribed
or transferred to them. The history of god is the history of man; without man god
is non-existent'.
4. The difference \)etween t,he Surncrian :mti t'hc Old Tt:starric:nt reli:io~~ is t,his:
l ( ' 1, r l . Yi >, , - ~l nr ki , l l r d : t , ~ ~ I , l t , r <I [ f l l ~ t ~ - l i l , 11. . I . I . . , 1,. I I!, Z; ~l . Yl . Y- l l <. l l ~ w m d "I<>t,-Iil, :,ncI s w 1,. .2,
,rotv 3.
( Y. (or t l ~ c prcsvnt Tl t c .l I,,~ti .si , XI1 I (.Jtcly, l!JlJ:ij, 0. (i!J!J: / j ; l , ilrc (: l , ri hl , 1,. I, ooI <, Z, ,I ( ~><, l i c<, bi2.01 t ~ n c l t l w
/ ~ , ~ / I u t ! ] ; 11. . I. I , , , 17, 105, vote 1 3 ; (?, T., XXIY. 5 : 13 = T? : 112, " , ~~, - zi - ct , ~- , ~, , , 1 </ <t u~ 6 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ d ' r ( = k ~ ~ l l ~ ~ / ! ) ~ 1 1 ~ ~ ~ - l ~ l - / ~
(V. I j E- l dJ- gt : ~ ~ , ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ e - ~ l ~ , ( ~ , t ! - / ~ ~ l = b i r n l ! ) "Et,-zt,-t,<<(,~:t?clj-~,,~. (' 1. :~Iso ' l l <,' ,l i i -i -l i 1 ~ I ~ t 0 8 ( - ~ i ~ u l ! ~ . I r,-u<,-gc; ". Y~)L.
~ l t - L ~ . l ~ - / ~ ~ 1 d<,r)i 6,!i,,,1cd1"( .= l ~ ~ ~ / l c ~ / ! J .l!,-!tt(-g<,, (:, 'I,., XXl \ - > I :?:Ij !I = 20 : 15, !ti,
('r. Cr oot i o~b- S/ , ~~! y, r*. 27; noLc I ; ,I, :i!J, , ~ ~ ~ l c 2 ; 1 1 . ! ; I , c~ot,, 2 ; l j ; l , l l te Cl 8ri , 4, 1,. 20 r i ) ~o~. v i ! u.
TIw wirr d " . \ ~I . Y- I / ~ is ~l . Yi r ~- ~; r ~- l ; l k i , i . ~ . , 'l.\~itb-/;l, t l w n~ihtrvhh 01 Sippur :IXI,I \yicc ,,1 P;nlil, (', T., XXI V.
7 : 12 = 23 : I l:3ct; XX\ - , 15,~ : . I ; 11. E, , Scrivs I J , \., 1 : ~ . 2, p. tiii : I , ( ' f , :XIS,, I , ~, l ~nv, no. 2 : 3.5, ?vl,cr? ~ i . \ ~ ~ . \ Lf ~ <
is said to ncarry d.Vi,~-,,inb ( = " j r - l i l - i - l i , C. T., XXl \ ' , 12 : 2 = 25 : 75nJ , t l w wire the " ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l - ~ l ; ~ r ~ ~ i r - r i - ~ - ~ ~ e =
dEn-lil, Creol i on-Si ri r! l , 17. 10, uoti; L O ; I<. F., XVII, p;iil 1 , p. LO, i ~ o t ~ . 'l.\.irt-(;i~x,,, tlw son 01 It~tlil, ~tmrries ' l l <r ~-
zi = <\'in-lil, Ll v e~t i i o, ~- Si ~~r ~y , p. 12.
6 CI. tire irien,nres given above, nutc 2 ; Ui l , l l te Chr i s/ , p. 2, i l r l t e 3.
TCi .Ri l , ilic Cb~. i st , pp. I - I d l,ns.si?,,r
according to the Old Testarrient, ''ma11 is ihe irriage of (iotl," Gcn. 1 : 7 ; according
t,o t,he Sumerian conception, "god is the image of mtln."
5. The Pan-Babylonianists, though otherwise quite right iri t,lieir contention
t hat the gods or the heavens are the reuealers of everyt,liili.;, forget,, however, t hat
the "revelatioll" whirh t,he gods ~ol l chsafe to m:ui is 1){1t a rctnrr~irirr of compliments.
2. THE SUME11IAN GODS ANL) THEIII DIVINE: ASPECT.
I n order t o preserve his influence over t,he human heart itrld riwe, a god must 11e
sotrietliing more than a mere creature of the human niirid: he must possess certain
peculiarities, attributes, furictions which are not to be found in man or h11m:tn
society-peculiarities and functions which remove him outside of the sphere of
human knowledge and experience and put him into a class all 11y himself.
The Sumeriari god, t,hough thought of as llein.; intensely human, is r~otwit~h-
standing most divine-and this mi~irily or1 nctconrlt of the, o l ~l ~c c ~~e t i , l c o t ~t r a t l i c l i o l ~
which t,he Sumerian mind discoverrd or ascril~cd, or i , l ~or~ght t,o tiiscover or :rscribe,
r .
to the essence of his god's n:tt,urc. 1 here ni11s0 I)(: "sor~l ct ~l l i n~" in (he nnlurc of a
goti which the humitn niirld ci1,n iiol., or thinks lhnt i l cur not., fathol~i, c:omprchclitl,
solve. This "something" is "divinen-because "unlhirik;~l)lc," "ilicorr~prehen-
sible," "unf:tthomable," "contradictory."
Among these contradictory corlceptioris which the early Sumeriitns had of their
gods, two stand out as the most momentous ones: t he anr l r ogynous nct t ure of t he god
and h i s sel f-exi stence.
Though the earliest Sumerians endowed their gods with the power of gener a t' lon
and perpetuation, i . e. , considered them to he either "father" arid "mother," or
"husband" and "wife," or " ni:~le" and "female," they yet, n~:~inl,ilincd t hat they
were ncit,her: t hat t,hey were yc:nrlerless. The god An, for iristarice, the first, foremost
and olclesb god of t,hc Sumeriar~s, is neither mille nor fernwle, l ) r ~ t , i)ot,h: he is andro-
gynous, i .e., he kns t he 11orc.c~ i ci t hi rt , ht' msel f t o be!/et out of l l i s orric i rt rl ~crc. cr so,^ and
offspring 1 1 1 He is, so to speak, 11oth 1.hc fountail1 of light :uid i t s rays,
t,he thinker and the thought,, 1,lie su11jec.t ant1 the ol ~j cc~t ~, (.he carcutol. :ind the created,
the orizinal ( ~ r m t ~ i r ~ ' ~ ~ ~ ) a~i t l its picture ( b i o ~ kAl a) , lhc! source of life iui(l the life itself.
This itndrogyrlous n:tture, this o b i l i l y to baqct out of l ~i t t ~sc<l / l ~ i s o r r i ~ ego, t,his sel f-
' I:,,]. ,,,,,,,,,,,, r 1,s :, ,,: ,,,,, . ,,( 7'i-,,,,,,,/ s,.(. l i i l , //,<' ('Iii.i'!, 1). !I, ,,<,ti- li, ili,,-iiili-l,,,, 71i-<,ii,,,/ ,,, ,,-,, /-/i-,/,,-<,I !/i.i,,,.
I.i.,Tii-r,,i.
Ti -nrj i o! i s also = .Y.IM: t l w ".V.lN is 111,. Y;~I,,C ;cs "I:,,-/il ; i t l i l i s c;tll:.il l l i v , / i i i i i , i - r i t ~ . l i t - , i r i . cl ~; r l . l i / i*
:,Isc, <,,," "t tl,<. 21 ,,a,,,es tl,? <, , , , <, - ( 8- , , .li,-,t<! [ I ~C: / . ! / Z C r I , r i h/ , 1). I 7 : VI I I ; 1,. I!] : S), II<,,,c,, .I,,-!,<,, tI,c <>riKi,,;,I, l,<,g,,ts
I ~ ~ ~ I ~ S ~ I ~ , h i s mr-n l~icttar+,: ' l l <~~- l i / , $<,<, 1.r.. 1,. :I, ~ ~ , , t r l j ; 1,. 27, ~ ~ o t t , 2, r . \YI\VII lln rAIv ,,I . I , ( \v:gh t ~ ~ ! t s l > ~ ~ < l 11, Kc,,
t l , p ~ ~ b;,~ l ~ : ~ t ~ t r : ~ l l y l ~r c: i t nc t l w j r , t , ?dr ~! >t ( , I . c. , 1, . !I, 11<1t,, 7 ; l ~ t w l ~ r n ' ' ~I ~I ~os' ' \ nt q ~ ~ ~ n s i ~ l ~ ~ r ~ ~ ~ l ( 0 I ) , , (It,, cpt : t ~>t i t ? u u t l v l t i d ~
cvFrstl ~i rl g tnol c i t s "ri gi t ?, t l ~ t Ti-,,,!w! = w g ~ r \v;w i <l <ul ,i [i ,ml wi l l t ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ t ~ ~ ~ ! t ~ , I , <, , 1). 27, nolc, 2, c.
existw~ce is inhererlt in each and every god of the Sunierians. All Sumeriari gods
are androgynous: father and mother or husband and wife in one person, they appear,
therefore, soori as male, soon as female, soon as parent and soon as son; or as both:
male and female' or parent a?xI son2 (daughter").
This "contr:~diction" in the ii:lt~ire or t.hc S11rricri:rri gotls is cspcc,i:illy well ex-
pressc~l i n (~orincction wi t h the so-c:rllotl " Sevcli (i1nlr~-IL~),!' of whom i t is said that
they are "neither female nor male,"' that they "neither take s wife nor beget a
child,""nd yet some of these "Seven" are "maleJ' and others "femalr,""hile
all are the children of, i . e. , of the same nature as, An, Enlil and Eregliigal.'
On account of this androgynous nature, the qod An is termed nma-a-a or "mother-
father,"s i . e. , "parent": he was the first parent by whom all t,he other gods were
begotten; he was the "fitther," "kirig," and "god of the gods." This "mother-
fatheru-ship was transferred to all gods, more especially 1'0 those who played,
in the later periods of the Bal~yloniiin rctligion, t,he rOle of AI L.
12ccording to t,he scver:rl lisls ext,aut, ihcrr wcrc "I!' ;otls wl ~ o sh;lrc:tl wii'h AI L
the desi.yn;~lion ccjlzci-n-cc. A~rlong these \vc li~itl, e.!~., Ltlc "fi-/ill/., i.?., (,tie god of
l l , r , IVY,, . l , , ~ . ( , , a ( <>r il, , :,,,<I .I,L . l4, l#, #!t i l I , , l >l , >,I,, 1 ,,:,,,,,,s Iik ,~.VI.\-ll:. , I J / . ~ > S , ,ll,t,,<~,&,~<~, 'i.scgL!,
"~i~-sir, 'lL~,,-/om, 'ilh-,>o,, "f,~/t~, "f ~l - ! ~' ""~~f ~l ~- f ; ~~, "(,'~~l,~-ri,(l;,/), "l.,~-l~t-r,,l~, '1.\rit,,-'I'i!8-/crk', :tt~l sv,, (?~C,O~,I~L-LS~<I~!,,
p. 39 : 3; liil, ilie Chrial, pp. 2lI-3D; 7' he :I1o,~iaf, SYI (Oct. , l $l ~Jl i ) , 1,. I V X ; L.c., X1.11 (,J:UI., 191Ji), p. 141; 11. I?.,
I , t 1 . I t 3 ; I , t I ; I . I . I . I , I . 1 ; I , t I ; Iilli. uotf 15; 115, nut c 2 ; 421;
130, q. Sotiuc nlsi, tlxtt the kltli,:ri:u~ I : LTI ~ U: I ~ C is g~~~t t l vrl csn: .\-it( = hi/,<, liillri; , l i i , i i i i = ,iiiiiill ,,iiirlii; ad obi^,
t t n z ~ m (cf. C. T., SS\r, I 0 : l i b, d,?~~-lil .\I) t, 'l.\'ir,-liL .Ill), c k , , t ~t ?.
"I,, tl/<t~-k~~r-h~). = linlil (intlterj m ~ d \:I.\'-IB ( au~t ) ; " ~ i - a i v , t l ~c fatlicr., is iili.ntilicri willt ''sir (or Sahan),
the sin,, R. E., X\'II, part 1, p. 20; Sei.ynl = dCi,-ii?iii-!l~il (fatller) :<nd d2\lcs-lns~-la-i-n (sort), / I . .I: I-., p. 427, notes
1, 2; %ugol-hunt1<u = Enlil, mid tlie da,ri?r-sag (lk;~~,-Iil-l<i-g~, 11.A. I.., pp. 416, ili. d ~ ~ 9 = lntlwr nnci sun, 11. 11. IT.,
p. 411;; r f , also tire vnrious g-rnvalogies r,l Islitnrnt~d .\-i<alht in Dil, tlic Cltrisf, pp. 1-3.
d ~ ~ L - / c , ~ r - ~ ~ ~ is ci t l ~cr = d.Yil~-lil (C', T., XXIT-, 5 : $1 = 2 : 1WJ) or = <I:tttgl~tcr of E:L (d,<!!t?c !,~L?L ,t/,zu = n!ct-
mt rub? k t ($l,.si, 13. . I . , Y, lil9 : lx), i.c., tlw god TVIK> pl:~?s tl~,! riilc Ia:nlil, t l ~ v "I':~tI~,~r,'' t l w I I , I S I I R ~ ~ ol' Sinlil,
or = " ~~- ~~i $" " ( i i , Sio-(:ilait = XIS-113, tile riin ui J';lllil, rl'. t l w propvr ~~: t t nc ~l a~, t - k t t r - r ~, - l ~~~- ! l i g~' z , TIE 1\1onisl,
SVI I (,J:m., l~lllij I>. IF). SCW Iwrc :tlso l l ~ c clis<:trssiut~ of t l w t r i ui t ~- ol 1 1 6 ~ :IIKI Si1qntr, I!. 13.. X\' II, p:\rt I , pp.
19-T2; ;<!I, t>utc I , :L!KI , , f . t l ~ , l>ist,,,ry O K ' ' S~JU i l l 11. .I, I - . , 1,. 115, n , ~ t < ~ 2. I t t i ~ t ~ , ! :>mi Y ~ ; L C C \ ~<, ! t I <l ( x, r o~i t , it r<,til,i
11,: slloa.ci t l ~ a t till: " I';ltl,,~~.," ''~lr,tl~,,~.," "SI>IL( = I ) : i ~ i l r l ! t ~ ~ l . ) " ill c,;icI> : ~ l l , I ,,ict.y "t t . i t l i t Y" 01 tlr i \ ~~c i v n t Sl$>~trl.i:+~is
arc one :u~l t l ~ v s,out ~ ~ ~ ~ v s ~ ~ o . Vor t l t c p r v s , ~ ~ L ils,, : ~ l ~ ~ , v , ~ - g i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~h: !~t ~pIcs ~ v i l l l>:tv<, I , , s ~ ~ l l i r ~ ~ .
' (: . 'l', SVl, 1.5 : :ii, :IS, ii-rnl-,iii-orlb it-!,i((=iit)-,tii-u,i:i - iil ai(ri/,)/k,r-rri Si i - , l i i $0 zi r ~- i i i . ~- r i - I i ( l i i ~~, ) O( - ~LLI .
Sotive t l ~c oi si.1 i t , tlir S~trllvl.i:(~i litw :itld ri. 1). 2, ~ I O ~ D 2.
YC. T., XY1, 15 : i f , r l r r , , r - i t ~ i - l ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ - r , r i S ,lii),i,i-,iii-lii-iiiI-ilo-,iri:i.
Cf. , e,g., I ~ : I I I WS lil\c lilt; ; ~ n c l lilt/, ctrd<ti lilt; l<d,,trl$!, t l ~ ! ~l,~t~!qlti~~r , , I ' .l,t (7'13~ !ll,~~~i,*l, ,I:NI,, l$I07, 1,. l.I5), wl t o is
t l ~ smnc as ".\i~t~,i or Iilur, t l ~ !ri/c A!t, I ?r ~l i l , &Siu, ,<,t,~ur:, . I , L$, ~T, <ct<,., : t ~ u I t~,ilxr < > C l?ttlil, Siu, vtc.
' I'or rcl ' cl . c~~crs a.o ~. ' <I SS<: ~, Jl r ~gi r , 1'1'. 27fl'.
* Tlla Senlitic ~. cn~l r t x it 1,)- rr-hi i ori -mi , " l ' ; i t l ~~~r - ~~~c ~I I ~~~~~, " -I.? i~Il(,vi., 11. 2 , 111111, 2.
I. ( , . , Ijvaidcs .In. l c , ~ otlwr "~.oul,lrs." r 2 % i s C I i s s I , I i l 1 . I . I.ist I is now
pul~lisl>cil also in C. 'I'., XXlY, '20 : I 1 t ; list I1 i l r I.<:., 1 : 1-Z2; list 111, i n I.c., 20 : 1-11; t o tl>rs<! may irow lic nddcd
as list I\' (iihritlg<xl!), C. T., Sl\r, 7 : .l-~9, s-ltcn: ;dso holtlc intcrrstiug ~ ~ r i : i n l ~ ltl;~y lbe 10~trid.
e-kur, dEn-lil, and his wife "Wd-m as the 14th and 15th (or VIII. rouple) of the
21 en ama-a-a An-nu-ge,' hence Enlil and his wife are both, singly and separately,
an am-a-a,' It is, therefore, quite possible t hat with Zinimern, Z. A. , 1009, p. 364,
we have to emend the passiqe in C. T., XXIV, 4 : 28, to 32-tins [ell nnzn-n-n "E,~-l1'1-
lu-ye(-ne) ] anti see in thesr 32 gods (or 16 c:onplcs) ~ ~ o t :l " lro~./cthroareiI~e:' El1lils,"
however, as Zimmern wishes, but ~ I L e~ru,rneratior~ of all tl~osr gotls ,ccl~o i n the course
of time came. to be identified with, or who playeil the rcile of, E?zlil* c~i zcl Nln.li1, the ccma-a-a
of the gods durzng the Sumerzan perzod of the Babyloi~zaiz rel?qzon.
From later inscriptions we know t hat the chief god of the Assyrian period in
the history of the Babylonian rrligion was the god AXXur = An-kar.' It is, therefore,
quite natural, yea, demanded t hat An-dar should have tjeeii ronsidered to he an
ama-a-aqike his predecessors, Enlil and AIL, whose place he hat1 usurped.
Complete :LS t hr aljove-mentioned lists miqht srcm, they arc l)y no rrie:tris
exhaustive. There are othcr gotls, iiot mcntionetl i l l tho lisl,s given, who werc
designated by the pror~tl 1,it)le cimcl-cc-tr. 'I'o givc a fcw rsa~nl )l cs hcrr, I may be
permitted t o merilion the following:
Gudea. addresses to "Gic-tifin-tltr~j a prayer in whic.21 \IT find (he followinq reniark-
able passage: ".4 mother I have not, thou ar t my mother; a futlzer I have not, thou
ar t my father; my father, in t hy heart thou hast conceived rrir, givin: (hast given)
birth t o me in the temple."' .4 most remarkable passaye, showinq us t hat even
goddesses nlay be an am-a(-a), '(mother-fl~ther."
The d En or "Lord" and " Nl n or " Rfistress" are both, singly and separately,
said t o be the '(mother-father" of "n-111 ancl "Nln-111."
I See, lj?f, fh,: CIwi.vf, 1). 17, TI11 ;tnd ~nut vh (i, 7.
%This, : u~~ong otlwr tl~ings, is LI t v r<,:ksot> b v l ~ y i ~ ) l,l>,, S~! ~t ~cr i : w rvligitn~ t l w "\ vi I ' c" ,>I' :% god sI,;~rrs wi t l ~ I ~c r ' ' 11~s-
1,:~nd'' tlic S I L W ~ ? L , ~ I ? ~ C , t l w s,o,ie ~tlli.if,~ifes iit>d fioiclii,jca. (' i. znlso list 11, /{?Ib t l ! c fThri.vf. 1,. IS, \vItv~'c, I mt l ~ "l t ~~s l ~a~t cl "
:md ' ' x i i t ? " :w i d ~ ~ ~ i t i l i ~ ~ d , xLr~!/L!l Z L ! ~ .s<!p<,r<8fef!y2 with ''.I tbt!t!r !6 ' ' . ~ 1 8 , 1 ~ , t ~ ~ !
:'If ,LJ,M-<L-<L w~, rc = ' ' ~~t ~c, , st <, r , ' ' tl!<,~c . I u :is tltc first C I ~ LIK 21 r ~ , , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ t - ~ ~ .I,,-I!<~-!/,J ~ v ~ ~ ~ t l ~ l l ! ; i ~ , , t u lbr Itis ,~!vrs
" ~ ~ n c c ~ t ~ , r " - - ~ ~ - I ~ i c I ~ is l >: ~r~l l y ~~u ~s i l , l c .
Cl'. :XIS,, l \ 7. 27, t ~ u . .L :Xi, .57, r , t # ~ ~ l , , , ti1 <c-<! (t,,!,! ru?c,b-tbu = "l,ifLfu~~8, ( ICttfiI, I:it<,r , , ) I .\-I.\--I/<) ct-bt, t u~o-
VL,,, a-lil-la-i;,; tl~t! I'ctu. < i / i f f ~ ~ ( ~ I L S ~ ~ L C I ,)I' ,ili<fL) ih C I I < , ~ < , U 1 1 ~ ~ v : ~ t ~ s ~ ~ ~ v i l l > :i c, , t ~~[x~~i l ~~ n t , t ! ~ , $15 \ vl #i rl > , dt t , - t , ?~t ~8>t , iq r ~ z ~ ~ i < l c r ~ , d
Iten,, the appositiulr talers t i t v ~r nr l vr oi t l ~ : n<,;tn,~. l i o r l ~ ~ . Ipor t l ~ , l ~os i t i os t <,I <08! <! rl'. :tlx,v<,, p. 2, ~t ut c 2.
SPV I<il, t ho Chrihl, PI). 6lT.
IS,"^ rcicrv,,cvs SV,! I.c., 1,. I(!, LV; 1,. IS, 1'; 1 2 . I!), I .
I . \ 3 t i , J , - 1 - t , , t - 1 - t . - - ( 1 ?~?iii-(~
ni-lu(d)-o. LSii(g)-d,i(g) may I j c talccu citltrr in Llte awsc ai "to call soirio one (~:ii,tz iilecfic el ej)'crl,i) it, oue's ll,,art" =
"to elert ililll, ' ' or 1<1 = dii(g) = ~~( i di j , "t o pli~n, clcsign, tunll, COIICC~YC son~etliiug in ot1c's l i c ~~r t ( = ~ l l i t ~ d ) , " RCP also
B. E. , Series I), V, i:tsr. 2, p. 52, nut<: -1.
See 861, llle Chrlsl, p. 17, note 10. This sllo\\.s tlut "li'n and d.Vir~ arc tltc s:~nlo :is IOL, t i t ? intiter ui F:nlil (mid
Sinlil), Creation-Story, pp. 21, 83. 111 otller words, Eillil, the om- a- n during tlrc Sti~nrrinxr pcririd, has i~stlrpv<l tllr
place of = .4n, the "~r~ot l ~er-fat l l er" of tllc prcl~istoric i ~cri ud u l the Rahylonian rr4igion.
Tlie moon-god of Ur, "Nanna, is termed both an a-a' or "father" and an ama"
or "mother," "womb."
Of Alarttnk, the chief xocl durinq t,he Amurritish (('annanitish) period of the
Babylonian rcligiori, it is saiti: " 1,ord t,hou art,! like : L 'f:tt~her and a nlot,herl among
the [people?] t,hou existest.""
To be iLn nmr~-a-a iriclrides not only an androgynor~s nature arid the first parent-
ship, but it indic:tt,cs that each and every god thus desig11:rted is the "self-existent"
one, who is all he is "by himself (ai-ba, ni-te-na)," "by his own power ((1-bi)." The
god An as ama-a-a heads, therefore, all the lists of gods ar ~d appears never4 as the
son of another goel. Enlil, though generally the "son of An" or of ""En and "Nin,""
is yet called "t he one who does not know a father,"' L.e., " the unheqotten, untreated,
self-existent onr." "N(tntrn, thr qotl of IJr, is 110th thr "prinrip:~l son of Enlil"'
and "t,he fruit wl1ic.11 c:rc:tt,ctl it,sclC i)y its own power."" I,ast,ly, A,tl.?a~ or A.?.?ur,
the Sorcmost, xotl t l u~i ~l g t.hr Assyr i : ~~~ p~r i od, h i ~ l t,o l,rc.otllr, 1)ec~ause he usurped t,hc
rblr or, ant1 thris 1)ee~amr idrntifirtl with, l<trlil and Ailv-the eal~irf gods during the
S~inleriall : r ~i el prrhistoric period-" thr ollr who c.rmtetl liirnsrlf.""'
Human, nnthroporriorphous nild :~nthropop:~t,hic:rl were the xotls of the ancient,
Sumerians anti yet most divine. 'l'hough the divir~e society was patterried after
the human, thonxh both were traced to an original first parent, yet the first god was
self-existent, while the first man remzrinrd a creature of god. Man receives his life
and power from God; Cod alone is ner-g(il(.i+-ir-ma-&) n%-te-na, "powerful by him-
self," who "causes to dwell the spirit of life (zi-;a(y)-gril)" in his creature, "man,"
and in the "country (Icalarn)" ilih:~l~ited hy his creat,ures: in t,he land of Shumer or
Babylonia.
' I . I . I : . . Y'., \ 17 : E l l . el 1,o~si i ri .
IV. I??, $1 : 21, 2i , < , , ) LO be i ~i qi n- no = vi -i -,?~,, ,t-/i,l ,,,<,/>-b,<t-ri, ' ' \ v < j ~ t ~ h t l u~t gi ~t , s l~irt,lc t u <,verytI~ir~g.' '
:; 1v. I t . ?, 570 : Z3.I = l<i,,g, I j . )If. ,?,, ,,o, 12 : i = Iiel,,,, l j . . I . , v, 1,. :350 : :34, 1C.V <!!-!<,-,I?<, /<i,,,fl <(-hi !, ,,,,L.,,Z,3
i nn j nsi i l , i ! i l or ilh7~i'!]"":9h I ~~- br ~- d3- i i . F I i t i = 8 r o nl,,,vr, p. ?, lot(, 2.
I . , d i g I l i s t I d I i t I I I I : s t . I,stc,r of), durin::
tile .\tlmrrit;sl~ and .4ssyriao prrioii, :In do::s uppwr soit~:~llmrs ns tlir sat, (,,in-ri, i l i l t i ) or :( ,&Sni., ei . Ri l , Ihe Chvist,
p. 13, not? C,; p. 0, noti. .5; I<. . I . T.", p. 351, ,rote 2 -pasri;rgcs :xpp:ll.mtly rtnl,od\.ing nn P~KIV:LYOI. i ? ~ ) ?i ( ! j ~r e~x .I?c+IIT~
glorin,ri.
%ee 1,. ti, note S.
(!f. . t . .7. Ii, T., I>. 81 : 7, 8 ( , \ ri r~~ag, 1,. $21, \vIwr? .Vl.V-I/<, tl!~! . S O ~ L of Enl i l , is ral l c~l t l t c <lZttz,-!~?<r <L- , L- ~L~L- Z, < =
I r i r di l CL-hi 1'1 i -di , "symnt 01 ' llilrl ,,rI10 ~ O C S not I,,LOW :i liitI~,,r,' ' ' i.~., 3011 0/ ' ' tllc i i i t l i vl l ~~bs, " I >CI I U( ! tllc (6-bi dl i - di
is Enlil.
' l>~(,,,t,~-x<,!/ l'l<,i,-lil-ld, Crc<,iior~-.Sl,,~!y, 11. P2, nutc 5: Cy. T. , XI', 17 : 3.
"2-vl , i rii-hn ,,,ii-iit~-di,,c-,,iir s e,~-l,,i ,:it i,~,i ,rr-,on-r~i-,?ii ih-bn-,,ti-ri, I\-. It.' , !I : "2. ?:1.
1;. .l., Y, Ii55 : 23 = t;, Y'., XXIV, A!lO : 7, . I j bCi . I +c-i(,r 1 ' r l $l ~- l i / ,
"' l l a- , ~i b- i ~ ra,,~-r~i -gi r, Uil, l l ~ a Chrial, 1,. 7.
3. THE SUMERIAN THI<OI,O(:Y . l SD THII:O(:ONY 4 I R O - AND
314('11O('OSMOI,OCrY I ND ('OSllIO(:ONY
As so011 as the earliest S11mc1ri:tns 11:ttl :tt~,t.ainrd t,o t,h:~t st,:~tc, ol' civilizntion when
their mind wns prcpnretl t,o irrcluire int,o t>llc more or less ;~l)str:~c:t; clr~rstion as t o the
origin of the " worltl," c~onsidered in its t,wofoltl ;rspec.t,: t,hc rnicbro- : ~nd m:icrocosm,
we find t,hat ihey :~nswered t,his 1.0 t.lictir s:~t,isfnct.ion i)y :~:.irin rr:tsoning and arguing
from t hr known t,o the unknown.
Above we lei~rned t,hnt, the Sumerinns transferrcti t,o their "god" :~ntl "tlivine
society" everything which or i ~i n: ~l l y i~clonged t,o " m: i ~~" : ~nt l " h ~ ~ ma n society."
We 1e:lrrletl :~lso that,, nrcortling t.o thclir c.onc:eption, the first cr~~arc-(~,-c~, oC t,hc "tlivine
society" (the reflex oC thc human) was rlia. Hence the mic.rocosrr1 of tlie "hum:tn
society" of the Sumeri:~ns, l e i :IS it is l)ut t,hcir t,crrest,ri:tl hal)itat,iolr, nl)otle,
country over which they held sway--their ".sl~ltei.e of iri,/f~te?lcc" so 1.0 speak-must
have h:ld it.s oriyin wit,h atitl i t 1 :~11(1 l)y this \:cry si~nrc first air,-a-a A'rt.
.4nd so it was. The first "mot,licr-f:~thrr" fountleti his o wn 11o11sc: : ~nd cnlled
i t after his name: 4 ( - I ) , "hotlse of AII." The - ( - I ) , t hr 11:ll)itation
(hi -di tr) of An :tnd his wife, then, is the "first unit" out of w11ic:h the mic.roc:osm
developed. When the first parents were blessed with I-hiltlren, i)ecominx :n
"family" or possi1)ly a "tribe," the &-;lr~(-na) increased in size and became :L
"city ": UILZ[(~)", i.e., simply "Ahode."' 'I'he "family" or " t,ribeU finally grew
into a "nation" mi l t,he ('c-it,yn int,o :I " coltntry " : li.nlnm, t hr inic.rorosm of the
Sumerialls.
Very soon, iiowcver, i t was l'clt ~ieress:try t11:lt the /i(l/(o)i l)e (Iesig~r:lted l)y :I,
,latior~al term i r ~ order to clistinguish it from the rnicrocosrrls whirh mi:;ht or might
not have developed round about it. The term employed was Ki-en(L7~)-qi, being
t: dated in Semitic either by rncitu, irsitu, "country, land" (hence a synonym of
kr in. miitu, (' land"), or i)y Sur ne~ (t,he bi1)lical l yj p). T : F r o n ~ the latter we
derive our designation " Sumerian."
The n~icroc:osm of the Sumeri:rns, t het ~, was c:xlleti either Ictrltsi~z or ICi-ei~(ir~)-yi.
The differcncte l~etween them is (,he sarne :is t hat which exists l)ctwcel~ " Israelit,en
and "Hel~rew," i.e., Icalam design~ttes fi~olse~. frorn the poi111 of view of (,he Surricria~rs.
I t is.l,he scccretl term which tllc Sumcrinn usetl whcn spc~tltin:. of " h; s colciltrq" 01.
of " hi s fatherlat~tl," cf. our " hl y corci~11.y 'tis of l,hce, swecl. /cc~ltl of lil)crly," or t hr
expression " t,hc oltl coiiiiliy," i.e., " llrc f:rlhcrlut~tl." lii-c:~i(i~l)-!li, on ( he othcr I~:und,
was used wheri the larid of S'lirncr was to 1)e differentiated from, or was referred t o
in opposition to, the other corrntries round :tl)out.'
Seeing t hat the niicrocosnl of the Sumerians, their Iialam or Ki-en(in)-gi formed,
as i t did, the pattern after wliich the macrocosm was thought to have developed,
i t is only nat,urnl t hat the original source, the first ama-a-a of the latter, shollld like-
wise have been sought in, and at t r i bukd to, the god An. This, no doubt, is the
reason why A'tl is translated in Setriitic by Sam6 and why Hesychius5informs us t hat
the $am6 or Zawq is C xho,uoj f ~ u ~ u % ~ ~ v ~ o ; .
Furthermore, just i ~s the first ama-a-a of the gods, An, was differentiated into
"father and mother": At , t nt i (Sernit,ic:ized: Anzr and Ant ~t rt ~), so An, the $am&
or n a y , whrn corisidered :IS " husl)and and wife" or "father and mother,"
became either ( I I I + a71 or ~ I L + ki , i' .r., dam& ?L ,fr;iiirn, 06pau6; xui yuiu, "heaven
atid earth."" Here, t,hen, as in tllr case of the microcosm, we have likewise
two expressions for the Sumerinn macrocosm, the former (ccii. - kanze*, auu. ~)
correspondirig to the lcaln~n~ and the latter (m-ki = Sami u irsitim) t,o Ki-eiz(in)-gi,
or, in other words: an is the "sacred" or "reliyious" while an-ki4 i s t,he "profane"
or '(worldly" term for macrocosm. lcrom this it follows that, according to the
earliest Sumerian conception, the "heaven and earth" (and not the chaos) were the
source out of which everything was evolutionized or begotten ( t u- ud- da) . Vhe
"heaven" is the first and great "l'ather," while the "earth" becomes the first
"Mother": "Mother-earth." "Heaven and earth" are the first ama-a-a, "mother-
father," hoth being distinct and yet one."
Lastly, i f an or an-ki he the macrocosm and lcalam or Ki-en(i7z)-gi the microcosm,
hoth having for their ultimate root or source the god An, then the different stages
i n the process 01 development must be and are interchnngeable terms, ?.e.,
ca am
I I microcosm
Ki-en(in)-gi
An = - - a = Unt ~( g) ~' = 1 (mt i on)
(parent) (temple) (city)
i'
j macrocosm
an-lci
all standing for and siqnifying one and the same thing: the "mother-father" of
everything, the god AIL.
b ' ~ l ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ' l Y>~i rr; ~t t l ) : t t ~gi ~~, LY. . I . I<, I , , 1) . IZli., is, 11,) ,l,nO~t, rorrvct, i), s; \ yi t ~g t l ~ t ~ t l;<,lr,,~# is = l i i - cr , - gi , y L
Lltc :iIx,v<,-gi\-t,~t dilT,,rcvtcc vill I >: Lv<; L o It,, ~t>:iiok:~iut~d.
' N i l , t he Cl i r i r l , 1'11, 21, 27.
I,.<., lqi. l(il' f.; 21fi.; 25, c ; 26, 1, i f. Fur O ~ L = = . l uI t t r , r = i r $ i l t o ! ~ svv espcri:tIly I.c., 11. ?S, c atxl tlw i~ukcs
t l l ~r c givcn. I ('f. ltcrc 01s" ~ t > y rcwt:~rl<s :iImut ~' l ) ~t r - , , r ~- l : i , "I l t t r-<, , , , Di 12 lit,; ( ~l , ~i , s t , lq,. '21I.f.
s(.i. tilt i l l l i l n 01 Gi , n I and C~cri t i on-St or! , , 1,. $1; l J<l , 1 1 ~ Cl , r i sl , 1,. 10.
I Ji l . t l i e C/ ! r i st , p.:21 d ~ ~ i s i . i n , .
2
This observation is of the highest importance for a correct understanding of
the Sumerian religion, showing us:
( a) That the "sphere of i r~f l uence" of a god, the place where he is supreme, of
which he is the "father (n-a, ub-ha)" "king (lugal)," "lord ( en, n i 7 1 ) " arid "god
(clzngir) " is cithcr 2 1 "temple ( r ' ) , " n "city ( - ~ r ? ~ ~ r ( g ) ~ ~ , ' i~ micro- or a macrocosmic
quantity.
( b) ' h i t the tet.nls for mirro- arid mac:rocosm iriust be interchangeable, i.e. ,
t>he god of the lcalurrr or I <i - e t ~ ( i t l ) - ! / i is alld rriust hnvh 1)een, at, t,he same time, the
goti of t,llr nil or. ttn-kf. To exprcss t,his somewh:\t tiifferently wr may say, i f the
microc~osrr~ I)P iritleetl the protot,ype :lft,er whic.11 the m:Lcroc.osm w:~s p:ltterneti,
then Ii(11ni~ nntl r i t l :IS well :IS I < ; - o r ( i t i ) - q i :111(1 cot-ki nus st I I P I ' t ~ t ~ / ~ ( ~ l r n ~ ~ ! j ~ a l ~ l c terms.
Th:ct tllis is : ~ct u: ~l l y tlic c.:lsr c:~n still l)c g:~t,hcrctl fro111 (he i~isc.ript,io~is. Iprorri
I l i l , l l i c Clrrist, 11. 16, I , 2, wc kl~o\v tth:lt ( i t ! is illso = lei, lrsitic, "r:~rt,h," I)ut 2' 1.:).itu
renters I s I S u n i : ~ 1 - I ( I I . ) - i , \ vl ~i cl ~ latt,er, however, is most qe~ierally
trallsl:ltecl l)y mdl ~c, ' "l:lritl" : ktrlarrc, lielice ntL, ,?am$, nut,r, is both = Ki-en(Ln)-gi
and = k a l n r ? ~ . For I <i - e t ~ ( i r r ) - g L = a l l - l c i see IV. X.', 27, no. 4 : 63, 64: arn-ii
ka- t ~agyd mas-su(su(d) ) Ki-ii~-;y-rrr = be-lum ( e E , t l l i l , later on NI N- I B)
i ~n-~~i , ?-t i ma-a-ti mas-su-u Ram?? u irsitim""."
( c ) That the "name" of each and every god niay be expressed either ( a) by
the nomen proprium or (3) by either one of his "spheres of influence"" in other
words, t h , e qo(1.s of the S m c r i n i l . ~ lini~e both a nsicro- u r l t l a ~nncrocosnzic significance.?
I I , ( . 1~r,,-,08,,(!11h.z -- 1 . ~ ; ~ ~ I , , - , , , , , , ( ! J I ~ ~ - I . ; , ~~: , .
S i l ' = T i h = S i r .\-l..\- = iiih,i ; "l<ii, '.\I..\"' - Kriiiii, ctc.
(,. T. , S Y I , I 2 : ?2, 23, ti;-;,,-!/;,,( - n1. j 7 ir?i!;l,>''','.
I 141.111111<1\v, I c 1 . !l!ii8.
.' Sotir? I ~ ~ w t l ~ t t k ~t - ~! r u/ - ~; , ( = 1;01,t!,#-~u0) i% l ~: t r : ~l l ~, l wit11 lii-i!!-!li : ~n <l PI'. tit,, t i l l , , d ~~' ~~- J, ! ( ~~j - l ~c~~- ~! ~i - ?t n; e?z
lii-rri-yi liiijirl k, , [I , o?>- m~]. I:. 1:. I f . . 1,. 1.5 = ,<. . I . l i . I . . 1,. 151i, 4. rr. S:T ;tlw G>t <l c:t , ('?li~~,lcv I <, 22 :I$], 20, /;,r1,!7,?
ti-.~,l-/,t b6,-!1,i1-~~~t(,I) l<;-~~t-:1;-,:<(') /~t,r-l;ttr i!li.!,i ~ ~ , - ~ t ~ ~ t - , : i - ! l ~ ~ l , ',~!t:ty t l w ?018nlr!j rvst i n )I<,:LC<, ( s aht >- j , ~t):ty t o ~ a r d s
I I ( ~ I i g , - : I l i : ) I : i t ( I ) I i . ,Sd ( i ~l st , , ; ul or rii) llas to be ~.en<l ltrrc br-
L i t x l i l i i g l : : l l t l t I 5 i ('i. iilso y(~lt(-gi!izi-.~it = " O ~ P against (Jfi = ( t i )
tl,<. <>tI,*,r,'' I<. I:., TI'>, 11 : 21, ,s,i, 3;,, Z i , Z , t <, v ci:, i(+, 2, : :,re tl,,,3 [ x , ~ , I I ? I ,,it!, r, , ( f , ,,j ,,r <!(i, t',jr.
ti Hwe i,rlong "nnnrrs ol go<lsW dc~. i vc~l
(0) Icron> tlwir / c ~ ~ ~ ~ , l e s : '.Yin-~-.in-no: ''.\~~~-k-g~~/; "I , ~- l i t , ~; ' ' D, <r- <, ~~( - ki j , ctc..
( h ) I:rotn tiwit. cities: ' i.Ti,~-f;ir-.~r,; ~'.\~lti,-l<n-lil( = .\-i/,rujAi, tetv.
(cl 17ror,~ t11cir ~ ~ ~ i ~ : r o ~ ~ , s t i , i c spl ~ercs: d ~ t ~ g ~ ~ / - k ~ t l ~ t ~ ~ ? - ~ ~ ~ o .
((1) I''t.oni Llteir ,,ine,-oco.s,,~ie sj11io.r~: I - k ; " I l l ; ' - - I ; ' l l r - l ; *.l,i~-,ir~-ki, vt v.
' Frnn~ illis it is e~i cl cnt ((t j tlt:%t. e , ~ . , t l w II:~I~I<, <,I' t l v t t w~pl c o? . I T) , E- . I n( - ?~nj , n>:iy I w t r : ~ n s l a t <~ l ~ i t l ~ v r I,?
"l><ntsr ol . I ? L " ( , I. ' ' I I U , , ~ ~ . oi tll? .?,i)iii, oiz,'~,, i . ~ . c ~ ~ s ~ t ~ o s ' ' or "IIOIISC 01' ' l ~ m~ v c r ~ > i ~ l ~: %r t l ~, ' ' ' i.~:., t l ~? I I C X I S C it,
\ \ ~ l ~ i v l ~ t l w "g<,d I I < . : ~ V , ~ XIKI cv:irtl> (.Iw, : t t ~ I .I t t l t ~ , t , , t l r l:ttvr l,GI<rr, l<. I:., TI1, 11. 12s : :37)" 11:icI his dwc~l l i t ~x (r,,tt-J,rl,j;
( 1, ) t l l : i i I l l v wI ~r , r i , t1,ia , , I. t l ~ t gilcl 11:icI his ''itllc~dv (,iti,i(!/l j " 11111st liI~c\vis(. l ~: i v ( ~i i ~ l l i i ( . l . ~ ( . <) * ~ ~ i i ( . s i ~ ~ ~ i l i c a ~ t ~ ~ v . Ilrmcr,
8 1 ~ 1 whly t l w z i ! j ~q ~t r r ~~l l ?- . l t , ( - t ~~, ) ,,:~HLv 10 I>,, c:tllr,l :OI ~ ~ - ~ ~ i ( i . c . , gi(!,) j-inir-i (11. I{. , 511 : 211, c,, b j , I , I LL c vr r ~ l f r ~ ~ , ( ~ j ~ ~ ,
I<I.(YII, n r q ~l i n d i l i i l l i ~s lil\(. di -j , ri i -i ki ; (;i-bniiii. l;i-lirr-vii-iki, f ;i -bi i v-i f i j scc 11, . A. I... 1,. d82. ~l <, t r i ) or l i h - i k i .
Rut if so, t,hrr~ t he tlteology 01 t he S'117rzointts ,is or hccoiiics ,;/)so ftrcto 11 i i t i oo- rr,i (l n7nr1.o-
cosri?,oloqy and, mutntia , i ~~ut nnt l i s, t hei l theoyowy a mlcro- crritl rr~tro.ocosri ~o~j oti y.'
4. THE EPOCHS I N THE HISTORY OF THE BABYI,ONI.4X I ~ I ~ ~ I ~ I GI Of i
When tracing, in the history of the Bahyloniari religion, the sevrral epochs
and their manifold and various characteristics, consisting, it would seem, of the
most bewildering transfers of genealogies, names, courts, titles and attributes fr.on~
one god to another, the histori:tn is constantly I~rought Eacr t o face with some of
the most difficult questiorls. 1nvarial)ly hr h:ts to ask and :tnswer cluestions like
these:
"Which of the names, attributes zrrld functions brlong to this or t hat god
originally and which were, in the course of time, trci nsferrtrl to him eit,ller from an
earlier or a later period of the B;rl)ylonii~n religion:'" " 13;hat wcrc! the unclcrlyin.$
principles t hat madr such a, tra~lsferring possil)le?" "Ditl the t~,:rl~sferrirlg of
at t ri l ~ut cs to :I. particu1:tr got1 chalrge t l ~z ~t god's rl:rt,ure or (lit1 he sirr~ply gztin :L ' new
sphere of influerice' in additioll to the olle pre\:iously held l)y him:'" "l Io\ v tloes it
h:~ppen t hat one and the same goti or gotltlrss is rcfrr~,ctl to very oftcu i l l one :tud the
same illscription as the ' son' or ' clar~ghtcr' of two 1 o r e (listil~ct and srparate
y o d ~ ? " ~ IJpor~ ltrl i ~dr c~ui ~t e soll~tion of c ~ ~ ~ ~ s t i o n s like these ; t r ~t l hnntlreds of others
similar in scopc and character deprnds, of course, our rorrrrt ~ultlrrstandinq of the
religion of Babylonia-a rcligiorl which had sufficient strength ;rnd powcr within
itself to rrlake itself felt even a t our present age.
For a better understanding of tjhe de\lelopmcnt of this rrligion it would seem
necessary to point out briefly the various epochs in its history. By so doing we may
be put into a position both t,o distinguish between phenomena which belonged t o
one or the other of these periods anti to ok)srrvc which of thcsc phrnomerla werc
transferred ixxkward or forwilrtl.
/ ) ( ~ - 7 ~ ~ , :all of ~ v l ~ i c l t t >: t n~, s CO~IVVJ 111~ id,,:, t l , : ~l /;rw/t, t l w I,II,IIV ,)i .I(,, w:$s. i t ! 1: ~I vr t i ~ w ~ , , ~ < ~ ~ ~ s i , I c r wl LC) 1~ t l ~ ~ g r w t
'':~I,<,dc'' cu~l >r; t ci t t g "scvcr~ i ~ t r l ~ ~ s t ~ r v s ' ' or " ~ l ~ l ~ ~ ~ r ~ ~ s ,>I i ~ f l u ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ ' ' lwcsi,l,~<l o \ v r I ) ? t l ~, ' p , , I ol ( I 1 111~ l ~ ~ ~ a v c ~ ~ l y WVAI?,
c2) 111~ tcrrcsl ri :i l <IW:UI, ( 3) I ~ C &L Y C I I I VI KI vartl !, (1) u!<,oT>, ( 3) S ~ I I ~ , [ l i ) ),,n\~crh of t,:tt!~rv, ( 7) st:trs. ( ' f . i n t l ~ i s vo~n~, r t i , nt
t I , P E-gi(<)<t<,v[ = I,.\; E.I/l<-,Y.l/, ,,,,,[;)-//,,-r#!, ,,,,,[,G).,/;,r ( ! Si,,.l,~,,lt,, IV. /i.?, !I : ; 31 : ,,8,,-h;,-,?r,,(!) $i.?,,, ! I , , , ( < ) -
clCr(!) ), n?i-ic/-ru) :\ (< ~upl c <,( 'l.S;,,-f;ir.sr, :xt ( i i t w , vl >i cl t ih w l l ~ ~ l t l ~ c /?-ui ,-i ; svv /<. 19. //., lp],. ( i l , li:j, : t ~ ~ l , ~s p~~c i al l y
p, 203, n<~t , , I l i , ;a~nl c1, t l w ~ ~ ; t ~ t t c , , t i t l w zi!l!qttrr~t/<~i tl!,. I<W~I~IIC k-zi-,!(, or I hwsi pl ~; l : 1 ? - n r ( , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l O- i - ~ ~ ~ 8 - l , i . i.?., ' ' t l , ~ t <v>>-
PIC, d t l ~c 7 ' g, , vvr~~ors' ( ' n d ~ r ~ , ' l ~ , i ! t , i , , # , ~ ) ,,r ' l ~ r : t \ , ' r : t t ~ l t,:trlll( - n,,rl <I),' ' ' :LINI l l > v 2;!g!/c!rr<~I all I , : ri d\ ~ [.S(.'.\-A"),
E-6-7, 11. Is., 50 : 2L' rr.
I I,, tI,c s,,,,,,,ri:,t, l l l , ~l ~g, , l , ~, tll,.r,.l<,r,~, i t ,,,:,llvrs \ V y , I i t l l , ~ ,,l,<.lI,,~r, ,,.!I., ,~.Y/.V-//; I,,, <~:,l l !~,l , ' ><I , , <,I. l,:,,lil,,~ <,r
oi ,i l /?-bur-rrr, "SOIL (11 t l l c t cl ~l >l c, /?-3ni.-ri~'' (1;. K., X S I I ; p; t rl 1 , 11. :i!l, i >, >t v I, 11, I o\ v) . 01. nll<,lli<,~. \I:~t.d\11. I),, :1 ''s,1li
c,E ko" ur tlir d i ~ i , i ri i i i i i , "hi l t> t l w uc,.a11," 01.<li(,i$it .Sf 'ih'', "WIL Erhl u, " ilrr t l i l - /?-~ni.-rii i* t l w " i l ~l ~~~n <,1 i nf hi -
ence" oi Elllil, wl>ilr, t,lw UCCIIII or Er k l u $ t l i at ( I I ISu.
For c x a ~~~p l c s d. /<tl, //be C'itrisl, I-:?: f,sl~l~tr, t l r cI : i t ~gl ~t cr ,)( . I u, h.'!,li/, .Sit,, .\' /.\L//~, .I,%?<,?; .\.$ta!<,,, is t11~:
sun oi 'In, Er~l i l , 01 t i l e uccn!~, ui' tit,: "lo,rl o/ hcni . ct ~ u i ~ d (.(trlh," t l i ~ "liii~~lixlii rlii!~ ii/ llii i,ii~t,lir" i t l i ( l 01' t l ~ c t(.iuj,ll,
"Dsr-an-ki," cte. , <:tr.
King Hammurabi, in the opening lines of his famous (.ode,' ir~tlic.atrs t hr rpochs
<t es: which preceded t hat of his time wheri he st' t
"When the suhlimr An ( i . e. , God), the kin: of the < ~ - ~ L WI ~ - I I ~ - ~ J ' : "E'Iz-lil, the
lord of heaven and earth . . . . t o "df nrd, ~k . . . . the Enlrl-sh~p over the totality
of men had committed . . . . then, ctc."
Two points stand out clearly in this passage, viz.:
( a) Enlil commzttecl the Enlil-ship to Marduk, z.e., he, as 1,ord par excelleizce,
decreed (Stmu), when the time was ripe or the circumstances warranted it,2 t hat
Marcluk should henceforth exercise the Ernlzl- or 1,orrl- and Ruler-siz~p over Bab-
ylonia, should play the r6le of E1~1il;
( b) Enlzl, as the emphatic apposition ( ' t he sublime i 11~" clearly indicates, had
himself usurped his predecessor's name, z.e., a t the time when En111 was the Gotl
and Lortl xat ' d;'o~<11, An had become i~ mrre nttrzbute of E~~l z l . From this i t would
follow t hat two epochs prrcedetl that of Martluk, vh. , the 911 ant1 the b'rtlil per~otl.
The oldest insr:riptions so f ~t r rcco\~crctl l)y the several cxpctiit,ions to Babylonia
niay safely be assigned to ahout 4000 H. ('.:I :\t this t,imc b'ltlil 1r:ttl already dis-
placed An.
To l)e quite conser~;tl,ive, we ni:ly ;issign t,he AI L ant1 thc beginning
of the Enhl epoch t o the time before 4000 B. ('., the latter 1:tsting till the reign
of the I. dynasty of Babylon or about 2232 R. C:., whcn (,he so-callrd ~llarrlt~lc period
was ushered in, which in turn was succeeded by t hat of A4Sur.
The AI L epoch, there-
fore, from our present st at e of knowledge is completely prehistoric; t hat of Enlil
partly prehistoric and partly historic.
According t o the evidence a t hand, it would seem t hat :rll of these epochs, though
primarily successive, were yet partly contemporaneous (so th:tt of ilfarcluk arid
AGur) arid partly overlappin? (so t hat of AI L and b'ltlil and t hat of b'nlil, ilnrik~~lc
r .
and AkBur). l hi s conditioned or gave cause to a forwilrd, 1,:rc:ltw:rr.d and mutu:rl
transfer
the various attributes, functions anti nan1c.s of onc got1 to :inothrr.
'Jo
illustrate this hy onr or two cxarnplrs, I rrlay menti011 that l hr SIIIIIPI.~:III term for
macrocosm was originally, as wc saw nl)orc,' ( I I L or ~I L- Xi . I)r~ririg t hr Surnc~.i:l~l
Thc tt.lldt,nr>- (11 c , ) ~ ~ti<,,lvn~ Ili;t,,rians t o ( , <) ~t q~l ct <, l ? i p i ~ r t , 111,. L<,stilttolty 01 ll:il>yl<nti:i'i 11111st i.~l<:lj~.iat~d
;~nlraologist, Icirrg Sa l , o~~i d, is not "11 pirtcrl l,y tllr t;il,li,ts tllr Olclct. Tcnil,lc I.il,l.:try <,I Si ppi t r. I c;nnl<,i, tla,n.i'ore,
accept tllr: rat1r.r rul,ji,rtive vimv 01' nlost, il not all, o w pn.sc~rt-d:~). "l~istr~rinns, " n- l ~o tliitilr t11;~t l l >i . i ~. on-n rnlrr~lntior~s
lrarr a inurli Iwttcr Ponrldntioi~ i r i lart t l l rn~ titosr of Nnl,,,riid and ~v l l i , consc,rltivutIy cliiiltt: ~j i t i t c sli/>je~ti\-<.l>-, l l l nt tlic
olrlpst n,ro\rn.,l <iocurnents 01 Hal,\-lonia du not i ul t ~dnt i . thr yrar : XI 0 0 1%. (:. (.'I. lwrc T<,r tlw l~r,,svnL l j . P:,, Scrics I),
vol. \', iasr. 2, 1'1'. :-I?.
' Sr r 7,. 9.
or Enlil period several other terms came t o l)e used, among them :~lso /cur and k~rr-/cur.
This t,erm for macrocosm was transferred baclclc~n~~l to the first god of the worlti,
Arr, who thus came to be designated the "god of the kur." f l nl ~! , his son, coultl
consecluently be termed the "offspring of the kur."'
Again, when during the Sumerian or Er~lzl epoch the Habyloni~in theogony came
to be systematized, the "world " or '' milcrocosmos" wits considered tjo consist of
"seven spheres of influence," cach of which being assigned t o one of "t he seven great
gods," viz., .4nu, R&l, Ea, SirL, Samai, Rarrzmi!n, IStar. This doctrine was likewise
transferred backward and made applicable to t,he An epoch. I n this way i t happened
t hat ~-ATL-, IKL arld Erech, the temple and city of the first god of the "world," Aiz,
came to he known or was spoken of (during the Er~lil and later periods) as the Gi-
par-7 ("1 .Z
We may, then, divide the Babylonian religion into t,he following four epochs:
( a) Triz PREIIISTORIC on -4.v I?POCH wit,h the god AI L of t,kre t,ernple fi-'in(-na)
in U n u ( ~ ) ~ ; or Erech as its chief god.
(b) THE SUMQRIAN on I<.~I,II, EI,O(:H, from :il)out 4000 (:LIIC~ I1eforc)-2232 B. (' .
During this period the Semites invaded Babylonii~. \\:hether these Semites influ-
enced the religion of the Sumcrians to any perceptible degree, cannot be made out
as yet. The chief god durin: this period was Enlil of the tctriple fl-kur :it Nippur.
(C) THE ~I\IUHRITISH(~ANAANITISH)-RARYI.OXIA~. OR -tI l l i 1~1~1~ E r o c ~ ~ , with
Allarduk of the temple &-say-il-la a t Bnbyloiz as its foremost god.
(d) THE ASSYRIAN EPOCH, with god A?z-,!ar or *ii-iur of the temple fi-gar-ra
a t AiBur as its chief representative
From this division it will be gathereti t hat such well-known gods as fia (dEn-ki),
Sin (Wn-zu, "Nniailn), Snmai ("L' tu), Rammdr~ ("1,11), dNIN-IB, etc., never played
a natior~al or epochal rAle in t,hc dcvrlopmcnt of thc religiol~ of Hal)ylonia, and
this notwithstanding t,hc fact t;h:it, c . ~ . , Si n :tnd sama: were tirlrirlg the Sumerian
periotl lhc chirf gods of (,he national ci\pit:rl TJr ant1 I,:irs:~, ~.espc(.t,iv~ly. True it is
t hat all of thcse gotls wcrr c.ol~siderctl, i l l their owr~ citirs, to I)(. :L "father" 2nd
( ( goti of gods," I ~ u t their inflr~cnc:~ 011 the ni~tion :ls :i \vholC w:is pr;tr:tically imper-
ceptible, in corr1p;rrison to lli:lt of EnIiI, nay, i t secrrls (.hat,, c.q., 1C:l tierived his glory
and honor mainly from the fact that he was t,he "grc:tt, f:~t.hcr" of t , t ~c "st,ill greater
son," R4:~rtlnk. Afi~rdl~k playill!?; the r6lc of 13t/lil, his f: ~t hrr 1'::~ w:is, : ~ s is t,o l ~ c ex-
pec.t,etl, identifieti with All; t,tiis, no do~~l ) t , , is the reason why I h , t ho~~gl i origili:~lly
T I , , is yet, a t least sometimes, designated by ",X-the num1)rr of fin!' The other
gods, though occasionally called "god (king) of heaven and carth," were merely
playing, in their respective cities, the rAle of Erzlil: Enlil was the national god.
while they remained, notwithstanding t,heir title, essentially ci t y- ~ods and "sons"
of Enlil.
5. THE AN OH PREHISTOItIC' EPO(' H IK THE EIISTORY OF THE
BABYLONIAN I t El ~I GI ON.
A. THE SOUKCI : ~.
The very terrn "prehistoric" ilidic;~tes t hat we h:tvr, so far, no inscriptions
whatever which were written during, or have rome down to us from, this period.
The oldest recovered ta1)lcts dat e from about 4000 H. ('.' .kt this lime the theology
of the Bal)ylonians appears alre:tdy i l l t hat st : ~t c oC systclrlatic tlet-eloprrlent as is
exhibited in the inscriptions of the kings of the 11. dynasty of 1Jr ant1 ill t , l ~c titblrts
from the Older Temple Li t ~rsry of n'ippur..
When trying to trace tllc scver:rl peculiarities of the 11i ~ poriotl we itre obliged,
of necessity, to rely upon it~cirlelatc~l 1,ejerei~ces. Thcse references are to be found
partly in the "oldest historical texts," partly in the "re1iyiou.s ,ii~scriptions" and
partly in the so-called "l i st s .of yods." Though the last two classes of texts, as far
as published, were written, mostly, during the time of Ashshurl)Anitpal (about 650
B. C.), t o whose library they belonged, they nevertheless may lje admitted as reliable
and authentic sources for a recon~truct~ion of the Bal)yloni:rn religion during t he
An period, and this the more so as most, i f not all, of (.hem :Ire rriercly copies of
tablets written t,wo to three thousn~ld years carlier. 'I'his f;rc:1. I)ccomes now morc
and more evident ;ls the pul~lication of t,he corrtcnts of t.hc l'cmplc 1,il)r:lr.y of Nippur
progresses?
It is of course self-evitlel~t 1.11:~t the copics from 1,Ilc l i l )~. : ~~. y of ~i shsh~r l ) At l : ~~) d
bear the earmarks of various lit,er:try redaclio~is ant1 emerlti:it.io~ls, showing us t hat
they have heell adapted to t,he srveral pcriotis in the R:tl)ylonial~ rcligioll. IIence,
when making the tablets of the Ashshurl)B~l:~pal lik)~.ary t hr l~nsis for 3 reconst r~~ct ~i on
of the oldest religious concep1,ion of the R2tl)ylonians, t,he iiist,ori:un will have to apply
to them the same literary method ; ~ s is omployed l)y thc Oltl l'estnrnc~it sc!holar:
the historical critical method.
1 CI. also d.4w-n,~-lsi = fi n. * Seo ahovc, 1,. 12.
3 Set for thc pn,se~it U . I<. , Scrics I), vol. 6, insc. 2, pp. 1-14.
The a'pplication of this method is, of course, made much easier for t,he Bab-
ylonian scholar than for the Old Testarnelit critic, and this for the simple reason that
the Bi~l,yloniologist, in marly cases : ~ t le:rst, has nt his disposal the wiginals of the
later copies of Ashshurl)&n:~pal's lil~rwry, thus being put into a position to compare
them with each other, to ol~servc :rnd notc tlie changes, 1iter:~ry :~nd historic:tl, and
to make his deductions accordingly. JVith these means a t haritl I shall try, in the
following pages, to reconstn~ct, as briefly as possible, t,he AI L period, leaving here all
later redi~ctions and emendations (" tr:\nsfers from the later periotls to this prehis-
torio onr alid r:icr 'ccrsa") nnnotirrtl. 111 doing so, marly stnt,rments might seem, a t
first gl:inc-r, t,o I ) ? rat,hcr sul)jor.t,ivr. .411tl so they :Ire. H11t this is neil,her t,he place
rloi. the t,imc l o clisrtlss tlie rc:lsons whir11 pr~rnpt~rtl nlr in :ic~c~rpt,ing the one arid
in rc.jt:cl.in: thr ot,hrr st~tltcnierit of thc inscriptions. I : ~m, howo\-cr, prepi~rctl t,o
mairitt~iri :~nd dcfcntl, if rirc:~ssat.~~, :~rly r.or~r~lusions rr:lc.hrtl hrrc, l)c they sul),iective
or otjhcru,isr.
-411 the "lists of gods" linowrl to 11s :Ire irlvari:~bly headed l)y the god AIL, a
fact betraying that he niust have \)re11 the first :tnd foren~ost :IS well :is the oldest
god known to the early R~~l)ylonians. This is :~ttcstrd to by the "r:~rliest historical
inscriptions" : whrnever A ri is mrnlionrd in cornp:my uritll other gods, such as "En171
or dDr~ki, etc!., he precetlcs his comp:~nions, so in t,he inst,,riptioris of l,'t(gal-zag-gi-si,
Hilprecht, 0. H. I., no. 87, col. 1 : I4Sf., in those of (;lolea, St,. B, 8 : 44; ('yl. B,
19 : 18; A~t ~- i ~~i - ba~t i - i i , 1 : 13 ( = E. B. If., p. 177) ; ~ >L L I L - ~ ~ , El . A. V. , p. 375,
not,e I ; Rtnl-Sit&, Tontinycl I \ ; 1. 23 ( = S. A. Ii. I., p. 217). If ,,In l)e the first and
oldest god it wot~ltl follow, i pso /(~cto, th:~t his t,emple Zk~n-.tzu together wit11 his
cit,y U7~u(<g)" - Ur~rk or Il:~.crh' (-pX, sect p. 8, note 1) must :~nteelat,e, in point,
of time, all otlltlr temples :lritl cities of :~ricicrlt B:~I)jrlo~li:l. Hene:e, hen we find
in the so-calletl "liiling~~al c.rcat,iori-story" (written in Keo-Hnl,yloniun chamcters)
that N~j ~pur : ~nd &-kw<:lrr ~nenlionetl Ixfore Erech ant1 &-~112-?an, we may rest
assured that this :trrangement is clue to a decided Nippur in/lue~~ce, i . e. , t,he "bilingual
creation-story" must have bcen composed during a time when Niplxir and &-[cur
had overshadowed, in point of importance, that of Erech and 2-An-nu. I n other
words, the "bilingual creation-story" dntes from the Enlzl period, having, however,
been adapted to fill the requirements of the ;lfardul; epoch.
.4n, the oldest god, was naturally col~sidercd to bc the first ccrtza-a-abor
I K , 1j . , \ -I#, [ I . (;i : 2, r:r,o( ,S,A-LUL ,i.~-ibi,jr ZL c i ~: - l ~, r .
? . J h , b ~ l > , I<. B., \' I1, 1, . 38 : ti, 7.
l l i l , tlte Cl ~r i sl , p. I 7 : 14;-19.: %2.
"
parent," "mother-fst,her (abzc tcmn~u)." This t,erm, as we saw above,' indicates
the androgynous nature of An, i.e., it is nothirig but a. crudr and primitive mode
of expression calculated to convey a, twofold idea, viz.:
( a) That An 12s "the self-existent one (dyc'vv~ro;)," who i s w~rl exists " by himself
(ni-ba, ni-te-?m, ci-bi, zna ramdni-.?i~)," and
(b) That he i s "the self-perpetuating one," loho i s able to, ai ~t l tlitl, beget o/)'sprircg
out of his own, rcature.
Being such an ama-a-a, Ail was, of course, looked upon, quite rightly, as "the
source o/ everything that belonged to ihc heavens above or the earth beneath (.kc
k:,;.?-Eat AN-I<I") ":
(u) of 1 1 1 ~ !/oils,
( d ) of the rr,o~~ltl, thr rri:tc~roeosm ( ( 0 1 , crtr-l;i, O U ~ J ? ) :111tl inicaroc.osnl ( 1; ~/ ( 1t i 1,
ICf-e)i-(/i).
When wr say t.lia1. AI L was the sourre of evrrythillg, we 111ust not restrict the
"of" t,o merely :111 ol)jec.tivc meaning. 1171 is t,he got1 of everything in a sul)jec:tive
and objective sense, i.e., he is 1,)otli the author of everythi~ig (".<a" ki.!dat AN-I<])
and "everything himself (-4n == .!am& and nuuy i xho;io; ~ ~ U i ~ l ~ % l ; ~ l f ~ j s ) . " In other
words, A n is the source or "father"' of 78 niLv and zd nuv himself, and hence thr
religion of the earliest Babylonians is nothing but a pure and simple pantheism and
their theology and theogony but a (micro- and macro-) cosmology and (micro- and
macro-) cosmogony.
Very soon, however, as may i ~ c gat,hcrcd from the various "lists of gods" them-
selves, thc early Babylonians differenti~t~ed A n int,o a "husband" or "father (a-a) "
and a "wife" or L'mother (c~:rnn)," hut still clinging t,o t,he itir:~ tli:tt huslmnd anci
wife were arid are one, hence
and when considered as a (micro-, macro-) cosmic quitntity,
Thttt ,111 w:rs the " fatl-ler (a-u, tctl ) " par c.ccelle~zcc of all gods may still lje gathered
from various passages of the cuneifornl liternt,urc such as IV. I<." -56 : 7b, ' l A- n i m
ith( - ccd) i l &i zP"1. nbi Lt i ( - y01)~""~. Thr:sc "gre:lt gods" are rnostly designated
by the tern1 " A- I ~ L- ~ z n , i . e. , (' the iiegotten ones (a = ri@t, lit. t)he outpouring,
brood, progeny) of the 'princr ( ~ L L I L ' ) , ' " or more fully, " tlie ' 1 An 7 m~ c c whom A~LU
has I~egotten and the %4 n z t n n a whorn . 1nl ~~nr has l)egot,tcn,"hr, w11:~t is the same,
"the %~,~~mncx. of ( - begotten by, ant1 thus belonging to) heaven (ar~-na = ia
.;an~e';) and the 'L4n1ur1zu of e:rrth (ki-n - . kc il-$ti?n'i'"),"Vor. simply "gods of
heaven ant1 gods of earth."' Of these thc god :In is said to be both tlie "forcmost
1 For l i i ~ ~ ~ = d l L - i ~ ~ ~ svc M. li31.
x ~ i ' , l - 7 ~ # t ! ~ - ~ ~ < ! .I,t.it<6( = d.l-8,i!~i,) <c-ri-u-?~c, '1.1-!~t,li,-,,,5 lii-<~( = .I,L.!U,,Z) <,-ri-,<-,te, for r?l,:rc,,?<!s sec BCl, /he
Cl ~r i d, 11. 2S, note 1.
Scc Bil, fiic Chris[, p. 28, ilotc 2, : nd tllc n:l'c:~.ll,,cs thi:l.,i gi\-cu. 1:;iLar c111 t l ~c "".liii~r~,in o] cilrlh" wen: tt:rtncd
i I ' I ,f I ' v r I ' 1 - i . ' ' i s ! ' I-!gi-oi I COIIS~,I(.I. 10 l ~ e a (:ontractiun
uf igciqi, : i ~ ~ < l igi t~ l ~ l ~ ~ , ~ ~ c l i c writing oc e!yL = I<U = rul,C ( we I>. 2, n<,tc : 3) , syn. ol U ~ L J L , I~cncc LIN: 'fl-gi-gi I>>LYC also the
uatnc "Ni~~z-~~~il(-e-tte, -inid). ''tllc grv:iL ~~rit~ccs:'
I - = ' t i I ( = i i i l i ' ) , I . I I ! : I ; 3 I ; 135, 111, Y3.
ilcec,rditrg to tlicsc pt~sstrgcs i tnd R. 11.) 87 : %A (cl. I< 4ti2!I, n:\-., Ui.aolil, Cii!., p. 5lIi) LIK: "goils ul' I#,::LVCII :ind CRTLII' '
are divided iuto
(a) "tllc grcnt gods, 50 ill ntunI,cr (rlinCs~c-ir gal-qid L-newbe). "1;iity" liciug tlie nrltnl,rr uf E, ~l i / (and of iris son
"YIN-IA, C. T., S S V , i Uo : 7; 50b : It ), wc linvc 10 8i.e i ~ i this statentnlt n Nipplir inflovnce, slto\vi~rg us Llut duriog
tllc Eidil pcriocl tile gall of d-/cur wns col~sidrrcd (l i l , ~ .'I ,L) to n:prcscnt or to iucludc ht his pcr s, , ~~ "all tlrc /i,/Ly great
gods of licavctt ;inil c;~r.tll": tllsrcb,rc is I, also = i~i(-6n-li~,,~, V. R., 37, till. 11, 1 G.
(b) " tila gods oi (i c. , n.110 dctcnlliili:) t l ~c ht cs (ili,,t-,ue-i~ n~ti,~-/iu-ra),'' ~r,llo arc snkl to t l nt ~~hc r srrclr (7-ne-"he).
Tllcsc arc "tlic s;:vcll grcilt gods pic7 e.rcelLcnce" or ''tilt: 7 gorcluora (bri, nii, rii) o l Ileal-cn nlid c:irlIl ( i , r ( z l r ) ' ne s b- 7- ~~~~k i ) ";
An, Q7zlil, ' l ~ ~ , ~ i ~ i , "l$nzi~, "lili~, "131, " I ~ LI L~ I ~ L~ ZO. TIIVY n ~ t ~ s t bc scpnn~h:cl fronl tltc 7-bi( = d~i hi l l i ), the I I I C S S V ~ ~ ( ~ ~ S
(~~' ~' i ~i , , , -gi -n) ol .in (IV. 5 : 27 = C. 1'., S VI , I!) : 27), wl~oar 1'atl:s 110 (An) 115s dct cr mi ~~ed xt~cl \ vl ~o~n I ~ P llas given
t o god i n n ( = %id)-(bjil-gn-incs = "111, eti:.) t o be Itis "Rlrioos ~renpons" (scc Jcnsen, R. B., \'IL, p. 58 ; Gf.), biG
wllo lil~owisi: are calleil "gr,:~tL gods," I<. 157 (Ursolil, Cat., p. 11), "7% illi?~i,zb6,5i& r.nbiili( = g~~l j ~~c d~b. These 7-bi are
notllillg !rut tlrv scvcn manilcstntions of "tllc po\vol.; c,i n:~tttrc," i i . , tls:y a x tlie ''sovon sotis (\v<::~pons) of the god
who plays tile rOlc uf $lit: ' Son' " in n givuti lrinity (rf. Cr e u l i ~ i ~ - S / o ~ p. 45, 3; B. E., Yirll' , p. 21, 5: p. 10, note,
mld tlrc "scvcn zib af d ~ l ~ l , " C. T., SV. 15 : 18.
( e ) d ~ + ~ t ~ n - n a '1%-,LC& v?,i~-i~)9-bi = d r l - ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ a - l i . i Sti i , ~ t t i i @ 5 dii-Si, i . ~. , "t,lw \n~illll:l of I ~ ~ ~ ~ Y c I I (to tilt: L~LUIIIICT 01)
5 soss or (5.60 - )300."
Cf. :~lsn R. /I., p. 1 I%, 111, 12, ,F-!LS (i.e., = 300) bi i r d17. 11.
(d) di l - i ~i ~n- t ~a ki-a ,ILU-ILA-~O-~~ = d;l-ni~n-,~n-lri Bd i l . i l i l l ~' ~"~ ni-B-6-di~, i.e., "tll,: .\LLUZ~I% of <!:~rtli ( t ~ the nulllll~r
~ i ) 10 soss or (10.ii0 = 1 ni r = ) (i OO,rr
Ci. also 11. [I., p. 142, 111, 12, 60.10( = 600) bdr d[d!]-nt~n-nn-lri, itnd d60.20 =
%4.~~~~n.~~a-itii, IV. 11.2, 33 : 46, vari;tnt I I = Ur. 10140. \VImt t l ~: nnmhers 300 :~rrd GO0 stand Sor is nut yct elmr. Tltnt
the number 300 of tlie ".A~nmn;~ of lrra\-cn," i c . , the 'lI-gi-gi, cnmlot lie tlie rcarllt of the addition uf the "sacred ooilibers
of tllr godsu (.In = GO; Enlil = 50; 1VIlV-IU - 50; l h ~ = 40; Sin = 30; So,nitb = 20; I3lw = 16; Wergnl = 14
(,sic/ Il o~nmcl ); ~l l nr dt ~k = 11; Gihil - 10) as Hc,~ntuel (G~undrisu', p. 370, nutc 1) \\,\.ants, is evident lor thc fullmving
reasons: (1) dill = 6 is wnitted by IIurnmel; (2) :liorili~~.s nolnber is [ ? + ] 10; (3) Ne~qal' s nuiriber is 16 (Inat 14),
llence tlio nel result would be -+ 307 (ulste;~d ul 300); cf. now C. T., SS\', 5012, h. Seoirlg t1r::t GO is also ICU, mllich,
wlicn rend egi, lins tllr signification "prince," it may not bc impossible t hat 10( = dilnu,i,~ni<i) nioant origijlnlly
"the toti~lity (10 = U = 8h = kiBSatz~) oi the Lprhinccs.'" Furt l l rnl ~orr, rcmcmbi:ring t hat tllc '*I-qi-qi, "pririees,"
or dNun-ga1(-c-nc, -,,iCb), "great princes," ;ire in [not nothing hut thc "rlnzinna oj hemera," xi: may see in thc writing
d ~ . I I the nunrber of 5x120 or 5XGOX3=600=d6~~10( =dd- nu~~- - naa- ki , t hc"An~i nna of mirth") rather tlian titat of
3
(gic-gal') " :rnd the "king ((l.lagc~') ."
Thc wife of An, being OIL^ with ]lor h u s l ~ a n t l , i n u s t , i-~avc,, of course, the sarne
ut t r i b. l ct cs and f l i t z c t i o i ~s . 'I'his is t he rcwson why she, t,hongI~ l l o t l l i r r g l)ut a persor~i-
fication of the "enrth(ki)," is yet s : ~ i t l to l)e the 'VRClit-1-li," "t,hc mistress of the
gocis."
Thcsc gods are, : ~ s we s:tw a l ~ o ~ c , " the "A-~xt : rr, ~-r~a A, r a- i i c~ and lii-a a-ri-a-nc,
"the Amlnnn hegot,ten 11y 11111c :\ritl AI L- l un~, " i.e., t,lic " l gi {j i and "A?~u. nl l nl zi j or the
totalily of lrhe gocis of h c a o o ~ : mt l etrr, tIi.
a. TTis Geneal ogi es . - - i \ mor 1% the g o t i s , the progeny of ~ i , :rlltl I</', orlc g o t i stands
out with specizll prominmcc: the g o t 1 1,il~'' or, wherr t 1 i f c r e n t i : ~ t c t l into husl~and
and wifc, ' ' E~~- l i l , ~ "Mr. I,il," i x n d ' iATi~l-lil,H ",\ITS. l,il,'' the famous god of the temple
'cs<;,,,:,,.', It, ~t l h: r , v<, ~c~s> tlw If c ~ r c' l ~l i ~l i :tt~<I tlw 'l.l-tt,tt~~-tt<~-lii, :,us. tlw s:sc!w iht n , n ~ ~ I w v . TI,,, d i ~ i ~ r c ~ > > r < ~ , i( t l ~ r c
Ix:;~uy, bi!ti\-s,w (ljOX).j(= 3011) ; i ~ ~ i l ((i0X)111(2 lillll) i i . I > < , ,li>llllt, tll,, ' : t l l l <- :IS in iltc, (-xlm,-*ion ('i~i. Iiiilk.llrii(.livl.~
Yerpl, 1,. ;]-I : 25, 2i ) i-$-In ;i-ii,,i(-,iii') hi$-iii-id,(-bir)-r, i-10-!ri l(I-ri,i,(->iic) bit-i.i8-iilr(-hrt)-i ' ' o~ct 01 11!c, l#<nlsr (d: i i;in>ily)
oi {ivc (tell) Iw (ill(, ~ t ~ r ~ i t ) v:nzs<,s ti, gu , n>t iisi, (~PII)," i.,'., ~rlwt1a.r tin, /:~i>lily is s))i,ill (T)) (11. /(I)BC (IIJ), till ii1.c dl.i\.c!~
,,ut, I u r t ! 5, ~xprcs s ~~s , lil,<, 111, t l ~ tot,rIi/!, (v(. finc~rs , , I ' l!:t!#cls!). ITc~trt,, ;j;JtI(= titlX ; ) : > I I ~ l;tlIl(= l~llX1ll) is tlw t,~f,tliPg,
IYA it s ~n: ~l l ( ; ) or l:trgt, (IO), of tin: ''priz>c,,s,'' t l ~ c lir<>g, v~y t ~ d . I ! , . Iic,i~>g tlw "I!:~tl~t,r" : WI I ' ' l, i~>g' ' ,,i Lltc tot;tlit,y (7 cur
i t = I i ! ) o t I , I is, t i , i s : i l I I I s Y. I . 2 I ; I , I 1 "l r . 11; I\(!
I I 1 r ' d ' T c 1 is I I I i , i . . , I 1 5 , I 7 1 . liar iltl1i.r ~i vi vs SCB
J c t ~ x ; ~ , , I<. I]., VI1, 11. 587 (Llw 8 I!qi~i( = ' ' z, L- z( ~! ) ; ? ~ > , l !I . I , L U ~ L J L < L / ~ ~ , wI8icl1 .IC,IISCH ~>~: , nI i ol ~s Iwrc, , I , , t>oL mi s t ) ; EI r oxn~,
Ni nmg, 1'. SIX.; Zitruucm, I<. 11. 7'?, p. 43LI.; Tlt~llllll(ll, f;i~it,(/l.ibs2, I)[). ll:iI, :3lii, I ; :ili!l, 1; 3711, 1.
1 (!I!, 11. It,, l!J : 211 ( = l%roxtd, ~Vl ~~x s g , 11. 111, wv. 20), lt~gul <l',!t! (! so, ~ > o t ?.<,I,! , l i / h is a v;~rit~uL </Zu! = r<tl>i,
IJr. 1 l(i5) .I iz-nc! g,!-g,tl diugir-ri-e-rte-gc = &lr-?u wtb-l,t& ". l-~~iut u-i<Z-ri</ i l , i ~, i ~, ~fi s~t , U. lViur,~!g, 1,. I I; : 13, . I ~ A - I L ~ ,llv),(l)
~lingir-ri-e-ne-ye.
~<; i ~c i ~: l , Cyl. .\, It1 : 12, An luqnl di?~~/i~-ri-e->~c!-!le; S ~ , LL~ I LL: L~ \ : ~ ~ S : L~ , l ; l : ~ d < O l ~ ~ l i s l ~ ~ oI,v,, I . 2 [cl. ljcl, l l ~c C!i~i,st,
p. 28, lot,: 2), '<.lnx B(~r7.i d~-gi-gi ii ". ~-~LILIL-~L<, -!~. ~; (:11,10 01 kJ:il!l!ctllriil)i, I : I , . I I L $i-ri(-io)i b<li.ri ".I-~L,OL-II<I-!;~ (II,'TU,
I>o~rcvc, ~. , this ;atll.ibute llns been t ni rl sfcmd Lo 'Llfi,-lii, scc I). 1'2). I!(. JV~~SVCI , l<.l{., \I1, 1). 48 : 27, %X> ~ \ - I I B T O
"tlm gorIs (ilrirci)" arc L o IJC his ( i e , ' r . l - ~ b ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ ) ~ ' ~ ) " ( . l ~ i l ~ l r ~ ~ ~ ( i l ~<i r i - S, i ) . ' ' S(,C also S. :I. I<. I., 1). 1Sljf.
VC. T., XXl V, 1 : 2 3 = 20 : 15, "liilil( = .Yl.Y)-i-Ii iliitii .In-,ti~-gi., l,riltg iil,,ulilicd iu I.<., 1. 20 = 20, willl
. L, L-IILI)L "1s-lor. For t l ~c l ~ r o ~ ~ ~ u ~ c i : ~ Li < n ~ "lltlil->-li (, CLNI I I C , ~ "AVi~~-z~,l-li) sec C. Y., I X\ ' , 7~1: 111, "tj61ll( = lV1lV)-
' v ~~- l i .
' Scc p. 17, rlot,: 2.
aC!f, "lje-lit " V . 11u "A-uttrt-n<~-l~i, (' ri~ig, I?. 'I,., I l l , 1). \', <;urr~:cLiu~~s to v,,l. I, :]I, I C , ~ . ti.
"'l'lie n a n r ill is still prvscrvcd i n 1111:I'olloivi~tg i ~ i t ~ n , , - :
( a) lilt?., oriinl lilt, lilil( = n.5'5, Is. 34 : l l ) , wc :tI,<,!t,, I,. 5, ilc,t~, li; ( b) !iizi-lii Iil ( l,llotlctic \rritlilg [or lil) =
d/,il-li~~)~, n-110 is, iic(.ordittp to IV. I<.', 27, no. 4 : 56, t l ~, , S:IIIK :LS il.l~it-ii/-li! or ''I<i~-lil (SCI. :XISO itl>~\.c., 11. (i, note 4).
but z~cor di r ~g t~ C. 2'., XI \ ' , 12 : 21, ' i ~i i l -l i ~ I ,litLc), i.e., ''.\~l.Y-IlI; ( c) "I.~I, t l v YOI ) d ' /.llu~(-<,) or diYit~-,n<t& = 'llit!-
lil-'~-Cb (the vil!c of d~~.V-P:l-i), C. T., XXI\', 13 : 5!J = 21i : 1117; (<I) " l . i - ~ l - l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , C. T., XV, I, w,I. 11, 2, 7; [!I,i-l~!~t,,
Z.C., 2, col. \TI, 10; "~i-il-li, L.c., col. T'111, (i; (el Lif - ''[;!, (i.t!., " t l w s t ~r n t ' ' ) , Y. I(. , 44, col, I l l , 37a, b, 'lLAIIe-li-Lll
1 " " ~ < r l i ~ - " ~ ~ . (X. also below, l,p. 28, noti, 3; .'!I, ilutc 1.
For t l e pr u~~, ~nci zt i on En-lil or 11-/(I, ( = ' l ~ , ; ~ ~ , , , ! l ) i ! ~ ~ ~ : ~ s ~ i ~ ~ ~ , wl>c,rc 1 ia :L u~iLl:tl<c I!or .\: ' I ~i i d; . - ~~~l scc C. 2'.,
XXIV, ,5 : SS. +I, e,b.rcl.p;l, ' ~I C~~<! . I ~I LL~I , , ! t ~ ~ t t , > I,, 8~x~t~s[.
C. T., S S J V , 5 : G = 22 : 107, "h'ir~-/if-li 1 ":~i,~-lil dii,,i-bi-snl.
4-lcur at Nippur :111(i his wife. IIr is "thc i ) r i ~l ~i p: ~l son of heir\-ell"' or oC
"the god of f i - kw, t l ~ : son of the ' princr, '":' " t,he one I)egotl,en (a - ri bi t , 'pro-
geny') by" or " the son (rlunlu) of I<1;-17~-(li-rrc, "' "tile 1)e~ottr11 o11(! (a, i!-t7i-'~ic/-~Ia)
of the bright heavcn (or holy dln),""' t!~c~ I)c.gottcn one ((1)" or "son ( t l ~c r i i ~l ) of thr
(world-) n1ount:~in (kur,O bcir-sag) "j ; An is Enlil's " l ~e l ov~t l C;\thc~r.""
b. Enlil's Nntwe.-The Surnrl.i:\ri 111 is translated into Sernitie l ~ y tqilr~i, li \ ~i nd, "
a synonym of Illl'~nai (see below), or by xiqiqcc,!' "winti, st,orm." l'r:rnsl:it,ioris such
as these ought to h: ~vr suffic:ed, it seems t,o mr, to prevent sc>hol:~~.s from scring i i ~
dEn-lil n god of t,hr " irir.""' ' lll:rt, ' lil c.:~nnot, l ~ e l:~kpri in tlic sellsc of ":rirm is :rl~uri-
dantly den1onstr:~ted l)y the sr~vc~.:rl n:rirics : ~nd : rt t r i l ) ~~t es :~scr.il~c<l t o ,iJC~tc-lfl a1111
still prrsc~.veti in the insc:ript,ions. Among t,hese n:rrnes may i)e rnc~lt,iont>tl as espe-
ci:llly noteworthy thc folloxving:
"lm-bar-say," "storm of tlir (xvorltl-)n~ount.:\in (f.c., of 1111) ' "? ; tho sl!/~pnal of
Kippur was called, t,herefore, &-ii7~-hnl.-sc!!j.':' 1P11d21 is the storrrr th:\t l ~l ows frorn t,he
~ ~ o ~ t h : "Im-si-sti.," :rnd from the enst : " I n z - l c ~ a ~ ~ - ~ a ; ' ~ ~ o s s i l ) l y :ilso t1i:rt which c:ornes
rushing frorn the sout,h (l'?ii-<licl-h!,)"' :rnd the wrst (l'rr~-.llA1<-7'U).~ In fz~ct , "Eiili1
1 Crr'riliiiti-Stow, 17. 21, i v r i ~ riJlti e n ! t ~ ; ~ (tlw ">~~:i?~*,vosn~i(. spluw it,floiwc,," 1 ~1 . t l ~ v goil ui i l >; r i "splir~n~"!).
~rllV.lll ddoi t t i - , s<~~ .l??-n<,, 12.11., lq?. SS : 7 ; 1:35, I\-, 1 . 12ur 'l;\-.lll = l!'rtlil .-<',> C'. Y'., \ XI \ . , :<!I : I l l , ".V.lll 1
i t I . i l , I. 3 ) It6 .I.\-~:LII,I II. . I . Y, P. iii3 : ii, 'i.\-.ll{ 1 "l<~~-lil .it1 .I8Y-[v].
:I I,.c., 11. 33, d. k/ <, ~~ i i i ~i ni c ~Vi~zc-nn. l;or ~ L Z O ? , - ".l-ia<, s w 11. 17, n<d,, I .
4 If. N. , D. 1:10 : 2 1 (2Sj, tir,,,,,~ %lr,~-,,l-lil-l~i n( i l i i , i r i , j I<i-bi-~i-rir - I,?-ltiiii d, l i t t <, ii-~ii-iil(,i,ii-m) i dt i t - r i - l i o, , ( I r r i i i ) .
For I<i-e?~(i,t)-gi (~t>icrocost~hir spl ~er c of i uH, w~~c, , j = / I n s w : ~l x) vc~, 1111. I G, 9.
6 (X. tl,,: pr"],,,r I,:,,,,? '11<n-lil-!,l-~t-:17L-<,z~!g-g<!, Ij. I<., Ill, 1,:irt 1, 71,). 111 :s.
On. Zj., p. 130 : 21j (:Ul), ~un?, , , 1~~8-?tnq-~!?d c l ~ ~ ~ t ~ - ~ ~ l - ! i l , <( dt , n, ~c) I<?<v-vo = bc-ltccn 3?8<$-<$-1<$3$$ "<litto ~i-h~?-,t!l(,,,!<f-yi)
6ndii(Sn-ili-i). ICur A u 5 I<?tr S C C :d,ov<,, 11. 13, not,, 1.
C. T, , XV, I I : :3, ("IOt-lilj i ~- I t , - u~l - ~l , ~ b,&r-wtg-!g;t. Hor-s<tg (lil<,: i;ur or prc?c,li~tg not, , ) is Iwrc :x lrt!er 11: t n~:
lor .4n, In~ing I X V I ~ tr:~~msr~rr,vl t<, I t i m \vl!ct, l h l i l 11:tcI t~~t!rl??, l I & r:ttI~?r's l>l:~ce.
~ H~ I ~ J , . ~ ~ . I , I , o. n. r, ,
s i , 111, 14; ' ~I<,,-I~I, . . . ..I,L ,,-i;i-~~~-,,i ~ ~ ~ o ~ t - ~ ? . I<. (!. : : ~( i - , , , , , ~ c - ~ I c , - I ~ ~ , I O ~ I ~ Z
~ ~ t t e r
(I,,,g<tl-z<>g-(!i-82~) pnxy~r 10 -171, his l ~ ~ ~ I o v , ~ ~ l Catl~cr,"
Q C[, nls<) 11. 38i11, 12 + lil-1,; = I);! z<,-qi-qu. .\cro~cIilrg t <l ('raig, I?. T., I , 11. ii : 23, e-l,!)i-/,t z<c-qi-q88 i 4 1 ~ p4n
dGitdor btli-3u ICL 1<~-poL-/<!!r 7'~.l:Y-,<.ll!-i)~-.l, ( ~ t c , , it is vvi <I ent tl>;~t Llu: ''Son'' a gi\-<:n 1riniL)- (l>c,rc .S<d,,i d t l w
]3t~llylotl trinity) m:%y gi w 11is :tt~s>vcr t o :L pr;t)-,,r t l t v u t ~ ~ l ~ : t l ml I)? 1 1 8 ~ z<t-qi-q!c ( c. 4. t l r "still -TII:LII voice'' 01' 1 l,gs,l!) : I ? ) ,
l o so, e.q., Z i ~ i t n r ~ n , i n I<. . I . T:', 1,. :35>; l ~; <~l i l , ''11~'rr dc.9 l l ~i t t d, ~. * (8?,,1 it,? .Si!a>,c vut,: ,l,,.s I , ~~j l ~?i ~l , ~~~) . "
11 13. . I ., \', 17. 655 ; IS.
12 SO,, :~I)oY<,, notr 7 . I I . I?., .50 : .5<,.
4 I A . V, 1 . I : 1 ('i.., i#o\n.u 1.. li. S3Oi (li,,riil,i, Cii!iil., 1 1 , !I"3), ii,i-ai+ii 'i\.i,i-lil ?:.Y(.-ii.!) m-rii-qi.
. I . , 1 . 5 5 I . I I , I ( I l l I . . ) ' l l i l \ . i t 11, vi cwt i l tllr far1 tlhnt
k L, ~ i s t~lso= . I n (syn. or &rr-.s<!g, s w :<lmvc, noi t , s (i. i j , "l ~~~- l ~t , r - ~, ~ n t i ~ l l t possil,ly l)av<, l > : ~ l i l w urigir>:tl ~ i g ~ ~ i ~ c n t i ~ ~ ~ ~
"s t or n~ oi the (I\-ol.lil-)rnu!urtiiit~."
lo Cr. I <, 8397 ( I ~ ~ ~ z ~ ~ I ~ I , I.?.), i>~i-gXl-ltt 'l?-<z , , - O ~ L il6>!i, , cJ~~~. Noti?,, ill this c , m~t <, vt i , x~ t11:tl ' l l O~ - l i l - l ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ ' l " , 'i,Yt,-
&m-7,~uh, BE, <'XI,, dc . , : IW 110tl1 'll?-,r n ~ ~ l clh' ~t-lil, C' i . : t l ~ o r ' l ~ ~ - ~ g ~ l - l ~ ~ - ~i~\~l.V-IIl, ' i , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ J , r'.Y~r!l,cl, If. , I. I..,
py. 422, 428.
17 Ci. I<. K39i ( I ~ c z o I ~ I , I.?.), i~~i-.lI.IR-T~~"' .l-~z~~ <ti,,( ( = , I I)) h i , C ' . S<,t,ict, tltat ' l~~.ll?-Tll isnls,, - "lfi~r-q~zl
+ '~/C,~.li! - , l u( >l :A-'l.lf.l I?-TlJ).
20 Sl i ~l I Cl l l . \ N EI\-AlXS . \ XI) l ' l l . \ >~El ~S 'YO :\rlA-Ill
is the "storm" par excellence, being callcd ' i " ~" " ' [ Ug] . l That, this ,~iy c:tnnot l)e taken
here in the sense of "day" is evident from C. T., S\ ' I : 206 : 40 nil from :Ln inscrip-
tion recently published by Thurcau-Dangin, wlirre3 iig-;fi-m-~n is ~.cndcrcd by ri-hi-
i:-ti dI Ll l , "the min-storrri of h'arur?~i&ti.." In thc l:tt,tcr passage: it is par:~llel (1. 5 )
with ANS~- rcc- ra = ri-hi-is-l[um? or ri-bi-is ANS U] , l.e., "raili-storln [of ANSU]""
and with (1. 6) iu-ra-ra - ra-ha-as ri-ilq-si, "the st)orming of (ant1 tlcstnlction by)
( - 1' ( ' 1 .
the rain-storm," while in C. I'., XVI, l .c., it is Sollometi irnmet1i:~tely by ;(,:;r.
kir-bur-AG-DA-mii = le-fiu-i~ gar-tl;!c-lc % X L L - ~ I L , "mighty tlcstroycrs (drst,nlc:t,ions)
they (the 'Seven') are." From this it would follow that iiq, ilNL$iJ, icy, ~ry-arid
I may add cjg+--are names all signifyin the "st,oumn such as I t c ! n ~ r r a i c ~ ~ is, i . e. , 1llr
"storm" including the ('lightning, thunder, r:iill : ~nd clo~~tis." fialil, howerer,
is not only "the storm," but he has "storms" of which ho is tl12 o i or "lord," hclice
his name "En-iiy-il{j-ga,"'lord of tlir storms." From thc insitriplions of (>utLe:~ we
learn that the storms which Erilil has" were, among others, the n- v~ct - ~u~ or "storm-
flood" and the iig-~LL-silim* or "roari~lg-storrris."
This result, reached mainly from a consitler:~tion of thc rirrious names of E l ~ l i l ,
can now be corroborated by the inscriptions from the Temple 1,il)r:ary of Xippur.
' I?. d., T', p. 6.55 : 20. For this mading ;111,1 (. t nc~t <l : ~l i ~rl ci. OIL l , l ~c o t ~ < ~ l>:tn,l (,', Y'., IXF\', 4711 : 14 - 3.3, : 2,
dfi"", i.e., iinzu"'", and on tllc ot l kr C. T., IS\. 1% : :ii = 2:irr : 7 '"liy 1 "$i,iii""', s . ~ I,;l<,n., ~i i , l r 1, t o r t c , 2 = 3,
11. 70. Ci. :<lso C. T. , S V , 11 : 1, dig ii-ri,i~~-y,il ii-ii "ii,i-lii-lii, "gn,:rtly p, , ii-!~ri' ~~l sti,l.oi, i:itltiil. IClllil," :L>L,I sil,: : ~I ) OYC,
p. 18, note G, c.
A. 0. 4480, rev. 111, ( R. ' r., S S S I I ( I ~ I I ) ) , r,.pl.int, p. 2).
For thc rending nlld signiiir:ition oi .llVSL' ( ~ o ! iloill,i.y!) so,: ~ n y inrtlrco~riius ti..t~isl;itii,n ,,i C. T., S V , 15, 11:.
This vi t h llw proriso t l u t I<ing <lid not n~isr,,:~cl tlw sign zig( = !,ir) ior t i $/ ( = be) i ~ t P. T., IXIY, i : !I, "I2vg<tl-
cZ-k<~la(g)-<a(g)-&g = l.c., 23 : I,lOb, [ d ~ ~ ~ g ~ t l - d - l ; ~ t l ~ ~ ( g ) - ~ ] , , ( g ) - ~ ~ ~ l , "I<ing of n ~ i g l ~ t , ~ p o ~ c r vitlt tl,,! Itc:trt oi : t t ~ t ~q( = storm,
pantllcr, lion)," i c . , "as irnrlcss as nu icg" --a ~L:III~<I iivll : t , l : ~pt , ~l to d<:s~ril)c: t l h ~ iiligllty :t11,1 1 , ~ : i l . l ~ ~ ~ cl ~: t ~. : wt (~~. oi
d N ~ i V - I ~ (ai. l.c., 7 : 10= 23 : l.Llh), tllr "Son" :ind grjil ili tlw p<j\\-i.rs ol' tl:tt~tt.c in tllv Siplntl. tr.inity during tihe
Enlil cpooli. For t he intcrrllnngc o l 60 tnal ii!] scr : i l i i l b:lon-, 11. 70, ili, Ls 1 lo 110. 2 = :i.
I<. A, , IT, p. (i5.5 : 2, ~ ~ , l ~ i c l ~ II:<ILN: i* v ~p I : ~i n ~c l 11vr ~ by "/<~t-lil I~e-lt,nn ij>(b)-X?-[c:'!-li'!J, ' ' l o ~ d ui s,,l>j,tg:tti<~t~('?) =
destruction(?)," ai. II. 11'. I?., pp. 126 and ll(ii,. Ye,: also l,i:lo>r, p. 23, note, 7.
a .it t he time of Gurics Enlil played tllc rClc 01 -171, \vlhilc i Vi ~- ( ; i ~~wi plnyctl tllnt <,l' I;,ilil. .\-in-Oi~rii, l l t i ! "soti"
: ~nd "elriei-srt.vant CUT- S<L~) " ol Erdil is, ihrreiore, irl tlrc stune sense llte "lrisrg ill Llir: ro: rri l l ~-st i l ~. t ~~s" or "of t,l>c rtortri-
flood," clurirlg tllc Enlil epoch, ns was Enlil dnring tlre pn:llisk,ric poriud.
Ci'. tlre riame oi one of the wrnpims of d , V i t ~ - ~ i v ~ u , Cyl. A, 10 : 2, ~, LY, LI n-),~it-ri, "l3ti-lil-1,i iqi-buB-a-wi l r i ~ ~ - d i ~
nu-(1, "hing of t he storn~-flood oi (1) Enlil, \vl~osc angry <?ye IYAS no c ~ ~ ~ n p ; ~ s s i ~ , t ~ ttp<,n Ll >c! (t t c>~~-l <: ~byl , >~t i : ~r~) It~t~cI(s),' '
and tla: na~la: oi tile sre,,nil oi tile a:vcn (Itllougli only 8i.c nnl>ii:s arc gi\-<:,I, y,,t nccolrlini: 1<, (:yl. , 29 : 1, t,ltrrc wi,rp
seuen statncs crccted--nrlt s t a t t ~c rcprcscntitlg one ul tlic sr veu p<,\ri,l.s (s,,II*) i,l ".Vi,~-f;im,i) st:rtoi.s di,dii.atcd to
d Ni ? ~ - ~ i r s u and erected in tlrc temple b-ninnii 81 Girsa, Cy1. 11, 23 : 14, itiynl i i - r , i i i - r - i i dlSn-lil-lri gnh-iii-(ior nu-tz~g GiL-de-n
en d ~ i n - ~ i ~ - s u - g e igi-ai(d) mu-di-bar, "t hc Icing oi tltc sto~.il~-lloixi o l (!) ICt~iil, Llte 011~1 wi t l ~ot ~i ,:(31u11, Il:is ttlrnccl :L gni-
cious eyi: tu7rards Guiien, tlir l>igll-priest ol ,\'i,~-Gi~su."
Cf. tile nnrrls oi t l ~ e fourth of tile seven (! see privrding note) stnttlcs, (.?I. -1, 13: PO, lii!l,d ii!l-yii-wiii?ii "Bit-lil-lri
en gab-ri nu-lug Cii-de-a en dl\'in-~i+swye So(g)-ari~y-:gi ~t e- pai d) , "tlr<, Iring <,I t l ~ r ~.,>:tl.ing S ~ O ~ I I I S oi (!) E, L~Q, tllc one
without erlu:~I, in his pun: I~c,:~rt I I : ~ I:IIOP?II GII,IP:L 10 I,,, llti, lhigl>-l)ri..at 01 ~\ ~~~L- ( ; ~TS I L. ' '
Seeing, however, that the "hymns aritl p~i ycr s to 1l;nlil" will l ~ c issued shortly in a
separate volume, where I shall hi ~vc occ-:~sion l o r.c?turil t o this point again, and not
wishing to :~uticip:lte myself here, I must c?ollfinr rriysclf to t,he t,wo Suriieri:ln iriscrip-
tioris publishetl in C. T., S V , 10 alltl 11,' :lritl to tlic l:~t.er copies frtirri the lil~r:~ry of
AshshurbBnnpal.
The very fact that E 1 ~ 1 i l is tlic: got1 of thr "st,orms," morr p:rrtic:ularly of "thr
lightrlilig, tllundcr, storni, rain :u~d clor~tls," u.!~nltl, (1 l ) r i o r i , intlitr:ltc: t h: ~t he niust
hnvc piayeti :L dou1)le rOlc:
(u) onc, in which lir :lppcars m:rilily :IS :I r l c s / ~ , i r c t i t ~ cr ( l o! i , :LS ilrc goti who hu1.l~
his thurideri)olts and light,tii1i:4s :r!;:~irist, Iris :~11(1 Ilia f:~t,li(>r's r~~enl i cs, i .e., :~gni~ist
a11 who :we not ii1habit:rlrts of ill(. i ( , ct i t r i r ~ : r ~ r t l 111~1s not sul~servielrt to liirn and An;
(2) the olher, in whic:h, as god of r:lin, he is (1011sider(:(I to IIC: ( I yruc1011~s I l f e-
giving a n d l ?/ l e- sust ai ni ng (jorl o/ i r er t l ~r r e, t,:~ltii~g :-c.rro of his people, of t11c l ~rast s of
the field, the fbwls of hearcn alld t.11~ fishcs of the se:r.
u. JCILZ~Z as cc ilestructice ; l qe~i . t . - - EnLi l i:s Ilotll n got1 of mm :r~id god of pe:LCe;
:L destroyer r~nd prot,ector, tlefc:icler, ~.cstorcr, ~ ~ p l ~ i l t l c r ; ininlir:i,l, llostile and most
gracious. To enjoy his hlrssillgs m:rn rriust rntctr inlo the right rel:it,ion to him and
to his father, i . e. , he must acknowlcrlg,.ct t,li:~t ;I 1, is the "Father" : ~nd Etllil his "Son"
whom hc h:~s i)egott,erl and sent to (lo his l)idtling, o v wh s t is the s:rrne-man rriust
belong to the right society, asseml)ly, c.ollgrc:gntion, "land ( l i c t l n~~z ) , " in which the
will and decisions of An, as proc~l:~imc~tl by his " word (e-lac-em)," tho lord of tllunder
and lightnirigs, Enlil, arc th? supronc~ l(,.r t : ~ which hr must, I)ow nnil ~vhich he must
ol~ey.
Furious indeed anti orir most t o 1):. Cr:rrrtl is '"11-111 :LS "stolm": "storm of
terrible strength,"' "mighty olirl, st,!)~lir of .I ~t , , " " ' the rushing storrn,"' "the rusher,""
' ,
storrn o'f his 'father-mother' who l)ciy:.ot lrirrr,""'st~orm of the glo~.ious ~ l ' r ~ , powerful
one aniong the people."' \\'he11 hc opws tiis mor~th he sc~lds fo~.t,h :L wiltlly rushing,
roaring arid destructive storrn:
"l'h:~t w1iic.h goc,tll out of thy rrloutll ti:; like sonrething \~liic.li) r:ruscs incoln-
pnral~le tlcstruction."
' \ i ns I I : i t i I I . I . I - . , 1,. :is.i, n<,Ii. :l, I , : ~ l , i i ~ ~ ~ ~ l i,iigi~l:tlly I , , tit., T<,nq~li, l , i l ~~. i ~~. )- Xi pl nl r .
C. T., XV, I 1 : 4, ?7q ,i -,~u!t-g,i /. T. , XI7, I l l : I S; < ' - l ~ t ~ in, . l?r-izo.
I\'. 27, m>. 4 : IS, fi!g <,/-'MT - zio?~~''''' d<,-,,i-t~,,.
Iv. li.x, 27, I I ~ I , ,l : .52, ' r D~; . \ ' - ~. l - i - f t , l i t . ' ' l , ! ~ , ,~lh,, I i gl ~t e~>s 1117:' V<,r 'lJ)l!.\T-lJ.l-<: = ~i n~r - l , i - ~?! ~, see, IJr. 9S75.
' I\. J(.?, 27, no. ,I : 56, , i , i i - l i , lil ,i-o-<zlii,< ,,iiili-ii<i - " ~ , ~ l - l t i , i ~ IL-I,,, ,t,i,i-,i,,i il-lil-liz-hii.
' C. T., SV, 11 : 23, ltg .lr,-uz,r!g-g,t . . , i i r - i j i i l i i y-i i g-[rg]n.
C. T., XI', 11 : 21,
ha-In-t-a-rz~ , ~ ~ i ( ! g ) - ! g ~ i ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ ~ , - < l i - ~ l r , ~ ~ ~ ,
I-Ie is ternied "st,eer which causes tlestructioli without its e(~ual."' TThen he
lightens in the heavens he sprcads awe :md fet~r evrryurherc, for he is "fr~ll of fearful
splendor and we-inspiring fear"? :~rlti "c:lothed in frightful fc:lrfulness."Vh god
such as he can, of course, spreati terror :LIICI (irstruct,iorl ~ v ~ r y wl ~ e l ~ l , cs~~eci:~Ily : ~mor ~g
his, his father's :tnd the kalnm's erlcmies:
"Suppressor of the rel~ellions of the 'motintain,' il~imical t,ow:~rds thee" ;'
" S~bduer of t,he land, hostile towilrd t,hy S:~t,hcr" ;"
"The hnuxht,y ones c:omplclcl y thou layrst low" ;';
"The hostile lands thou smi test tlowrl " ;'
"The not subservient; land i l l tliscornfit,urc tho11 scnttci.rst,.""
"The (non-Hahylonian) land like grass like grain, t,h:~t is rnoT\\jn tiown, thou t>ram-
thou crushest, plcst upon" :
"Distressoverthc(non-Ral~yloni:~r~)ln~~tl like a c.lolltl-l~urst hc has rainrd (V.
I,rought),
"Distress over thr(non-Bal~yloniun) I:tnd like :L cloutl-l~urst hr has 1)rought."'"
Er ~l ~l is neither afraid tlor stands in drexl of an cuemy. A i ~: ~t t l e ulldcrttlken
I C. T., XI:, 11 : 9 q,,,(cl)-cl: ~,i(!~)-g,i!~->,~,-(ii. (X. 1 1 ~ r<mnnrI~s UII . ~ ~ i ( ~ ~ ) - g ~ i ~ ~ - ~ , , t - ~ / i , l>cdov*, 1tolv 73 to 110. 1, ?dl .
1 1 1 , 17.
IT:. lL2, 27> no. 4 : $8, . st ~- zi ru,e-l<i~!> !/;'T-TLA = ,&L )~t<,-!u&-tu ln~i-!u,,,-,ni, ~N<c- . ~<' <- , c.
:' I\r. 12, z, 27, no, I : 49 ( 5 3 , i,,i-bu? r i - dj i = .<ti r ~ ~ - < ~ , l ~ - l ~ ~ ! , - l ~ ~ ~ ~ ? , r ~ , - t ~ ~ , t ~ - u ( , i ~ .
4C. T., XY, 11 :S,
",,,!,-e-le("zj
C. T., XI' , 11 : 7,
sit(/-ni-~,~ur
' C. T., XI1, 11 : 10,
!;ur-k~~r ur-a ~t~!-ii~-~~i(!/j-~~i(!,)-gi.
UR-a t ni ~y XISO Lo = ~rii/b,rrid: " t l l c (rl u~~-l i : ~Lyl oni nl ~) l n ~ ~ l s as on?," or "trll 01' t l ~ ~ t > . ' '
C . T , , S T r , l l : l I ~ . ~ ~ . , Y , p . G 3 R : 2 2 , 2 3 ,
hlir nu-So-ga zn,;rL-e( ( , ni i - i i ~~- ) S. l I,-iS.l I,-(:-c,~L
miili~ la ?n<~-gd~. i sar-ri-ii li~-v,n-ns-?i;
CE. It. II., p. S1 :43, 4 4
sw-gi(g)-gn-rut ba-ign-it<$-S.t L-le - So, snl-nrnl rii~ri-qt-iiii , i - mi ~- ~~~- i t ~- t ~, tit\? of dl i i i l i l , i.r.., I. ?!I.
C. T., ST', 11 : n,
kur gd-dim pe$-lrci-e .?c-dim .sX!/-<c s , ~ - ~ ~ l ~ - i ~ ~ ~ .
lo V. It.$, T2, no. 2, rev. 3<)-'ll,
a-dcir kLr-ra
la-nCEi inrr nro-n-Ii,,i
a-Se-6 kur-m
by hirn is pursu~ci with unrrlcntir~g vigor till it is c:trricd to its viclorious end--
with him therr is no pardori rior relrrat:
"The hostile not subservient land- frorri tli:~t larid thy l ~r r asl thou dost not
turn.'
If his ariger is once aroused, there is no one who coulcl iritluce liirri to lertve or
"~001" off:
"The wrath of thy heart, who can apprasc it?"'
\Vor unto the mitn who should vcnlive to stand up agi~inst him: his md woultl
surrly be at hand! In a h ~ t t l r with En111 rio one can comr out victoriously but
he himself:
" Against thee who van fight, victoriously !"'
"Mighty one, storm of An, who ran kccp his stand :rgainst thee?"'
"fearful lord and rnighly warrior of liis father."'
In llis battlrs against (he eriernies, the several "powers of riature" are, of course,
his ~vespons,"while he 'riimself is "the lord of weaporis."' By means of these weapons
' C. 7'., xv, 11 : 22,
za-dn a-!,a-n i r ~, - ~t ~~- 11ul - e.
c. T., xv, 10 : 18,
c- l mt , iv?. :I?c-?8m ,t-6,,(!) Z, L- <! <~ < , t - , , ~ , ~ - c - ~ l ~ t - ~ j ~ f ! ,
5 C. Y1., X\r., 11 : ?ti = Ii. A, , \I, 1, . fi3:i : 30, 31,
i i - , , ~u- ~~~~( i ~~, i i <r c) di)l~-nzn $tr-,s,tg !<<c[lu(!g)-!,<~ <~- ( t - uct vzi n]
be-l i ~, i ~ SUT-bu-LL !r<n;,nil rt -hi -bi ) [ ot -i n! ]
' Cmig, I<. T., 1, 81 : 17, d ~ , ~ - l i i EN ui6"biiy,'fi~.~~i; Cl. nbu\.c, p. 20, note 5
he exccvtes lllc "jrtdg~ncnt" of L1t~,l I~eing callctl, tkierefo~,~, "t,llc \vc3;q~on of ;ITI"'
and "lortl, judge of hosts."\;\rnolig tlieso weirporis :we to I I C foluitl thc "lict" with
which J$rilzl er~circlrs t hr cllcmy, :rnd, :rllcr he 11:~s capt~~tc.d :111tl cns~iarctl hirn, lie
hurls his "cudgels" or " thuntlerl)oltsn :lg:ri~ist hirn:
( t E,rlsnaring 7 nr t
" Illt,o the cneiny's I ~ r r ~ c l
which cric~irclrs (ovel.po\vc~s) the hostile
l:lil<l.'~'
:IS wit,li a (:111ig:.(>l t.l~ou s1rikc:st.""
r 3
1 he enemy, onre ensri:n.rtl, h ; ~s no cXsc:r1~c :
"From t hy right hand
"Frorn t hy left h:rntl
EnLi'l may cmploy sorricttirr~es otllcl. ~no: ~ns t,o ;:~irl his l)tu.l)osc,. IIc, t;he
"
god of rain" arid hencc uf the fertility of tlic ~I . OUI I ( I , h:ls it. in his power to ~i t l l hol d
( (
the life-givi~ig w:~tcrs"' :rnd thus c:nlsc :L fright.E~~l (Ic:~rt,ll with its :rcc:ompanying
famine. 'I'his we;cpori he rnsy use with eclual rSfcc:(. ill his ch:rst,isernents of 110th
frieritl i~ricl foe:
. . . I 2 : I>, " I O ~ ~ , , ! ~ ~ ! ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ( ! ) 1 , i i t i <] ( i . ~. . , ~~. \ ~i , t i - : i i ~i i , r ~ j i ~ , i i ~ . I , ~- , ~, , - ~, ~: ) A,,I;,JI ( I ~- ~~- , ~- I J ~- ~I <L- ! J C =
ai i l ; - i ~~i l - l i i (r-hi -i v di - r - r i i : I. I(; , ' i ~ , i - ~ i i ! l - i l i ) - d i ( ~ ( ! ) , ! i t t o. I:,IV "\i,i-4iiiiiii. i.1. ' i / . i i l i r l - i r ( ' ?) - ~, ~i , i i i ; "1S~i-1iL Si r rig-hrlr
) [ = " , L L I ' I i i I t , 1 . I . . 1 . ; : 3 I I 1 , 1 , I : 1 , Or n l l <, t ~l , l VI: n,;i,l . I h[ o]
( h r <i*-I,<tr, cr , :,I,ovc, 11. lcJ, I , , , 1,' 2 ) :1,,<1 c< ,,I> icier t1, ih :, sy,,.,,I /<I = ;r?i/,<. v,>,,ll,:,ri,,g /2. I / , , 11. l : j l , 11, 20, 21, "IF-
r[d qw-,~~!,] ' ! ~, ~; , , i ~( . ~i c ! ) ~ c I , t ~ r - ~ 0 = " f l - r i - [ , l a( <~r , I.c., 1,. Si; : S ) q , , ~ ; -r]r,-d!, /,?-cl(,vic!) [ i 8, ] -?i -l i ' ! 11, t l ~i s rzt~,, KdtIiL =
' i 2 \ ~ i ~ ~ - ; , ~ l ~ u r , V O I ~ ~ l x tic god or tlu ' ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ r ~ ~ ~ ~ r l ~ I ( = ,sul ,fi i fl ~,,j 2' ,xl~vrc tlw ' ~j , ~, I gnt , ~~~Ls " :tr,, givvn. lbr si8ttilar
n~ist:d<c (.l.V or di t t gi r , irisLcttcI <;G-I,ur) cr . ~ r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ L - ~ ; : - / ~ ~ ~ r ( l i i l ~ ~ 11:w , l i ! t qi r j - r t , , (!. TI., XX\ ' , 2tJu : 21l,t (notic,, L l ~ t !
l~rt!c,:cli~~g 1 i 1 ~ ~11.7~~r,~L-ci-b,~r-r,~!); 200 : 8 ; 211) : J, ( ' r . : t l w (;, T, , XXIV-, ;Or : Il l , wl!c,r,, . I Y is citlwr a tuist:lI<c l'or
(fir, or I,~,T ( = [3a WL , L p<, ] - f ~~( l , cr j - +i .?t,,-l8~-I;t~, (!. T,, XXI V, 1 3 : (1) c~r iL st,tz~clh r , >r . ~l ~S- l <. l l Y' = lurr.?i. 111 :xny <!v,!nL,
~ v ~ ~ t t l , l mp x t r,,r " ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l - ~ l i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - r ~ ~ r::tl>vr ;t ' i l , ~ ~ ~ ~ t l - ~ l i ~ ~ g i r - r i - ~ : - i ~ c .
r C. . , I 2 , I I , : \ , 1 - 1, 11~11,- t l . i ~~~- / . , . ~. n. ( / t o c l . \ r ~ \ r - ~ ~ ! A r ci ~di t ~g
,ili-i,c for r l - , ~ ~ is c,ntt "I <j ~~: , s t i oj ~ ; L I ! ~ , w t n w o , t ~ L uc (I)., l',,ll,,wi~~g .%t, gr:t~~wtt:xtict~lly i t ~ ~ p ~ ~ s ~ i l ~ l c
V. T., X\', 10 : 7, at^^ eritt-tba di - di .
* IV. 12." 27, ,lo. 1 : i s,
sa,3tt-,<;-!/,,l /;i-I,,,/-,, .<c[!,)-.G>(!/)
, Ci ~- t ~i , t , s, ! - bi - i ) ~ >mil ut l - i ~ t i r - l i , ~! .
(,' . T., .I\', 11 :!I,
kur critu-g8i
,,i ,ts-,lG-,c-~lio, .. ,~<,g-~zi -,si (!,)-~i (!/)-!i z.
(!. T.> X\'> 11 : '27, [V2 : I] = l i . . I ,, Y, 1). ti:<:< : :<?-:i>,
<t - zi ( <l ) - <l <~- zt ~ """'"ri,,, ,,,,-;[-<,I
in,,! i >~, , -~?i -l c, ~, n - i t - l ~i ~ iii iip-+i
( ( i - gi i b- hi ~- zi ~ ~ t ; l - ~ ~ 8 ~ t - ~ ~ l - / ~ ~ ~,n,-[i ,-c] )
( i m 8?c - ~n~! - l i - / ~~t Iir!z-ntt t u L i-[.:i] )
' (!i. no. ?= 3 : 1, o- s i l i ?~~.
"Lord thou art, thou who hast spread
how long still, till the destruction ceases?"'
famine every where,
3. &lil as Prolector and /,z/e-giver-As furious anti destructive E12lil may be
in his dealings with the er~err~ies as gracious, kind and lovins he can be when his
own people arid country are concerned. He protects his people from hostile inva-
sions by surrounding them arid their home with a "high wall" or i)y ljectoming for
them a "fastness" or "house," the bolts of which he fast,ens securely so that the
host,ilc hol.ties car1 neither climb over or overcome it nor can enter through its gates:
" Ho ~ ~ s r ful l of fearfulness, th:lt overpowerclh tlie erierny ;"'
" Wit,h regilrd t,o the (non-Ral)ploni:111) ye:r, like a. very holt thou :~rt,.":'
lands liken hi:li wall (fastness) tho11
art for me,
If his people are in need of rain, he operls the gates of heaven, pulls hack its
bars, loosens its fastenings, removes its bolts that abundant, rains may water their
fields^--or he may do this t,o drown and utterly destroy'theenemy :
"The gate(s) of l~eaven thou operiedst"
"The h ~ r s of heaven
thou pulledst hack"
"'rhe fastenings of heaven thou looser~edst "
"The bolts of heaven thou removedst."'
' (:. T. , XV, 11 : L9 = 13, :I ,, V, p. KT,< : '26, '27,
e,i ,,rc-e!l gi,(g,ig) lilf-n sf(!/)-qn-zi r
Ii-.3!1 ~ ~ , ~ - . ~ ~ 1 ! , ( - . ? , ; ! ~ ) - n e ( r t i ) - e ! ~ ,
i),,-l!,?~r $3 , s , , - ?! I z - , , r , ?i , i l - ~<! - r i 3 /<,:-1;,8-12,~. n- i l i ,,in-li lrr i n-[ no-qn-ri i ] .
1 , ; I - t = t i ' . 5 , t I . I i t . : " l i oa lonp still, till one: bc, no inori2 ill ad\-criil?."
? LV. A'.?, 27, TI<,. I : !Il,
,' 1, i-gC?-?U ~ " ' " ~ ~ i , i , - ~ n " *i,(!j]-;;,(.q).
LT, T., XV, 1 I : I I >
i ; u ~ - l i ~ ~ hdd-<g(tl-hi viir
e si -gi i ~. -bi i t i e- e?~.
Sotic: in this aonlrcctio~l tilat i i i l l -yo! = lidii-,,iniL = / i r / ~ i i l / u , "support" and ri. tiie pl.opil. Ilnnlr ""' ~n-o~-l . u-dh-du-(l ~
= " d f i ~ - l i l bd-d,n i;-~i(v, \-. X2 , 4 ~l : 54~. SCI, :ali(i I I O~. . 1 0 to 110. 1 , POI. I, 4.
C. T., XT', 11 : l:l&l(i =
"C1'iidl a,i-7,rr-ye(i,i)
<I~,-l <r-/i -,:c .:,z-y<!-ii
!);.qJ,; ,,-, 1i.~3 ,,,,-,,,,.!,,~(i,i)
,iil.-rIi-li-i,r
'""',ari!i-l<~il, r r i i - i i i z- p( hi )
.sii<-iiic-vi-?iL
~' "s. ai -gn7. (, ~~ri r) nri -, i i r-rj e(l ~i )
ti-<,i~-,.i-dii
4
In this wise iki'idzl becomes 1)oth the
"Lord, life(-giving principle) of the (life-)sustainer of Shumer, "'
'country, '
who know^,"^ 1e:tds and pastures his people:
"Husl)andmarl, who husl)ands thc people, Enlil thou art,""
Ijcing called "shepherd of mankind."' Gracious husl)andman who he is, he takes
care of the fields that they prorluce grass :~nti grain abundantly:
" F:tther 1<,1ilil, he who m:~keth to who mi~krt11 to s p r o ~ ~ t t,hc gr:iin :irt thou.""
sprout the gl.:iss art tllou,
He sustains the lifc of 110th mall :uid I~eitst by "elllightenillg" them with his
"glory." In doing so, he does not neglect even the smallest :tnd most insignificant
:~nimals-the fish of the sea and the fowls of the air:
"The fish of the sea thou mitkest 1.0 the i~irds of heaven thou makest to fly;""
thrive,
i i E~~. l l l , thy (fearful) glory enlightens thr fish of thr sc:~,
"The l~irtls of heaven, the fish of the sr:L it fillrtl~. "~
S o montlrr, then, that the :tncirnt Bnljylo~iinlis wrrc :ilnazrtl : ~t Ei ~l ~l ' s loving
I l l . . R.?, 27, , I < > . .I : (i:%, 64,
c t j ~ 2 ,5; I k - ~ g - g ; ~ ~ t ~ ~ t ~ - ~ , t ( . s z , ( d ) j I<;-irt-(/i-ra
i,<,-Lt~!tz ?i,c-/~;.?-/i j,,,r-,t- 1; ??,<~.?-,sz~-z~ . k r n ? * , 8 , ir?i!i!!~' ~' ~~.
Cl. I#. / I , , g), 12'' : IS, ' l. llt~-~~/-/i/ i i /:,,-7r,tg-g>. l:,,r /ii-i~$-qi = 3 u mF ?L i~$iIi>r, XY, a l x ~ v ~ , 11, I 0
' CE. 11r1.e t1,r iottr.tl~ of tile s,.v<in great 11:11nes (,tiionisit qi~(</)-iid,n'~ahj <,I' 15nlil: ai b suq-yi(gj-gn, C. T., XV, 10 : 5 ;
13 : I$ el p<~swirj?, or s i b n<t-i<[,rt-s<tg-gi(q)-c/,r] = r;-'-6-[tun7 c,rl-,vut q,sq-,/(~-di], 11. :I ., V, 1i. e(i(i(1: 7, 8.
C. T., XI' , lo : 20,
n-a <llt~-t~1-lil > i t i t - / t i yii ,,id-,riii , , i r - e, ~ ? ~ ~ L - I U i c ~ & 1 ! 8 f i ~! , e- , ! ! ! .
Tltis rradiug, it avr ni s t o i rt i , , ic prci<~rnl,lo t o tlir ot l >cl . : i i i i i - / t i g i ~ ~iiti-snr . . ui l ~-/ ti de iiiii-nil.. l'i,l. ri~ii-sar = mu- s~r- ri - s
sec Ur. 4:Ki".
O C . ,/-,,x\-, 11 121,
/;a nb i,ili-Sii-it-i,iii(<) ~ W, ( $ C ? L ccliu -,t,, i rl !I-,.;,
"(' . ' r,, XI., I l l : 2 l , 2 2 ,
d.llii-t~/-/i/ ,tic-/iiir,-iii <tqz,r-rr, 1;li ~,>~~-u;-ib.!~i-i,;
,riwScn-e na-riri /;ii-r. eib!jiir-ro .k (!/)-;?,b-!!t,t-~~i-il,-si,
. .
kindness, protection alld support,, praising him l)y cxc:laia~iug "who protects (givcs
support) like Enlil!"' " 13idi1, who is like thee!"'
y. Er~lllil C Z ~ L ~ HI:* SFVC~I : l ~ n ~ ~ i f ~ ~ t o t i o ) ! ~ . - - I l . is onr of 1,hr ~riost rc~r~:ri.lc:il~le facts
ill c:onnection with the naiurc of cxvo~y got1 \vho, : I ( ollci li111c or :t~lothcr. pl>ryrtl the
rblr of the "Son" i l l :L given t ri ~~i f. y, lh:11. SII(:~I :L god \\-:IS vo~~s i ( l ~r o~I (,o 11;lvr " s cco~
manifestations" of his powers. 'I'hc "Son " I~eing :alw:iys :\rltl i11v:~ri:ll)ly the "goti
of the powers of n:tturc," it would follow that his "srver~ manifestations" were
nothing hut the personifications of the "srven storms." "Srven" t,hey were, because
t,his number expresses the '(fullness, ctompleteness, t ot al i t y. " Vhr s e " s e ~ e n mani-
festations" appear or may appear, either :is
( a) sever^ names (mum'"")" of the " S o n " c3:tc.h one :tnd :dl of them, singly,
severally and collectively express tthe fl~llness of t,he goilhc;itl of t hr "Son"; or as
(3) "sevo~ s o i ~ s " of t,hc "Sol e"~- i n out c.:rsc>: J;ielil. :I " ~ r ~ : r l ~ i f ( ~ s t : \ t ~ i i ~ ~ ~ " is :rt
forth, l~egot,t.en Illy thc sourcc flwn \ vl ri c. l ~ i t c~t11:tn:rtcs; or as
, .
( 7) " S C C ~ L SOI LS" of tlio ''l~'(d/l(,i. " i I I : I l hi s fuIlo\\-s fr0111 a ;
or as thc
( F ) SCL'CIL ?nesseizgo.s (1cli~-{j1-(l, sulccil) or sc!i~~!ciiiLs (1ii,-.sts1~, bcciirlec) of the "Soi~,"
through whom the "Fattier" :tcts, spcaks or rrveals himself, through whorri he
gives his cornnia~itis iilld e x ~ c ~ ~ t e s his ordin:irlces, t,hrough whorn he punishes the
enemies, but guides and leads, protects and guards his people. This is the reason
why Er ~l i l is called on the one h:tnd "lfra-icg-lig-gn,4 "lord of the (srven) st,orms"
ol. f i J T ~ ~ i ~ ~ h ~ , ~ ~ , c ~ ~ , : "lord of the (seven) we:tpons," and on t hr other " ~I ~l , " "storm
(of AIL) " or oir6/1U<l-A~~~ "weapon of (l il."'
The cluest.iou no\v arises, \vho arc t.ho " ~ c \ ~ c l i " of 1.lle ~i i oro tti:i1i 5000 gods
' i , I r : I " I - I - / , - - - "' :llit,i+r,ii / <i - i , i r i ' t l i t i -/ i / kqi-liii, \", 1:. I I : I.'?.
'('i. 1111, I".rilwl. I);LL>N: l".II~~~-l,-,sil - "' ' Jj:t~-lil ~ ~ i c i > i - t i i i iii,r-/ii-(l/;, \'. I(.>, I I : I: i l , (1.
CF. 14r. lY20.5b 7 = /~iSS, rft<,
's:Y x I , OV< ~ , 1,. 20, I , , , t c 5,
5 S e ~ % :11,0v<,, 1,. 23, 110t <, 7.
JVC i ~ l > ~ u , , 1). 20, I I U ~ , , 1.
(T. I,,!,.? tl,? ,:-ri !li"f'&<ag ~ 8 < < & ~f.l-,Li,t,, (!. YS., Xi.1, 3 : x7, 6 : 211; 21 : 2u2, : ,,,, i t,l><, ~~~~f ' l <. \ . \ ( <7 ~, ~e u ) , ' ' l , , , , ~ ~ ~
: l i ~ t ~ , I<. I<., \.I1, 11, :l" : 5, li, S. Suticc~ also tltzit t ~c c <, ~I i t ~g to 1.. R.>, 52, no. 2 : 43, U t t , l <t t / i l is ctll:~l the !n?t-/u
gan-ZIT = , ~ L ~ L - ~ L ~ - / ; ~ ~ - , ~ / ~ - / ~ ~ , L - / , ~ ~ ~ ~ :tn<I t l ~ t t l ~c "t' it nisf' yo,,-,iris tlw !Jiafibz,y Si ~". l - i : (or p,,ssiI,ly, i>oti~.itllhtnll,li11g Ll ~c, pr c~~di t ~g
da, .41~-(~-$e), mltilc ili C. T. , XI \ ; , 13 : 1, the ""'L'yn7~-zi~ is id~tltihccl ivillt "'"fI,C..I~.l 7. gzi((!)-l(d or ".\~l.\.-IB, see also
notc 8 t ono. d, my. 0, 10, I ~vh, n- . 1)urilrg the 13nlil pc,~.iod the "'S"~uy-.L,z ui. ~ t t i # ~ (I)clitZh(. Ii, II. 11.. B., p.406)
t~ecarne, as is to hc crpcrtcd, thr: god SI X- I A (in Kippur) or ;lI,trili,h. (in Eri~iti), ct v. Ci. l ~ t . s i l ~ ~ s H. IF. B., l c. , and
Ninrag, p. 12 : 20, 30h, also C. T., SXY, 1-1 : 25, ""iJ'h,~Q-.! ~L-'~I, 1 ' E ~ L ri-l?ii~ Sa Iliir-[ 1; I\-. R.', :I4 : !I, lo", d . ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~
oisn!g,y " Ak~e , and : ~l , ~, vr, p. 17, note 4, !,.
known to us that clesig~late Et~lil in his "fullness"'! 1temcml)ering that, wc are
discussing the so-called "prehistoric period" of the I)a\,ylonian religion, we cannot,
and must not see in gods like dNI N- I R, dCJ-yur, etc., sucli manifestations or "sons"
of Enlil, itrid this for thc simple reason t,hat these gods were i nt o importations into
the Surrlerii<r~ pantheorl, 11:t~'ing 11oe11 introd~~c.cd tir~~iiig t,hc so-cullt:tl 13rrlil epoch.
Above (p. 21) we s:tw that; ICnlil :ts "st orn~" was c~allctl.dIIUiV-l'A-i.-cz arid
q a r Both of these names appear ill C. T., S S I V, 13 : 42-43 = 25 : '37, as
proper names, more particularly as names of the husl?and of the gotldess "lfah or
"Nin-mnh ( i . e. , dNin-lil, the wife of Ei~lil).' On the 1)itsis of this st,atement,, I am
prepared to see in the following "seven" gods and sons of dDUAl-PA-i.-n (and
d;lilah) the "seven manifestations" of Et~lil (and NLnlil) as "storm" or "Son"
(C. T., XXIT', 13 : 55-61 = 26 : 104--118) :
1. <'Bhr-'~11-12-qnr-rci;
2. "PAl' -S1j-~~:-qe-~/cir-,(12 (his wife ~ L ~ ~ ~ L t ~ - I ' ~ ~ I ' - ~ ~ ~ ~ - l ~ r ~ ~ - ~ l ~ ~ - ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ c ~ ~ ) ;
3. "/,i t' (his wifc "ATIX-ri-tltrt?~-nztr!j-!/tc);
4. '' /,~~-f/tlq-q(l-!)ll~;
5. ~l , vi t ~-sl i ~)-b~-q; l -. ; (; ((1) ';
(i. ''L,16-5k (his wife "~1:k-nzt~r-at~-ki);
7. dNe-qi r~~ (his wife "Niil-el-16).
"Mani/estations" of Enlil, the "Son," are these seven gods. If this be true,
then each one and all of them must starld for Enlil himself. That this is
actually the case is evident-in order to rnentiorl only one example here-from the
name of the third son, "Lil, which is, as \ve have seen al~oue (p. 18, note 6), nothing
hut an attribute of Enlil, the mu-in lil or "Lil-ium. 1,att.r on, when Enlil had ad-
vanced to the rank of "Fi~ther" and when t,he rAlc of the "Son" was played by
' lNIN-IH, these very seven gotis i)cctonie, in conseclllerlc~c, t,he manifestations of
dNI~\T-IB, hence we find that (with the possil~le exception of (he first of tliesc seven
x'Sl,is g,,d : t l q) t ~: ~~- :LIS,> i>>>cl,,r tl,? !tAltuwi>nx f c ) r ~ t ~ s : "l'.lJ'-~~i~-i'f~-~~1~ii-~1~~r-~~t,"1'.lI'-~~~!-~'f~-~~[~li-ge-q~~~-~~~.
. I ' . ~ , \ s J - ' ; - l - = " - 1 I I . , . I . Sotic, , Ilrn. t l ~: i t I I , , . 11111112, i n tl,r list : L/ >OVC K, (. ~?I. I. C. ~
t <, , arc considuwd to l,r tnc, jtnlrwi oi' ii,,<: i!,rrl !iic sr,,,ic g ~ 1 ; ;all sci wt sinply, sr\rt.nlly : b ~ i i l i ~ ~ ~ l I ~ ~ c t i \ - ~ ~ l y rhpn,sa t l i c nntum
o l thl! "So, , "!
' 1lcl.c wit11 tllc oflirt. of Z L I U ~ k-t,rrib-qe. 111 C'. ?'., );XI\:, -iiu : I Xh, he is tel.nled "~i i b- bi - bi ( ! I - g8l - ~d( ~] and
is tlie fourtlr oi tlic 5,tili~g k- gnl - ~~i , a~- ge; i n C. T. , S XI Y, 30 : 47, ilc appears as the ioltrtll of tlie 5 aliig * ~ . t r - / [ r r - ~ c ] ;tud
lias thc name "S!iI~-bi-in-gii-ba-~h(8), ~ l ~ i l : in C. T. , SSIT', 30 : 35, lie is called "~i~b-bi-in-q,i-silis~ and is tile 1<1?~g of
the k-lilL[ln-gel ( = tenrple of dS~. l ' - l I l ! ) .
manifestations) all of them were identifietl with, or became narnes or manifestatioris
of, "NIN-IR. '
I t would lead me too far were I t>o show here how these "seven manifestat,ionsH
may be found agl~iri, under t,he sanir or different" Ilarnes, in t,his or that t,rinity of
Sumeriali gods; or how lhey in c:ourse of l,iine clarne t,o i ~ e krio\v~i ruitlcr the name
1'7.h'' or "5f'b.tti,"
I . I, 1 Suffice it to have draw11 the :ittention of the st,udent, t,o the fact
that the "Son" of every Babyloriiari trinity reveals himself and acts through "seven4
powers, sons, weapons, messengers, servants," of whom he himself is either the
"king (lugul)," "lord (en)" or "chief (pap, qk-gal, nun, nu, etc:.)."
As the chief (pap-sukal), sublime (sukal-mah) or true messenger (n~knl-zi(d) )
I C , ( C. T., , 12 : I I - L - g - i i t ( i . , ' f . l S ~ l , I. 1 ) J'or l i i s ~vi i ' r ci . 1,sss:igrs
.. ,,
lit,+! 11. I<., 59, rc,v, :XI> dc;~ts~~,~-,sr~-r~~-~le-ttd~~r-r~, ~ c f ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ s ~ ~ - r ~ c ~ - ~ l ~ - ~ l ~ ~ r - r ~ , !~l(:,~-!~,; ~ . ~ r . , x x v , : < : ~ L L L ~ , ~ ~ , I ~ ~ ~ , ~ ( = ~ I
N I S - , S ~ J - U G - ~ ~ ~ . - ~ ~ ~ V - I ~ ~ ~ ci i l ti , ( = d.\~i,,-l;<rr-r<!-<t!l), l wr c f,~tl,nv,,~I I)? 'I , 1 8 t l c > l -<,I ,\~l.\'-~l-cl~r~~~-~~~~~~~-g~t 1 di t t o;
"(>IL-I<, 1 d i t t ~ .
( h ) C. T., I.\;\-, I ? : 21, 'f~il-lii j i l i t t <l (i . , . , "V1.V-11;. I. I). l:,,r hi > ~i 1, . s m .st,l, c,. l ' i . ;cl.,, 1,. IS, m,tc, i;.
(c) r . Y,., XXI-, 12 : ~ 2 , ~' .l ,:-~~i ~-[~!-]~l i , ~i i t t , , ( i , ~ , , ' f . V~ . \ ' - ~ ~ j , I. I). (~i ,:,l s0 (,, T. , xxv, 11; : ?:j, rf..ii-;;r-wg = ' f ~ . t ~ .
(,I) (,,. T. , X X V , I 2 :2:3, ,'.V?.!/,i,b 1 ,litt,l ti,<,,, ' f . V~. V- l l ~, I, I ) , sw :,l5,1 I.c., 1: i : I ; <, ,l.V,'-!/8ih 1 ' O:.V ri-,t,,t :,,
;Vi h~i i ". 'Tlhis ~, : t t >w I,VC:LICIV l:ttcr UIL :ils,> t l ~ : ~ ! d I l w "S,,II" <>( t l ~ c l i : ~ l > y l , ~ ~ > t r i ni t >~: V. l i . 2 13 : :i i c. (1 = 11. I<., IiU,
no. 2 : 38 (1.1. l,r., .5!), <,l>v. i j l ) , 'f.\-c-!l,i!t 1 ".If; ( = ".Vc!l~ti :81t<I 'l.VI.\~-ll~!) ,!-r,,uq l t-i -l ;.-~V~,v hi s wii'r ci'. 11. R,, 54,
no. 2 : 7 = l . c , 5!1, u l r r .Ill (Mo~~LI ~L, , ~, S. I,., 1). $8, I. ! I ) , '1(;,,8,t,~-c1-/<~ 1 ' f . Yi r ~- ~l - l ~, 1 [,l,,!~] ".Yi.\.-!l,itt; I t v~l r c, ' . Y~- ~t i t ~,
= d~Vl.Y-(liit~, ;.ti., dlYkgiin., 1lcr.c l ) ~~l or i gi r t g t o lli,, c0111t 01 .I!<, (1101111111.1. 1.c. I. 27). 1111. t l ~ j)l.c~~llltii.i:tlioII gt i n or
pussi1,ly si , sb'(irolri s i l ~ , ,sr~n), liut riof ~ , L T (tl turl gl > dnl- is = li-ftr-tr, S'(i5). ci'. ""lizcr~-".ye-yii,l(si, *ii)-,tii-I<n, I t . T. C.,
53, rev. 111, 2. Ti l e d.Ve-giit~ has t o hr di f Ecmr ~t i nt , ~~I i' lr~in tlli: di n ' S~-, l ri 7- ( ! = 6i i - y u~' i ) 1 yciiort l ~-bn~-bn(I r)-b~r.
I <. H., p. 131, col. I, 39, 10; p. 137, no. I\' : 51, 52. l*~or s ~ t r l ~ :L cl i ffcrcr~cc Ix:t,~vccn ,107 ancl yt i x (,vi, .sG), ci . I f . A, , TI1
(1910), p. 108, nin-ori(!)-!ntil-~li,~-~~ and C. T., X X I V , 31 : 70; SXI ' , 9 : 20, ".Vi,~-,n?il-rjii,~(si, sB)-ci; ":Yi n-~l n~-n arid
~21\~i,z-xi(gc"~)-<>, <,tc.
(c) F01. ' l ~ i n - s i r b - l ~ i - ~ ~ i j - d r i ( ~ ~ ) sr a 1,. 28, noti. 4.
'I'IIc 2 1~ 7 g r wt gods t i ~ l S ~ I S ( i I , ; r ~i ~~dd, ~<!b,ilL,t~,;sft ~ ~ ~ , ; r ? ~ ~ ~ ~ a l ~ ) oi' ''.I-~L~ t nvt ~t i oncd ill I I I. I?., ti!), no. :3 : (i5~-74,
lhit dDU:V-I~.t-~-,< :LII<I 'f:li<!b. (ur ' f 1 ~ 8 t l ; l : ~ t ~ l " ~Yi ! ~l i l ) : x ~t c l t l wi r ' ' ~ C V V L L s <~I s , " ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ l i ~ n ~ ~ ~ l :tImv,, (11. 2S), u t ~ l v r <l i / ~crcuL
~: UI N?S, I,cc~L~s,> t l wy pl ay l r r c :& ~l i #~r , ; ~t f r<ilc: lJ?:tt of d-sd(!,) = ,!S<~IC/<,,, WIN, st ui t c l l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ v l > o :tv? n u t i t , ll>,, rig181 rrl;~.
tiuo t u . I n nitl, s i c l ~ n r s ~ .
:'('1, ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ , 1,. 17, not v 4, :i~i,l my r c ~ ~ : t r I ~ s ,118 111~ 'Y zil, ,,1 "1.11 i ~, :I ~ ~ ~ ~ ! I I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I L ~ I ~ ~ : ~r l i v l ~, ,
' Ilcr,! i t < , ~ i g l ~ t 10 lx n, >l i cc~l t l ~ t l l ~ r b r ' ' sL, \ , , LL' ' 11t;ty : ~l qj v: %r : t I w $13 2.7. .TIhw ":l~<,b, t l w wire, ' i ~ ~ l ; \ ~ - / ~ . l - i ~ - ~ ~
( = I ) i s t i t I ' ' I i l l C ' I . X I 1 : 1 = I , I, 1 I, l I J - g . ('1.. also t l l o
" I I i i 1 : I I s , I . . I I. 7 : 4 ) ; 1 ' I I i ' ' f . i - l ( 7 . I , 2 : I , t . Ei t cl t
1 I s 7 r 2 . 7 t i I : I v 7 . S,,, ?.(I., ' ' .V~-(~~i r,, tlir .v~c.c~,flt 01 t l i c *e~e) t s ~r i s of ' i DTIS-l ).l -i -a
a n d d.7fah, i s sai d t o Iuivt; " 8 c l t i l ~ l r ~ ~ r ~ (C, T,, XXI \ ' , 21; : 114. 118) '' : t ~ t ~ , ~ t g ~ v l ~ ~ ~ n t i s t o 1,~: ~, , LUI ~ 21st l t c /irsl: ',Tgi-<~n-ua
(al so= d: V~. \ ~- l l j (.Ychi), C. T., X X I V , 14 : I $ ) ; tis t l >c . seco~, d: 'fi;rjl-ki-fa [ = d.\~lS-113, l ,c,,I, 15); >is t l ~ : fifflt: ' s<~- ~cL-
un-gt ~1 (tilt: dest r ur t i ve serpent," ci. ' 8a- ~" - " " ~I 11, t i l e scrond n i t hc si x z!l~iy k-iiitr-~r-~qe, C. 7'., .\;XI!-, 8 : 11 = 23: 56;
<"?IR, tltr "Son" of t he JXr t r i ni t y = d~e-,n-,cb, t l l c TU-bi-is . ! i av- , a = dl<.l-Ill, U. I<. , S Y I I , p; ~rt 1, 11. 20, and ids,-
bn-en = Pumflu); and ns tl x: ci gbfi ~: d Dv - n t ~ ~ - ~ a - ? (cI, tilt, fl~ird of tlr SEI . E, L eliiltlr,,n o i Unri: ~/l--i-,~iit~-ta-ia, Creulion-
Stor!), p. 23, note li).
of his father An, hhlrl was l c n o w n i ~ y l,hc il;lrric "1, rcyt rl -k(s)rcD~c~. ' or "NI.u-,?(s)~ubLcr.'
As such a messenger hc was primarily the god who carried out t,he will or "commands
(me),""'derisions (ek-bar, h,i-bar)," ' "judgments ((ti) ""of his father, l~ecorning
in this wise "the judge pro. ercr.lle~tce of t l ~ e peoplt, ( er i ~l - ~c c r 11;-(11'). "'I Hc was, (hrrc-
' I<. :I,, V, 1,. (i5.i : 5, "1,tw1,,/-,,('!, l l > i q u , u s >I : I c~LI ~I I ; ~~I ;~lr<~:a,ly io,liv;~lv,l, is, ,Imcl ~t, : L ~ ~ ~ i s l ~ ~ l ~ ~ ) - $ [ s ) t ~ l ~ ~ ~ r 1
dl::.,-lil S, r t i ( ! ) - ba~( ! ) - [ x 01. ".I-,,i~ti]. Is~c,r tl te r<,:i<Iing <iZ-Ivtr (it~st,,:~d of <Iiu!lir-[r<!] ) s w : ~l , o\ v, 1,. 24, ole I, :find lor
b(s)ubur ( i nst r ad of S.I_H) cl . HI.UZILG, Z. .I .. X I S , p. l i i X; \Vrissbacl,, i<<rh. dl i acrl l en, Tef . 11, col. V. 27, :tiid Tl,nr.e:ir~-
Dsngi n, I,ellves el Conl ~nf s, p. 65.
' K 3179 + ko. 1801, 11, 22-24 (0. I,. Z., Apr i l , 19O8, Sp. 1R4), %'i,~-Jz,l,t,~ , si i l ~o/ - ~r i ~~b 'In-"to-qc = d?-l',-nb-r,il
i i k- kal - L, n s[ i - i - ~i ~ni ] Bn d.l-nim; rl. :ld,zp,z n ~ y t l l , Jrnscn, I<. B., T71', p. 94 (and p. 411): 7, 8 (l o), d. l - ni ~ [a-nu s],~-itl;-
An-li-3u d~- k- nh- r a- ul i-iu-rcs-si; 11. R., 59, rr\-. 23, '~U~),~LIL-~,L~$LT d.\Tin-3uhi~~ 1 ' l ~ ~ ~ l ~ - s z ~ k ~ i l ~ (f011<1ms dL~gal -l r(rnda =
"KIN-111, " ~ l z , ' ' ~r~l i l , II. i t . I.., pp. 4ICff.); C. T., Z X l V : -10 : 51, 52, "Vl n-3:i ~bur 1 "Pnp- sl ~kal 1 i n d.l-r~im; ' ~ ~ ~ l r i ~ l
i di t t o ! So An-ti ; C. 1' . XSII:, 1 : 31 = 20 : 21 ( r f . I 7 = 21 : 'R), "~a".~"-ggl ~ di\rin-Jf~hi~r suhil(,n&) 9n-na-ge. Tl l c
" r r mt i on cpi c" o-ns roniposcd d r ~ r i ~ r g t l i r En l i l c p ~ c l > (l at cr nti i t \\.as ndnpt ed t o t l l r .lJnl-diik pcri od). dt t hi s titric!
tI1c rGlc ,,i .I,& ,,.;is p l t i y ~ < l l1y l <, t l i l ( = .l,t-:,,r, ,,l. :,1><,v,,, p. 7, ,,<,k <I), l,,,,,~,, ,YC, li,,,l 11,t,t <'(:<,-q,& ( = d:vin,-3,61,,,7.)
~ [ l p t ~ a r s :ts t l w r ~~vs s c , ~~g, ~r (.s,~Iwl) of .l!b-?wr ( = 10tIi l !), . I c I ~ ~ ~ ~ z I , I<. 11.. Vl l , p. I 2 : I, 2; l , : , i ~ ~ g tl~<~r<,l,>vc, l l w s a n t ~ : t q
I - I Tl t i s l ol l ,l us ;ilro f1.o111 v:tl.iot>\ 0111,,1. cot ~skl , ~r: ~i i t i l l -. vi z, : ( I ) ((~i.-i.~; ill I\-. I:., :iI. 5111 ( Z i ~ ~ ~ n ~ v t ~ ~ ~ . I<. li,,
11. 511, 18) i s ~ t c c ~ ~ r , l i ~ ~ g l ~ ~ l l ~ r c<,r>i vhl ".\' I.\' -lli; @) 111 11' . /I., 1,. 131, 11, 20, 21, l i 11~1 " l r ~r l <>~r i - , G, I.?., XI! : S) , , r-. wg]
y oSr r , ~( ! ) B,ihrii.-i.a t l . i i t ~i l ~t t <, d I,? (ib;-ri-[dti i/iri.l-i.tr-tfii C,~-c/(!) ir-vi-fii,r, I )~. ~I I ~/ ~I . . ~, I ~<I I ~, I IIX " . \ ' i i , - l / i <- ; i ( ~f i - r l ~r ;an,l i o l l u w~ d
I J ~ ( ~ ~ ~ S ~ ~ ~ ~ - l i ~ ~ - ~ l i l ~ - l ~ ~ ~ . 11, 10is [fiissagv TVV 1 8 : ~ ~ IIIc, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t l i : t r ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ o ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ll>;~l ' ' l ~r , < i 5 1rtr;vlvtI ill I l w St>tc~c,ri:in l i ~ ~ , , a h ;t
/oi,i,!iric (y,rZrr,l, qq' . to , o, r~ut )~ nl ' i l r t l ~ c S: ~wi l i c t ~. i i ~~- . l i t t i t l ~i co~~hi , l <~~. * l l i l ! ~ 11) 11,. :i >#tiif, (lit-(11. 'rI8is : ~ g r ws v x t c t l y
i t y t i i I I . I . . 121. X,, xv<, s~l , ~r, I , l >w~~, l l >: t l '!1;<t-!~0 ( ". Si , , - , ~~t l ~, ~r ) :apl~<,:ur> I i l ~ v v i s < ~ ;c- :i /~outl <,:
C'. Y., X X V , 3 : 55 = 291, : :3, 'l(;~tf""~'"'-!l~, 1 ,lilt,>, i.~,., = ".\'i,t-l;<,~-r,c-~,!~ or 'I.\ itt-;-.xi-i~t-~t,, (I. :37 = 210 : 13)
= i - - I - (I. I ?: ! -- ?Oh : 111) = "*IIII.II-~~) x ~ ~ j . ~ \ i i ~ - ~ ; l ( : - ~ ~ , ~ - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ (I. I I -~ ~ I I J : 17; vr. ;LI,<~v,, 1,. ?<I,
nut e 1) = ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ ( = c ) ] . \ ~ i t z - ~ - ~ l i ! / - q ~ t (I. i X i = 2<ll,, 11, 11)--all of l l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ < , ~ l ~ l c ~ ~ s c ~ ~ :xw i dv!tl i l i c,l i ~! 11. I)., 5!1, rev. 2s-32,
wi t h df;u-l,!, and " ~ t &- l a i s cn~l ? :tn<,tIt<~r ~t : ) t >t c fur ".Vi,,-l~~~r-r,~-,t~~," " t l w n ~ i s t r c w x l ~ j g i ws Iwl p," " svltc rcsl,~r<!s t l ~ e <lead
t o life," C. T., X S V , 3 : 46 - SSL\', 2 l b : IS,,. l~J,,nc,,, d.\-it~-Zct.12ur ( = d(:,~-g<r) iu t l w ri)l<: OU ".Vl.V-119 i s " l ~ ~ ~ s b a n c l
and wi f e" ill one persou: tltc, god O C t,Iw ~ ~ t ~ d ~ ~ r ~ v ~ ~ r l ~ l (i~.>ili!,!), IYIIO 112s ov,~r<;onic t he ' ' ~ v i n t ~ ! ~ , ' ' pr<,cIuws IWTV ]if?, and
by doi ng so "prurl ai rns t he dari si ons ( i r i i ) " oi l l i s l nt l l cr " f i : ' nl i l ( = . l i ~j , t l t i ~ t t l l v a i l l t r r or r<,kl i s :\t itn rrrd, t hat t l i e
spr i ng and wit11 it !LC\\- lilr arc at l ~ i l ~ t d , t hat t l w ~i i r t l i i 5 t o yield up 11~1. d<,:~d, tll:it pl <wt y i s t o LC: r ( , st ur ~d.
C. T., XXI T- , 1 : 31 = 20 : a2 ",lilt,>= ' ' ~ n- 7 0 , d~i,i-a!&iei,i,i.l IIe-I,-:! ,,-,,,L 1 ",Sii[/~ni-i,iir~ -1, ~-j t ri ] . 111 111i8 p:tss:tgc
t l l c ~llc-I,, ' ' XI ( . U L I I I I I : ~ ~ L ~ S of IIIL," i ~r r c v i d v c ~ l l ~ 1l 10i r (11 /i ri /i / = .I IL,.IICI~C<! illin ZI:CI~I(~ I I ~ U C ~ l>iti.,, (~l.igi~t:tt,:d dul .i i l g t l t c
I S 1 I . 1 I I , I 1 - i I L I I t ' . \ 1 / .\~,i.,lrtli~ii: 10 Z i ~ l l t l ~ r t . ~ ~ , Ilifii,,l!,i/; 110. 27
(pl . XI . \ ) , nv, 5, "Ale-sog-I, / lrrhiiru, i ri bt i i i kr ''fi~~-/il, \\-c t i ~i gl l t l t . i i l ~sl : (t , ~ 111,. II:NILI<, gi\.vtl : ~l >uv r 1). ' ' t l i ~ g,xl 01 t l i ~
battle u i Eufi l -.! tt." ~ l g a i ~ ~ s t L l ~ i s ~ ~ x p l : i ~ ~ : ~ l i , , ~ ~ i s, l ~ , wv t , r , 1,' T., S X I V , Ill : 3, 'll~,,l~-,~ukrtf ( - ".Vi t!-~,~f~t,r, I. ,511 \ di1Lo
( = P o ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ G n l ) 1 &!, l ~! ~-mt -xi -e. i'l,~~ls~~Tl~~irct~~-ll:~~~gi~~, 12, .I ,, V I I (l ! l l O), 1). IOS, 11, 2, ('!.Vid<d,<~) ~~,c,-gal-L Z! ~-dt i -<~
: L L K~ see C! . ' P., .XXJ\', . I w : s = .YX\'-, I : 20, ''P,,~~ ~ , ' ~ ~ " ~ ' ~ a " ~ l c " l s~,.kt,f 1 w,/:rtl " Z ~ ~ - [ ~ ( ~ o ) ~ t - ~ ~ ( ~ ~ ~ ) i ~ - ~ ~ c l .
<(: f . :~IJCWV, t ~ t v I, :UKI C, T., XXIV, :XI : I 5, ,,IWN r!~)trr-,t,!-~;i ("LIW ~ W I t~t,, ~ ~ ~ L > I : ~ I L I V I I ~ or IW:,VVL,
and c; ~r t l >" ) , d ~ l i - b ~ t r , ~l , l I ~~~- ~l i - g, , ~ :,w ~,kl,~:,icl,,,~ I,? '!l{fi: (-. 11;lj z~, ,,:-I,~~~, i,i. IIIC, h , ~ ~ , , l l d <,i IIIC tlvu g~~( d) - d, i b
of ".\~~?L-~!~IuT: "E~-/>C!T-.I~?-~L,,, C, Y., X X I V , 2 : S, :LTKI s w (!. Y'., X X V , I I : I 7 - 15, Ill, 7, " ~ S ~ L - I ~ ~ ~ J L ~ I ~ ~ ' ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ l j \ ~ ~ . \ r - l ~
pa-bit cd-bar .LN,,l hIa i ~ud I.c., 1S = S, li~,~l-h(~/(-l,,) 1 ~'.\;l.S-l11 w i + i ~ ( = S,&) ~; -I MW ,c-l~i "I<,,-lil.
C. T., XXIIr, 2 :,I:< = 20 : 27, "(ur .It!-) k<r-!gi-<t 1 , l i t t <~ ( - '.V~IL-Z~<IIU~) .vrO<<tl <li-ri-c,-l,i-<la-!,<: = ~ v ~ t l ; - l ~ ~ ~ l - f ~ ~
c~-bL-ip <li-e-,l~i, G',vl><, l,:,s, l , Ol < l ~ tl,,! j,,<lg,,,,,t,t.~~ u. c: . 7., XX\ T, 11 : I! = I;, Ill, I = x x 1 \ r , 40 ;60, ~. Vl . \ ~- I l <
3 - - I I t s ! I. 1 . I . . 5 I I , I . I I , 1 . 1 , r I s i g i t i l i SCC i l l so t l l ~
&-sag-68 = "l i ouse of tllr duri si uns ( pi r i i i i ) , " mli: oi 111,. Ilnua,s of tlic: r i gyi i r r ol ui Sippoi., 11. f?., 50 : (ia.
CI. t hc s i r t l l of t l i e srven great niunrs oi E,~lil, n,n cr i t ~- , ~a di -di , " l o t ~ ~ l , of t l l e l l or t s tl~c! j i ~i l gr , " C. T., X V ,
10 :7; 13 :8; IV. It.', 28, no. 4, my. 13; It. II., p. 20 :ti (no. 13); 11. 32 : S (,lo. I ?) ; p. 42 : 9 (a<, %I ), et pnssbn.
For %\'Ii\'-IR as j udge ssec II. A . IT., p. 402, note 17.
fore, a kind of hrrold, aml~ussndor plenipotentixry, having Ilcerl erldowed with
extraordinary powers (6-qril)' xritl :luthority. The emblem of his authority is a
' (
pure or bright, scepter ("i"' qiktlnr trzn(1) " which he "cxrries (It;) " or "holds in his
hands (bu-tlt'~,)'" or "wieltls (Pi-sir). "" IIr tins :L strept,er i t n ( l he c:~11 givc 5 scepter.
All might ( r ~um, - i ~e r - qc i l ) , power (ti) i t ~ i t l :~~ltliorit, y (tome froni lli111.~ What he pro-
claims upon the (:ommarid of his f t t t h e r i . i ~ l ~ r l o t 1)e ( ~h: ~nged~t r i t I 110 011~: tl:lre o p p o ~e . ~
'I'hese comm:~nds arc not by any m i l a n s : ~ t l i i t r a r y , 1n1t they arc the iesult of careful
deli\)eratioris duri ~l g thr co~l rsr of w11ic.h l<nril :~cts as "counsrlor (rttl-gI-{ll)."'
The ordi11anc.e~ thus c : o l i i : r i r ~ t l h":rrlil "cxrcr~tos (mc+.(.ic-tlic) ""~y his ( %X) 7 mmifesta-
tions, his sons," tli(> " p o w p i s of I I : I ~ ~ I I ~ ~ . " " ' /<~rlil i r ~ this wisr l i c c o m c s again t,he
' 7 ' . 1 2 : 1 I : I , [ ! , l i l l i > ( - ".Vit,-.Gul,,~r) O- , l ~i / l ?- . l >, - ~~~, - ! ~e = >8~,(-iv
~?- ' ~. t - ui , ' ' t l ~c g o ~ e r ~ ~ ~ w ,)I. I I U lxntsc, ,)I. .I!,.',
D I , 0 . I ! T i / I / - ( I ) I I - ~ I . ('1. 1 1 ~ ~ nc.vt.~>tl> 01 1111. ~ i " / t (!I 111~~4en-
g ? r ~ Pc"lukin-gt-~t) <>I. ' l ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ - ! l ~ ~ / ( = 13,~lil)
!lisit
(; . T, , XXV, .i : 21 = XXI \ , , ,lie : 111,.
111Inter pfriods tllia gii<lo? \vzis tr.~ti.;I'cr.~.c~d L<> c:ivl> :and ov<.ry gocl n.l~<, pl ny<~l tlw t.i,Ir oI. tlrr "Son":
. l \ r - l is I I ' ' 1 I ! I , I . I ! : 2 . TIIP ('Son" of t l t ~ E r i ~ l t ~ tririity ('UU))Z,L-
zi-<tbzt~ = 3I<,,rd(,l<) l ~: ~, l tlw ~ I ~ L L I K , "t;i<<l~rr [! c011y 1t;~s ~~iJ)-l,i-,ti,ztc, f;. T, , XXl!., lti : ;Ii = 2:) : ~ i . - ~ l i t u , the "Son"
i I r t i i I : 1 ' I i i ' - - i t ( i . ' i l , I, I ) I ; i l 1. I I , t o. 1 : 0 . This
1:~st Z I : L ~ L , ! \!-:IS alq>Ii<,d :XISO to t,lw ' ' SC~I ' ' , >f I I I V l~~tI,!/l~nt, trirtiLy-, ".IC; or 'i.\rnbti, l3r. .5.57!).
!'C. t l ~ ~ v a n w ,d ll\v Iiwl d !lw <\ vo !/~t(cl)-c/~il~ ,>r ". ~i8t-Z~l>, tr: !JisJ,(;i:,l,tr-~i-.3,i, f!. 'i'., S XI T , 2 : 7.
S c 6 I I t : , I 2 I - ; . l l i 1 , - 1 l l h / - - I l i - 1 . ITt,re (,iS&l).
is :l]l]~:%rtmtly :I s y ~~o n y t n ui ( i , <,I.. 111~. cxprt,ssiot~ ,i-,%#,>t)-uz,t, nu. I , I , : t i , p ~, ~s i t ~! .
( Y. tlw ),r,,[><,r ,,;,,,,? nt ~i.Ti,,-S,,/,,,~-~/~,-!,~,-l,,,/-l~,,l = !,' ~~l~,,l,-h,,l<,,l $0 iy-I,,, ?,/ ;-,,;, v. I<.>, I I : Si,,, (1.
' C. T., 1 ; : : I = 2 I , ' i t - / ( ) I ) - 1 ".\'i,i[-biib,ii].
C. T. , XXIV, 2 ::I!] = 211 : 25, ~1r;8t~g(-.!~t)-!j,r~-~~,, '' L I W ~ W I 01' ~ I W g ~ : , t ~ ~ r i , ~ : t ~ - c ~ ~ : ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ r " ( SCC B. E., serics
D, V., ins?. 2, p. 3-i, i ~ot c 13) 1 i t ( = i - ) I - l . l i - l = - / I , ('i. ; i l ~l i C. T., S XV, %Fa : 35.
For dN~X- l l ! :ts ,~~I-~li-~qi-qal s w no. 1, ~ 1 . 111. 15, :an,I c f , Iwl<n~-, 11. 3.5, note I.
' ('f. ill this ro1111ci.ti,m i 1 ~ t l i t ~n<, of . \-ii, vb~ii, ill<. still 01 P,'!i/i/, vtc. (I!;/, l i i c f!Iii.ibl, 1) . 2, not,. l l l i : "I~I)LIL?L-?),!((~)-
I - ! ' i[En-l~,~~-i,i-,/ii - [dI'.Ij-l<lJ (ci. 11. R, :!I, < ~ I I \ - , l i i [hc-?/Zit piil.; 2iiiJii/i(]. R. If., 1). 1;31, ro1. 1 : 27, 2S = SS : 33,
wit11 Sl ~: %l ~~t : ~~t : ~ss: i r, 1il:~vI~ ii!~t~lisl<, I. 11, ' iP.l-l<l' i!<t-:i ' J' "' h, ~~~i [ -: I,,! vlli-I<,. ICor ?it,t[$)-d,t-rt< = !/iW, rsw :L!>,BV*.,
1). 10, notc, 7. 'rl,,, I I : ~ I I W "l' .l-lil' is, ! I I , , ~, , ~<I ~v , not " der ;o d,',, ,,l,il , l ~~x l l i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l . ~ , S;iz, ~~~Ie, " IntI, "der mit ,let!< Sceplcr
(P.1 = gi.td<tr, !o,,(J)dtc) l ~ ~ t ~ c s l i ~ ~ r i ~ ! [l<l' ), " I I ~ ~ s l ~ t i ~ ~ ~ l :xn,I wir,, lt:tvt, l l ~ ? S:LII>C I. ut~cii<, t~s, I I PI I W >ve find t l u t tlw \viI.,,
of L is I i t I . I . I , I . I ' i c - l i i - ! d~, i -<l <i ~. -ni ~n-7i ~ <l<!~?~-bij-.vol; witli this PI..
t he at t ri but e (al>r,\-e p. 30, not<, 3), ~,~e-gol-l, iii-dti-o, asrril,ril t,o "Sidnbii \YIW in 11. I t . , 36 : 17, is corlp1t:d mitlr d~iddo7.,
lrence dNidnha = d~a- dbr - n, ~n- nn = d'lir(-nre-/i~i,z, I>PC:LIISC t l l ~ y (lil-e their I I I I S ~ ~ I ~ ~ S ) i ~1. i : tile ~ O ~ ~ P S S C S of writing.
Sie also d!~e-nig%7~-~~~-~!ii, thr. husl,nntl(!) [[dolm-hi-us) ai [d.Vin-iig]-yi~(!) ( = d.ll-lii-n~i~ = ddles-lntn-la-i-a), C. T.,
XXT\', 10 : 4 = 23 : 27, atid tllc ~- ~ne- r ~i gi n- , ~, i - <l >i = "k- d~r i n- sw, Pincl~es, P. S. N. .I ., 1000, p. :i(i? : 7. \ \ ~ l ~ e t l ~ c r
tllc tcntple of 'i.TIS-lB, l?-iu-n~e-ili~ is :t vi ~r i t ~nt 01 k-))ie-iri-dii is not yet rrrtain, cI. Irclo~v, note 16 tu IL,,. I .
C. 7',, XSI V, 2 : ({!I, 14 ,lt6t!r,!,~'ai*i~ '.Y[i!~-it~bti~-!li].
lo Yuticc lwrc t,Imt "1.11: ~vlwri cxcc,oting tllc c ut nn~a t ~I > <,( Itis i:~tltc!r, I<IL/;I, l l ~t ~r ~~l e r x :LIXI I ~ ~ ~ I ~ I c ~ ~ s (XY C'. 'I,., X \',
lli : 7-9); tlt:<t 11~: "f;ib,l<tr gives Itis :UIS\T-<T to . \ ~ l ~ s l ~ ~ ~ r l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ : ~ l ~ s 1,mycr I,? ~ ~ ~ V : L I I S 01 zrL,~d ( ~ , , ~ i r / t < ) ( s w :~I,uvv, 1,. I!),
i,<ltv 9) ; tl>;tt " . Ti r ~- ~i r ~i i 21111101111r(v tltc, ctld 01 b l ~: <Ir.~~igIht I,?. ii vi nd, I>~I, , , zP (iw). .\I1 tI& ~v~, t zl ~l SIIWY, it S<, , , I C, ~ LC, ~ I W ,
Llln L :ilscl li, ~lii, i l k ~~r c l >i ht ~l . i c tilul-i, l)t.,ivl:iill~rd 01. ~ ~ x ~ c I I L ~ ~ I 1111. will or _ I ! I I t ? ~ u r i ~ t > s 01 " l l ~ t ~ ~ t i l ~ ~ r ~ . l i d~t i ~i l l g, \vit~,l." 118
r;isr siirll ; ( I, cxccr~ti<, l~ al tl,,, c~t l l l ) t i ~r l dh 01 . I >1 Ocl~l:tr~dv,l 1111, d, ~slr\wtioti or:i~l~tilliliiti~ti 01 111,. , , l l w ~ i t , ~ of tllc " l ~ i ~ t l ~ ~ r , "
/$,~lil lrlade use <,I his "liqlttni~lg or r1aggr.r carrb,r," dNi~i-irir. CE. "Nir~-irir gir-[ldl fi-kur-l-a-gc (splicrc of influellce oi
32 SIJMEILI,\N HYMNS AUI) I' If.\YEIfS TO X I S - I / <
i (
lightning" or "thuntier" or very "voice ( KA, y i ~ ) "' of An, through whom the
"Father" speaks and gives his commands, through whom hr reveals his pleasure
and displeasure, t,hrough whom he enforces obedience t o his will a~i t l command.
r 3
l hi s "l )ri gl ~t sceptcr" is, however, not, merely an e ml ~l c n~ of :~utlrorit,y, power
and might, ljut also a "st yl l ~s (c/ii(la~ nzn!j = battu . . ellit~r)" in thc hand of Enlnlil, the
'i
scribe" of AIL, by means of which he "writ,es" the "will" and ent,ers thc "decisions"
of his fat,hrr into the great anti open book spread out i~efore :ill mankinti: "t he
I~ook of naturc," so t hat every onr, who has rycs to scc, may srr, or a rnind t o per-
ceive, may pcrccirc the will of ,Ill, tlrc Gotl anti l,ol.tl of :dl. 'I'hr writing of this
"l)ook of ni ~t ur r " procl:\iming l hc "tlrc~isions ol' Ail," :urtl thc "i':~trs of man" is,
of course, "l he writing of hcavr l ~ :LII(I carlh." "Henvcn : ~ r r t l p a ~, t l ~" reve:~l the will
ant1 glory of Gotl-they procl:~in~ t hr "name of AIL (i~tc~(X)-A,c-i~i~)." To 1r:~rn to
know and to untlerstir~lti the signifirancr of this "i ~ame of Ail," man must look
upon r sr t h and towards the sky. I n doirrg so, he will soon tlisrern a twofoltl
writing: "t he writing of heaven (ittz~. .?nm?)" ilnti the "writing of ~. i rrt h"-"~er-
dure"; hr will finti t hat the formrr is merely a reflrx of t hr sigr1ific:tnce of the
latter. En111, being the god of rain, contiitions the appearance ant1 disappearance
of the verdure, or, what is tjhe same, of the t~co smsor ~s: "summer arrtl wintcr."
But summer and winter form t,hr Sun~erinn "year." T-Iencc, the "n:tmo of All"
which E.i~lil proc:laims is nothing but the " heaven :rrltl rnrth (rril-lii) " as they zippear
' l
during the course of n year": mu(.?)-An-nn. "The Ilamc of Arr" is the "ycar =
Sattu. "'
Thr rrurient Sumeri:ui yc:~r w:ls clividctl not only into t.wo seasons: sunrmer
and mintrr,' I ) r ~ t :~lso into icr~cl~~c iiiotrlhn. 'I'hcsr l wc l ~ c ~uont hs h: ~d thrir c-oluntrr-
) p, , X I , I : i . ; I \ , i l : i L ( l ?l ~xi , l , l , i ' i t l r r l , . p. ii!lli; ( ; i i ; i i r , - Zr i i ,,ir+,i-/ii kl;,ir-rii-</r, - ".Ylti-(iii. , , r r - i i i
p<,/-(; $0 g-~, . , , ~, l?. /I,, I,],. s> : :35: 1:31, I , :it, :YL.
'iS;t,-f;;r-s,, l,l:tyc,<l t l ~ c , rill:. ,,i 1l i . i "S,,II," "\i,r-tfir l i r r nn~r t i l e gir-lri ".\.i!t-(;ii-~ii. ('i~i.i~Iii~ii-Slor!i, pp. '3,
,,<,t~, 1 ; It.
In I<utIl:~ fl.Yi~?,-;,ir \Y:LS ~ l < , s c l ~ ~ ~ s s o c i : ~ t ~ ~ ~ l witlc ''u-(;I,.I?, Zi nn>~cr n, /~il, , uil. , ! I <, . 27, 1,. 1:iL : S ; V. R.',
31,
?, n.r. 1 r i t i - - l i , I . I 5 ( I l l I , 1 . 3 111 Y. R.Z, I(!. no. 1 : IS. tila """'.\'in-iiir is ?,-en
idcntifi,.d n i t ~l dr j - ( ; l r l ( , 7 ~ ~ ~ i . ~ i n - ~ l i r "jr-,.rr-rio~ 1 'lr;-(;rr13 f, ''~~v-l,i-/z,t,~ (c(. :,IS<> z. . I ,, I , I>. XI, ~ I O ~ C . ) .
r,:tslly ic, C. T., XXI V, 20 : 19 = 1 : 28 (Iwr,, ,witten d.Yir~~"~'-~~rl<.l/i.l), t l w ".Y~?I,-*,?T is icI<!ntifit!d witl! .l!!,-/un~
is t l ~~l . i . i . ~t . , , Ixit :I \-;iri;snt ill ".\'in-:nr, wi1.c. oi ' l l i n-bo~ ( = Er~lii. (1. 'r., S S I Y , 1 : 7 = 21 : 73 and = A ~ L , l r . ,
1 : 11 = 20 : 7 = 1!1, I, 5).
1 It is t o he rrot<!il that gii is not imly "to sp,,;~l, (dilsti, ilrihiib,ii" or "t o ( . , nt ~i l l i ~l l d (qiliii, /,(i i i i ~i O," J ) ~ t l i i l - i o " t u
, ( , . , g , . i ) .
d ( ; k ' k - is I t I I 1 " t I I is I i s i I .
(' i. 11160
p. : j ~ , 6 : ,~(;;t-bt,(-c,)-rt; ( . l ?~- n<~. g~) = Ptt ~ j i - J ~ L c l . l ~ ~ t ~ . Xotic,, Iwrc t l wt I : ~ k r ".Vl.Y-l/{, :w " . ~ l ' U- ~ r i ~ ~ , is
tl,c, 1 ,;(, q,l.,, /.li,
the Y~, ~c c , , ' c. ,r,, XXI V, 41 : 1i.5 = XXY, 12 : I!>, :,,,d tl~:, t, t l ~ ~" / ( i ] - &! c~- , <, t , t , ( = ' ' I I ~ u I K I v ~ .
h( c, rl l l ' ' ) is t l ~ c l <. l k ' , - / t ~ dClzt-[ge], i ,?,, "l l w voivc oi. SI,:~n~:isl>," c!. Y'., XXV, 2G0 : : + I
S i Y . 13r. 1217 : ~ I I < I i' xl, Ii , :3 : 16, ~~i8,(~j-qil~il-.l?~-!z~, = " ~~w- y c t t r . "
TTl ssi~,,i,,irr iiigali \\-it11 tile t~lolrtl> T,rt,-flit 0 1 . .Sliii.c/i, ~rl>il,. tltr iwi)t1~1. ~ o ~ ~ i c ~ t c c ~ c ~ ~ t l n i t l ~ 111,: 1111,11111 . Y i ~ i i , ~
,yep~e,,,~jer.,
I:<,I. illis ' , nsi r , r ~i or l " ,rllivll, ;is I :xm vc1.y n.ell n n . : ~ ~ , is i n dircet opposition t , ~ all .\ssyrioIogists and rnode~u
.\~t,yonojn~~rs. nrr tny i'r,t.tlicntning "Siinin.in!z Cnl enri or. "
parts in the heavens. Their i1c:tvenly count,crparts are the tcc.elve siy7l.s o/ tlre zodiac.
Year, seasons, months and signs of the zodiac have each and all their beginning
and end, their boundaries or ol~tlines, their pictures or drawings (yiS- mu^)' : ~!hdiL
indicates and proclaims them. There is a meaning and sigriificarlce to each and
all of them: Enlil inkrprets them. This he does by t,he "fullness of his manifesta-
tions" which are the 5 i 2 or "seven" planets (1,U-BAY' = bibb?c)."nlil as the
dPap-sukal ( - "Nin-i-ubz~r) of .4n I~ecomes in this wise the ippcvcl:< x a t ' I&Jx<~; and
his 5 -1- 2 manifcst,at,ions, the pl:tnets, the ;prci;l~~i;.:'
Thr first and foremost of thc planets, "the shining (glooious) hero" is "IIUN-
PA->-a or d l ) o - l ) i - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ b o t h names of "Enlil;' lle~ice "Enbil was the first of the variol~s
gods who in t,hc course of time werc identificdwith Ju1,ifer.
Acc!ortling to 11. R., 48 : 48-54 ( = list a) and 111. I<., 57, 110. 6 : 65-G7n (list b)"
-two t,exts from the lil~rary of Ashshurbiin:tpal--the names of the 5 i 2 or sever1
planets (7 ""'1,IJ-BA 2'""'"") were the following :'
a b
dEn-n-zu Moon 1 "A-gic = d X X X
Utu
Sun 2 d"aa"M"n-bi
ALAN = dUtu U~ZL
dEn-lil Jupiter1 dDa-pi-nu = dDUN-PA-k-a
dxxx(u) I
dD UAT-PA-?
dNin-ma@Venus 2 %ib - dDIL-BAT 7n1LiDI {,-BAT
1 r I r i g r ( i t 1 ) s I I I , , I . I ! i 3 1?0r t l i ~ sigciilici~ti~~l oi (jG-t)iio. S I : ~ tllc trans-
1:~tions 01 Tlturr:to-llnugin, Gt ~l r n, Cyl. .\, 5 : I ; O : 5 ; i : I;: 13 : 211; 17 : 17; 1 0 : ?l).:tn,l notire: t l ut tlw vi fr oi ddi-3i~.
( = " ~n- l i l or oirc nf Itis 1~~:mi1rsttlti~~il-;, p. 2s) is : wi ol . i l i ~l ~ to C. T. , I I l V , ?(i : I l l , ~ I I ? r l f ; l ~- ~! r , ~~- ~o! - l ~i , i.?., ''tl??
go~Idvss of 1 1 ~ o~~t l i ) ~, . s ,,r d r a ~v i ~~g s of IW:LY,,TI :III<I ,,:~rtI>." ' TI, , , ",Ir:~~vit~gs I ~ ~ ~ : ~ Y ~ ~ I ~ ' ' : t w llw lt?eI<,e sigrd.9 (81I/,? z<xli,,c,
ih.illg:is stiil, tlw wf l i x " tl~c. dr ; ~n- i n~s ,,( enrtlr," i . ~ , <,1 lit, . I : LI TI I OI. its YI.L.IIUI.I~ :IS it npp(.:~ri dnriuy tllv l i rr1i .r ,>io,iths.
3 11. I?., li : t c, (1, 1,C-1j.IT = OL-ib-l,~,; V, I ( , , .I(;, uo. I : #I , ' l ' "' I~~~-l ~. l T = ? i v u ~ - ~ ~ i l 1,8,-Ii!t~.
('1. l)i,i,l,,r, 11, :30, I VI WP~! TW xrc told tI8:ii ilw ('lt:tl<l;r,n~~s c o ~ ~ s i ~ l c r ~ ~ l ilte ' ' l i ~-<!" (with 110on z t ~ ~ c l Sin), ' ' s v Yv ~ ' ' )
pla!ri:ts to lx: "intt,rprrtvrs," i i ~p~/ v t i <.
See abovr, p. 21, nutc 5.
5 Vor tlir rnriorts sncl ~nanifold idcrttifi(litti<ir~ 01 tl~c, s c~( . r aI plantlts \i,itl) c~r t i t i r ~ gods sci l I I I ~ j . ~~. t l i c~rni t i g b~oI \
c nr tttr "Smrlerian Calrndal.."
*Sow pnl,lislred in C. T.. S I V I , 43 : I$)-21. Iiing gi\-vs llcrc "XL(i nsi c; ~d oi X9 X) for Sitt, tibe 1110011.
' (if. Iiuglrr, Sl ernl r~i ndc, I, pp. !Iff.; Hornna,l, H. :I. I . . , 111'. IiOIi.
8r 1n still 1:iter lisisxve find for "DU.\'-P:I-~(-~~) also dL~<tg-i , i e-gnr. or PEP(; ( - ,,iiil-hubbcir, i~a,lri;joJvlr).
' S o t n.ithout sonlr \-cry good and dcfiniic reasms llxrr I irirainol i' nnl~ giving the missilig idc~itifirntio~li 01
t ~ c ~ . :<-5; tltvy \vJl be ~~~r ni s l ~c c l i n vo~~ncrt i cn~ wit11 wy ~i i s ct ~s s i o~~ of Iiugkr's . ~ / c r ~ ~ ~ k ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ , I :ancl IT, ict uly 1~,rtltc~,tni11g
",Yiit,wrin,~ Col e, ~rl ri ~, " ~ x u t ~ 1, 2. 'Yo s k ~l c it ltt,r,,, I s11:tlI ~ I I , , ~ i18:tt liugl, r' x : wcr t i <~! ~s ill !,is ~ S l ~ r ~ ~ / ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ; : ~ ~ ~ ~ l I t , , f i < , t , 8 ~ -
l ~ y e i ~ f i ~ b ~ l ~ , tts rcg:irds tlw :igv ui tlw 13ttl,ylut~i:tt~ :!str<nc<n~>y, :it tiuws : ~ l ~ s ~ ~ l ~ ~ t ~ l y rrr<, ~c, , utw a81d t ~t t wa~rt i rt t t ~l , tlmt
his tr.;u>slati<,ni oi iastn,~lr,llcir:~l texts ;trc i t , I I L: LI I ~ (.:ti(.> 11111i,i' ~niat:~l,cr :nn,I gnitnl~utti(.i~l i~tlj),lssillilitil-s. tllilt l ~i i iut.~.iii#gc-
n ~ x ~ t ul tlw Suntcritu~ n~intlt:; is : ~ i ~ s ~ ~ l ~ ~ i ~ l ~ \vrc~ng : a~t , l t l ~t t t , tltwrvi<,r,~, l>is v:tlvult+tio~~~ :ar>,l , l , ~~l t ~vt i <, r ~s ~ I I c ~ , , ~ ~ < N > L :arc:
~lcciclt~dly nrirclinbic. ' I ~ L o u ~ I > this tn:~y :LJIJIV:U I,<> I, ? ;t r;~tlwr s\vc<yin~g st;it,,~txmt, ??I, : ~ l ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ I ; % ~ ~ l pr o<~f nil1 I><, l' ,,rll~-
corning in jilstific;rii<,n t.l~<.n.,,E.
6
These 5 i- 2 planets, by their very rlat,ure of being thc "interpreters" of the
"nanle of An" or "gear (mu(:)-An-IZCG)," are nothing liut t,he "hands" on the
"face" of the great "world clock." As the Sumerian "worlti" c:onsists of "heaven
and earth," so the "worlti cloc:kn must necessarily be one in >r twofoltl aspect: the
"terrestri:ll" nrltl the "hca\~rnly." Thc "henvenly" is here, as in eve,ry case, merely
the reflex of tlic "terrestrial worltl cloc:lc." Tllc "fi g~~res" or "numhrrs" or1 the "face"
of the " terrest.rial worltl ~l oel i " arc. thr ('l~~~rlr:c? ~ n o l ~ t h s " -t he month Nisnn =
Sclitrrr~l~o- \)ring the first :11111 thr rnol~tll AA(ld(~r -- A t ~ ~ j i i s t 1)ririg 1.11~ 1:~st or twelfth.
r , .
l o these t 1 r e 1 1 ~ ~ i i o l ~ l h s o11 the "f:~cr" of the "tcrrrst,l.itrl world c-loc:lin correspond
e xt r c t l y the "lr~,el~:e s i : ~ j ~ i s of t l i e zorlinc" on the "f:lceH of t.hc " l ~c a ~e nl y world clock"
-thc sign I<U-.IIAI, (prol)al)ly to l ~ e rent1 i,.ilg-yh) or cilres is the first ant1 belongs
1.0 the month :Visuri = S e l ~ t e n l b e r , while the sign zib or pisces is thc twelfth, being
assigned, t,hcrefor.e, to the nlonth A t l d a r = Auqust. And because the "figures" on
the "face" of the "terrestrial world clock" correspond exactly to those on the
"heavenly," therefore, Diodor, 11, 30 : 8,^ records quite correct,ly t,hat each month
with its corresponding sl'yn of the zodiac was assigned to a certain god. These "twelve
gods" of the twelve months-or what is the same-of the twelve signs of the zodiac
were called S ~ o i i3ou%uio(,". e., conslliwrii, "c:ounselors (ad-qi-$li). " EIZ-lil as
I I,, l:,!<,r tcxts ,l/;i(it) ,,r <>,,l,Y ""' l ~s. l f ; - f ~, ~.
? r, : , t t , ~ , , , , I ~ ' , "' 1cr 7( ~) ) - r 7~~.
",t;tvr in> ulnI\- . I t , .
J'r,:,,, <I? ~,,;,T,J,' t i . ',,, <I," g<><ln<>r !\,,~ st:,7%) , , , , , >i, >, , , >, , , , , i *,,c, ,\,:,,\hh,, 7;,,> i)>,>9!,,;>, ,:,,>;,,<io7,:, ,tG,',< A,,> %,v ,\,:,<5>,,<< ;t7f,!'i,,,.,,>
;+, b. i i r i v q,i,riiui,t.ri.
all . \ ~syri , ~I, ~gi ~t s-r~ct t v ~ t , r ~ l<ttgI:~r c,xv,y~t~,l- l~:xvc~ i'atilt,,l 10 r,,cog~~izc,, :LS ~ : L Y :ts I c:tn s, ~, , tlwt, il~, : "list of
~ n c >~ ~ t l >s n t ~ l tlwir r+g~, r~t s, " p, ~l~lisIte~l it, IT'. 13.2, :3:3<<, w~t t ai r w tlwse t\vvl\x~ t d w? / ~ < , ~ ' > . ?L, W, TVI K> ~ w r e t~cccpted even
by tile Egyptians, ns \\-c 1c;lrn i ' raurt l ~c SCI~OI~O,I t o .Ap~ll,nii<)s of I ~l ~ot l os, 4, 2172. 'l-l.~tc it is titat I)iotlor, I . c . , me r ~ t i o ~ ~ s
liliemisr tltrsr , h i ; i o, ' i r ~i r r r , but according to llim they a ~ r sttic1 to wpmserit titi. :30 bri gl ~t sl ars of tlre twenre
sign3 of the zodi:lc. This ilumher "30" is lrcre in all pmbi~hility a iriistal<e for "3li." If SO, IW lnny see in tlicse 30
( = 36) 1,riglit rtiirs uf Diotlor tlir 31; stars (1lll.t.e oi ~r l l i r l ~ Iheing nssigurcl t o cncll tn,,n111) irlrntionrd in tlic so-called
".\sln,labe of Piilcllesi' ( SPC I' i n~l l ~i i . ;J~,t(l en>g, SOY. -1, 180:3; 13r.iiiv11, I ?P. v~<cTc~~. ~, 11, 11. ~11s; I l on~t ~wI , .4?rf,s?/ze zoul
rli,iiariillt~ngen, p. 458-4tili; Ii~tgIe~. , Stez-~~Jir(nde, 1, 1). Z!), Y ) n ~ i d iilrlitiiy t,l,1,111 wit11 tlic :3(i sta1.s \i.l>idc .l l ,rr(l i i /i is
sai,l to II:LY<! :issign<?d to t l ~ c ' t ~ ~ v ~ ~ l v e rn,>ntIm, cf. , J~IIS<YI, I<. l j , , Yl ' , p. :311 : 4, 5.
111 vorir,llolvti<l~~ 111' !liii I i l i i l ) ~llt,utioll 1ivl.v ~ I I L I \ - OII(I <c\:~t>cl~lc (tllv ,,111crs will I I V disc11ss~~~I itdly in 111y SII,PIF-
r i , , ~ L' i !l oi dni ., 1,;:l.t 2) . . \ccur<li~tg tu llw ~. . \ - t r <~l : t l , ~~ of I ' i ~t , ~l ~, s , ' ' lht, first, of tlw t l ~r c : ~ ststvs fur t l ~ c ~ ~ ~ u u t l t LSc~bhJu is tlw
l r t ' " ~ ~ t c - ~ ~ ~ &i - d ~ ~ , \ VI I ~ I I is idc,ntificd ill Y, I!. , 46, IIU, 1 : 44, xi kl ~ t l ~ c d~a- vi - i i t u, " t l ~ c tliu~~d~?er,' ' at111 in 11, R, , 49, 110, 3)
"God and Lord" ( dA- ~~i m u "Eh-lil) was the fir& of tlrrse twelve "counselors,"'-
he giving his "counsel" and taking up his "abode (gill = ntunznzu)" in the first
month and sign: Nisan-aries (cf. dDara-gal = "En,l?:l, C. T. , SXI V, 22 : 10).
Astronomically and astrologically considered, E t ~ l i l ~ s riot only :l, "figurc (yii-
mar)" or "sign" of the zodiac, but also the god who reveals himself in that "sign,"
the "counselor," /3oulWaios, and the "interpreter" of his counsel, t,he ; p [ ~v l , ~b s or
the god of the planet Jupiter, continually ushering in, proclt~iming and interpreting
unto man the meaning and significance of the "riame of An" or "year." The Sume-
rian year, then, as revealed by the twelve signs of the zodiac or the twelve months and
interpreted by the 5 i- 2 planets or the "fullrlrss" of Enlrl, con..stit~r~es tlae essence 01
An. Therefore is nru(6) or "year" in Sumerinn also = ni,[c(Sj, yii, .?nm-il," "the
world" or "he;~ven and earth": i t r ~ ; crntl therefore is Erilil quite rightly and
drservedly termcd "NCC~IL-Z~L' or ' l i ~ ' ~ ~ d u r ~ ~ , " 732n. The closer rri:l~i gcts to II:L~[ITC,
the wiser he will grow in all things pert;~iriing to (ioti.
As a clock, though it rriwy "go" nncl li>~\re ihe twrlvc ligurcs OI I its facr, 1)rcomes
intelligible to man l)y means of it,s " haritls" o~ily which "interprc,i," (,he significance
of the twelve figures by soon pointing to this or that on?, thus inforniing man "what
time it is," so the great "world clork" with its twelve signs can dispense its counsel
only by means of its plancts or "interpreters." The pl an~t s l)y standing in, or
pointing to, this or that sign of the zodiac intlzcnte the "time (iig = tinzu) " which may
be propitious (clu(g) ), or not propitious ti-tlu(y), bar) for this or thnt undertaking,
they interpret to man the designs or courisds of thc gods of the signs of the zodiac,
informing him whether good or 1 ~ ~ 1 things will happen t o hi111 and his country or
to his enemies.
The co'ndilio sir~e qua 11011, then, for :L (:orrect ~i~idcrst:~nding of i.hc "will of god"
' CI. also al,,,re, p. :il, uotr 7. Tllc god .YI:\'-llj is t l t v ' ' v~, n~~sr. l , , l ~' ' f or bllc " 11~011l l 1 ,,I' S O V ~ I L ~ , " I~IL-' -IL-z, L~ i . e . ,
Uecelnbrr-J;alrlnr)., ivitlt t l ~ sigu ~ t ~ c o . , thc t i ~m. of t110 \iitltct. sulsti~<:.
%Tliis liolds good, oi roursc, oi nll the ot l ~rr pl:il>rt;~~.v go,ls.
11. R., 59, n:)-. 47, a i u( i ) I qi; 1 sa-jiLti-,,.
' C. T., SXI V, 22 : 103. 111 C. T. , XI r, 10 : 1, 2, t l ~ i a ;rltl.ilnitc is iucutiuned rwl t its 1111: first o i the "scvrn great
names " of Erllil:
d-mu-an na-hiit-ae k,r-naq-[yii] ie-i~.-via-al ni-/e-?la,
"Lord, wistlo~n oi lllc ' v~~ixltl.y,'
l~oweriul orlc Iby llirilsell'!'
or for t,he reading of the "heavenly writing (iitir Bumi?) " is t,lle "com,l~iiration?' of the
"hands" or planets with those of t,he "figures" or signs of thr zodiiir. Man, by
looking towards heaven and by observing these "cortzbinatio~rs," will soon learn lo
discern the counsel, will and writing of god (astronomy) anti 11y comparing this
heavenly writing with that upon earth, he will hr al ~l r to interpret it (astrology).
The applicz~tion of the knowledge derived from thr hearelily writing to earthly or
human conditions constitutes the Surnerian astronomy and cistroloyy. Both had
their roots in prehistoric times, but attair~ed their final tlrvelopment duririg the
time of the 11. dynasty of Ur, about 2500 B. ('.
But, as is often the case, man, tliough gazing at the stjarry hravens, may not he
able to discern the handwriting of God, though beholding the glory of nature, may
yet he ignorant of the name of his Lord. Unto those who have eyes but do not see,
who har e ears but do not hear, who liavr rninds hlit do not perwive, ETZ/ Z~ may yet
reveal the will : ~nd glory and name of God (.41r) 1)y vourhsafing unto t,hcm "visions
(mcib) " or "dreams (irzrik-gi(g), ma-mir(m.tr), 'ma-mic(rr/,li)-tla), " hrncc his name "Zng-
gar-ra 1 *En-Iil kn mdk-yi(g),' i.c., "Zccg:jnr is 1$111iL lhc god of ihc night risions."
I .\ I;~ilttn: 1,) i.c,i.,lg~iizv t l ~i i i i l / - i ~ ~ ~ j , ~ r t i ~ ~ i t i . c~l , ~i s i t ~ I I ~ L J lcd 1ittgk.r i i x~l t l l o*~ (\I111 1.,,11<nv Ilirtl t o tllr nms1 i. \t~. i~ur-
dinaryilssertions n~~dI~~~vildvt~i~~gi~l,~11tifi~itti0rl.-i~,1' l i x ~ d s t : ~ ~ ~ i : ~ ~ ~ d j ~ l i t i ~ ~ t s . 'T<, ~c~r t >l i o~c , , t ~ l > 0 1 ~ ~ <~x:ttnpIr I I CT~, I ~ t ~ a y hc,
l ~cr ~ni t t <! ~l to c l r : ~ ~ tltr ; ~l t , , nt i ot ~ t t f Ilw rv;~<lvr lu li,~glcs' s lr;u>bl;tti<n~ OK tlw lira1 tltrr,, li~ttw ot' I i . 75!1 = '1'11. uo, 1s t .
ICuglrr, Sl ernki i ~~<l c. Il l , p. SO, n.:~ds
and translntrs:
"-Da. ,,Sla7n &s G1b1,crdt~/ii' !/ing zi i . l nj(o,,!, L / ~ S . / oh~c . s (t i ! j: it^ O ~ ~ C S I I I I .Jnhv i(.ir.(l (lei. P ~ ~ ? L Z ~ , I W ~ C ~ S gedeiiim.
l l cr Slern P~o~LP! GI J DUl j crscl~ein! i ? ~ .Ilotzol Xisrrn icil-Irllrlr."
On t he i ~asi s of this tralrslstiou I<ttgli,r lltiltks l ~ r l>:ts rcasotl t o illiiilititill t l ~i t t tlw ' ' star 01 god l l nr d~, L" is tlit,
anltlv as tile pl m~ct 3lr~rrt)t.y (GL'D.L'Ij). 'I'llii tr:u,sl:ttius~, togctllcr witll ti,. ~l vdt ~ct i oi t tl>i~r~l' l.orn, ir dur t o tltr: ?act
I t I i l I t I t 1 : : I I f 1 s t t i t z i 1, : T~. s~>i l i i l c:
CXng ((;cltl) ,Ic7 ,,S!CT?,, </<m (;o!t<:.s . l f ~ t ~ ~ l ~ ~ l ~ " z,, .I rt)<ory <l<;.s .l<,ltrc,.v , t wf , d<,!,!z, twircl c6r 1~ </i<'.vc.s ,J<thv d<!v I 1 / l ~ ~ ~ ~ z ~ ~ ~ ~ c t ~ ~ : i t . s
~ ~ ; ~ l e i l ~ ~ n , fct l l , ~ dm ,~I'l~,tzcl ( ; f . ~ I l , LTII" i n) . l l ~? , , ~~l ,\.i.~,ru c r s c l ~e i ~~l .
I I i l i " i I " I o . l I / ! I t 1 ' 1 . \ ccor di ~~g 111 1 1 1 ~ ' ' . \ s l ~~, , l t ~l ~e 01' ~ ' ~ I LCI I CS ' '
( ~ e c abo1c, 11. 31, n,,ta 5) 11111 "st:+r of i\l:\~.d!ll~'' I , v l ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ (its tl>inI) t o 111~ ~ ~ h ~ i > t l > , l i i d~l . . IIvr>?c, i? 111,: "httir of h l a r ~ l ~ l ~ "
is late it, ils : a pp~a r : ~nc ~. i.?., it' i t l ~, , c<n~t cs ~i s i l h - i t , tlw first ~ n < ~ t > t l ~ (itthtr:~cl 01' tlw t\\~, , lItl> ( I ? t l ~ l ~ r ~ r c d i n g y ~ a r j and
i f 1 : I t i f ' ' l i t t i ' i t I I t 1 . 1 1 I I 1 1 I i a s i t
is n propitiorts Sc~~v- Yu; i r' i st;^^.. %lor<, :al>,nbt this it) , >I >- S',,>,?rri<!,~ C',!I?t,<lor, 11:trL 2.
>B , A, , V, li5.5 : i . - ~ - Cf . T., XXIY, :i!) : 11, . l ~~- " Z<! - ~<t r 1 ditt,, ( = "l j f i ; , i.?., h;nlil, 1. 3) 1 3 , ~ .!Ar-?z<8-li (possil~ly
to l ~ e mad sn-nn-ti, ;, l ~ ~ - f o l . n ~ of Gitn.i!i); C. 7' ,, XVI I I , .I8 : :iOh, "Zag-gar-,n 1 ill! sr i bi t - t i t - l i .
At t he t i i ~rc ui Gudca, t he "Soil" oi t111, Cirsu. trinity, *Yi,~-Gb.sri, V O I I C I I S B ~ , ~ ~ dl.~iilus (i!r<i-viii, ct c. ) , (!?I. .I,
4 : l.li., wllilr d. \ l r~h iritcrprctrrl tlictn, C'yI :\, ? : 2 ; 5 : 11, ei. Crentioi~-~Stor.!,, pp. .I(Iff.
I n tltc L'r trinity t l ~ ! dZ<,-q<tr :alq,,,:%r6 :tb I ! , ?. V. ~, ! JCT uf Sit,, Iiing, JIogi,:, in". 1 : 25; I',,rry, ,Sin, 11. I5 : 2.5.
FRO31 THE TE\II'T,E 1.TllR.iRY OF SIP['lJI? 37
Surely a true, faithful, circumspect "herold," "counselor" :tnd ('interpreter"
was ETLLL~ the "Son" of Ai t !
I t was my int'ention to :~dd here under section tl a short investigation on
"Enlil in the rOle of the true ' Son,' " i . e. , "D11.~1' u-zi, T a mn t d z , rlni'l, in prehistoric
times. I n view of the fact, however, that I have in preparation a volume on "Hymns
and Prayers to "Uumu-zz from the Terupl ~ 1,il)rary of Kippur," and that for a correct
understanding of the Surneria~i " U z i n ~ ~ i - z ~ - ' ~ l ~ ~ i ~ ~ i r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (Tami ?~i Lz-l . 3at . ) myth, it is abso-
lutely necessary to have a clear conception of the Surnerian Calendar itntl Astronomy
which contains much material of importance for this question, I decided, upon the
advice of the Editor, to omit this chapter here, reserving i t for the introduction
of my forthcoming volume referred to and another on "The Sumrriitn ralendar."
TO sum up, briefly, the religious conceptions of the Sumerians during the pre-
historic period, we may state t>he following:
The religion of the Sumerians dl~ring the prehist,oric period was a palstheism
resting upon a \)elicf in it i n n t l . 'rhc persons of this triad were: the "Father"
An, the "Son" " l <~ ~ l ~ l , thc "hlother (arid Bride)" AIL (or lit).
(~osmologically co~~sitlcrcil, 1.hesc persons rcprcsc~~t : Ihc "lic:tvc~i" (k':tl.her),
"the powers of nat,rlrc'' (Son), t.lle "earth" (hZot.hrr).
Heaven arid earth arc thc first "fatl~er-rnoth(\r" ur "pitrcnt" from whom
everything took its origin, 11y whom all crcitturcs-gods incl~~ded-were created,
generated, begotten. This "Ireaveri anti carlh" or "world" :~cLs, speaks and reveals
itself by t,he "Son," the god of "thunder, lightning, rain storm, clouds"; of "ver-
dure" as it appears (luring the course of the year; of the planets : ~nd signs of the
zodiac of which he is the first and foremost,, the "leader." Thc "Son" exercises
his offices by the " fullness" of his nat u~, e: his "seve~i" sons, powers or manifestations.
As every "function" or "office" exercised by the several ~nenibers of this
triad iniplies, yea, demands a speciul rrarne, each one of the t,llree persons came to be
known l ~y , and was worshiped undcr, different i t a me s , attribrctes, etc. Also the
"Z<<-y,rr 1 " . l ~ ~ t - ~ ~ ~ ~ i - ~ l ~ ~ - ~ ~ :
"ditt,> uui,:-gi(!/) 1 ,&st.
Ci . :ilno I\iug, ~l l ngi c , 1 : 25, :ind I\' . I!.', :!I, lii1.2, ri,i-. 2 I, d.lln-,iiii ilu diC oirii-gi(v)l,"sf'. \\' l~ilc in V. I<. , 70 : I ,
9, 15, the "lll<t-t!tti is ~xpp:~rc~,ily 8, !!t<,/c (cf. 1.r.) 1. 1, f<.V-;<t, 1, $), J;.\'-G.IL"): I w Z U ~ I ~ I V ~ ~ ~ ~ :LIXO t w f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ : C. T., XSIV,
31 : SL, ddIa-!~cti 1 d~b?nz~-s<~l ( = ~I:~ugl~Lcr! 01, ) "i:i8<. 'Tl~is ' 1311<~->~t !i 11:~s t o I><, clil~er~!nti:tt~~cl frwu d!l~c-i~~~(~~~-~i,i~c-r~~,n),
ci. alsu I<. 7814 ( U~~zol ~l , Cu/,tl., p.X7(;) ~vltcr<! ' L L U , "Z, S-~<, ~, cl.lJ~r-~tzt?-,l~~, : ~ n d ('wig, I<. 7' ., I, 11. .50 : 13, W I L P ~ C d ~ t u ,
d,,l-<t, ' L~ l < - x e - t ~ e (6 d.l~a-n,ti-[~l<~] urc: ~~x; r ~t i o~~<xI t , ~ g ~ ~ t l ~ ~ r .
In tlrc l<aliirr trinity tllc "god of rirenlus" s-;is I\-el-gril, C. Y'., XS\:. 3 j b : 4 - 3tib, I. 10 = 37a : 7, " ~t ~o b %%o - ~u r
/ ditto ( = "I,tignl-cdirr-?~ci, I. 8, = Kcrg:il, If. A. I . , 11. I:30). N,,iiiv 11cn: the ~i :rl l i c: "lriug of tl,,: goils of tllr drcnlns"
, ~hi c l ~ sltows iI1:tt t l ~ c "god dr, , :~n~s' ' h;~<l " ( sr vct ~) ~t~,,~s~~~~g?rs,'' ,ul I Y ~ ~ O I X L l w T V ~ S t11c "l<it>g.''
"seven manifestations" of the "Son" appear soon under this and soon under that
name, according to their various functions and offices.
As soon as the "Son" "Enl i l had usurped the functions of his "Father," i.e.,
had himself become the "higbest god," by taking upon himself the name An, "god"
par ezcellence, the prehistoric triad became a t ri r~i t y. Henceforth all triads known
t o us are trinities, formed and patterned after that of h'rech:
An -- ' I Enlil - i l ri
Father Son Mother
Heaven Powers of nature Earth.
NIN-IB, TIIE "SON" OF THE NII'P1JK. TRINITY DURI NG
THE ENI.11, PERI OD A'I' '1'H E TIME OF
'I'HE 11. DYKASTY OF l TK.
In order to understai~tl t,hc ex:~c:t. position of " NI N- I I j in the Sumerisii palitheor1
and religion, it would seem necessary to discuss here the possi1)le uritlerlyirig causes
which brought about the change from the An to the E'nlil epoch, t.o point out the
several characteristics of the latter, to show how the religious conceptions of the
prehistoric period were modified or expanded till finally they came to be systematized,
what this system was, how it was transferred t,o, and may be gnt.hered from, the
Sumerian astrology and caleudnr, how it made itself felt, to what extent it influenced
the religious ideas of the Babylonialis during the illurth~k :uid ilgilir period and,
lastly, whether or not the Sumeri:\il t,rinity E?~lil, ATIN-IB, Ninlil loft any percep-
tible impress upor1 the religious conceptiolis of t,he later iiations, the Hel~rews, Chris-
tit~ns, et,c. Intrrrsting and most import:~nt, ns such n cliscnssion wor~l(l l ~e, it has to
be omitted here 011 :~c:count of 1:~c:lr of sp:rcc. lleserving :L tliscussion of the Enlil
epoch for the introtlurtion t,o B. I$., XXVIII, I sh:~ll co~ifine myself here to t,he fol-
lowing:
The religion of the Et~lil epoch, last,ing as it dicl for more than 2,000 years,
underwent, as fnr :is Nippur is concerned, some very marked changes. These changes
were, to a great extent at least, t,he result of the political development of t>he country.
Foreign, non-Babylonian kings irivaded the I:~nd of Shumer, c:oncll~cred :i,nd slibductl
its several cities, Nippur among them. Though we know of various invasions of
Nippur by hostile hordes, yet, so far at least, there is not a siriglc inscription extant
which records that the god E7~lil ever was "carried away" or "led into capt,ivityJJ
and that, in consequence, Nippur lost its religious supremacy. On the contrary,
iL seenis that, (,hc invasion itnd coricluest of Nippur by foreign or tlomc:st,ic: erlerriics
c:onsisteil solely : ~nd excll~sivrly in the invader's i ~nd coiiclr~eror's sul)rriissior~ to t,ht:
divine rule ant1 supremacy of Kippur's god: inimical arlcl foreign kings gained
1391
supremacy over Nippur by acknowlc&ir~g Etzlil's supremacy as "lting of tlie ltintls
(lz~yal kur-lcur)" and "lord of heaver1 and earth (luyal an-lci) " nritl "king of the gods
(luyal tlingir-ri-e-ne)," by submitting themselves to (.he gracious scepter of Enlil
and by asking his permission t,o grant :L resting-pl:~ce in his t,emple fi-kur ~ ~ n t o their
most favored god. Thus it happeneti that we find in t,he Nippur religion all possible
Sunierinrl and foreign gods, who hericeforth were consitlerctl t,o 1)e E11h:l's sons. The
changes in the Xippur religion anti t,rinity, t,hereforr, did not :~ffect Enlil arid his
position, 1)ut only and exclusirely his "Son." Hencr, when tracilig t,he several
periods within t,he so-rallctl h'irlr'l periotl, tlre 11:lrnrs of the sevcr:ll "sorrs" of E~zli'I
have to he our guide. Tlie oldest :urtl most note~vortl~y "so~is" of Et,lil are dErt,-zri
(AS~:iz), the moon, :lntl "Illf (Ramiiiilti), tllr got1 of thuntlrr, c1.c. These two sons
must 1i:~re I)ec~i ilitrod~~ced it1t.0, ant1 were :~l.)sorl)ed l ~y, l l 1 ~ h'ippr~r. tri~iit~y in ?)re-
historic times, belore tlre syxle~ii~ztizat~o~ of the &uirieriaii religio~i. Sccing t,li:~t the
trinit,y of Kippur was pattcrrietl nft,rr that of Ereoh, the "Son" of Enlil hi d neccs-
sarily to bec:ome a god of the powers of n:rt>urc. "Ri~-z~,i., therefore, t'hough originally
and always the Moon, arquired, as "Son" of Enlil, t,he nttril)ut,es of tlie god of
the powers of nature, actin: nnd revealing himself through his ( 4X) T.ilnu~, "days"
and "storms" (see H. A. V., p. 430). After the systeniatizalion of the Sumeriari
religioil, every god who wns int,rocluced into the temple of Xipplr acquireti ipso
lacto--no matter what his origi11:~I nature and signific.:~nc:e may ll:~ve been-the
att,rihutes of t,he "Son" of the prehi~t~oritr periotl, i.e., hc 1)ec:une the got1 of lightning,
thunder, storm, rigin, cxlouds, of t.he \.c~gct,ntion and fcrt,ility of the gronntl, t,I~e mont,h-
piece through ~vhom the "l"at,hrrn sprnks, t,lie tlcfcntl(>r of tlir count,ry, t.hr hero,
wnrrior and principal son (tl~riiiic-sciq), ct,cA., of l~rilil. To tl~rstl "sons" w11o wcrc
int,roduc:ed irito the Kippur t,rinit,y nftcr thc systcrri:ttiz:~tio~~ oC tho Sllnxerinn religion,
I)elongs, besides iVerycil, Nli~-Girs~r, Nu.sl;~i, etc:., also "NIN-In.
The riame of "NIN-IR does not occur, so far, in any of the historical, religious
or business documents written before the time of Dur~yi, about 2700 B. (i. TJp till
the time of the kings of the 11. dynasty of Ur, "NII\I-IB is absolutely unknown. On
the basis of this fact, I argued in The Monist, January, 1907, p. 142, for an Amur-
ritish origin of "NIN-IB. Though this mayl he true, yet there are some very strong
objections to such a supposition:
1. Seeing that ' WNI-IR maltes his first :tppeal.ancc under the l t i n~s of thc 11.
dynasty of Ur, l ~ y whorrr he, in :dl prol~:tl,ilit'y, was irrl~roducrtl irito the Nipp~w
religiorl, we would !lave to show that these liinqs \wc:ro ;\rnlu.~itcs. BI I ~, this is,
with the material : ~ t hand, :~1,solntely irr1possil)lc of tienionstnltiolr.
2. We would have t,o hring iin some Amurritiah inscript~ioris t,o show t,h:lt,
%VIAT-IB was known in Amur~,'u not orrly during, l ~ u t belore the time of lhe 11. dynasty
of Ur. 'Yhis again is impossil)le.
3. Surely the fact that ' lNIN-IR is mentioned in t,he :im:lrnit lett,ers which
confessedly were written 1000 years after the t,ime of Dungi, does not tz prlori speak
for an Amurritish origin. On the contrary, "NI N- I B may have been introduced
into Alrcl~rru by thc kings of Ur durinq their scver:rl c:itmpaigns against the "West'-
land "-a view which seems to me much more pro11al)lr.
These arid other reasons l e d me to suppose that 'l~\rlN-lll was ,lot of Amur-
ritish origin.
But how did it happen that "NI N- I R could play, from t,he very time of his
appearance in the Nippur religion, such an important rAle :is t o l)ecome henceforth
~ r ~ l i l ' s "Son" par ezcellel~ce? I n t,he inscriptions here published the "I\~IN-IR cult
is as dcveloped as it ever was. If hc were unknown in Kippur before t,he time of
Dungi, "NIN-LB would he the veriest tl&s ex r~tacl~it~,a. ' hi s difiicnlty it is which
convinces me that the appearance of "NI N- I B in the Kippur rclisiorl is due to a
"revival" rather than to im "importation." I n other words, though he makes,
apparently, his first appeixancc in the Sumcriiirl reliqion at the time of the kings
of Ur, 'LN1:V-IB was yet one of the most ancient gods of the Sumerian pantheon.
So ancient indeed was he, thz~t his existence and cult, in the course of t,ime, had been
neglected :tnd forgotten till it was revived by Dungi :tnd his successors. I n corrohora-
tion of this supposition I beg to submit the following:
The very first occurrence of ' l NI N- I B in the history of the Stnnerian religion
is to be found in t,he date formula for the 13th year of Dungi, R. T. C., 274, rev. 5,
which reads: mu ti9 .!-'llVIN-lB ki-ba a-gar. Thureau-Darlgin, S. A. K. I., p.
229 : 2, renders it by: "Jnkr, loo tlas Ii'u~zrlnrnel~t des Tctnl1c1.r NIN-IB' s gelcgt
t l i ~~de. "
But "to lay a foundation" is in Snrneriarl ?ti-gar, (lyl. A, 20 : 2(i, while ki-gar
has the meaning of "to rrlalte, to build, to n.ec:t;," see ('yl. A, 3 : 3; 9 : 1 ; 10 : 16;
27 : 8, ctc. This shows us that US. ki-bn gar can mean only "to restore the foundation
to (!) its plt~ce," i . e. , ki-ba gar = ana n.+-.?u ,Mi&cu is here a variar~t and synonym
of hi-ba gi = una a,?ri-iu 1br.u; cf. :tlso C. T. , S V, 13 : 22 = IV. R.5 28*, no. 4, rev.
35, 36, where gar(mar) = tCCrz~ (Br. 11984; 5822) is p:rrallcl wit,h gi = tin6 (Br.
6391). Hence, (lyl. A, 11 : 10, 6-miL u%? ki-gar-rrr-bi-(In is "when the foundations of
(for) my temple have heen rest,oretlfl rather t,l.ian "7c:e?~r~ di e GruncIlagen meines
Tempels gelegt toerden." Gudea was a builder at, n restorer of, R-n?n.n-;L.' I n view
of these difficulties I would prefer to translate the above-given date hy "the year,
' Cf. also H. E., Senrs I), T; iasc. 2, p. lci, nute. :i.
6
when (,he fuuntl:\tion of the terrlgle of '!.YlN-l13 w:\s (:i'::lin) I~~sIoI.P(I."' if
this tr:allslation l ~ c correct, then tllc cult :~ntl worship of :VIiV--lII was rovivctl xvitll
the restoration of his lerllple l)y Drlngi! Ti:it;h this view agrco :idrnir:rl,ly :rlso the
following consider a t' ~orl s:
1. In the prayer for king (Xmil-Sill, 'l;\:IN-IU is :~sltcti to tlt?c:roc li111,o t>l~is liing
:I. life of long d:rys in ortier "th;it the (thy) holy tlwclling, :is of old
(IGI t SO, not IGI t I,7J - ic, 3!) he I~cautify," 11o. 1, c:ol. I : 0 (cf. IT1 : 13).
From the restol?aLio~l of the trniplo of "NI/\'-113 (1111.illy thc 1:3t11 yt3:ir of Dl111,yi (,ill
the tirne of Gimil-Sin thew elapscti :I. space of -1-7 54 ycL:rrs, 1lrllc.c tilc "as or old"
can hardly 1)e rcferred to the time of Dungi, 1 ) ~ t rililst sjg~iii'y hcrc as n ~r ~c h as ":111-
cierit times" "dist:~iit pitst,":'
2. :I comparison of no. 2 wit)h no. :3 will show that t11c.s~ tcrsi,s, on ac>c,onnt of
t,hei, xcr~crrtl i:rtri:n,fts, must, go l):~,c:k t o nluc:h oltlcr : , . ~ ~ t l c,orrlmon sourcc: from whic:h
they flowed. The s:me ol.)scrvt~t,ion holtls t,rr~c of nos. 7 :~li(l 8. 1 3 ~t if this I)(: gr:~~lt,c:cl,
then thesr: texts-:md hence :xlso "; VI N- I H- - ~I I ~~ 11:1.\~ 11crn Icllown long I)cfore
the time of the Icings of the 11. dyn;~sty of IJr, see 13. E., Series 11, V, fasc. 2, p. 9, / j .
3. 12. c., p. 1.0, 8, I have shown th:at the c:ontent,r of tho epic lr~qtcl-c ilq tnc-ltit~z-hi
ner-gcil (nos. 6 8) must have l~oen k~iown to Gutlt::~, who c:orifesscilly li\;ecl bc]ore
Dungi. But if so, "NIN-113 rnust ll:l\~e been known liltewisr, thougli, pcrhi~ps, IIC
may not ha\re heen worshipctl wit,l~ t,lle sirrrlc fervor as :at tllc t>irrlc of t,he kings of
Ur, or muy have lived only "i r ~ rerrlernl)r:~nce" or "relniniscclice."
As soon as his worship had I)ccn reviveti, 'iNILV-IB i~rc:ainr i11~1:\1itly one of the
most favored anti important gotis. Henc:eforth even propcx. t ~: ~mc~s were formed
with '"WIN-IB, as, e . g. , "6erv:~nt of 1\[lN-IB," ~JT- ~~~VI ~V- I B, see 11. E., III', 145 : 4
(time of Gimil-Sin); LC., 82 : 5 (time of I-l~i-Sin). I-Iis worship sproztl qlliclily
beyond the confiries of Nippur arid Ur (cf. ~i o. 5, rnv. 14), evcx :L king of Isin,
UT-"NIN-IB, was named after him.
Seeing that the at,tril)utcs urltl functions of 'WIN-IR :ire l,h(: s:lrne : ~ s those of
Vnl i l during the prehistoric period, I car1 dispense with an cnr~rtlc~r:~lion of thc samc
1 This <l t ~t <, , I ) ? ti),, w : L ~ , is i,Ic~ttiral wit11 01: t l <)I. I!, ' P, (,"., 27t , rev. :3, I I L ~ ~ (L,? 1s. 0; . (!. ,700 l(i-Ixc <t-(!,,r
( s ~ ~ < :,IS<, LS. .,I, I<. I., 1,. ~ 3 5 , c ) , ~ I I C I S sl ~o~r - i ng t l l t , t '(.\JI.\~LII< is ci.V/.\r-/(, /<, C. :MI<. 1i )Y, I < I N < V ~ t11?. p r < , n ~ ~ t ~ < . i t t i u ~ ~
R, . C, 6 6 , v i t I i : s t I 1 1 L 1 : ' \ ' I \ ' - I . ( ' I . :ilri, ill:, lint:, Iorllllli:l ~ O L lli:.
1 ltl, yc:~r of I)ungi, 12, T. C., t ~c , . 275, r ~ , v . 2, m , ~ b-'l:?~l.\r-/I~ t,<-s<t, ' ' t l ~ , y mr >t[tvr'' (tllw r<,%toration <,J) "LI,,! ~, >\ I ! NI : L.
tion "i tllc trlnplf of .VIN.llj." l J ~ i , l ~ ~ t l u , ~ L,V,>, t l ~ CI;,IIW OJ XI?-fIj oc<;tcrs :tlst, i u Ll~c cl:~tc Uurn~uIa l'ur t l m 29hl~
war ot I ) w i ~ , i i r i i dI V! ~T- ~l ~ j ,~~-l e-si -!i ,i !dl i ~i -!i i -/i i -gc, 111. 1). I!., 11. 2 3 : II2.
IIert- it ougl,t to 1,:. ~!r,tivcii ~ I L : L ~ i i ~l ~z l ~l g tl,,: ~i i r i o i ~s d:iti, I ~l . ! t i \ t l : ~s ~ ~ ~ i l . i t l : : t l r ~i , v( ' l t ( I I O/ I~~IID!) ~ , R T S OI (;iiuil-
Sin's reign, i l w r ~ ~ is not to I,,! i c n ~ z ~ c l n ~i ngl : , WIG ~ v l ~ i c l ~ rcworcls t l h: l , , : ~ t ~ t i l i v : ~ t i ~ ~ ~ ~ or r, . t , ~n~l i , u! , , d . \ r / . V- l l ~' . ~ ttvnplb I , ?
Gi!niGSir~. Tl ~c ouly i m~ p l t , ~vlti,dt Ctin~iI-Sit~ 111cilL T R L ~ llmt <,( ".V!C;~:\' t xZ,, < ) f Gi.<-fll,'''',, st,,, E. / j . If., p. 277 : 9.
It seems, tlicrcCorc, tllal this ~ I . ~ L ~ P L . \Y:IS i ~~t j l ul l i l l , d,
here. Suflic:~ it, to say that. ":\?IN-IK, the "Son" : ~nd got1 of the powers of nature,
Eorrnrtl l~r~tc*cxforth with "I31ili1, the "F:~irh(:r," :rnd " Ni nl i l , thc " hlother :mti Bridc,"
t,l~e Kil)pl~rian trinit,y-a. 1,rillily which ~n r s formrd ~aSt,el that of ~I,z-I3nlil-An(k,i;)
alltl wltirh i l l 1,rlrlr served :IS patirrli Sol. t11:lt of H:iI)yIo~i: ~1i1zi~~l~~li-~'ahri-~Sa~~~~1tiitum.
I t is jvell li11ow11 that "NIlV-Iij :\lid his wife were iht: spec:i:rl " patro~l s:tintsn of
, .
t,hc R:rl)yIoni:~n :111tl Assyri:trr physici:r~~s.' 1 h:lnks i,o t.hr rich tro:\sures of 1,he'l'emple
1,il)r:iry of Kippur, I :lm in i , l ~r fort ~u~: \ l e position to pt~l)lish uritlc~. no. 1 an "offici:~l
player for the prot,cct,io~t :tlltl ~vl.ell-l)c~ing of' Girnil-Sin n ~ l t l i k i n ~ s of Ur."
"Officicrl" is thc pr:lycr I ) FC: L~I S~ ( 1) i t . W:LS rcciteti for klnqs; (2) because it must h:~vc
I)ern usctl i l l t,l~ct Nippuri:\n t,rmplc rit,r~nl, :IS is e~i t i ont from t,hc follo~vi~rg liturgic:ll
not,rs :
/ ~ c i ~ ~ - . ~ i ~ ( ( / ) - ( / a - ( ? ~ i ? , rol. I : 5.
[ 1-btr-L 1, col. I : 15.
[ I - 1 - 7 - 0 1 s I : 2
111 : 35; IV : 12, 25, 34.
sa-qi(t1)-rltc-cim, cols. 11 : 31; I : 2 ; IT' : 10, [ 32] ; ( s f . no. 5, ol ~v. 4.
[sa-gar]-ra-cim, eol. I11 : 33.
Unfortur~atcly the me:xning of cnph ant1 :dl of l,hesc nol,es cscapes me. Though
I might propose cerlain ' Lg~esses, " Init seeing th:~t one guess is as gooti ;rs the other,
I prefer t,o withhold trhern. 'I'he lines, col. 111 : 34, "my king, who ul ~t o Durigi :t
lifo of long tl:~ys, yc:trs of plenty as a. prcscnt h:rs givrn" alitl IV : I I, "NIN-IB,
Bur-Siri's ol)ject of fear and gn:rrtlin~l m:~yest thou l)e," are to he found betweerr
two liturgical notes. They represent in :dl probal)ility the "opcni~rg lines" of prayers
which were to be inserted (:rnd recited) zit, thc places ilidic::tted. The accompanying
liturgical notes may cither refer t,o ldlis or tlrry ]nay c:ont;\in irlstnrct,ions with regard
t,o prostrations, etc.
I t is not yet evident why (lie pr:tyrr for Girriil-Sin sl~ot~ltl prccctir that for his
father Uur-Siri.
I n all thc insc:riptions of Bur-Silt, so f:ar pul)lished, t i i g s name occurs
under the form of "4 M A K-"~~IL-zIL, \vhile in our prayer it is cxclusively written
Vwr - ' %? z - z ~ ~ (col. IV : 11, 37), thus showirig that AllfAR has intieetl to bc read
'(
bur." This writing led me to suppose-see Ii . A. IT., p. 390, not,c 2-that the
Bur-Sin herc was the lriiig of Isin, 1)11t, this view 11:~s now, after tlle joinirrg of the
' SCC 13. E., XV1I1, p. IS; TI . A. V., 1,. T2:i
several fragment,^, to i)e given up.
In the future, t,hercforc, it mill I)? very hard, if
not impossible, to distinyuish I~etwccn t,hr Bur-Sin of ITr :tnd t, l~nt of Isin, if these
kinys occur wit,hout any titles.
From Hilprecht, B. E., XX', p. 46, 2, we know t,h:rt kin? TI)u~l:;i reigned 58 years.
Supposin2 him t,o have ascentletl t,hc t,hrone of Ur when hc was 20 years old, he must
have reached an :rye of 78 years. Such an :~ge must have 1)een considered to I>e
extraordinary even nt t,he t,imc of the kings of T. ! r (nl)out 2500 R. ('.), for it is espe-
cially rernarked that, "NI N- I B has made thr life of Dungi to I)e "a lifc of long days,"
col. I11 : 29, 34.
The talllet recordin? t,his prayer is unfort~ur~ately grent,ly mutil:tt,etl.
\%'h:lt,
has heen preserved may l)e read :rnti t,ranslnt,eti as follows:
No. 1, Obverse.
C0l. I .
U. E. [enim-t]a dEI,TBGL
By the word of Nidal~a (may it
prosper.)
1 ZLT-sag ,Xii((g)Lga gal-li-ek r~er-gril [1~7~n nzcl-lirm"-lrtl.i tl[ic-(11'-a]
1 1 Hero, weighty one, great,ly power- prince, endowed wit,h t.erril)le fearful-
ful, ness,
2 dNI N- I B kci(g)'-ga mc~r-(~(,) IYL ic!l-{/lnl4 sic~r-s&n-na [Iz lr-E~tr-A Gi]
"NI N- I B, weighty onr, stormflood, in battles valiant orre,
great storm,
3 ri-gir,lLiLy erim ~ir-m-zu i ~ r u yul-111, 6-rlu[m7-bi @~l-&l]
"Strong one, who sul~duest t,hr destroyest their cities (and) annihi-
enemies, latest their multitudes (inhabitants),
4 WI N- I B am"ga1 </~~(cl) sc-rum" l~ritl'~-(lnl .kc-g[i"-gi-n]
"NIN-ti?, great mountain-ox, st,eer 'great wall,' that giveth protection."
of extraordinary strength,
5 bart2- su(d)- [(la- rim]
6 a-ma-ru 1ci-bal-&I hu-1tth;-ha7" <~ab-~u-[(jar nu-ttyj-a]
"Stormflood, that causrth trem- (t,hou) wit,hout equ:il,
I~ling in the hostile land,
mo>r TIIIC TI,;AII~I.R I . I I +I I . \ I {>- 01; SI I ' PL~I ;
7 WI N- I H 2'"-fqf-.?il z t ~ ' ~ - q n ~ qir ~i,g-gcir n-.?[&'"-rl(i)-(la I
"NIN-IB, th:tt he offer rl'tc the pour out fresh (?) n.:tter,
presents, purify the way,
8 l?cqnl d<:irn,l'l-'lStn, Icnlntn-nm In-[ha-htlr-?,r~-t!a]
"That kinz Gimil-Siiz thc ' coul ~t ry' tlo lot^, ~irglcct,
9 fi-iu-me-(lu'" ki-dilr-aznq IGI I So ~,trln)r~-[~)tc~-tln 1
"That the Eshumethr, (thy) holy :is of old he I)en~~t,ify,
dwelling,
10 lcisal-mab-zu ~( ( 1) - ga l tctl~c-(jnl-r si - [si- dn 1
"That thy great court,-y:~rtls \vit,h hr m: ~kc to : ~l )ou~~t l : -
f at oxen and fat sheep
11 k i l~uqal-~/7ib-azaq-zu~~ 97(-kn-m-izi-l',)~-SA If-[SA R]
" ' Thy holy roy:il throne, oh, nlnyevt thou l~less it,,
12 GLmil-'lSin-~nu" .?ii-btr-ra-?~i-i?z-SAl2-[SARj
" '(' '1 Sin,
rrm? - oh, ninyest t,holl 1)less 11itr1;
13 [<lNIN-I]B tiI(1) 'fig-su(r/)-~/u, !li~-)zn-[tc?i-tle]
" ' NIN-IB, :L life of long days decrcc unto him,
14 [lugal Vimill-"Si,t~-na ti@) ic~~-s~c(tl)- [qi~-~ln-ta~-tle]
4uI
" 'Unto king Cirni:l-Sin., a lifr of decree unto him!' "
long days
15 [ I- ha- i 1
16 [ ] u-ni su(d) -su(d)-tl[~i] [
r ] his strength t,o prolong [I
[ (or whose might is extmtled) ]
17 [lugnl "Gimil-"Sl]n [ 1 [
"Of king Gimil-Bin, [his strcngt,h
[
t o prolong]
18 [ I I
19 [ I [
20 [ 1 [
21 [ I [
22 [ I [
23 [lugc~l ] [ "]En-lil-li lu(d)-tla
"[Of thc king, ] [ ]born by ICr~kil,
24 [lugal] %tmil-dSin Er~-kLl bu,g(?)-ghl-la
"Of king Gimil-Sin, the bcloved of 13.nlB:
25 [bhd'"gu]l-a-ni he-me-o~ iqi-du(y) ~ ~ I - I ~ L L L - I I ~ - I / C
" 'His "great w:tll" mnycst, tho11 be, with gracxious eyes m:~yest tllon look
upo~l him;
26 [luqal "Gimil-,' Sib t o - l - kc- i,fji-d'i~(!j) h'1~-rtr1(-'11i-cli7
me-en.
"'Of king Girnil-fli,rt., his "grc:ll wit,ll gr:lc.iot~s c,)-cs rr~:~yest thou look
wall" mnyest thou he, U~X) I I him !' "
27 [sa'y- gi(t1)- (I([- tirn
28 [lugal]dGl'mil-dSin-mu-itr'" ci-a'((/) g i s " ~ z ~ ~ 2 0 - c ~ - ~ i i ~c- t ~~c- ct i , ~'
"Unto my king Giinil-Sftr. the 'right :inti his ' IVP: L~OII' t ~l : ~yrst , t,hou l~e!"
arrn'
29 [ 1-klz" gOl-
hi- in1
30 [ e r ~ II,U'"'!) TEE" 7'1(I.)-liu gcxltr 111- k,ur-.!a(</)-,?~'~ (1'11 ( q) -11cl.r-ri
ma
"Lord, (thou) who t he . . . . of life in tlre mitist of t,hc ' mount ai ~l ' greitt,ly
beautifiest, ninltest to shine (glorious),
31 [dNIN]-IB gh12"-ma~ Ici-hnl-a i%? y(c/7~ T(L-SIL-.S?~'"
"NIN-IB, sublime storm (?war- of tlie 'rnornit~,:~,in' t,he overpowerer,
rior?) for the hostile land,
32 [dLugal-kur-ku]r-ra 3u-dlc
I B - t ( ) 2 7 n-a-naZ8
"Of the 'king of the lantls' the support ullt,o his father;
perfect one,
33 [ en L V 3 (?) TE]ICfiTI(I,)-lca gnlnm kur-,5a(g) -EL (171((1) -bur-ri
-ma
"I,ord, (thou) who the . . . of life
in the midst oF tlie 'mo~ult,:\in' greatly
beautifiest, makrst t o shinr (glorious),
34 [dNIN-IR g&]l"-rnuh ki-bal-a i g gal.1~ r a- s u- s ~~~"
"NIN-IB, sublime st,orm (?war- of t,hc ' rnountni~r' the overpowerer,
rior?) for the host,ile l:~nd,
35 [dL?~gal-kr~r]-kr~r-m .!?L-~<L IGI -I-[DUB-~~(Z)" n]-n-,~nLcl'
"Of the 'king of the 1:~ritls' the per- support unto his father,
feet one,
36 ["NIN-IB] ti-ma&!' dEn-lil-l(i /cur [hi-hal-a si (~~)-si (g)-Ici ~~]
"NIN-113, sublime strength of Enlil, who lnycst low the hostile land,
37 [ 1-mi," U-SS~LT~-TIIU ["!Vu-nnrrz-ner-rn32]
[ ] endowed wit,h strcrrgth by Nunam-
nerra ( - prince of might.),
(Rest broken away.)
I "Urn?"-tciciy-rli,,l 1c.C.ri" sca-linl-tt~(t'"
"Like holy Urc~sh, usl~tc of spleridor,
2 ' l NI N- I B inc-tlL" ktigdic'!' ba-AG
"NI N- I R, wlio alone executest t hr
ordinances,
3 f1NIN-I12 i r- si "~t l t u~i r siy-gn
"NIN-IU, R111 of strength, grac:ious
god,
4 ' l Urr~,?~"a-czag-cZ'i~r~ ie.~i~:'\su-lin~-mcr~'
"Like holy Urash, ccsl~~.i, of splendor,
5 Z I L ~ C I ~ - ? ~ L I L ir~cch-iII ur-sag-gal
" ,
Ny king, v;~li:~nt onc, gl.e;lt lrcro,
6 m i - S i t IG1 + I I UB"' - ~U- ~~L~L- ' I LI L-
ti(l)
"'May G~inil-Sin put his LrusC ill
(thcc),
7 tta!]nl V.n-lil-li ma:rc'"-czt~-siarn-ttta
" 'M:iy the kin:, whom E~alil has
entrusted unto thee,
8 "NI N- I B nznh-Dl ur-sag-@
"NI N- I B, v;~liant one, great hcro,
9 "Gimil-"Sin IGI -tUUR1:'-hu-iia.ti-un-
ti(1)
"'May &?nil- sir^ put his trust in
(thee),
10 [lugal]"Ei~-lil-li ma-ra4"-a~c-suriz-ttra
" 'May the king, whom f<i~lil 11;~s
entrusted unto thce,
11 [en] '"'nini4"-n a-czn;l SIL-lim-nlcc""
"Lord of the kulblu stone, holy one.
(full) of splendor,
12 [ . - . ]- di m h-mah-za im-mi-in-ticm4!'-
mu-zu
"'Him, whom like a . . . in t,hy sl~l)-
lime power, lo, thou hi ~s t [)re-
pared,
t~zcbarri'"tti(:l)-hrt.? yli~"-[qkr-ru]
full of fearful~iess anti (of) terribleness,
r 1 - 1 - ner-[gull
goxrrrnor, greatly powerful;
litrl(cna-mn 11;-,?ial)-kibU-[bill
roverenccti in fcar l.)y Ual)ylonials peo-
pie;
mclam"kni(y) -b ri,; !liir"-qlr-r[a]
full of fei~rfulncss ancl (of) terril~leness,
g%'?-i~ i-ilu ner-ytil.
:Lmong heroes (most) powerful one:
oc-ol"' "NIN-IB-1.i~
tlre lord of lords, in NIN-II2;
a' , rrtnSI~.rn~"-zre bc-a
oh, may fie l)e tliy servant!'
yii3-nr-cla uer-yitl
zrmong heroes (nrost) powerful one:
en-en" dNIN-IH-ra
the lord of lortls, in NI N- I B;
i I. ""rt za~ki ?~~~' -~1~ / J [ E - ~ ]
oh, may be he illy sc:rvuntJ!'
fi r gal-li-c5 prter-ycil]
governor, greatly powerful one:
[a"+r~a;l;l rn4 '-511. kc-a]
oh, let him be t hy servant!'
13 [jLg-~il]-~~l"-Si~ ?~ui r~- t i ( l ) - l ~~- ni
"Him, over \vliose lifc i r l the past
14 [tli;izyir2' dGirnil-"lSiii-i~a azay su-liln-
ma3:
"God of Gitnil-Siu, holy one, (full)
of splendor,
15 [ . -. -tli]n ic-'iiz[ab-z]u i[iri-ii~i-ill]-tiiifl-
mu-zu
" 'Hirn, wliom like n. . . . in thy sub-
lime power, lo, thou hast pre-
pared,
16 [ C ~ - I L L - ~ L Z ~ ~ - ~ ? ~ L ?~uri~-ti(1)-LcL-I~~]
"Him, over wliosc life in (.he p:~st
17 [sa"']-gar-ra-h[n~ Su-ta e cfi-silim]
" 'Like a faithful one by thy ht ~nd,
oh, let him prosper!'
18 gi 818e pii," .Fub-Sub-[&
To set up jars with drink. . .
10 dNI N- I ]B
NI N- I B. . .
20 2'U[
21 u[r-say
Hero. . .
22 kg'-[gal
Great st orm. . .
23 Cp4-yi-[?a-ra
Storm[flootl . . .
24 ur-say-e[
Hero. . .
31 su"- @(tl)-
32 e luqtcl h-sunz-ma [dNu-nart~-iter-rdz]
''0 king, endowed with power by
Nunnmizerra,
33 eil WNI - I B ic-y[kln u.g erirn ,Cr-m]
"Lor d NI N- I B, stcon< one, who
subduest the enemies,
34 cn PAP- ~ EQ An-nu
"Lord: foremost of An.
er~-im-~iii iyi-,i:m-[,nii-,i?l.-(lfi-a -zu]
:IS guard, lo, thou hast watched,
i l l . gal-li-e.? n[cr-ydl]
governor, greatly powerful one:
[a4.' ma9lciw~"-zu he-a]
oh, let him be thy servant!'
[ela-n~~-uln ,i<li-[iliz-ini-i.11-dil-a-zu]
as guard, lo, thou hast watched:
[
2.5 eii-e [5V]I N- I B [
Lord NI N- I B . .
26 e SUB[
0, ...
27 lch-gal-z[u
thy gate. . .
28 dZa-qar5s [
Znqar . . .
2'3 VGi.ir~il-~S[in
Gimil-Sin. . .
30 [enIdNIN-IB [
Lord NI N- I B . . .
[(la - krr~]
[.?a ( g ) u-a-nu d ~ i ( g ) -rlu (g) 1
unto the heart of his father most
acceptable one,
[itru gul-gul k-clam'-t~ hul-hull
destroyest their cities (and) annihi-
latest their multitudes (inhabitants),
ci-[zz(d)-da dEn-lzl-l(i]
right hand of lCnLzl,
35 ($7~ "1VLiV-113 ?I KL[ / J- D~~ li~r-scty-qul] [c/i""~~i-da iier-yeil]
"Lortl lVIN IH, valiant one, great among heroes (most;) powerful one,
hero,
(Rest broken away.)
Reverse.
Col. 111.
(Be~inriirlg 11,rokt:ri :~w:~y. )
1 lci-el ,lAlfi~(&?) ~' n- t [ f t ~- , , l ~~- ~~( l ] [dub-ti$i~ c ((1-ill-sezr]
" 'hIaitle11, i IIu ( L<) t i ~~- Ar ~~ac~, into the i ~ook of life, oh, inscril~e him!
2 ~ I L "NIIV-IB lrcyal-)nu [il-zi(d) -dn-a-.rvL-.? k e {j~-<;i~i]
" '1,ortl !VIN-Ilj, rriy king, at his right sidc, oh, go!
3 r 1( : ci Lj 7- t ~l i 7r ~- , t ~~ci L~~!/id-,rt~l~ [raarni"-r~er-gill c/i?tlar-~ric~/J, c (j~-in-na-su~?~(
' I ( I
(rul-ctl i ~u, my king, tiominion and a su1)lirne scepter, oh,
give him!
4 "11 IJNit'-in ((1) -gu-nu lu;/ctl-rr~cc jzi;")--kn(g)-yirl-la b~i,-tluyal e !/a-in-na-tlii(!;) ]
(i ( 1) lJAV-,?~i{~yci-nu, my king, with the spirit of life plentifully, oh,
fill him!
5 see"'-gur-rcc-ti~n .?7i-tcr c y\-sili:~t~ [ 1
" 'Lilte :L f:~itliful o~ir: I)y thy harid, [ I
oh, let him prosper!'
6 en t~ea~ii,-z~~-sac/-~@ k~-tl,i-a I - a I - ? ~ a ]
"IJortl, perfect one in heroship, I)elovccl of t he f:ather, his I~egetter,
7 "1VIN-IB (Jis"kibibe' gi.j.ilar-mu1 rlagul-la [5u-rliiCiz- n 1
"NI N- I B, who the seal (t;ahlet) ;tnti holdest in thy hnud,
the great ixiqht stylus
8 clik,j:~ n?(2-.4(: I<(/'i4-(L-tag-gn k i ~ r j~~i~"'-.?e-!/n si ~( ~l ) - ~! i ( d) -a]
" %
C,ourngcous one, r r i r over- who 1:~ycst low the not; sul~servient
powercr, land,
9 ,ir.:rr i!li-[/Ju]5 [snhn],c34-Sa(y)-t~ir ki-bu2-a ich'"'-[hi dub-dub-b~]
"Ushcc of t rrri l ~l c looks, monst,rous wlio places (pours) lier poison into
serr~cnt, (over) the hostile lt+,lid,
10 [on ner-gril ya]l~-zi(g)~' uy zu,y6%-a l;[nlam"-ma su(t1)-su(d)-a]
"Lord, powerful one, who turnest who lagest low ' the country,'
the breast (of the enemy), hat-
tering storm,
7
11 "NIiV-111 n cc~~-ynl AIL
' 'NIN-I/{, wisr one of ! ~ I L
12 lu,gal-rt~u 'tLrci,-zn ii SI:~II.IL"~
( L i My ki~ip, of thy citv (aiitl of) t,hr
house of Si ppur,
13 E - i ~ ~ - ~ ~ i r - i I o ~ ~
" 'Tlie I~slarc~~~c~thc
14 ell, lLl~i?~-~ug(d-C , ~ l l ~ - ? l ~ l ~ - l ' ( l ~ ' - l ~ / ~ - ( / ~ ~ ~
" 'Lortl, the ltirigship 1111t.o liilri
rn:tlic pcrfec:t !'
15 c~tl-yigi ic.<,~ln~,qtrl knlrc~n-~iit~-X,cz
"Cor~nselo~~, icshirn~!/irl of the, rorui-
try,
1G 'WIN-IL3 hiielL1'-!jnl A\ ? i l ~ ~ ~ ~ " ' -11
"NliV-IH, great \ d l rln1,o (:~rountl)
Nippur,
17 luyal-rriu ~~z t : . ; ' ~ stj,(q)-!7(i11-11 ~t-t/i;' "
"My king, valiant onr, tlcst,royer
without equal,
18 t1g rlc-g61" z:zi rn~c(,?)(gloss {lik)-kic-
bar-bar.'"
i t Destruc:tive st,orm, li:titrririg fire,
19 ll~qnl yi,C-tic(~-PI-tln{~rrl iu-k f-n
"
Kinq, wisest orre of lie:t\:en :uitl
exrt,h,
20 yi,?tlnr-mnk iiq-e zag-dihn-htc
"Who holdrst :L sut)li.mo srept rr
over (thy) the people,
21 dNIN-IH !'a"Ae~im ri-a[ 1
"NIN-IR, who subtluest the ene-
mies. . '
22 saL8- gi(il)-
23 ur-sag en ni-h~a.: gab-zi(q)"-!/a
"Hero, lord of tercil~lr Ee:rrfulncss,
wlio turnest the i~resst, of t hr
enemy,
~ [ I I j siliit~-,tiic~ [SIOII-sli I~!-IIL(I I
lord, wlio givest I ~l ( : s s i ~~~s :
sttl-(?-i/ii[({/)-tl(t((j) '"]
011, t,alie o:rre !
Iii . ~!~-?IzII-II~IL-!/ ~"' ]
to ils pl;~cc lcl, hirn rostore!
[
who l ~l ~rl i est , llic \virl<c~(l,
il-[s(l{/"' t / f l l , !~~l ' -, ' i -c-l i (' -(/ ~]
ic-sny of tlw gotls,
lii-[bal qlll-qlil-/(ll
who dcsl,royrst, tlic hostile larid;
[tln- rim]
I
[
in% fire,
25 iig i,u-11~0-htr' vag-Dl/ ki-hnl-(I "(1 [{1As"- (LC- (1,
"Storm, who rn:llicst to t,t.en~l)lr: ' thr ro:lring stonli:
helids' of t he hostilr lanrl,
,2G u$Ie3' ~' ~I L- ~I P' e ~ i (lnh-gi-'/~u-tl~g IGI 4 [T)cJB-ti(L)27 . A I I - ~ I ~
t ( Ushie, raging storrn, lortl without s ~ ~ p p o r t of An,
"
Iiiriq, wisest one, v:~liatrt one, sul~lirnc~ I'ili:: of the gods,
28 [ur-sag]-e ti-nitrh sui~~-~)ccc 1 f ' ~ L T ~ ~ - ~ / n ~ ~ c - ? ~ c r - ~ ( ~ ' 2 1
"Hero, elidowed xvith sul~limc by ~ \ ~ L ~ I ~ ( I ~ H ~ / c I ~ I ~ ( I ,
power
29 [ e , ~ "NI N- 1B z ] i Di~,ii?~-{li-rtr [zi" "71 (11) -,fiq-qtiL-!(~ 1
"Lord, NIi\J-113, wlio tile life of 1i:rst in:rtlr to 11o :I, lit'c of lollg d:~ys,
L)!~nqi
30 [ I [iiril] ??/,~t-?~i-[pn(d) ]-(I+-[:>]
]
(' who hast r:~llctl him l,y name:
31 [ e n ner-gtil nil-te-ncz cri,ir~? zn(g)-yi(,a)*' bta-c-~ri-[sili~ii?"]
ii L Lord, powerful one 1)y liirnsclf, t,lle prayers of t hy 1)elovetl olrr(s), oh,
grant them!
32 [ k]a7*" "NI I V- I B ZA G-LYI'~ f,"
[ 1'' 'savior, IVII\'-IB, glorify (him) ! '
33 [sa"'- p i . 1- f i ~ ~
34 [luqnl-iwic I)~c]n-qi-tl(i(L~ t,i:(l) slc(t1)-iiq nicr(.;) linr~c-l,c snq-e-e5 PA-
~ t n B-nl u-c;~~~ I
"Rly ltirrg, tvlio unlo D'!o/!ji a lice of long (lays, yews of p1ent.y as a
' (
Lord, 1)egotteli one oF t,lle ' grc:~t his so11 without ecll~:~l,
mountain, '
38 'iVILV-1B gfrl-Dl ni~-lc~:-tc I ( ) '"-~uc,a-i~n!"-;/c-~~c
' ' 2VI ~V- I B, exalted ollc i t 1 lieavel~ So~.crnost onr amollg the A?uw~nn,
39 [en] igi-gkn" (lingir-ri-e-ne
"Lord, leader of (among) the gods,
40 [si-gic]ru"ru Cg-dim Iisl(y) A"-(/i-gi
"Weighty one of power, roarer like
t he storm,
41 p"Lki i r-~]a am-gctl-(Ern dii-diio"
"\Vho like n, great mountain-ox
gorest the enemies,
42 [say-gi(g) "]En-lil-lil-(ge (li-dlJ7
'<Who judgest the people of Eli.lil,
43 [Li-ma!! sum-?nu] "Ah-nam-ner-rn!"'
"Endowed with suhlime power by
Ntunamnma.,
44 [en-e naml-1~u.n-wa tirm'"-ma
"Lorci, fit (prepi~reti) for greatness,
45 lugal-'mu me.?r9sci({g)-(g4n-nu-tli'"
"My kin.;, valiant one, destroyer
without equal,
IGI +DUB-ti(1)z7 AIL-nu
support of A,!&,
stin-sitn-na lilr-b~t r-.I(:'"
in battles ~. : di i i ~~t one,
bird Itr-bal gul-gill
destroycst the ~ ~ n l l of t hr hostile lnntl,
klo">" ,?u-ni nta-i.
' mou~itain,' whose halld uot hi ~l g cscapes,
(li't (g)-ga- hi /ti-bi-c:i'~-gar
executor of his corl1m:untls (ordirinnccs),
nn-ri(g) ,!-lc~r~-~n
holy orie of E~cI ~T,
gi,? 1 ugnl di~zgir-~?;-c-[rr,(<-</<<]
courageous one, ici11: of thc gotls,
(Beginning i~rolten away.)
1 [ I
2 [" B~r - ~~Ci n- r a ]
" 'Of BUT-82'12
3 [azug-zu-I~U]
" 'Wise one,
4 [a-ilu(g)'" 3]e-ne-[ib-nag-e]
,I 'I ,i ' E e-giving (sweet) w:~ter he may
drink,
5 r d . . i - I ~n] - q~l l ~4 mu-s[d-uj
" ' That of zi-nun-yLil, who has called
him,
6 B-bu-me-tlul"i-d~r ki-Lig-giC-ni'o"
" ' That of Eshumedu, his beloved
dwelling,
[
sag-tab-a-ni be-a
thc compariion rnnyest thou be!'
["Nin]il'" (11rmlc "IilT1""-rn-ge
Ninir, child of 1111, (gr:~nl; t,hnt)
'(L-d.u(q) be-~ze-ib-kii-c
t hat life-giving ((wholesome) food he
may eat,
[me-nil si-be-im-s4-s4-c
the commnnds (ordinances) he mny
execute,
SAG-U$"-bi bc-n
the 'pro1,ectorJ hc may be,
7 PAD-"In~iaiz.na-yal-~/nl-la-?~~~;'"~ 7 - nzu(.F)-bar iri""-~lam-btc-nn-tkm~-mu
iii(g)-uk e' "s-[in-gi(n)-?~]i
" ' Thst his rich (great,) free-will the revenues not 11ri11g to an end,
ofl'erings daily he may offer,
S d B~ i r - ' l S i ~ ~ , me-te ( 71) '" ?za17z-IL~[gal-l]a ki-Qg Alz-rm-ge
" ' That Hw-Sill' s, tile glory (jewel) tlie i~eloved of ATL,
ot royalty,
9 I ( - L ( ) I - t ( 1 I I ( - I ( ) - tK.4-znl-la h]a-ba-IL~-ib-su(d)-du
y11.
" 'Weclloclr wi t , l ~ a lifr of p1easurc.s : ~nd wit11 delights rnny be long!'"
10 sa1"fl(tl)- Pal- cim
1 1 [I / ]I VI N- I B 'lB7~r- flAYi.~~-ra ? L ~ - ~ I L ~ - Y L ? f(li-dil-a-7~i he-a
" 'iVIl%--IB, unt,o (for) B~tr-S,'?I his :~ll(i liis guardian mayest thou be!"'
ol)ject of fcar,
I:i ["NI, V-IB] ti-zz(c1)-tln ~lb$' ~~-l~l-l~l kvr Ir7-bal gul-gztl
' ' I VI Y- I B, right arm of Eirltl, tlestroyer of the hostile land,
14 ["l\TIN-IH] ti-zl'(tl) -(la clE'n-l~l-l(? X:~ir Icf-bal qul-gul
"I VI N- I R, right arm of Ijiilil, destroyer of the hostile land,
"Iiing, whose attack is the storm- 110 one escapes it,
flood-
16 "IVILV-I13 iig hr- i d- a erim-e gEr-fir-di""
' ' NI N- I B, furiol~s storm, who tramplest the enemies under the
feet,
17 ~ ~ t t r n - ~ ~ ~ - s a ~ ~ - t l a tla-ra"e rlilr-di'c(g)"'-ga kul gab-rl nu-tug-a
' '('lothrtl wit11 heroship, sul)jugator, valiant one without equal,
18 ti-n~ah. sum-~nn " Nt ~ - ~ ~ n r n - n e ~ - r a ~ Ra(g) a-a-nu ({I) -du (g)
"l~hdowed wit,h sul)lime powrr by unto the heart of his father most
N t ~ ~ ~ n ~ n n e n u , arceptahle one,
19 tli~(g)-qn dii({/)-gn G. ~T, - RW" ' - ~~ nam-mah gal-gal-la
( 'Thou who t he orclinances . . . . , as regards sublimity greatest one,
20 [ d NI N- I R tlit(g)]-ga d ( a - nam-ma!! gal-qal-la
EU1'"z7c
" V I - , thou who tlie orcli- as regards su1)limity greatest one.
fi -~l t~l ~i ur /<iGil,)-l~o = l x: - I t ! ~~ I ~ ~ ~ - i ~ t ~ - ~ t l ~ - l ~ i .
11, l l ~i : , s~~, ~r - l ! ~, sl , l + ~ t ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ : l t r i / ~ c ~ ~ . 11. !I7 : I ! ). "~l,,-.l'l : SI ) I ~: ~~S :a< " t l w gwl
o i si,l.ilx.i" :t!>il ill P. T., X X I Y , 9 ::Ill = 2:i : 1:3, I I, 'iuii-.\Tl i s ?:iIli~l LIE 1 ~ ; 1 : I l l ' / i "I+/<-/ti ii-n "Xi , ?-l i i -l i i . Iillt
: t cwrcI i ng t o no. 1, ~ ~ ~ 1 . I, E32, :35; col. Ill, 2li, :3'3 (,,f. :Yi?rr,y/, I>. 1 I : 25, 2s; I. E, , 20 : l i ) , i t is " . \ ' / ~ ~ - l / ~ \vl!c i s t l w I(;/-!-
/ ) UI l ( - l i ( l ) ) ,,! 'il<t!-/il; cr. :tIso 18. I/,, 11, :31i : 2l i , 27, IVII,,~,, ".3rl.V-l/j i < r al l , ~l t l w dt,,8!t! /(;I~k / ) ~ r / ~ - l i ( / ) "I<c~~-!g~!l = !u<,-
rfit t t ~- l o~l - ; i ",li11,,. IJct~w,, " ~r , - . l ' l = "2V/:Y-//!, 'i.Y~>V-~/9, tltercI',>rr, is ct~l l c,l t l ~ c /,.iGi/~-/<il "/<~~-/i l -l ,i = g<rltc ! ~~~" gi <, l ur
'11' / .
5 , ~ - 11, .\'itw<t!/, 11. IiJ : 21 z , ; IN 11:~s t l w '~','"l;i8i/, </i?/<tr-ttzul ~/t,r,u/-/,,, no. 1, wl. 111, 7, c ~ r III,! dt </ , - z~( <~ /,izi-<~z,~g, to.
: I t I. .\s sc~.il>,,, ".\'1.\r-/19 i\ t l l c r ~ r i - i i i , ~ ~~' ~,~;i :i /i i r i~ 1jl.q-II.LR n,in un/,-kiir liii/ i!/rii,i ( i t i . t i - t i r zi ) , I. I{., 17 : 1;
t i ) ? pet-ri.v ;,ttrfi,~sC <t,!<t , ti ;<: < ~ ~ c i / i , . l ~ ~ t ~ ~ t ~ n , / < ~ ~ s ~ ~ ~ . , 11. .I711 : :3; 111,; p<t-r;s /,,t8.t<,vs6 11uvC ;;,~?/[cl, I,?., 1,. .I711 : 10: ' ' ~t , , -
iiri!ii/ii"" \il,,, xi!-hi; I<.'-ll.l/i' .I.V,llixli, C. T., X X Y , 11 : 17 = 13, Ill, 7; (11,: " l J , r / - / 3 , / ( - / , ~ ) ,1110 ,iti.?i). ( - ,Sl$S) l~,S-13.I16
i i A l " ~! , - l i / , I.<.. 11. I S, I!) -S.!l, Lllr: ".lIc-r,tit& nl l oi ri i -rt ri -i t i i ijiii?ii~)ahrR 1,111~~311~76,/.c.,ll. 20. 21 = 10, l l , ; i ~ t i l t l l c goi l E3 / ~i - r i s- / i ,
I . I I - 1 . ".V!.\-Ill ih l > ~ t l i i ~i ci v, . . :tl l cl jl:!ii., -ix. 11._I. I., 1). 121; I~CI~C,., "fl,~-!\~l l i l w1 I,: l i l i ~wi i i : :L l(,~~t:tl,,.l <'u~~-~\rl
I ~LLY I>? r,,:t<l ' ' ~( t - h ;~INI U,,-li(!) i< = "(;,!-I<L, t l w )>iI',,(!) ,,I' 'i.l'~iV-l/+, src 1'. I??, 41, c < ~ l . I\., ; i l <t , I , , r ". l l ~: - l i - ~c, - / l 1
"'(;~,/ZL-'~(;,~-/~~. .As "(;t<-/o i* ="1!~~-~?. t l ~ c ','b8'IJ,r-l'-i, I?. T, (",, 117, w:ts ill :>I1 p r o l ~ : ~ l ~ i l i t y II,,, ~ : t ~ w :ts tl,c ;l'zEzc~,,-~ll!,t-ti,
I : ~ci i >t i l l 1 t l l i s i t i ~ l l ~ w i tll:it "(;ii-/,~( = (illii-i) = cl.\~ll\J-I1~) = "AJidnbo, tll:it ' ' l ~ ~ t ~ l i : i ~ ~ I : ~ t l c l ~ / r :iw on, , I>:ti.,:
t l w C:LILI,, iittl.iln~t(.; i i t i d i ~ n ~ ~ ~ i i o ~ n s " :tlt,l l.l>i~t t l x ' . S~t i " 01 (.it(.lt at i d ccm!xy l i n l ~ ) - l i s ~ i ; ~ ~ ~ I r i ni Ly i s 111:: "scril,i.," IYIIU
' ' r ~~t <, r . ' ' (I):, r:~L:,s, ,l<,t:,rt>!itlc,d l >y t!):, " l ,' i tl l ~cr,' ' ic~L<, t l ~ c ' ' I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ' ' :tmI l : ~ t ~ r 011 ''<I,,cI:tc,o~'' tI!t,n~, ' I ' l i s ' ' <I ~, rI : i ri x~g' '
is ,l<,nc, i ! t t l ~ ; ''#~<,tI,cr\~.,,rI,I" (I,;, tul~~,~~i,u,, ~Iu[/)-,,z~,!/). 'Tlw ' ' S#,II,' ' :\* ' ' scri l ~c~, " I>~,,.,,IIW$ 11#\1- 1,0118 t l h ' ' I ~r c; t I , l ' '
:i u<l 11~: ' ' j t ~ , I ~ c ' ' of hi s I ~: t t l ~; r, Itvb,~., fl/,t~,!l~tl-/~i-~/i-,~ ( ' ' f l <~- f i , ) I ~ L , ~ : s ~ > s ''L,It:, l.i~!q )vlt<, j\t,lp.':; (i n) 111~ ~tc~tl!:,r\v<,rl<l."
11, t l v l >r cl >i st , r i c pt;rio,l Lit!, rijlt: uf t l w ~vri l ,,, ,,:;IS l ~l : t yc~~l , :is wc -:tw ~I,,,Yc,, 1,. :32, I)? "/<,~-l i /. . \ I t l w t i ~ ~ w ,>I' Gu, I~, :L
~I I c, 8~~-i , t -, l ub-b~ I V : ~ ".v~!L,I (,d. l<. B. / I . , 1,. l!l;3, I, :3) 'l.Yi,t-/~~tr-r,,-,,!i, i . ~ . , 11): wi'., c ) i " \ r/ . \ r-/ l l , C?. Y'., X I \ ' , :3 : : $?I
(d. I, . l l i j ur r1A' i ~~(13rc;)-~l ~t/~ (d. CYl. .\., t i : 11.). I I kt ri ng t,Ix; l S: ~r<l t t l < 1,. rio,I tl!,, ' ' sv~i I >, , ' ' w t , , <>i vo~cr ~c, , tIl c! ,sou or
l l ; ~ n l ~ ~ k , d\'<ii,ti, r1. / I . 11, 1 ) 1 ~ 17, lO>, .\T. I<., i,~ii r i - i i i i i : "EY i 6 ( = (6 ~. r j i l i i . , r / i ~. ~t ~~#! ) ".I(; / i <- l i ~t i .
2. l'i. t l ~. , {jl~,>ncLic ~ x ~ r i t i ~ ~ x , ,<8c-$,g-!r'1, !I<,. I, rev. :3, 4: :t!tcI b,y,t{~ ([or ,?(tfy)-!,,iulj, Ih. S!J73. ( ' f . :slw lbvlun, note
-.
t.3, ad(q)-g,ir~.
;i. Or I L U I L ti-kt!,:, 810. 3, rev. 3. . \ n vou~~~, l : t l i , , ~~ [ui] z,tg-kd,:, "or : ~)v, : -i ~>sl , i ri o~ l'<,:t~ :xx~l tc,r~il,lc: strc,ugtI~," ~ n i g l ~ t
l i l ~ci vi sv l,i! ~ i o s ~ i l , k ~ .
4. S v ttlsu cul. 11, Z2, :~IKI cf. c!;(tt!;j-g,!l ,,i C. 7',, I\', I 5 :S, !I. Vor (?!/-!/ct/ -= v:xri;u~t d (ur-)~?,,fh,, sr,; S:trgot~,
:\NIL., I. 421i: c1, 1). i v, I. 115. I c or l l t c it>Lvrcl>:tngt, djg, t,q, Cg, d c . , s , ~ ; :tl>uv,,, 1,. 211, IN,^ .I,
.5. l ~ ; ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ c I : ~ L i ~ n ~ ,,zt Ll ~c l~:csi+ <)I' LNI. I, UII. Ill, 10, . ~ ~ c ~ , r ~ l i ~ ~ g to I. I$,, I 7 : I, (".Vl .V-/l i ) i~ , 111, : l\!U i<-h-
UI I - I LI L / i -bi i -i i r. lv., ~ t ~ i x l t l n,:cil la,rs: [sn!j(or ,~ii)-gi-(l], ''ill I ~; i t , t b~i \ v i t I l ~ u t cqrlnl," cr, nlho 11. Il., :3li : 2lit, si i , ~- st i t ~ s<t,g-gI-a
= <l<~ln-/!~ / a uu(-?i, :an,l uc, . 5 , r%,v. 3, , h - . s i , , ~- , ~[ h ~t - ~t ~t - ~l ~~, ] .
l i . (: i t l cni l l y Ln~~~al : i t r cl b y i,i,rtiilii, .\'it,r.it<;, (i : 5; I. /I., 17 : 5; I. I(., 2!1 : 3. I t 8 I$. .I ., Y, 11, li I:< : 2, (h-gdl z~pp,,:trs
:is a t t r i l ~ u l c ,,[ .Vcr!;<c/, Ihcing r c ~ ~ I c ~ , , l I)? ' ' ~ 2 ~ ~ t ~ t - / ~ ~ / - / ~ , ~ , i,?., ~ ~ ~ , ~ l / o l i / i ! ~ = d,i ' i ku (11. .I. I-., 1,. 4 ~ 1 I, #~, >t <, 3 ; n o t "st~gt~ci ous,"
h l ~ ~ c n ~ i l k ~ n , I.",, 1, . 5Sl ) ; Nerg,zl l k i l l ~ , l nt t I K q~ticI.cns atlso!
7. I , [ . l><~aid,,* lir. Gti:35; 11, 17.51 ; ' ~ l ~ ~ ~ r . ~ ~ t ~ - l > : ~ ~ ~ g i ~ ~ , ,I. .I., l ! l l J! ) , 1,. 3.111, IIUIC; 2, ;~l>,, f?. T, , S X \ ' , :3 :.l5, 'ldilto
( = ~ V I ~ - ~ i - ~ l ~ o ~ i ~ - ~ ~ z ~ ~ ~ ; - ~ ~ ~ 1 ~I i t Lo ( = dL\rit,-/c:~r-v<~-<t!l ur "(;t,-/,!),
S. hl ny I,r yii; 1. 1. L ' N ~ 2 V - ~ ~ - !/,i-gii/-/i~ Si,,ii-,-ii, I . 13, 17 : 1.
I I is : : i t I ' i t - piiqiil,,, 111.. 101'37. I.'ur tllw i ~!tr~(.Ii :i ~~(.: 01 i~ i i nd i, (.i. ;,,i-rii-. ;,,I-ii-iii, 110. I,
rc\7. 13, 4, ,,<,tc :i. v<,r >, si,,,il2,r :,t1,ril,,,tc! <,r ".\rI.\r-/ll S,.!! 18. /I., 11. :<ti : 2s, ?!I, , i , , , , t , b <t , , L .%;-xi [ri,&-?.i,~-,~<,, t l , , ~~
' tgai ~tht AS. 21871 = l>e-L2,?~ ( 8 ~ . rftn,,) c- r >?t t - qr t ! ~ /3~t-!/~,-/,z[-,,-/i] m<I d. )will> ~ ~ : t ~ ~ : ~ ~ . ~ ~ lil.c, I { . / I . , 1,. 211 : :<S, :39; 2:3 : 21,
ri -ri l i -ri n - e-,,iii-q,iiri, hi~-!i!~-gr~-[/i~-ii-ii], :i~ld I\. !I : I!). hi-gill.-gdr-m(yiii= r i l i ! ) = LL ,;(II.-IL~ /i.iib-bib-~.ii (cI. nol:: !I:<).
10. S w t l ~, ! :tttri Lxttc of Rul i l , 1,. 25> nut,; 3; ot 131:tr: l,ti<l-g,(l = ,/cirr, r,!/i,?, S. !J,i-I, rvv. 7, :LL,CI ot Scr g: ~l : l h 3 < l -
!>t,<Lt = t ~ t l ~ ~ ~ / / i t , D. :I., Y > p. li,&2 : 9, Ill. ( ' c , :,Is<> <,xpr,cssi,>t~ l i l w l~&I-g,t/ .Vi l ,rt~"~-(~, I >, >. I, vol. 111, I(;; bdd- ~~~<~~, - d. i m
( = I i i - ~ ~ r ,It~-,tr r,t-Oi-i) i,!;~lm i!/i-,lt7, I,,). 2 - :I : 17; l;<d<,8,t-;a /<or-!jd7r, I!,). 2 = 3 : 31
11. ,<t~-!/i(-!/i) S<&i!i~u i s \v: 11 I<II,,>,-,I, \V,: > my , l ~ o w, ~ v ~ ~ r , , ~ t ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ l $t&-g<!r-gi(git)-<~ = !~)fi~lir ! / i ! ~?i / / , ~ :tnd cr,
I I 1 . 3 : I I , I , I I , i t i s i : l i I i s [ i ] I , 1 I .
C/. i ~l no I(. .l., Y .
11. li V2 : 5, ii (Xi.t.g;il), S.I(:-1i.LL.I ((;) iuinb it,/-n-iii ( = "l;',ilil) b~i-gnr-rn-!j.i = <~-B,~-ri-</i, ~i - i - r i t ) i i i i - l i ~ gi - mi l - l i ~ i ~-hi -Bi i
II' t l w I ~ ~ t ~ t c r c ~ t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l : ~ l i ~ ~ t ~ I,? :icccptt,,l, l l t c , Ittrr,t gi mi //>! is ' ' t u gi n; pr, , I , ~cI , i ~~~~, ' ' pr <, L<~l , " "LC r c ~ ~ l e r I~el p,' ' "tu .:.$\~.''
= ! j i ?i i i / l i i diil,ii!iii (pi. nl i o C. T., S Y I , I!) : 23, "i) T~LLII(.I llliill " t o t:iI<c \-cngen~t(.r." S?c also 11. II., p. 30 : 33, 3!1,
~i~.,li<i& = C- [ , , I I L- ~ ( I , L ?b-(ill].
12. The bar is absoIut<:ly rrrtiiit,; ;L m;~,ling ,,ii~s-ai~(d) - 7,irrasii is rnct <,i il\a,sti,l,i. ('1. 111~1,~ *ii-gi(il)-d<,-iii~<,
cul. 1, 19, and uutc 18.
13. The i might passilily bclcxlg 10 'LN1l\r-Il~; ir s ~ , , t r : ~~~s l : ~t ~! ~~i ~: ; t r i t d (?t,i';dtt) .Y!,
14. For nc = zi = kini,! ssi! II. il. V., p. 419, nok 9.
15. For the sign 50 I:[. C. T., SI I , 11 : 36,:; i t is tllc 3,11111. :rs ri + XI:, Cyl. .\, 2 : a, 25; L : li. ; I, Siii,?, 11. l!).2ti. T l ~ r
sign ie(d), Ilr. :lll(ifl, is sirrlply :L grapliic v;iriant oi i~ + i,;-<l(i) or oi ~ u l ? ( = bi')-il(i); r i . ; ~I ~, , t l r , . il-Sc(r1) ol li. I<., Yrr. I),
vol. V, fase. 2, p. 68 : 0. For St:-d(i)-dC,vari:~ilt ui Se(d)-(16, see :~l,<,vs, p. 113, note 2 iil~cl (I. Y.. X\' , 12 : 5. i,:istly, , d .
C. T., XV, 18 : Xi, i-di-bi~r bd(g)-!in-ni ii-ruon-bn-c-gn-ga, sir-hnr bd(y)-<jn-,~i h _ i ~ - i i l , - i ~ i ~ - c ~ i ~ - i ~ i - l , ~ t i ~ - i . i , ' ' ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ s ~ ~ g n ~r i ~, l s
luuk (lit. 'lifting up o i the ,,yrs') giics pi:~~cc no itiorc, wlros<! gr:ici<,tcs \-oicc (lit. 'liiLi~\:: I I ~ t,ll,: \,,ici:') gi i rs I.,.SL
nu inore''; ha-ub is here a plti,llotic writing ~i ICU = bi i b = uiibu, Ur. 10510; l i i , i >i , c, , ;L h n i . 01' SC - uiihti. k'uc ICU =
bit6 sec also below, note 37 t o no. 2 = 3 : 35.
16. Tile very it~gcnio~w n:aditig J<-b~~-!ne-~d, ' ' ILOIIJ~: ui Sitil~~lel.,' ' pr op~s~: d Ijy I l r ol i l ~~, 18. S., LOlJ8, ~ ~ y ~ i n t , 1). 15,
is against both thc religious o,tu:eptiot~ ;,rid LI1t: Iliatory oi tla: Smni:rinos. TItc rxl~r<,ssi,x~ ,SIh<oivr : ICi-c,&-gi is ~tscd
by the Sumrrizns in suclr ritses only urli<:rc i t is in ~pj ) os i t i o~~ t o tllc s ~~r r ~undi u/ : l i ~ ~ i d ~ ; ~ I I c , "i:tvi..~~l" term ior QILILIIIC~
wvas nl\vays kalam (see p. 8). T I 1 I I I I i l l " S l l . I l l . " Tlic pnsa:igcs, as
6.8, Ifi-en-gi-rd = Sumnr-ra, qilot:+~l li,y SIr.u;rnf it, sripport llis ~r<:iditlg, :,TO g~.itct>~~~i~tiv:ilIy ~nisv,,~~stru~:cI OT ul i h-
read or ndsutali:rstood, of. p. 10, note 5. His stntr:lttcnt (I.<:., 1,. 16) "di~ss (lo. :\',r,r~e , Si ~, , i eri ~ ~toi~wisclier. IID~IIILILI~
ist kann nicht heziuei/elt rocrden " recluircs prool. 15:~s :also tlw 1CU it, P;llfE-Zf U = li,%i,~ , St u~~, r i :L ' ' S, u~~t : ri : ~r~' ' v~tliw
"b~~mer"? E-Xu-me-& is in "all prol,nhility(!)" the ' ' I ~OCI SP of llirn \vllo c.\-sc~~t:.s (iii-ill,( - -M, -,l,!) ) the c<, t n~~t at ~I s' '
(sc. of his fat hcr; ef. lor lllis idr:r, no. 1, col. 11, 2; no. 5, ul,r. 2, ctr.). Tl t o~t gI~ IVC \~oitI,l c,xpc,<;L :L r,!:~<ling E-~t ~e-i zi -~l u~
if the abovo-givcn translation werc corrcct, yet such : L trnnspusitiun ul tla. ~,bjci:t is l,y I,,, itit::ctis i ~~l i ~l e c l , ci., cg. , 1111:
verbal forlnhe-im-ne-si-si-sb (for si-be-im-ne-si-sd), n. I<., S-r. D, vol. V, i ns c 2, 1,. :3:3 : 17.
17. The royal throne now occupied by Cirnil-Sin, brtt givcu ti, llill~ l ~ y dN~~V- l l j . 1 . 1 1 ~ Z ~ L (:~n,l -IL<L, I. I.)) is
dependent upon tho ra of the verbal form = Icnrdhic arm.
18. Cf. no. 1, eol. 11, 31; 111, 22; IV, 10, 32;ni,. 5, I . 1. TIIV an-!gi(d)-i = ~~i j i i . <l i ~, 11. Ii., 2S : 176, I8iinlly
be compnrcd, seeing t hat i t is me~itii,nc:il among vnrions othcr sour "sil~c~vs, " Ilc~li.v it Ih:w r l ~ i l t i t ) : to ,I,> witll tllc 7,;-pi-(i
of IV. R.2, 23, no. 1, rcv., cal. IV, 25. Is sn-gi(d) the great, long (yi(d) ) prostration (z~ = laliii,iii)Y
19. Fur ilr as postposition ef. U. E., Ser. D, vr,l. V, insc. 2, p. 70, motc 3.
20. Cf. for this rending below, no. 2 = 3 : 35, note 37.
21. Tlris line rt!qresents, in all probability, ouly tile begi r~?~i ~~(g o l i~ 1,>11g,.r : L I I ~ w, l l - l i ~~, l i ~t > j,niyt,r. Ci. ~t,,xi I H, ~ <: .
22. This liturgical not: iulluu-s in inall rases upon tlic "olinlit~g linc" oi i~ pr:cm:r ~ I ~ ( L . ~ ~ I I C O ~ r i t l r r Ily sn-yi(r1)-
&-dm (so here and col. IV, 10 1 12; 32 1 34(1) ) or by [sn-gi~r.1-m-rinz (c,,I. 111, :l:1 1 35; I\', :iZ 1 :W). (X. notes 52, SO.
23. Or is this [ d N~N- ~] R?
24. Hardly snl + e, cf. Cyl. A, 22 : 5. A re:iriing snl-c-ti-ilii(y) is on ar<:om,t ai t l ~ : ii ( = in?) and bltc abscnrc
of -ga impossible (cf. col. 111, 12). If ter-ti(/)-fin, "J,ehe,~sl i i ~i n," shoul,i bc ci , mut , l l ~ e ~ ~ ci. i~i,ici(!i~ \villt tlie ltoly vo,l:ir
of d ~ ~ g , which mas sittmtcd arl n rnoontnirl and nllieli was tllc "abode oi tltc gods, tllc s:in,:tn:~ry ai d~r - i ~i - ui , " scc
If. A. V., p. 41.5, note 2.
25. It is well known t hat glil, yhl, giil(= lL1.ILI 'tiri~) inti:rch:mgc nut otily in ila:si: ti,xts, l ~ t ri -c:~t it) tllose oi tile
later .issyrirnl and Neu-llnbgkmia~l period, ci. Jsnsc:,~, ICosrn., p. 462. Ii , tlteri.iol.r, yil = 961, tllcu ill<, ( / ~/ - , L? L- ~L, L =
man-zn-ze Soqi~-u, the attribute of d.VIN-~U (rl. Ninlrr~i, p. .10 : 20, 301, rr>igl~t I,,: L~.arl.;lni<,,l l,y ,irebii, ( t i a i ~ ~ ) L.T,,/L
i a (iStu) BamE atid might he tslce~r rither as a syn, oi ug . ~~- I L( I : C. T., XV, 15 : 10, or 8s ii vill.iii~lt of g6l- ( = le)-Id.
Cf. llero also tile GAL-RU, eol. IV, 10, anrl tllc G.ZI2 cr~-6i-im, col. I\', 38, :mcl si.c [ I . V ' . D., p. 5856 ( &n / l ~~) al l i i p.
330b (knlld), densen, K. R., VI1, p. 478.
26. Ila-su-su, being parallpl with yii1-,a&, ltrrlst denote samc h h d ui ;<ation of d~\TJ\'-/H, iltc "tet.~il,Ie S~OL. I I I , ~'
with rcgnrd t o the ii or "nlc,untnin." I t ~ l i r WL- SU- SI L = kabiiltc in tile sense of "10 11o\v do~vrt (JCIIBVI~, I<. I,,, !'I1, 11, 3!J0),"
"t,o bend." " to slnitc down," "to ovrrpomrr," "t o lkill." Cf. licrc tlie gnh(kub, &Ah)-girz Liii-i-,r(-{jc); tila ~ ~ Z Z L - I ~ L i8-0nz-
ge, If. A. V.. p. 411, nute 5, and bclow, nutr 0s.
27, Ci. col. 111, 26, 39, lGj+DUB-ti(1) A7~-nn; IS. /I., 11; 36 : Zi, 27, ( ' l ~V~~\ r - ~l ~) , / , , I ~ , U If;l+l>lJJ~-!i(l) 'lI<,tr-
gal = ma-ru tta-la/-ti d[ditto]; I. It., 29 : 15, ( d N ~ . V - ~ ~ ) JCU-ti AI V~' *~S~ za-rCc-i(i. Ci. i t l s ~ tllci n.c.i<pun of dN~~V- l 13
called d ~ G ~ + ~ ~ ~ - t i ( l ) - l n , -?Tinrag, p. 14 : 25, 28, mid see col. 11, 6, !J.
P'ltOJI 'Till,; 'TEAll'l,l,; l . l l 3l ~. \ l <Y O F SIl ' l ' l i l < 57
28. \Vc ~ I I ~ C I c Y I I L , ~ ~ zu, yc.6 s~tvl, pc,c~ilit~ritit,s l ~ y 11" I ~ ~ ~ : ~ ~ ~ S str~uvgc,, c l . vspc~ci;aily I j . I<., brr. I), wl . Y,
icisc. 2, 11. li3, ?LCI . - Y( ~! <,-a ~)III/L-~LI~(! ivo,~ld C X ~ I C C ~ ZU! ) Z,I(;-S2l I,-z,t(!) n,~tb-du>.
29. ('I. I ( . I f . , 11. Xi : 24, 25, (' l . l ' l . \ ' -~l l ) <i-!tz,& ' l . l f ~~, - ~~l - [ l i l - l ~; j = C- , NZ, - , , C, L ~ i - r , ~ - <! - ! u ~ ~ > i d rlditto].
:XI. I ~ : ~ ~ t ~ t t ~ l ~ t l i ~ ~ r ~ :tcvor<lit~p t < ~ I T, 21; vf. :~Isu l\r, I:<, It&, !GUT /<i-b,tl yt(l-g2,1, ; t , ~ i pt~-s:~p,,b lii*~, .\-iur(t!!, 1, . s : \ I t , ,
hdi l 1;i-bol-a ! i ul -yt d; I c . , 1). L(i : IS, lrics g,i l -i j i ~Gl a arl-li~; I.<:., 11. 18 : 2i , I ; ~LT g ~ i l - ~ i i ! , ut r . (' (, :dsu nul<; 65.
:it. 'Tlxc lr:,c,,s I,ci,,re z,, >,rc 7i<,! tI,<,X! ,,i CZ.
:32. ('i. ~ ~ 1 s . 11, :X2; I l l , 2s; cm~c~~d: ~t i on : ~vc or di ~~g 1,) ITT, IS; or ii m e l,rci,,r>, 11,: n ~ : ~ y sici>ply [ dL' ~~- l i l - ! " ] >tncl
ci'. ,111. 1, r.,i-. 5, 6.
:%I. .\ rl<, :~r indic;iti<, ~~ Ll >: t L ''CJ~<LJ :$llcl " : ~ I ~ \ ~ - I I ~ : tllo,!gl~, 1:ttcr c x t , ,!sc~I i r~L, ~rcl ~: ~t ~gfi ~l , l y (cf. l i r, IO.l70), $YP?<!
~r i ! ) i i i i i I l ! i ltvr-l, (liil<vl.xvll guds. '1'111. iclnttiii(.nti,n1 oi tlti,s<, gtliis tnnlst, tlu!n.i<ln,, d;itc i1.1,111 i t l;it(,r prt.i,,d t l l i ~r ~ l11:tL O( tlw
11. ilyn;~sty ,,i I r . This p:iss;tgc pr u\ cs :<Is,, t l ~ t tlhc l ) r <, ~~t t ~~vi ; i t i , , t ~ of d. VI Ay-l l j nt j , ~t ul I):,\<, I,,,cn c' i Vl i \ ~- z~r ~t ~.
I . 1 , : : " Y l r I 1 , f . I I , $1, 2 ; 1 5 , t i d. VI N- l I ~ X ~ I I ~ ~ : ~ I ~ ~ S V ;is ,idio,igril, coi. 111. IT,;
,I<>. 4, rev., 3, 1; no, 5, r ~ v . , .L, :md 12. I f . , p. 38 : 11, wl~crv a!5tt)t$gal is tninslt~l<!<l I)? i1~,-~f,4-nr,,, ~ v l ~ i c l ~ l,~LLvr r<!n, l <~r~ also
l l ~ e Sit~t~cri:ut , S < L ~ < C I L (,w ??tt,.Sj -:<~(gj -l t~r, cf. col. 111, 9, : ~~t , l fI. .'I. I-., 11. 19(la; .Tc,r~s,:l~, Ii. l j . , TI,! 1,. :300 ( I X L ~ O& ~ L = "Ei decl ~ae,
3 f " l ~ l ~ " j .
35. ' ~ I K <,v,!rI~:~nging U I < L c i ~ t ~ u r ~ , I s :t nwl i ng , xt <, - I i ~ (not 3 i ! ) - t ~ & = ,5al 8,v~!r~ul t~, : m~ l t,ltis ~~, , t \ >i t l t st : ~r ~di ~xg tltc
fact t,l>iit tli~: vnri n~l t lies sib-ri (ci. zi , d i - ni i / ~i i f i i j . 1% .st~-Ii !n a Sr ~ni t i s n~, or is 5<~1?~nti nal tt dvri\,,d f r m ~ Llw St ~nwri an
- 1 ( f . 1 - I - , I . I I , 1 . I ) ! \\.it11 ,si~-!iat-?,i(! is CIOSCI~ (.~lni,:cltal tit,! ~~.(~11-1~110~~11 1>;011; o i d.V~ljY-I13,
viz., " l < : i - l ~ ~ ~ ~ i - ~ ~ ~ u , C, T. , XX\r, 11 : T2, 2 3 = I:, 111, 12, 113, ~ v l ~ i c l ~ <nt gl ~t t o IIC read dA~h( , >r Z , i ) - I u ~ t , - ~ ~ ~ a anrl wl ~i c l ~
elt:irartcriacs " Nl . 4' - l / l ; ~ s tllo "gorl of spli,rlilur," ~~xp~. , :asril iri t l ~ "iruiti'ult~oss, f s cu~i i i i t y" - ~vl ~~~t l i cl ~ oi pl;tnts ( si i -
l ?~m- ~t ! . n = az~- l , ~, - / , t ~, ' ' i nt i t ui splcr~dur," "~I:~Lvs"j, :~nirnatls or I ~ C ~ I , I <r x , ~v i ~t ~ llmt, in Stuncri;tn nut, m?r, ntal, gir,
gar, via7 an: osi:<i i i ~t r~n. l t : ungi nI~l ~, i l is irii,st lilroly tlmt tllc dl~~lz"-li~~n-f~.lli"'"~, n-110 aerorditip t o C. ?'., SST' , 3ab:
11;. is identific,d wit,I~ [' l ?-,c, wis origit~ally "Ci l u or Sl ~c r ~c ~~, s i ~ iu llxe >file of "~~' I.\' -II~, cf. Bt l , !itc Cl ~ri . vl , 11. Zi ; H. . I, I-. ,
p. Mi , tlc,ti, 2; p. Ill?, not e 17. 'l'ltis is c<,rr,,lxm~t,:d I WL only I ) ? Craig, Id. T., I, p. S2 : 43, wlterc :t "~t ~-181!~~-t n~t r(r~?a-~l ' )
is i nv~i t i o~>ci i , Ibut nwr e ,.apc:r.ially I,? C. 7'., S\', 20 : 25, ullcrc 1slit:ir nil<lresscs hcr llnsl,irl~ri ?'rtl?iiir ( - Sh<i ?i u~,s/~ =
, i \ 7~S- I D, 11. . I I,'., p. 4O2, ~ l o t e 17, 11, 10 I, not? :+I), ~( L I . - I . ~ deB-,,ii~ 216- l i i ez- ~ri rr- n~- [( Lb]- m ni~-hn-iL, " l p tllcltl, 111y I ~ n ~ l l i ~ ~ r r
optw tltcir ' I ~ci ng I , u\ I I K~, ' clu t wt dcpt ~rc!' ' c < , c ~ q ~ : ~ r ~ ~ l \vitlt 12. II., 1,. 3:) : 1, 1~11erc ".\~IIV-ILT is ;~slk<ul z ~ i - l ~ ~ r ~ t - ~ ~ ~ ~ z ~ - r ~ ~ - u h
= 36 S ~ I - ~ I C - T I L - I L ~ - / - ~ pi - t i , "irlint 11:is lrccrl rnnsrd I,y tl~i:s t o I,,: I~ortnd, opi:n!" i.e., "trmy t he uriirr~itiul :tnd 1,:rrwn be
lni~clc by tilee lo P L ~ O~ U C B , yirlil iruil, i,llspriog."
3 . I . = I s t i I ' I . I$, 21 : l = .\'I< ( i c. , ~ne!~~tn.), CyI. A, Z Q : 21, TI111rei~tt-lJariginl
Z . I . I 1 1 0 7 .\ r,,:t,li~tp i ri -gr~,.-bi i + (cf. 111, IX), tlrurlgll prr se possible, is out ui (11wsti0!~ 011 LLCCUI I I I ~ of
IV. It.', 27, no. 4 : 18, ( " . ~I I L- I L~- I ~I ) [ ~ ] i ( - z i t110-1dt11 g t i l - ~ i ~ Zy ( ~l - l <t r ui - bi ~d ri-a-hi = Bn l , i ~- l i i h- ! t ~ ?,~i-/n,n-,rii nrr-iii-u
d-i,~L' ,~,~./,i.,~t~ ,?i ~<~- , ?~~l , - / , ~~- l , ~, , & T,z-t,zt'-t'.
37. Gi i r i.iLlior ?L( L- . ?~( - ~L ( ~ 1 1 0 pl . l : ~~<l i r ~g note) or, SO I>i:ttcr I I C~G, I ! C~ - ! I L - I L .
3s. Me-di i -;LC = me-i a-i l i i (db, duj , "t o carry out tlti: coinnlanrls,'' CI I . ,t,e-iil-rig, "t o cxcr i ~t e tllr ; i ~~c i c nt culli-
n~auds'!''
3!1. A~-, : , L I c;onsid<,r to I,<> t l ~ c pl\ottctic r r i t i r ~g l or d: -l j / J, h., ,i+-$C = ~ : ~ l i i 3 i C t ~ ( l ~ ~ ~ j , cf. II. .I. I"., p. 420, t wt c 9,
al,<,ve!.
40, I.c., B,, l i ' t ?! u( I f l t , ) ~ ~ ~ L - / , c - u (ci. t i = l l ' k : L I ~ (i-ld = ulGlu, "tlw \ ~ i t l w~ t t st r<~~gt , I!, ' ' ''t,Iw ~ v ~ x t l ~ l i ~ ~ p , "
I . \ 9 : I )
.\ rci.lldsl.irlg i?iiiilrtdSk ~ i t i ~ , "u-110 rn;ilrcat t o a l ~ou~t <l tliv pastrlrc (ci. nr , . 2 = 3 : 28-:ill)," is on nreorlrlt
of tile p:tnill:,lisn~ cxrludcii.
41. ('i'. 11. A . I'., p. :3U3 : 23, IG(![~,L)IL-J,I<~. r~]i-/e-diih-b(t, "l.cverenced iil f c xl . I,y J ~: I I >~I O~~~: L' S ~) vopl ~. ' ' For 1Li=
,li-lc sc:* I.c., p. 10'2, note 18.
4 ' I t . \ Vi t i ~ gbni = gi = ~i l r ~, vi c c( . gi-CIL = (ji, <,.tc. = <~r<ktiic, [ I . _1. 1., 1). 307, ootu I, I,:,!w\-. 011 is
~s,gl t~, l ,t' nht~, ! ~ i t ~ ~ t ~ # t , zurrt,; l ~cor c ' ' a ~ ~ l ~ l l g NE = , i i e! m~~ (ci. aI,mvc, ilotc: :Xi) mnrl .$'I = zol = bnrti * <:{. ;IISU
= ' "'
tttc icnriully glorious tile (,nust) poi\-erfi,l i , l ~i i " or sonu. s u i l ~ sinlilnr sigoific;ition?
13. Fix I GI +LJUI j - I t ( 1) = I Z L ~ Z L ~ ~ I L , SCP a l ~ o r ~ , note 27. Ilcn, i t is :i urrlj = t i i i l r i l i t el i ( ~I L( L eli, U ~ L W = 7.~0. Tile
infix I LI L, bcitig rcflcxiy,~: " sich ~>erla.isen az~f,'' forbids :L rcndcring "tlmy G.-S., t l i ~ icbul-ahliil (or i l i t ~ ) , live by t he lord
,,i I<,~<Is, by Y."
44. Ci. hcn: tire ; ~t t r i b~i t c oi d?Jidn6il, nin-,nu n-nun-giil k-kur-ra a en- w~ hal oi n-i ~i a, "lrty inistmss, powerful
8
( = d-nun-gdl) uric of d-I<wi., begottar ons (a - riiiiii) ,,I tlli: ' l ~l . i l o l llw IORIE of tllc r<,tctitry3 (i.n., <~rigitrnll,v dl<n-lil,
Inter on WI N- I D! ) , " Tltrlrenu-lla~lgitl. 11. .I ., T'II (lQLU), p. 107, col. 11, 3, 4. lcor tlic i~~tcrillnngi: ui 6 and esce below,
note 104.
45. llcrc in tlir sense oi 10, 11. . I . V., p. 419, iloti: 5, rill^ tlie possil,le jlnio~u~ci:itklil i = e - Id, hl. 4156 (not
illul) or = o, "wohlan!", a1. 4155.
46. Mn-rrz, "unti, thee (i.e., d N~N- l l l ) , " oti nrvoicnt oi z i ~ in s~rcii~i,rz-ri~.
47. l e . , one wlio constnntl?~ mnits npon tilt,<:, tl\v rl>ieI ;tnrl iuretnc,sl a,r\-;url-t il~v:u~itig wliic:J~ r abi ~u llns rc-
tained in tllo ;\ l r~nnl :~ lrtt,<:rs, arc TI. 11.. U., p. lillb, ?.
48. Tl ~c o:rlnc Iur tl,c kalrilu, stullr is gcnrl-;ill> ul.itt,,ll iisZ.l-?U, l{r. I 1Sll L ; 11, i3., Scr. 13, v<~l . V, rasr. 2,
11. 42; Iwr? 17.c have ndZ. L- ~U- guni i . For tlm int<~rrl!:tugc of TCJ :ui,l TU-(qc~t ~u (L.c., 7,~cr) s<:c TIII~~<!:LLI-D:LT>%~~I,
Z. A, , XV111, p. 136, rriltc 5, \-,,IN, itiiartkris ""'Tu =_ n i s i L~ l i - . . , , , !,iJy(; -,,,,,, i&r:,< = ,.ill
+ c ~ l , @ (ci. also 13, I$;., XVII, part I , p. 49, notc 3) . rr,~ tnention it I I , , ~ , , , I t ~t t i y sltik: 111:tl Llw sigu TLT-gu,?& i, I U U ~ I ~
~ l s o i n .i. \V., :lrncrn,o, nu. 41 ; .qL ( = I<n., p, 474 : $2) wzl,~ 7f26sl~?U-q,~~~ii i:t~,l in .1. TI',, I.?., 11". &> : 15 ( = Iin.,
p. 476 : 15) nnlu n~Esh?U-gz~nO\Si-ir-,tio, \vliir.lt TLT-gur~,? ( l i ~ ~ . , .A?~tii~i.., i ~ u > . 02, 03) is, of course, tllr rid nl, e =
"drivpr," or it) tlic hmgnagr, c , f ltih-.4ilrii, tla. ib.r,ta!] .\ ri;tdic,.g 7"i Z. 1-f ~l i C ( = I?. Li. C., 463 = Hr. (iQ12) ns
variant of 'L".4d+lJL (for rot{jiii-giril sva R. %. C., I - 131.. IlS(i:3) = sri,,zlii, "porpl~yry" (sec no. 6, rcv.,
eol 11, 1, and U. 13., SPI. D, vol. V, ILLJC. 2, p. 22)) is o ~ t of qu~st i ol >.
49. Anil hence "is fit tu Lc," "is fit for 1,cing ( l i i e~ = ~ I L / I L / < I L ,~!im, NLnr(~g, 1). 14 : ?4, 27; P. 16 : 19, 19) thy
servant (mnikim-zu)." Td7n = liyri, "gr~i di g <i i ~j r ~el ~ai o~, erhi-,~cn," is lilu,mise p~shililc,. CI. iilsu 1101~: 100.
50. I%~rien,lation dunhtir~l. (:I. 80-sl-li-n, "dnring tla: othrr, olrlsn, 11:~st <I;ty.~," ~i i t l l iig-dii-rli-a (tllur read
R. E., Scr. 11, \ r i , l . TT, f i w . 3, 11. 38 : 27), ' ' d>~ril,p, IUT I,itur,: ~ I L Y S " ; cI. 3150 C-?ill Cyl. 11, 2 : 11; d- ~~i nni l di l , Cyl. U, 6 : 2,
d~dr-ul -l i -gn7-m (p. 25) and d~n( Ni n) - i ~r i ~- t d- i a, C. ?'., XSI V, 1 : 20, 21 = L'il : 13 = 10, co!. I , 11 = XS\;, 23c : G (Imre
d ~ n ~ - ~ i l - l a nrrly!) wit11 d ~ u ( ~ n ) - ~ i , C. T. , XXIV, 1 : 12, 13 = 20 : S 19, uol. I, (i = ST\', 7rl : (i.
51. Sun~c st~cll emcr~dntion as "god," "king," " lm~tcator," "s;~vior" may l ~ c suggestcil.
62. Ci. rol. 111, 5. Lit., "lilic: o ~ c ~vllo mnl,es pn,stratiulls," i.e., "lilrc uuc \vita bows down to tliy will," "lii-e
n fxithiul, obcdievlt, l\iunhlc otlc." i t i ( 1 f . I . 4 I ' p 3 9 : G I 2 I 1 . 0.5, t o t 3 -4 tra~lslation:
"by the l ~ i ~ ~ a l , oli, [(:ad l~itli;' t l ~x t g l ~ ~ I OS S ~ I I I ~ , xv\.~i~lcl I~itv,! t u Ije ~itll,:r iu-116 e f i - i ) ~- Ul ( UU) . CI. also ~01. 111 : 33.
53. Thc sign BI = c p i ~ is dorthtir~l. I t rimy bc ga.
54. St-e C. T.. XV, 15, and shorc, p. 20.
5.5. See above, p Xi, rlote 2.
56. Acconling to tlcr trarps visil>le, tliis mould si,, 111 to l,r tilo only pos::il,li: olt~,,t>ilation. For furtlrcr ocrur-
rencrs of El l f E-S. IL fat.n~s ( M~i ( *) - l i 7~ ior (:e+lin) iri i<rlllG-ICCI t ~l i t s, ci . e.g., I. IS, ivllcre tlrc i:'hfl$-S.IL ,nt~(E) is glcissi:d
hy tllc LiME-l<ti giS: ?nu(i)-bn?: = giS-bor), col. IV, 7; ?,cu(b)-dii(y)( = 7iS-diiiy) ), col. IT', 0; d~f u-t d-l i l -l d ( f or
d~ , ,
'n-lil-lo), rro. 2 = 3 : 41. Vor tlrc scvcrsl vnri i nt s o i dAfiii-lin-.4,~-nn sea Irt~nlc, H. A. V., p. 168, notr 2; for the
meaning of this name, 11. 11. IT., p. 399, note; : ~or l B,r d~o~l i nnr z , tlte "tnistwss of sr.ril,cs," I.c., p. 375, nntc 1.
57. For rrfcrcnros scc E. B. H., p. 4.13"; Creiilio?z-Slor!,, pp. 24, 46; S. i l . K. I., p. 251; 11. A,, V, p. 6.50 : 14;
T. 8. A, , p. liv, arid H. 13, 111, part 1, no. 135: 26, ~l r - ' ~~dl - ul i i n (!not i n, aorwat /.c., pp. 89, 90 ; recort l i ~~gl ~).
58. I'ur e~r~vtlrlation rf. Gudra,, St. U, 2 : 18.
59. Sr,r E. R. TI., 1.c.; Crention-Slor!q, 1.c.; S. .4. I<. I., p. 2-17; T. 8. A, , l.c., I-Ion~mel, Grul~den'ss~, p. 2.51, note 1;
Zimrnrrn, Der bnhyl. Go11 l'omaz, p. 22, note 2.
60. For ernendation cf. Gudeo, St. M, 3 : I .
61. Cf. note 1.
62. Emrndatiou sccordirlg t o R. A. , T'II (1010), 1,. Illi, rrrl. I, 1, 2, hrin-ni~(!)-r~iai-r/<~~-n rlgih za-gin S~L-di i ; cl.
also 87~-q61, no. 5, oh". 3, and iu-db(g), R. II., I,. G O , rev.: 1, 2, firu 6 i ~i i r-m i ~r - bi i l - di i ( ~q) - ~j n- , i i ~ = 6 1 ~ u 6 t h i h ano ~ ( 6 -
at nak-ri Tin-nii irn-ma-lu-li.
63. Tlro uppermost ~vi dge of gi5 brlongs t o tile divi,Iing lint!.
64. For tile ?i in /<TI-li-lag-gn = IiU-to!!-gn = mdbisu, l l r. 1050G, ef. ki-l<.ll, = lri-ti-Ii;IL = ~ ~ i d d l u , i ( ~ n ~ i s ' )
(rather than "IVCste," Cyl. .4, 21 : 24, 11. TP. B. , 45On; ,Istrsi.n, I<. 11, \'I1, p. SO). Or t l ~ i i in;,? Ibr : L v;~ri:nrt o l ii, ci.
d-li~-lu ( C. T., XV, 30 : 16, 17) = l i - / i ~- l ~ (C. T. , XIT, 27 : 13-15) = smiu, or qi-n-zi (Ii:ttlgd,>rl, ilrib!iloninm, 11, p. 84) .
- h - z i - z i (Cyl. 13, 6 : 7 ; 7 : S), wlliclr fi = ?i i l ~i i ?. 11:i cxpliiit~cd i,itll<:~ : L CCI I T ~ ~ I I X to IT. . A . V., p. 1 U I , note 13, or accord-
ing to LC., 1,. 419, not,: 5. h t.c.iiling giS md-lG-:-iii ti-ing-gn, ' ' I L ~ I . ~ , ( wl ~, ) ior tlw ilml<ing oi 11:ttllr (is) gloriously adonled
(?lag = IL-iag = z i ~' uni ~, Ninl-ng, p. :lS : I ; II. II'. U., 1,. 2l!In, btit ri. Jcnsi'zi, I i . /I., VI1, p. 103)," t l ~ougl ~possi hl e, is
an :,econnt oi tllr spare 1,rtwccrr A(: nltd ICli lcsi lil\,,ly.
65. Cf. tlm nt,tril,r~tc oi "WIV-111, I. IS., 17 : 18, )~~zi-k~/i-ni:i 116!,~u-qi-ri. i \ ~l i ong ot l ~c. ~. ~ ~ ~ ~ e ! l d a t i o n s t l ~i i t itliglit
lw c ~ ~ n s i c l ~ ~ r ~ ~ l ci. t l ~ ! i,~Ilmving: [/;u7 I;i-!,<!l-.Ck or !' ""' l ,:~;r-r<&] ~~>i~-<!;~i-,lf~t) d!i-,l,i, vol. I l l , 41 ; 13ur JIL-ni nu-?, col. 111, 42,
ai:n also ilute 30.
T,G. Or ncconling t o no. 21, rov. 7, S, i!h-[hi(zir) 3iii.-hi Xu-ph-giilr-hu].
07. .Also in ool. 111, 23. (X. 17. T.! SV, 17 : 8, w l r n ie-i~-?)z(~-ol( = r~e~-gtil) nod gab-zi(g) nrc tl,r :ttt,ril~utes of
Siu ( "NI ~, L, L~) . I'crry, S i i ~ , p . 18, noti: 8, tr:~nrl:rtes gnh-zi(y) by "Oemci. llrs Ifn.ii,izti!/e, . , l r ~j ~i hi . cr " ; I,mrgclon, S. n. P. ,
p. 207, 1, . "l<, 1)i~r~l1<: tlw w~ y , " I i ~ n ~ c ~ ~ e l , BI . I L! L~~. ~SS~, li. :$is, I>y " i ! ~~t gr g~~~t c. i , l <~~~, " ittid \' nnd~rbtirgh, S. I I . , p. 43,
by "to liit np tlm l,~.i::ist." I l , nf i : r t o +I.,: ill qn1.-zi(!i) ' ' ot rt : oi Iliglt I~lpnst' ' ((.I. sn!]-zi(g) = S O ~ I ? Pa iiSi). i . e. , "a proud,
cour;tgroue one," "one rvlmsr 1,rcnst is i n t . ~l , ~l :~n, l go,^ (zi = l ~hi i , Iehii) ngiiinst tlw <, I I PI I I ~" :lnd 1, . d ~ i n p s o , hi, ' ' t t l n~s
I~: ~el i (ri = i i i . ~, s y ~ . 01 Iii~ii, JCTIS~II, I<. /I., TI ' , 111). 30!), 40-1. 5G1) t l ~ e cnnlly's l,r?:r*t," Ilence, gab-zi(y) = ?rm-t,i-'u
iv-ti (ci. S'argot~, ??t ~&-wi -' ~~ i - ~ ~ l ~~at : l Ka- ~~/ ; - ~zzi - ~, 1,:ty. :3:1 : $1) is :L s y r ~. oi !/<~b-gi = mt,-lii ir-Ii, I V, It.x, 21, no, I (U), ~ e v . ,
15. Ci. also zi(yj = gi = hi i nl ~, kirtv, sil,ihgt~, iitc., :itiil yiib-gi 7~t!-!zig, (:yl. A, 14 : I L.
GS. a - = l'lrcn, is otl1y OI PC liitqiij)?~ (ilgpinst H. 11.. 11., p. 464). tllc i,l.iginal meatling oi wlticl~ is
"stossrn," citltcr aitlr tllv " I # O I . ~ ~ S " ( ~ ~ ~ I ~ s ~ ~ I I , I<. 11, TIT' , 1). 577 = 711, I<iirillrr; (.I. not? 96) or witlt R "battcrirl~;.
ram," suclt ;IS \r;is ~i sr i l by t,hr Habylotiinns in tinres oi' a-nr it, ot.rlvt. t o put lloles (Inijqapu = "I,uch," Jensen, l . c, p.
529) in n iortiiir::tiuri n-nll; lirllre, sng-i! = ,~"qiil,ii da dri vi , l i r. 6,510 = "t o 1,:~ttrr a hri,:tvh, mnl;? a holc, ent ot r cr
in :L \ ~-i ~l l , i l ~ ~ n l g l t \vllicl~ oil<. ~n: i y go in mri! ont (zng-i = neiij," sy11. oi zi i ni i i 5 1 I i une prefcw, IIC may t ake
zogis in llte senso of i (11. .I. I.., 1,. 4115, not? 3Gj - nit-rrr-ii-ri~ Ba !>-mi, i . e, "t o mge(!)," said oi tile .;tonn, ~rlliclt wgc
is c:lxessr.d by the: "!h,ti:ile~ :md ligliininy," l ~cri rr ?<g zog-i-n, "r.nging, tltooilnring, liglrtnirig, st<, nnn; or zag-i, may be
a variant of P.1 (i.e., a6(gj j -i - ''glurious," i . ~. , "l i gl ~t r~i ng ol ~: ' ' (w.c C. T.: S V , 15 : 1-1; :mrl cf. dIjU. V-~, l-i~-n).
CIJ. Ci. .\rir~l-ng, p. S : 17, 18, /,~n/it,ti-wn sii(d)-st<(</)-,irl = ?nn-a-In i nn sn-jln-ni, miiiah aitcrivs t hat ' i . \ T~~- l l I lnny
smerp orcr nnrl I,ring into i ~ t i ~ r r y rvcn tlir counlr!~ o/ Ilirh!lionia i l srl i ; dA?TIAT-IR lnny bi, gt.:wions ml,l inirniaal c ~ e n
to liis <,\\TI pi,opli:l
70. Owing t o tllc fact tlint tlrc ~ ~ l i ! of t l ~, s e lilies is l,rol-cn aivny, it is 11:tnl t o trll \vhrtlier t hey fonn, ns irrdi-
cnteil n b o ~ ~ , tltc rcpodosis of I!. 1-11, or \tlirt,llcr tlrcy ri,ntionr tlii: attrilnitrs of d N ~ ~ - I l { . If tnlccri as attributc.s urc
Ili~vi, ti, ernend sal-e-dii[(y)-dii(g)-gc'], lri is-?~iii-ujt~-$i-~i]. :xlld rc!ld?r: ''Ny ILirq, (t11ou) nlio in ti, y city of tile I I O~I SC
of Nil, pt~~ tal<cst ( I ~ast t:iIx.ln) (.iii.r,'' i ' \ Vh ~ t l ~ r EI/LILVIC(~~L linst restored," "lord, (tlrou) hy wlioln (m) Ici~lgsl>ip is me-
erlt,,;l,'; e t ~ . Tltc nhscncr of nn n in b~~-vzi~-~a-iib-d, i \v~, lld SIIOW, ILOTYPV~I., i t SI:CIIIS t o me, tlc:~t this last iorni rit ltlil~t
cannot be t l n t i,f a relative el;rose, llcrrc~, iclso 11. 11, 12 :&re in all prol,nhility t o he sm,!ntli.ri ns given shove.
71. J i this i i tllr ; ~poi l o~i s (ci. l ~r r ccdi ~t g ilotv), tlti: 1.a refrrs to tlic: Iring Cimil-Sin.
72. Me3 = zik<iri~, I~ai ng pnrnllrl witlt ur-sng (so 1lct.c) or with gib (so 1. 15), is n xinrinnt or phanrtic nr i l i ng of
mrs = ~tlbii, e~/li(, syil. UI gi? = mu(?) = 7~3.
73. IC,,r ti,? n::tding of P.1 ri. on tlii: one lrn~lil ,?!I P.Ina~""-gdn = di l t o (i.e., rnbri.;,~ kn [ri-ih-si 01. ri-hi-is-ti,
so plnentl II. li. , Srr. D, vol. V, f:izc. 2, p. .53, note 7, i l l t l l l ~ Ix~sis of qig-v(~-m = ~i ~- hn- ns ~i -i b-si , ei. C. T., S VI ,
2nh : 40, : L I ~ VV, 1,. 201 :%MI tlw prcqrr I?:LII~:; lI<tr-.v<t-(/,itt-~tt~-,/i, LS. . , I. I<. I. , p. S, n, 3, \vhi?ll 1 ~ l ~ ~ r ~ n c ~ , Z. A, , SXI I , p , 291,
t v~i ~s I : ~t cs by ' ' ( Jue 18 snndiriiire il;. a,& sol1 ~ 1 ~ 1 1 s ?'it,i~/.":~!l~lillg, "131. 9339 ( i e . , di'n,inil), ),OU?. In $ens de $6 (IjI)." On
tltc ~ t l ~ ~ r IL:LINI cI. tl~c, pr<,per I~:IIII,: .lf?I-.vi,!l (Ti. 13. (?., Jl i i , t l v sigu for "1~~3~~l")-g~tr~-7~8~-~li, \vl#icl~ DI~ornw, I.c., p. 306,
rrads J l e - s i q- ~~~i t ~- , t ~~~- s & inlld ~vl l i r l ~ 11,: I C I I < I ~ M I y ''OIIR Ire-sig soil srrrLs riinl!" .Adding t o tlwsr still nnot11t.r proper
n:Lntp, via., Me.<-P/L-nil-di, I?. .I. (I., (ii, i. 1, ti = I)ltorlnr, I. r, 1,. 306, "1, ' or d~c (lz~ scepi~a 7 ~ ' r r l,nbtt dc rionl," mc may
~~mi nt : t i n (1) tlt:tt P.1 ,nay I,? pt.oiio,liictd rit!~i,t. s d( y ) or ai(y); (2) t l i : ~t sd(g)-ydn (1,. ~<~- g( i i ~, siq-gan) is = s<i(q), si((g);
ei . for tla: omission (or nildition) oi gdn(yiir~), (L-((L(Y) = n-in(!/)-gnn; ul-pin = dl ( = 38ipitk ,:rim.^) ct c. ; (3) tllat, sii(g)
(-giin) ~ l my Ibr t s ms l : ~l i ~~l , i ~i l l i ~r (a) by snpribi,, hl . :3010 = "rtinicl~le nmchcn" (11. TI'. Ij., p, 5076), "qeionllsnm sprer~gcn,
zei.stiic/cclrz, ni i j i i ; aer~, zeirtrczicn (Jr,nsi:n, I<. D., \'I1, p. Ll i ) : ilr (1,) I,y ~.rchilpu, "~ibersehii~emme,~, niedcrsehmetisrn, nieder-
li.erfcn," icie cs dui.ch einen TT'olire,~l,ri~ch llgl gc.srl~ieh!, / I . IV. 11., p. G17b; or (c) Ily ~ ( ~ I l l i p ? ~ (zag-sd(gi-gdn, M. l 0i O =
sd(g).yrin, cf. II. A. I'., p. 4115, not c 3G), "sliLrze,b z i ~ lloilcii i wer j er ~, niedera,er/en i n rler Sehlncht, rlenFeindscl~lnqen,
N. if'. 11, 1'. 4CJSh; or (rl) I,y sii(g) = si(y) = si-gi = s i ( y) i ! l l i ni l i c~t i ng t hc dcal~r~clion by tlro pomrm of nat ure: w.iild,
t o I , i g l t i , . I I . I <. , Si.1.. 11, vul. \', i:isr. 3, pp. (t i , 47; p. 53, llote 7; alld hdo\v, 110te 17 t o 110. 2 = 3 : 18;
GO ; I I ~Y\ I SS . \ XI ) I' I{.\YICII; ' ro . \-I. Y-II~
not? 5, t o no. 4, rev,, .5, 6, et p<~, s. si ~n or ( el . if .s<i(g)-g<it~l,,~ :> v: ~r i u~L 01 2<tgau( = 3(t({l)-g<i!r, svc :tl>o\<,, ttc,Lc, 2) , ljy "w,~igltt?
or ~e"; or liistly (i ), sii(g)-gdn mny bc :L vnrimrt of si~hirr~ - biibnn (i.e., jlll.'.?), or oi .vlrtyijrii~ = Ji~-l<n-o,~ - d d C.
Tlrc originril signification of rh(g)-gdn = s<q,ti&z~ is, I LOI V~, ~, ' ~, "10 oj ) : , ~~. ' ' III.,IL "t o o j , , ~ liy foici.," "t o tiiac :~p:~rt, "
"to spn.;ld asnndcr," "to sr nt t r r :~l,ont.'' 'l'l~is origin:tl t nc: ~~t i t ~g is still <:vi<I~nt in p: ~ss: >gc~ Iilx (?, T., S V , 12 : 21, Z2
= IY. R.Z, 28*, 110. 4, n:v., 63-Gij = It. N., p. 122 : 7-18, wllcrc wc irntl:
giil-!a-bi v,r-e(~i, ra) ( ~, r ~) - ~l , ~- ~, l , - l ~i ( d ~~l j ( - e )
[g? l-la]-iu l<<zl-l,~t ~ ~ ~ - l ~ ~ q ( l ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ / ) - l i / , (i!cl-<!It,-r!, it(!)-!o-.<i)
"It s (tlrc city's or 11:rrcto's) ~n:ridu>rs 'tlw clog ( = ~I I <! ~I ! - ) , ' I<,, Ixts ~lvlilc,l (tlw c~cw~n~y 11:~s c:trriv,I : ~ ~ v a y )
sd(g)-giin-i,i ?~i i ~(i )-bor-ri (m) ii,ii(o~~)-drr-nl>-/d
[sa-n!~]$~~-f i t s-sz~ I I < L ~ - ~ < ~ - T M ~i-,Y<~~(lc~-qal)-!il
"I t s virgins 't,lte vi l d clog,' lo, I n s ri,,fili:<l."
Tile lit, tl.:ttlsli~ti~u is, IIOWI:T~PT, 011 a ~ r o ~ t r l t 01 tllc dn irr tlic ~ o ~ ~ l u x l - l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ : "dIi1 t l ~ ? ~ MIi,lcher~ ( . l i ( xgj i . ~~z , ~~t ) h<,/
'iler sch:inillirhe IItir~iL' Unzitcht he!rii~he,~," cf. (or t,ltis rotllpl:<int, I!. .I. Ti . , 1,. 439 : SSf. l l vr , ~ ~ I I V I C tl,c s<i(g) (-!gd,?.)
i3 c~-idi:ntly i~ v ~ ~ r i i ~ t ~ t of si(g)-ga ~ ~ OCP I I ~ I . ~ I I : R in tlu? mcll-lai~wn gir-si(y)-gn, i . c, ' ' i l rt i . a-I#<, <, l>:, nsttll~ gi r = bi, ~?:" ";i
pn, stitutr, " cf. tllr Hn~rnnurabii:odc, 32 : 5 0 l i i i si , i r . Sorely :L tl.;insl:ition "l,o<,t,v (qiil-lit)" i,r "l>ill:rgr (si(g)-qiir~)"
i i inronrcivnhlc, 1,rcnu.i~ tllc mrcmy nc\-cr defiles boot,y, but is gleil ti) gi.t n~l i i tu stri-r i l 1111 111111.1~ IIIB Iwtt,,r! S,i-(iji-
bu-ti (abstr, fur concr.), l,i:rnuse pnrallrl witlt gjl-in, is :L eupla,trlistic i.uprrssi<,tl lor ' ' L, , t l l pl <. - i i . ~, ~~l r l l ' ' s : t cn~I t o I i l i t ; ~~. ,
t he lcirriti or ko[rnili] ( t l ~ns crnnrd 11. 3030, sii(g)-g<i,~-<lii(g)-g<~j, 7~01nelt ic-110 ari: t l r n. ouii rnpribi( = pilti) ?~T-$~-)L, I;
cf . : ~l x, gil-la = i i l -i ~ :rnd Jenseri, I<. I<., T'I', 11. 4%; 11. II' . 11, p. 1311~.
mTitll regnnl t o tile - TLTL- ~ ~ t l ~ r t ! ~ rsplanati<,ns \~-\-l, ~~lil, ,,CT se, si,elit ti, b.! possi1,lr: ( I ) 111 ~ - i c n ol S ~ I C I I i <, r~ns :ts
17-ilii(g)-ga = ii-di = i i , i.e., bord, atndru; or ur-di (cl. col. I\-, 11;) = ili = iir, i.e., piiliil,~, iithiisii, \vi. origl~t ci,nhhlc,r
sb(g)-giin-mi-di t o bc n vnrimit of sd(g)-gdn-ilii(g) = snpii!gt, h1. 30P2; C. T., XI-, 7 : 12; !I : 2;l. Jlut :ig:tiost illis r,x-
p l > ~ r > ~ t i ~ > ~ is IIIV !it,. The di o i tile "/ ?i l l er furlria" is rrcvcr ronncrtccl \\-itl> tllr si~l,pl,: ~. i l i , L by ~ltc:iris oi :I!) oie,/i,,rigi~y
,voit:ei, lsener nu C ~ L I L ~ L O ~ b~ 11t:l.~ sucli :~11 ~ v e r l t i ~ ~ i g i ~ ~ g vowel. C2) Or we n ~ t y s,:<! in u,,-<li :L v : ~ r i ; \ ~ ~ t of i~t,it-.silir,? :t~\tI d.
soclr erpressiorm as iiy-yiiilina dg-g,i-nun-si!i,,i. (!I. .I. T'., p. -40.5, liotc 37). i i s,), s ~ i ( ~ , ) - g ~ i ~ z - ~ , t ~ - s i l i , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ l I,,!
''a ranring clcstroyrr," "r,oo ~vl.iru ilrstrops 1,). t l ~ o ~ ~ d o r : ~ a d liglltr~ing." (3) I,:~stly, KC ~n,;iy t;il,ii ~~t t - d i in tltr S P I I ~ C 01
"one willlout ci(nn1," "unc \\:lo c:lnnot ir:, rol t ~pnr. d" = (Bn) In i?-in-ziq-ni~, ri,:i<liu/: ~.itl):t. ~tl,-di, 01. ~ Z I L - S ~ ~ , ri , tile
attribitte of 4V1.l-IR: 3 i n t i 1 i - t i - l s l . , I, I , I s I , 0 'l-IIC l i ~s t t ~ o ex-
pl;ol;~tions, so i t srcrns to me, am t o be prcfi.rrcrl. For sri(g1-gcin i:f. ;tlao !I. .I. I.., nc,. 15, col. 11, 5; ~ro. 20 : 23; f or
sd(q)-giin-?~z~-di, l.c., no, Z2, rev., I\', 13; helux, col. 111, 15, i ~nd :LI>OVP, PI). 21, S; l)2, 1. 'Tlli. I >I . OI I D~ ~l : i nt ~s , il~loted
t~bo\. r, irrc h!jpocorixficn n~l d nttritnttrs of tlie "Sun" of :L givctr 13nl,ylonin1r t ri ni t y; tllc 11ii!t is i.it1ir.r - (o7-r-u, "liilrg,"
or Biiri~, "\vind," ~ l l i l e tile tliininalne i~ligltt(!) possil,l!- l ~ i ! n.:d ~lfrS-giiil~ii.-r~t~-~li, "tlli, 1w1.0 ( i f 111,. i ~ ~ v ~ ~ ~ t ~ l l i ~ l ~ ~ ~ l ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ) t ~ . ~
(se. has gircn, ctc.)."
74. 'Tlw suggestion of 111. 3025 t o rei~d dit-gdl = ?~<~ph[ l l ~] is, n0 , l oul ~t , c or r e ~t .
7;. Sut i ee t he gloss gig t o ncu(b)! Cf. lrcrc tllc passngc oi.i:!~rring it? I<. 1 % : 10 (Jr>ti i ,n, !<iia,,z., p. 4701, ivllcl.,:
d.\'l.V-ZB is ralletl dCi4-bi~r n~i ~nna Sz i ~ q<i(ilm~ li,n[7~iiliY], " onge ~i i nd~t e ~ Peiier, ilits rlic If[iiri',i] ~ , ~ I I I I ( ~ I L I L ~ . " S e i also
notes 36 rind 78. Froul this i t lollorvs tll;tt d ~ V ~ N - ~ B . :cs r ~gs r i l s his n:<ttlrc :atid :~tt, riln~t!. s, \ v: ~i t11,. s i t ~ t ~ i l as: (u) d ~ i i .
bizr = '",Wu(.!)-hrrr; ( b) d:%'E-gi; (c) "7-rn; (d) %~ir or "Vergal (cf. no. 4, rrx-., I , Z)--r:~i.ll : ~nd :all <, i. tIw:il~ I r i ng tile
personified "cuns,~miug fire (el. tote 78)" t l ~ t horns titi: i:nenlivs.
7G. Enlendation doul,tfol. If corrcrt, cf. B. E., Scr. Tl, vol. V, f ; wr 2, 1,. :34, tl,,tca 1 I , 1:i.
77. Cf. II. A. I;., p. 1x2, not e 1.
78. %1\1.\'-IB is tlic "Gir (scc rrotc 75) i\.lto is tlie "gi ~d 01 ligl>tlritlg ((it iiiiqi)," \ I . liO2 I, I>i.lnci. ,,itlli.r "Iigllt,tlirlg
fire" or "miglltp, i ~ngr y, ronsu~riiog, terrilde fire."
70. (11. eol. 111, 25; col. 1, G.
XU. Cf. II. 11. I'., p. 375, notc 1 ; p. 405, notc 37 (ill lrotll p:lssngcs tllc " ( = OIR)" is t o I><, rmst rl ), or eitlwr oirg:
of tlic fol l o~r~i ng e r ~~nl di ~t i ons i ~i i g l ~t l ~ e considrrr,il: Zg [lizirnti-il-lrr], "n<lt sp:cring stol.n>"; ii(g [g(rl,-i?~-yai. ~L? c ~I ~- ( I ] ,
"stonn witlio~lt cqrlnl"; i'g [zitg-ik], rl. note 1%.
81. Either Zi Y i dri (C. T., SVI, 19 : ;35) or :~ccol*lina to 11. It., Srr. I), vol. V, fnsc. 2, 1,. 52, note 2, " I' t ~ri ~rl s
(then rwd nzi~.-vi) ?ishti.''
S?. Sot i r r 1ri.n. thc ~~ui s s i oc~ of sigo iliugir I I ~ ~ O T C Ilii~~-yi!
83. For tlrii t.~ncrt,l;ttiojl ci. C. l'., i\', 21i : 21, i-ili0-hi i-ii~ii-e ?LO-niiin zi su(d)-iiij-g,il nc~-i~-l~i(d), Zirnlnem, Tarnns,
p. 237 : "l l ~r e Iiliigc is1 (81.i~) ~ U U L e i t ~ e t ~ P<ci(~\l, icovit~ L<,,~glehigl;eil (j) l i i rhl ,ti,?i~l>si"; lit., ' ' TI I C eunrplaint ii Lilrc t hat of
tibe pitlaw ui,t p r o d ~ ~ c i ~ r ~ (l,::gi.ttiltg) olrc (or sotrli:t,lring) I~;tviog t t ~o hrcatlr of liic i'o~. long d; ~ys (i.e., wltich begets sllort-
I I i l l j . Cl . also rol. 111, 31.
8 I . IVitl, bn(y)-yi(n) = iiiOi1 lihbi ci'. Bit., XI' II, p: ~rt 1, 11. 1-14, note 2. Se,: nlso C. T., XV, 28 : 6 ; 29 : 6,
mllcw 'll),wiii-zi is ~.nll?d tllr, iii(g) ,~~<~g-yn-nn . L~~- t t i ~, t ,
85. Sre :tl,o\-i,, note 1.
SG. Ui. 11. . I . lr., 11, ;332, nett! 1, \vlhc!r<, tlw ' , ~ ~ ~ i ~ l r e s s of Isin," i.~,., ''tltc ~vifc; of d.V1:\7-11j," 11:~s 1iI;e~~isf t l ~c attri-
Iwtc ki i r - "s:\rior."
87. Sce ?I. I.., p. 385, not? 2; 1,. 30:I : 65, 70; B. IS., Scr. D, rol. V, fas~:. 2, p. 65.
SS. S:i,i\tg ilt;~t L consiilev tltii t<l I,., l i t ? ''oli!,rritig lint (ri. uulc 22)" o l .J. pr:%yrr, I snpjilic~l -gtc = relative clause,
I i t I t t i i 1 1 t t i t , ' 1 - 1 1 . l i n-itll,,nt -yii, rllis moukl I,,, :I "wisli" or "itnp,mti\-r": "as a
pwscrit gii-~, ! "
SI). This lint-, in :dl probnl,ilit?-, co~~tilnir.; t i t i litilrgiinl 1101:. oi 1. 35, for i\.lti~lc swl txh~ve, lnotc 22.
!Ill, For zt!ij-<li (or .xi) = iurtdn,~ s~ Ij. 1s.. S;r. I ) , v,>l. T, fxsc. 2, 11, C2, not<, 1, :LIKI l or mg-~li(,?d) = di(sd), ff.
A . I.., p. ill:l, note 36. i'l'. :~lso :xlx~v<~. r~ot c 7;i.
91. ('I. :~l>ovc, p. 17,
O?. TI,!,. allril,nh: ioi-gbr, c ' I ~ t c l ~ ~ , fir-t, f ~ r , ~ ~ ~ t o ~ t , P~c.;' is t ~ s ~ r i l > ~ d t o 'XlIV-113 ;il;o in C. T. , SSV, 12 : 17;
el. T~illilrzist, .\ir,ni.,tbucb, pp. xiv, 2ii9. I t i.; iinnlri it, cr,rinccti<,~l wit11 all gods WI K, plnyecl tlw r0lc of thr "Son" and
nlto r.t,~enl l l t ~ i ~ n s ~ l ~ . ~ ~ ill tlicir s,.veni~l<l ~ O I Y I . ~ : I<alo(<,)-g<<-7 1 <c-lil< )x<-,,u,, V. I<., 30 : 8 .
03. \I:tri:~nt OI si-ij,ir<jiii. = Bn i/lrn~i kiibhoi,, (st,,; : \ huw, note !I) nod this figltr:~tii.t~ly for SU e-nu-qi mu-bu-u.
01. C'i. col. IV, 22. Tile sign 1<,1 + iilsrrtrd ~i ( y ) I t:~lic to b~ n gr:~pliic rari;a\t elf IC.1 + inserted Sit, Br.
818 (cf. Slli!); bl , 50!1, 510; 10. 450; I,nngdon, Bnh!lir,,~iircii, 11. p. 2S2 = Bnrjii,,~,~. For Bit - be scc "~Vi<lohn-*it (variant
S E ) , ntiovi~, note 1 ; :md $0 = sc, i . e. , si(<q). I t rimy ni , l l,r iclcpossil,li. that ICsi(y).J-qi-gi is = I<holngd-gi-gi (see 11.
A. \.., p 131 : 8 ) = ?iiiijiiij!i, syn. Sngiii~ii~, nrld titis tllr inon, so rrs tile sigu hnlo!, is pr ~r t i cr l l y notl,i~rg hut si(g) f si(g),
Hr. 7OllS; ii so, tlw dor~lithll K.1 of Br. ( i Si is either lisi(g)A- or I<bitl<~g;l- ga-$75.
I . i . I . 1, 2; C. T., XVI, I9 : 40; C. T., XY, 15; C. T. , SIT, lii : O ; 11. A. T7.,no. 5 : 11, 6-knla(y) ug
I , : I t t i t : f ' i ! - l ( t I ( ) . I 1 I , I ( ! ) 1 dilto ( -- tbt 3;-pii) Gi l ,liA-[ili] ). The nanle of
tiit, god oc:roniili: in C. T., S S I Y, i : 2i , :\rcot.xiiiog la tlw ~,nro!li,l I),Lss:%~<, C. T. , Xl l V, 35n : 7, has to l)e c1nc:ntlrd t o
dl i - l k7~r < [-ni(z<tl'!)-?I.
$16. ljti-dfii = ~~(upi pu, "to I:,? l , , ~r I ~ y n t ~ : ~ t ~ s o l l l ~e '1,orns ( s i ) ' \vlticl~ t l ~v r ~~n, nt : t i ~~- ox I I Z ~ S , ' ' cf. Jenwn, K, B., VI',
p. 577; 11. 11,. lj., 17. lii~L,h, a,,,l s:z :,I,,,v,:, ,,<,t$! il3,
97. I?<,? '.lrl.V-II~ a s juclgc ri . no. 4, r , , ~, , 11, 12, tmcl 11..'I, I,., ,>, 102, not^ 17; cf . :also tltc sixth oi t l ~ seven
"midrty II:L~I:.s'' of d ~ t ~ l i l : (o~i er. in-r~<z di-di, "l i ~rd, jnilg,: (rl,i'i,z di r~i ) u? tlhe pcoplc.."
95. Ci. 110. 2 = 3 : 21, k~~r-(I<~-ri. .i t r : ~ ~ ~ ~ l n t i ~ n : "110 i ~ ~ o t i l ~ t ~ i ~ t ( = ~nigltty n:~tion 01. princr) ~scrlpes ltis 1,and"
migilt lil<cwisr II:! ronsidrrzil; i? so, tlrpu ui . ;J,u\-e, imtc 26, and tlle rzicl.iners tltrrr. given.
I ! I ' I 1, 3 : 1 2 3 ; I , 1 ICor ".\~ii-t~<it,i-no. i r e firid so~~i ct i i ~~t ! i "-Vun-?cn!n-ner, rl. IYiIlcnr~icher,
Nerijnl, p. LA, notr 1. .\ccorciin.r to C. T. , SXI V, 5 : 43, d. \Ta, i-rirrr, ~-ne~ is = "fi;n-lii, iwnrc no. 11, r..Y., 5, 6, states
tlrat ".VI.\T-IR ~r ~i s cl l do~v<~! nitli stwngtl, I,? ' i ~r ~- l i l - i ~i . 1,:ttc.r 1x1, i r l l ~n . lahshi<r plnycd tl,: rill,, c, f f<,~ill, tlrc d.Vz~n-
nu,zL-ll,er I>ccnnl?, oi conrsiie, god .lahshiir, 1'. I<., 3<t : 33 ( -- I<. A, , 11, p. ]SO), oroh irrwi .I:\'nlisii ,ln-i,rr AD . i. Vmlsh
d.V~i?~-?z<o,i-7ier.. Tlli- dAJin-i-si-irL-n(i( = ' i ~; i ~- l ~, tllr wife of d\rl.\r-IU) is the i-gi-u e n d.\'ii?~-nirn~-ne7;m = knl-/at
he-l i 'i.\rsin-nn,it-?ier, i . c. , "tlrc l,ridi, o l I.," 11. ;I., V, p. G44 : 1, 5. For thc intprcl~;~tlge of "bride" and "wi fe" see
f I . A. I,.., p. 1105, notc 13, nrid for T A I L = niun c:E. "\r?i(fiwn)-nc~, d>ln-?~~~(niin)-gol, (I-nu(ni~n)-g(ll, C ~ C .
100. C:i. note 40 irnd ATir~rng, p lii : 18, 10, wlrrrr d N l ~ V - ~ ~ is s:tiri to b nnnt-lz~yi~l-In tiim-mn = Sa una Snmr-
( ( ) I IL-lu-k~t, "kt lo\. I\ings!\iP!'
101. Hrrc "Vinb is the d:ii~glttcr o l " M, ~vlrili: in otllcr passages (sre Ci.e<ilion-Stor!/, pp. 25ff.) sllc appears ss a
dnuglrtcr of d ~ n - b i or of ArU1V" ( = Er i di i ) snil as sister of d~\ ri n-~i r-su, d~Viil<rbn and d ~ r n v a h ? S ~ M- l u .
102. For tltc prornineinti<,n of t l ~i s il:tnlc SP,, ltty f o r t l l ~ ~ n ~ i r ~ g t r al ~sl al i ~n 01 C. T. , S V, 15.
103. A-riit(g) is ge~rcs:~lly ill opposition to nh-bu, ei. iit-bn a-di i (g), "one \vl~a fislces in sncet water," opposed to
62 $1-\IERT:\U HYllX' i \ ST1 I ' I <\ YERS TO .VlV-IN
Su-ha nb-ha, "onc ml>o iisllrs i ! ~ ti,:. oi.r:ilr or rnlt \i-;it;,t." IIvrt~, l><ln-r,\.i.t., o-dii(g) is t.;iiIti,r ;L syn. of a-silim (no. 2 =
3 : I ) , " IVasser des IIeils," "12ehcns,ii8ssei.," ~ , p l ~ o s , ~ l ti, ti-dii(p), "I,ahe,~rsjreisr," ri . 11. . I . I-., no. 1 : 31jtT, ii-7~<11~~-ti(l)-ln,
a-nam-ti@-ln.
104. Elncndatiun doulrtlul, d-niir~(ri,i, see 11o1,: nn)-w61 nlq>cnra as :ittt.ilnltc ,,i (o) "l<,i-iil, C. T., XLr, 11 : 4,
iig d-nz~l~-gdl a-n d~n-iil-lic, "grrntly p,,~vrt.i~jl s l <>n ~t , i':ttl~cr 13nIil"; (I,) ' i l ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ , f:. T., S V, S : :3 = 21 : 11, 1'0,( =
L%4((J)+dll, v:triant of L ~ ~ I ( ~ ) - f l i ! ) - m i - g ~ i l ( ~ ~ i ~ ~ - ~ t l ) <i-!t$t-!j</(?~~,!-<tl) ~ , < ! - C ~ I ( I ~ ; . ~ , ) , "tlm f\tric,us <,nv, tlw gr,,atly po~vt,rful
one, 1 an,"; (c) '!\'i<lnba, 12. ,I ., \'I1 (IClIil), 17, 107, 11, :3, vi,,-iwtc o-r~ztr~-!g,il l?-/k,,r-~,l, "tny ~nistrcss, grcnt1.y pmvrrful
one of gkur. " For I i t f L I t 1. . i = ' - 1 . , S , 2 : 3 : = I , 1 : 8. TO
wliotrl clors this nt t r i l ~ul c rcdirr lii,rr!? To " ~ z l i l or 10 Si ui i ? II t o tllr lattt.r, wi. , n~gl i t to rlnwtil 7,ie or vie-ZIL ;,II<I
tr:tnslatc: ' ' 0 1 ~ ~ ~ : ~ t I y p o ~ ~ . r i , i l 0 1 1 1 ~ ~ ( t l i ~ u ) 7 ~ 1 1 0 l1:111 ral l c~l l , i ~ l ~ , t hy O~*~~~: I I I C, . S, ol), l,lt l ~ i ~ n exrc\ttr tIt,~nt!'' I i 01111
pr ef c~x, Iw ~r):%y c mr t ~d [(L-Iqcll (?I. ml . I, 3 : t t ~ I s ~ot c 6) :LII,I ~!1.<,r 111,: 114tolc s<,t>t,cnw tu 'l.\'l:b'-lll. 11, t,lhis v:wc "llur-
"Sin wor~lil l i nw II,.I,I~ ' ' ci~ll l ~ y o.YI.\Ll13', T V I ~ O S ~ I VI ) I I I I I I : L~ ~ S IIOIY ~. xwi i t , ~s . Tl ~i s l : ~st c c ~~~l , I : ~t i ot t is ill :ill p1.01iit-
1,ility tlhc hast, st.,: ~rt,xt two 11oti.s.
10G .As 1.11i. @- ) i ~- i nr- di * is tlrc Tt,mple :toil : ~l , o i l ~ ,,I d.\' lV-lli, 1111: ni r.m ~ , . i , , ~ 0111y t:> [";i-itii~~]-~~iil, i . c, t o
"N1.V-Ill: .VIA-Ill's dwrlling, llle offtiring; <ha, t , ~ .\TI!\:-Ill! TI):, p.,opl,, pr:ty t o ".Yiuii, I, :3, t l x~t , slw nm!- ( be) I > r i u ~ it
:al~out t l u t tlw ILi~tx ( "I I ~LT- ' ~, ! ! ~~~ , nay 17" m ~ l r c ~ u a i ~ ~ Ll~t! ,X.I(;-lJ,< oi t l ~ T ~ ~ n p l c oi ('.\'I V-Ili: d.\-ir~ii, < : ~ i , l ~ ~ ~ t l y , nppc:>r.:
licrc ns ''me<li:rt<,r" 1,etwccn tltr pcoplc :111,l d. V~N- ~l j - t l ~; s is, :IS i;11. :ts I l,n,i~v, IItt, lit.31 ~~CCIII.I.<'IIVI~ ~i tilt, SIIIIICI.~:III
"0 si~7~clis.sinzi~ 0r.n pro 7iobis!" rf. 11rrc t , l ~ si8niI:~r ~x Ls s : ~~<, in 11. . I . I T, , p. 43:) : 121, rvl~-rc "~VI : \ ~- l l ~l o. ~~~ t~sl<a
d N ~ N - ~ ~ t o lr: titi, ~ri, , di:~tor I > P ~ ~ < : c I I Iwr rind dl$,zlil.
107. ' bllit~. -"~in sli:tll I,? t l ~ : S.IO-Lr,S = "p~ot vvt nr " 01. 1111 i?-iil-?iic-ilii, lllc I , ~~l , , v~~, l :rl,<idr cli ["A-nf~ri]-qdl or
'kLrl~V-In. 111 t l r I~istoric i~>scriliti,~tw ci l l ~~r - ' l , ~i u c:tlls l >i ~t >s, , l i I,lv S.If;-l:,< l ~- ' l ~~~- l i / - k ~t ( l i ) , I<. Ij. I/. , lq,. 26!1, not e
11; 271 : 8; 472 : S ; ri.:ilso S. .I. I<. I., pp. 101;-200. Tltis \v<n~l<l 31801~ l,l~:tl, t l ~ l ~- ~t t - t i ?~! - d~ :LII<I 1 1 1 ~ ~ - ' l ~ ~ n - l i l i o r t ~ x ~ l
one t r mpl r rolnplcu, xct.c p~.;rctic:illy r,i>r. I~t,lrec ['ld-,,ii,~]-~~ril = "lit,lil 01. d S ~ . V- ~ ~ l ! (:i, l wr ~, tltv g-xit~,ttii 01. Xi p p ~ ~ r ,
I t e n f I t d M ~ V - ~ l : I ( I 1 I I I l l l ) , I . I . I . \ i s . 2, I . I , 1 I . liur S.l(:-lIS
= "protector" src E. R. II., 11. 271, 110t:. S. ' l ' l i ~~r~:tt~-l );,~tgi t~, l c. , tl.:t~lsI:tt:,'i "ii.~lc/tel. cl.h~bl , / m Ilriitpl (lI<~s~l!iil~i.,-)."
I t i t : f : as 1 1 s , is i n I no I I i I I . I f 1 I ' I - " i .
I t urns n:~iiv, <l,
Irowc\~er, hy liirlg Iirna-llngnn of tlrr 1. <ly~r:isty of Isio, S. .1. I<. I. , 1,. 20G, 5 : 3.
108. l i t . 12 ,,'kh~. 1:or e = I& s w 11.11. I-.: 1,. ,tl$l, nut,, ,5.
109. !Vitl~ this fi.':\fE-S.lI, i o r t ~ ~ nt,t(3)-l~<tr = !~i i -I, u~ ~ 1 . . tlw ma 7nzt(?)-l,<!r( - l?-!\i2Llwtr) nf C, T., XV, 13 : 17.
For tlic rcndilrg bar sci. 11. 4. If., p. .103, note 2S, IUNI 1.wu t l ~ , ~ /<:VIE-,S.lI, 1.<,rnts i>l b~. l l E-l <l J texts cd1.. :>I,oY<,, r wl , ~ Xi.
110. Ipor tltis r, ~~ipl>:itir Bd scc I/. A. I.., p. 101, nota 11.
111. Lit. "<,rn:rtm,nt" = sit,idli, B. P;., 51.r. I), vol. Tr, i'nsi.. 2, 17. 40 : ' LO. i' i. tlw tit[? 01. l,il~it-I,~.!ar, I ki n~ oi
Isin, en me-le(n) lJn,i(g) " qn, "Llw li,nl, tla, priilc, if Err:cl,," S. . I . I<. I. , p. 211 I, :i, VOI. 1, s.
112. IGAlE-S:I I, i,,n,, for ,~i<lti(,) = rnhii, or yi(-dii(g) -- i b n ~ i ?.irbii, : I I ~I I tlws:, t l ~ "l ' ul l c~~ ~OI . I I I S" 101. ~ i u ( d ) =
~ L H = giS.
113. Cf, I. I{., I7 : 7, (d~Vl i \ T-~l l ) i a ti-i,i-ix a-ln,,-l>u,
114. Sny-sum = ( I ) hniti, "10 csc:tiii:'); ri. pol. 111, 12. k-lk, ~i n-i w lrr ho-ii-i( - lii siig-rz,~-8i-r,~z-,,rli) is "l ?ht i ~,
t he place witlrorlt escnpc ( 1t i . n~~ p~nr l l i 4 wit11 gi-giili-,in &lid ar<t//, ~), " IV. It.', 2-1, no. 3 : :1. I ; c i . : ~l so C. T., IV, 27 (13.'
329) : 6, a-~L, L S I C a t n l i ~ ili-ta-n-nm e-zi-ih, irlrelr &i?ri,a is not so irlticlt " Z~I ~~, i ngai i , i [ a( ~I ~r ~I ~" as "rsr:tpi., lil,r,n~tiotl";
mu-ru-us bn-ic-e ( - g. Il (), ' ' tlte fl<:c%ti~ng sirli~rrss"; i t -i zi i t /LC'-iii-ii( = rLij iii-ii.3-IILr) = "LI 8i . , t ~l . l l l 1i.t ~ o o s c ; ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ I ~ P ~ ~ T P
stonn, t hat 1,rings into iniwry, rI:trlii~css,'' 111.. 7$152; :m<l iig-dii-t~k nti-CIi-!gi(d)-i - "stonli sllirll ( i ) :m r ar npr (Bii-7,B)
does I ~ L (nu) g r mt 1JB-gi(d) ), lir. 79517 = t i 7 , ~ ~ k t j,ct<lti ( - (8!1 13.1 -utt-ii-l,t) or ' ' rvl ~i cl ~ C> I L L O C ~uisvry ,IO,,S not r,;t>mvt;,
bring." (2) Sag-su,,~ or sag-si(g) -; hiiii,, syu. i i i <il.iicti :mrd d~i l r i ~, SPI, noto 17 to I I O. 2 - :I : IS. (3) Sng-siim - nna
Xiriqti nnrliinr~, "to givc as a prespnt," (:?I, z\, 1 : 2(i.
-
115. For di a t tile end of \vonls in so-r:rllcd "inllc,~. i<,rtns," vf . :al,ove, l,ota 73. l i ~ I i i u~skl cr t o I,? :i \.:~~.i:~nt
oi t2r = ~nliilu, knbiisi~,; for sucll n CI I : LI I ~C 01. Or :III,I iiv vf. dVt i n-~-[r(, ], C'. T. , XXI\' , 14 : 10 = 27 :!In, witl, 4, i n-
iir-ra, C. T., XXV, 48 : 7 ( = [d.Viir~]-r~it-rii, C. T. , 42 : 11 I) = "g-it. I2or i , ~ = s,,/,i/t, = (ST!/), se? 13. I<., S:,r.
I I \ p. 4 t 3, I f ( g ) = i = s i ( ) , . , 1 . 3 : 7 I I , t 7 t I . 2 = 3 : I S. Il enrc,
gir-ilr-di is :L S ~ I I . of gir-si-qi or gil.-si(y)-st(~) = < ~ n r i Bi1,ii ii~iiiiii, "Li i c:~st, t o tr.:itltjll,, I~II,I,,I. t l ~v 1.rvt, to ( , I I ~ I s I ~ . ' ' Sot i r e
:~lsu t hat Qr is = ndi i i u or h,rairi,?~u, I,ut ,(~!L(!IL is origii~iiily " di e . ~ i ~ ~ i l e r g c s c l i l ~ ~ g e ~ z l ~ ~ ~ i ! " - lrisiibiit, "tile l i ehg crushed,
trarnplcd nporl."
116. Cf. 11. - 1 , li., p. I 3 1 : 3, io(y)-In riri,ri-iii.-sri!l iii ) l i ~- l t i i ~~- dr ~ (/(~-n( I<l i ( = egl ) ~tlg-g[i-a], "rndo\ved with
(lit. 'ill 11~~: l ~ ~ ~ : u l ' ) lwrosl~ip, c l ~ ~ l l ~ ~ ! d \ ~i t l ! :ttvc-i~!spiri~>g fr:ir, prince wilI~<,uL CY~ L~ ; LI , ' '
117. D,ir-<lti(:~) = IGLIIC, i c ~ <t~rzclr, , ~vl >i cl ~, Ic<,\vvv<,r, ~ : t c ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ t ~ ! , : i t ~ ", Y~c/L r~iede~l<~. s. ~c~t. , ~oI , , . ~ ~ ~ I e ~ ~ s c ~ ~ e ~ ~ ? ' ' , 11. Xi', Lj , ,
11. 3 Llib, Inct ,nust Ilsvc l ~ r e tile aignifirntknl: "trt 1 , ~ s . cliir:~1, ti, ms l ~ l ~ ~ ~ v \ - n , t o strctclt di,n.ri, t o put durn,, t o put under
t,llr yokc, l o yi ~l ~o, t o enrl:rvc," s y n of l i r ~ni i di ~ (ci. gii i<i-q,i j a r = kipti i i c a,,iclz~ ;ind knn,iiii $6 (~t )rel , ~); el. ~ I S O d47.-
iiii(g) = blm~nuinl~ do <~Zj,i, " t l r ~ u I \ c uf tllc 0 ~ ~ 1 1 ' ~ = dt i ~~i ~. -)~, o, , -i t i -t t , (r), \I. SII(J(I; Imt tilt d ~ ) i i ~ - ~ i r - n u - - t ( ~ )
is"Sli?'-ll(, C. ?'., I S T V , 7 : 10 = 34n : 2, 01. "(:lit i i b Sii,,~-t,in-!~i, i .c., "Ni,r.g;il ,,l tlii y o l ~ , " C. T., SXIV, 42 : 9.5
(llerc \\it11 sir iilr si r ) , or tllc ) I I I L- I I L i SEi . l -l I. IX-rSE~t . l l I. IR-~, i -ge = hc-lib 7,im.-/;na ?)i<i-(i-lit~t~ (variallt nani(l)-~(cg
kt67 = <c-i,?-ri(! ~"-<!-I~,?IL), R. FI, , p. .4!) : 7-9 (Iwr,, ~ ~ e ~ ~ t i m ~ , , < l l wt ~v , , , , ~~ ' t ~l f . l R- ?' l ~= d.l-,t,z,r-rt8, 11, 5, 6, ar~cl d ~ u - ? ? ~ %-
.~i-l.i,, 1. 10), tinti dciiguiiting tlh: SOL^'' :LS ''tllc 0111. \~-1w l>t.ii>gs ( ~, TI ~LC, ~S) cv~r yt l l i ng NIKIVL. tlw grent arid cxtended
yol,o," \vl>i, sul,,i,,cts evcrytllitlg ( = tile \vllulc et r r t l ~: ,,irirl<na rniili~ir,) ru~ilcr Iris po\vi.r.
1lS. ('f. 1x;sicIcs t l ~ t w~ ~ p a s s : t g ~ s Itcw :LISO 11. . I , I.., 1x3. S : I<); 110. 13. IT, 7 ; C. B. 111.~ 111li8 : 15 ( ur ~put ~l i sl , d)
and otbcr passages. Sr e also ilr,ts 25 ;otd l,,:li,n-, c,,I. IV, 3s.
119. Z(,s)a-b(p)i-in dtir t wi t nt~/;urti tniLwtI~~ii! ni ' i r f i ; cf . no 4, rvv,, 5, 6, $1, Il l .
1'20. TI& bc i t , ~ t l ~ c subscription, ,<-d,~-a/, l t : ~, L in :dl pr, ~l ~: ~l >i l i Ly t l h sigttiiic;~Li,n~ ' ' ~ ~ r ; ~ y v r . ' '
3. NI N- I B, THE SAVIOR 011' H, i HYI, ONI. I FltOhI FOES I3O'I'H HIS'L'OI~ICI~IJ
AND MYTHIVAI,.
One of the most interesting and most important inscript~ions of the whole
Sl~merian literature, so far published, is the hymn or epic, published here in two
copies, nos. 2 and 3. So celebrated indeed was this hymn that even txt the latest
times copies were mz~cle of it. One of these, a Neo-Babylonian copy with a Semitic
translation, written ahout 2500 years later than the Nippur texts, has fortunately
been preserved to us. I t is pul~lishcd in 12. I[., p. 123. Though most fragmentary,
I was able, with the help of the tablets from the Temple Library of Xippur, to rest,ore
the text of this Neo-Babylonian copy. I t begins with 1. 13 and ends with 1. 35, thus
showing that the first twelve and the last six lines are missing. The restoration
will be found i~elow, at the bot,tom of pages 67-70. It seems that the Neo-
Ht~bylonian copy goes back directly to our text published under no. 2. Notice that
both text,s have the same numhcr of Surncrian lines on Okwerse and on Reverse.
Furthermore, the b-bi-e;-i,k, i .e., "broken aw:ty," occurring in the Neo-Babylonian
copy, 11. 23, 24, 25, indicates that the original from which it was copied was mutilated
at the end of the lines nanred, exactly as we find it i ri no. 2 of the Nippur original,
where I tried to emend the reading according to the context.
The very fact that t wo specimens of one of the same text are found in the Temple
Library of Nippur speaks well for the character of this Library (cf. B. E., Series D,
V, fasc. 2, p. 6), while their severt~l varit~nts would indicate that both must be inde-
pendent copies of a much older original (see LC., p. 9, P) .
The historical background of this llymrl is to l)e so~~gl i t in 111(1 in~::~sion :~ntl
oppression of Babylonia by the terril~lc foes frorrr t l ~c r~o~. th, the (;ut,i, IJu1~~l~)i ; LI ~( I
Elamites,' as the historical inscriptions, preserved in tlic Temple r y , c:learly
indicate and the several lamentation songs,' l~ewailing tll? tlestruc.1ioli 01 thc tcmplps
and their harems, testify. Repeatedly these hynins refer to tllc c~~emi cs from the
north by calling them "dogs (ur, mu(.:)-bur; kulhu, burbnru)."
Misera1)lc indeed must have been the fate of the B:~l)yloni:\~~s 11ntler the cl.11~1
rule and ol)noxious yoke of thcse "dogs," who toolc :~dv:rnt,:~,ge of a tcrril~lr drought
(1. 1) that had befallen B:tl)ylonia when irlvatlirlg the 1:~rid of Sllurnr:r, filling it, with
"desolation as if with darkness" (I. 2), destroying its t,eniplcs :rnd harems and
leading the gods of the several citics :Lway into c:rptivit)y (I. 3), lllus pu1.ting :in end
to the independence of those cities. Kot satisfied with this, (,hey Sort-r:d the Baby-
lonians to do the most menial labors: the m:lkirrg of bricks (I. 4)-exnc:t,ly : ~s Phnrao
did with the children of Israel during their s:)jourri in Egypt. A4nd t,hr only reward
the Babylonians received for these most humiliatin= anti dcqradillg 1:lk)ors was-
taxes, nothing hut taxes (1. 5)!
Just as the cxildren of Israel cried out for help in their days of distress, till thc
Lord sent unto them a deliverer in thc person of hlosrs, so did the Bal)yloni:tns a
thousand years before them (11. 6ff .). "VIN-IB, the "great hpro," "rr~ighty warrior"
and "son" of "Enlil listens to their prayers (11. 13, 14), he appe:Lrs, prepares for
battle (1. 15) and leads the Babylonians viatoriously against, their commorl foes who
are driven out of Babylonia and whose cities are destroyed (1. 19). I-Ie alorlc
could accomplish snrh a complete victory; for is he not he who h:~s conquered thc
"mighty primeval waters" (1. 20), is he not the "rock of ages," the "eternal, ever-
lasting mountain" against whom even the "u7:~ters of hades," the old foe, the dragon,
Rahab and Leviathan,"he gates of hell cannot prevail (1. 21)'?
NIN- IB, however, is more than a savior :ind deliverer! He "scatters but
he gathers also" (1. 22). After the enemy has beer1 overcome, he restores the tievas-
' See U. E., Series 11, T, l ~ i s c . 2, p. (il, iiird 1111: n:ii.rrnccs tliare ggi\-r.
Cf. ior tllc present 11. . l . l'., pp. .l3Sfi'., and i.c., n<,. 15, ci r.
J CS. Irere passagrs like Is. 5 1 : 9, ''.\rl t l ~ou nnt it that rut I',BI\RI, in i,ieccs, tl>;it picrvril t ho ,lr:tgulr'! .\rl, t l x , ~ ~
not it wlticll dried up tllc- sea, the wstcrs of tlw g r ~ n t deep; that I ~ ~ R C I L ~ tile dc pt l >~ 01 t l w S C~ L i~ \v:ty ior titi: I ~ . ~ C V I I ) C ~ t o
pass o\.i:r?" Ps. 81) : SB., " 0 Lord God ai lloit,s, ~vl rr, is a iuigllty one, lil\(: I I I ~ ~ O t l l c~, 0 Jalt? . . . . Tlion 11:15t lhr~l\cw~
Hnhnb in pierrs, as m e tlrat is slaitl; Tliott 11;tst sratti,rcil tllilrc onrloics wit11 t l i r ;xntl 01 t hy stn:ngtl>. TI)<. Ircav,ws :nl.s
tlline, the rnrth also is thiile: Tl ~c rvorld m ~ d tllc irtllrtrss tllrrr.oi, t l l ot t l>n.it i ol l t ~d<~I tIl,irn." I+. 74 : 12, "Yvt ( h d is
nry king oi old, ~+-arl<ing salvation in tlio trcidst oi ti,<: rnr.tll. Tlluu didst diviilr t l w -;<,;I lly t l l y sil. c~rgtli: T110tt l ~s i ~l s *t
tlts lleads of thc dnrgons in the watert;. Tl i r , , ~ 1,ralrest tllr: la,ads o l 1,ri-iatllnl~ in pii,ris, ' l Y>i , \ t gnvcst l i i l t i t o lie ~ n r n t
to tile people inl~al,iting the mildemrss. Tlmn didst rlea\.r ioru~tiritr sod flocxl: I i t 1 i t i s Tlic
day is tlrinr:, the riigllt also is tllhie: Tltou llilsl prcpiirrd tha liglit :rricl t l ~ c SLIII. Tllolc hnet wL ;ill tlir I~~~n1er-i u( l be
earth: Than liast made s~tlnlt~cr and \vi~liol. . "
tated land of Bal.)yloni:~ to former anti greater 1)eaut)y; I)rir~!;s order out of chaos,
ushers in a new period of peace, happiness and abundance. With the destruction
of the enemy a new creation is m~de possible. He waters the \)arrerl and dry fields,
adorns them with corn ant1 grass (1. 28) makes them ready for harvest, produces
fruit as abundunt,ly as grass (1. %3), yea, heaps up "like mounds" the heaps of grain
and corn (1. 30). Surely, he is indeed a migl~t~y deliverer :~nd restorer!
I n his work of delivery, salvnt,ion :tnd rrst,or:ition he acts, however, merely as
:In :~g(?nl; of " t,hr gods" ( 1. 32) , i t . , of his " F:~ther" "h'ialil (1. 33). To him, then,
: ~nd t,o his 'LSoti" is rightfully clue :dl love, ntlor:ltion :in11 homage (1. 33). The
"Fnt,herU ortlnins t.hc s:~lv:ltion :ultl scntls his "Son" ; t.hr "Son" :~c.c.on~plishes the
snl\~:ttion.
Aftcr havin(r ncc:omplishe:l (.llr work of salv:rtion, NI N- I B is "reunited" wii.h
"Nin-mall. This reunitin: with t,he t,hil.tl person of t,he Nippurian trinit,y takes
place "on Xrw-Ye:~r.'s t hy" when " thr fates are determined" in thr nionth Ezen-
" Du~TL- z i or Du(1)-a?ac/ ( = Tniri-tu, March-April) and was considered to be a
"marriage" between the "Son" and "Mother" earth. The "Mother" becomes
thus the "Bride"' (1. 35) and wife of the "true Son,"' i.e., of d:VIN-IR, the dDumu-ziZ
of the Kippur trinity.
I,sstly, in reward for his victory over the enemy, "NIN-IR is exalted into the
heavens, receiving henceforth the highest name of, and co-equality with, "God the
I,ord ( An "Enlil, 11. 39ff.).""
We see at once that this hymn, as regnrds t,he events enumerated, resembles
closely t,he so-callecl Creation-epic., which likrwise praises hlnrduk as t.he "savior"
who overcame the prirnev:il w:~ters or Tiilmnt, and who, in consequence of this
victory, received the name of "1,ord j'"nlil)." In fact, there is not a single Raby-
lonian trinity in which the "Son" does not appear as the "savior."
The following is an att,empt at renderin2 this famous, though rather difficult,
hymn:
No. 2 = 3.
I'or pllotogl.i~pl>ic n . p ~ . ~ d ~ ~ ~ t i o ~ l SP* pis. 111, IV, nus. 3-li
: i t i ( ) L C i t . 3 . POI. 11. I:i-:l.i \v<: h a i r x S<,o-l\:~I,ylo~iiav dnplicatc (~vi t l , n Swnitic trntrslntiotl)
, v l ~i c l ~ is ~, ul , l i sI~!~~l i t , I<. I / . , 1,. IXj, 11". 71, :tud v l ~ i v l ~ , tI~,~~glt l ~: ~dl y n~ut i I : ~t , , d, I>:w l , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ rcst<rcd wit11 tltr l wl p uf tlw
' t'l. l~,!rc :IIW li. E, , X\;1l1, 1). . I 0 : .5, !vl~wr,; ''.\'L~~-?,K& : ~ppv>~r s lilu!wisc 1,s t l w ' ' ~ i f c : " ol". Yl. \' -I/i
' .\IMC nbuut tliia ili nry iorthcolnil~g \-oln,la: on "IIy~ttrli at1d 1'myel.s t u ' ' / j , o~i t i - _- i , ~' R. /I., 111.
I,'[. aLw B, I<,, Serie,s I), \', 7 , fll,
9
GG S(. ~IEI{I. \N I I YVSS .ANII I' I?. \YEI~S 'ro YIAV-II~
I t r e s l Tltc text of IZ. N., p. 123, t ogr t l t ~r \iitll tllr rrstorrd Sen~it,b. t,rnnsIali,,n irrny be fourid at tltc
1,ottom of pages H i -70. (:f. ;ilso B. E., Scr. I), \-"I. \', filnr. 2, pp. 24-Xi.
1 icg'-bi-a a-silirn lei-la-gin a-gur-ra nu-u[m-rlc-a]
M7hen life - giving fountains of the fields not had watered,
water,
2 a r - ) dii(4h)-dii-dii2 &(caret)- kur-ra (i-)ri-a ha-ni-ib-il-a
iig (caret)-zap-li-da-tl%m
When ravaging enemies as if with
t,he land with ticsolat,ion (destruction)
darkness, had filletl,
3 (ti't~gir lcalans-ma ha-lhh-yl-e8-a
When the gods of t,he "country" into captivity they hail lcd,
4 "L?hal4 (oitib)dUS1,, 1.bi 'tt~tl-un-lh-e,?-(f,
When "pick and shovel" they had matlc us t,o carry,
5 HAR-ra-im li ~- G~i R' - b i ni-me-a,
When hut taxes, they had made to be our wages
(reward),
G (qi c) kalam h,ak"-bi-Su
6 galu gic-ba-an-rle
(Then) on account of (:dl) the the (house's) people cried out (saying) :
( ( country's" misery
7 'dldigna nam7-gu-la ba (-all) -K U il-bi rn-ag-e
"The Tigris int,o dcsoli~t,ion is to navigate it, it is impossible;
?:\st,
8 ab /car-ri galu ?w-.%r(.?c~i.)-c
" A haven of safet,y,
nol)ody finds,
9 .ia(g)-gar '"'''")h.kl-a-gar nu$&-e
(' The hungry and the afflicted rlobody visits (looks up) !
10 id tur-lur-ri Su-luh,
yalu yiib-bi"tr~-ag sah,ar nu-mu-da-an-zi-
zi-i
("The rivulets (canals) make pre-
the innocent into the dust, oh, ti0
cious (to rise), not cast!
11 gan zi-mau-a nz~(-mu-un)-Szlb-9ub-bi
e"'-ug n~c-gril-la
" ' The barren and dry fields,
," " .
12 kur-kctr-ri cs-scl~-~la tzci-grcl)-brc
.qc-6ir"-a (K. I / . , (la(/) ) i-i~~z-(lg
"' The lands not growing (stantl-
for harvest, oh, make t'liem rcatly!'"
ing) with corn
13" en-e gig-ticg-PI mah_ zm-gub-br"
The lord, who his gracious ears, behold, inrlincs,
14 dNI N- I B durnu "n-lil-16-ge gal-bi ni-gic-gic
NI N- I H, the son of Enlil, gritciously listened
15 gu-ru-um' 9~t i ICILT-TQ nci-ni-in-cty
Heaps of stonrs in the rnountain he heaped up.
16 <m diri(g)-diri(g)-ya-dim 6"'-hi in-sit-sit-e
Hc, who like a passing cloud by his own strength morcs al~out,
17 bciCmah-clim hg'j-ba igi-ba-ne-in-(@-el
Who like a. fastness over his people keeps guard,
(country)
18 ~""BA1,'"ki-barL7-ra ~IL-, ni-in-[qalr
A complete change (destruction) has brought about:
19 ur-sag-c mu-ten-gab
LULL UR-be m[u-~tn-s]irtc
The hero-hc has east clown(,) the citirs(,) as onr he has (them)
* Here begins It. II., p. 123, obv. 4R., which inny Ijc rcstored as follows:
(The beginning is broken away.)
13 (R. N., p. 123, obv. 4) en(!)+ gi,?-litg- iic-gub
[PI mah]
( 5) be-Zu ii-ZU-u[n-SiL rabU.i]'i i8-kiln-ma
14 ( 6) dNI N- I B en dumu E n - 1 - 1 gal-bi B i ( = adverb( = iB), or direction, or
ge( !)
mistake for mi ? cf. 1. 15)-in-gb-gic
( 7) dditto be-lum mar "ditto ra-bi-i5 i5-fa-nalc-knn
15 (8) [gul-ru-un nci kur-ra ' mi (! not .5i)-?li-in-gur
(9) yu-~-u-'~en [abl-izi i na iatlii ig-[rlu-tun
16 (1 0 ) [im-(1 iri(g) -diri(g) -y]a-clim
~l i - bi mu-UIL-sit
(cf. IV. R:, 9 : 6 l a )
(1 1) ki-mu. I[r( !)-pi]-e-ti iwuq-qal-pi- ,itxu ~rccrtz-'r~i-,<k ,i-thcl-cli-hu
t i
17 (12) bcid-[mah_]-d%~m kalcm-rrta 6gi-ba-ni-in-[clii-e]
(13) Ici-ma du-ur m-bi-i pa-an ma-a-ti i-[tam-ina-ru]
18 (14) [fli"'JBAL ki-Jar-ra mi-ni-[in-gar]
(15) i-na-an a-di [Ka-a]-ri iB-kun-[ma Y ]
19 (16) ur-sag mu-ten-g[ab] uru UR-a [mu-un-skir]
(17) gar-ra-du ik-[mzcr] [aldnim"" milt ( !) -ha-rLi.5 iq-qur]
20 a kala ( { I ) -ga im-da-a[b]-(I?'"
The "mighty waters" with storles he has conquered.
21 i-ne-iic(~)~"a(e) kur-da-riZ1-Sic
Now, the waters, though from
hades,
'2 ni.bir-bir-rp'
He it is, who has scattered-
23 ( [lclur-ra) [sic(g) (caret,)-zag](za@ "-
[gR](ga)-a2j (caret,)
He it is, who into plains and hills
the mountains has turned,
24 ('rnu-wn-T~r-'~ir)
Who htzs made thern to shakc,
25 ( &- ~Lc( I ~) ) a-grir-r[a]
\Vit,h floods the fields,
26 i ( !)-rcc$ic fig-clcc
Now wit,h (scorchiilg) wirids
(or dryness)
ki-n 7~~-1tnr-[btid-bricP~]
against t,he "rock of ages" could not
prevail ;
(lie-ba-?ci-ib(in)-[ni!jitrJ
he has also gathered ;
ba-ni(-ib)-[ ? = ] Se-cla"' (or id?)
who hast made t,heni to tremble,
("'fdiyrca-a i) [m-nzi-i.n-si(g) ]
yea, who has cast them into thc Tigris!
(i-lei( !)-+n)-[de2']
lo, hr has fillrtl (watcretl, floodetl),
11 i(g) -k i-.?ar-[ru-qe]
all of ihon~.
20 (18) a kala(g)-ya [nh] im-da-a[b ( !) -di]
(19) me-e clan-nu-[ti] [ina a]b-ni ik-b(p) it (or i,?-nu( !)-[un]?)
21 (20) i-ne-iu a kur-d[a-ri-hi] Ici-a nu-un-bhd-d[a(?) ]
(21) i-na-an-na mu-h(!) i.5-tu ir-pi-ti a-na kadii ul [el-lzc-id
2% (22) ni-bir-bir-ri yk-ba-ni-in-nigh
(23) ici ,ii-Sap-pi-[/~t~] uptab-b,i-ir
23 (L24) l;~lr-ra sic(g)-zag-[gR-a] m i - ) e ~ . ~ 7 e ~ ~ , ~ b i ~ r a 1 4 ~ b l > k
25) iti inct iaclii si-.i[r 6tc-r1nc]-cc-li [inn klcruh66 il-lcc-I//:]
(1,-tnnl-1 u-ic
24 (Rev. 1) I ~ L L - L L I L - L ~ ~ - , L / T ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ g l c ~ ~ c ~ ; i e ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ c ~ t ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ r
( 2) L~-IILLI-I~[NL] [a-na """"I-d]i-ig-la1 it-la-tli
25 (3) i - p ( d ) a-[yhr-ra] ? ni - ~- " . e ~~- s ~+
(4) ,mi-l[a ie-gal-ri irn-hi-ir
26 (5) i-ne-[iic 2g-da] en-ki-gar
( 6) i-na-[an-na a-ma] a-di fici-a-ri
FROM THE TEYP1,E LIBRARY OF NIPPUR 69
27 lugal lcalanz-ma en "NIN-IR(-ra)
In the Icing of the "country," in the
lord NIN-IB,
28 gan-e 2e g~i -?~u?~-a
"The fields with c:orrl and grass
29 Sebir*'bakczr !Cs"sar-ye g7~ruri"
"As plentiful as dust the garden's
harvcs t
30 gur die-cln(1) ( d i )
"I n granaries like 'tells'
31 en-e kalam-ta
"Thc lord, who the land
3'2 din@--ri-e-nc
"The designs of the gotis
3 dNfiV-lK cc-a-icil:'
Him, yen, NIN-Ill' s (:rrld his)
fttthcr
sir-ga,la8 (?)-bidii ~1zzc-un-2i-h[t~l-li-eJ]
with singing and shoutings, in him one
must (let us) rejoice (saying) :
mi-ni-in-d[im]
he has adorned,
rt~./i-iui-?n-il
and fruit he has produced,
qii-im-m i-i~r~-gu~-gur~'
the heaps he has heaped up!
kar im-tn-[yiir-m.]
with a wall, lo, has surro~~nded:
trrurq'-bi trru-~~~n-s]i(g)
grandly he has carrictl out-
ril 8 i ~f / ~- uJ ~- ~[ ( : J - ; - ~~:
forever onr must (Icl us) reverence !"
27 (7) luyul lcaluni-[ma err "NIN-fK-ra] [sir-gal(?)-bi-S]i rnu-u7~-&ul-ki-ei
(8) Sh-r[i mkti be-li WIlV-IR3 [ina xu-ma-ar ra-bi(or e-li) ]-ti ha-du-[ii]
28 (9) gan-ni [Se gu-nu-a] [A]&( !) -mi-in-[dim]
(10) icy(!)-[la (or gi(!)-ni-e) i r ~a 5e-i 6-ban-7zi
26 qi-el
29 (11) [Sebir sahar oisnsar-ge gumn] ?u-mi-ni-in-[ill
(12) in-[bu ,u eb-im Sa kir6 inn ic-,?h-aS-Si
tur,'il]-ti
30 (13) yLir [tlic-tla(l) ] !/ii-ir,~-nli-+r~-gclr-[gcc/~]
(14) [ i ~ ~ u kc~-ri-el 11-lr: ;~-f~fl~.-ri-i/i
31 (15) l el ~- e I~nl(t]ri~-t(c /;(I/, i - [ ~ ] t r i - l ( ~ - y ~ r Y ~ ~ - / ~ ~ ~ ~ ]
(16) [be-lw,r i(i c~r~cc(i/~u?) ~ticcj-ci-lr: h~z-(c-r(c .?li-le-rcc-(~
3 (17) [clii~yir-t.i:c-,i~]c iiw-hi , IIIIC-~IL-S~-. ~~/
(18) [,<a iliw~i"'"~ ,it-sup(!)-ta-ELL-TLU it-6-ib
33 (19) [a-a ejn "NIN-IB-ge su(d)-i i g- Su-mi-ni-ir~-gciI-li-e3
bi-Sic
(20)
[a-nu nbi-g]ic u ana be-li "itto ana ru-$i-e-ti [Id?] i-lab-bi-nu-ii
34 ilg-bi-a sol-e . @ + S-41,-a sil-~znrr~-qa'~-[ni-ib]-cli~(q) -cl[i' (y) ]
At that time in love with the in love with her he fell-
"maiden, "
35 "NCn-mah-e Ici-US-dic(q)-ya-,~li [it-?~u-'mi-un-Si-ib-kti(l-&taf7]
\$7ith Nil~-mak in her (his) hritial- hr had not yet) lied dowr~-
Like a weighty (n~ight~y) ruler he now, lo, took up his abode.
(prince) at her side
37 i-dib kur n i ,nu-gill-lrr bn (12. H., bar)-m-[an-tla-i]140-i
"Into lanientation over the 'nioun- (lo not, break ol ~t , :
tain' which has no strength
38 (i~) -mu-un (ri-ma&) -a-?ti (I')[IL- . - . -{ga~,]
" ' The lord's great rnight, lo, has I~rought it. al ~out (to pass) ;
39 (?i) r-saq-gal A,n--tl%tfi
ih-(ba)-~l~i](11c1)-(/(i(c~;rrct) n[2a-?nu-r/a-t]e-~la
" ' The greal hero, (ho is) lilte Anu, against his wrath none can prevail;
40 ic;l-E~ir [tlli-(a-gin)
(;I,&, yal ~- l ~ci ) - [ ~~~~ I ~ I (L-S l i ( g)
" ' Like a furious, rushing tenipest, the breath (poison) of his I,re;~st swccps
(cast's) rlowri;
41 en Si dltfu-'ul-lil-lil 'men say-e-dG
" 'Lord he is! wit,h Enlil's crown his head, lo, is adorned !
34 (21) [iig-bi-a sal-e fi + SAl,]-su(d)
s6-ir-ga-ni-ib-(1 ii (y)
(22) [ina ?i-mi-5u a-na] zin-ni.5-turn ri-e-mu ik-5iL-cla-ai-bim-?na
35 (23) [ Wzn-mah-e] i !) - 5 !) - ( ) ic-?xu-'m.1~-tin-Si-ib-hug-hug
ga-ni
(24) [eli dBe-lit-i-li irlu a,?-~i] ri-bit- ,111i-sczl-lul
ti-5 il.
(The rctst is 11rolten away.)
1. UD, siglriiyitlg "day," "tinie," or "ato1.n~" ( i i r t i i i ) , l >nx to l,a L.P:KI i i y or ii, ill /:.lIl<-/<U,~rldud,in EME-SdI,.
CE. tag-mu-dg = mg-szick, I I . il. IT., p. 403, note 22,and tlic pl~onetic ~v\-riti~~g' ?<y-ha ( i . c. , fig-bir or $9-bi-a; fig = enurna hl
31. 1105~1 is m.iginally = ma ; ) = i-nzi-[ma] = ino ii,an, i r l llilprrrlit 0. B. I., 12, no. 129, oil\-. 11, 12 (re? also 1. 3).
The reading UD = iiy in tile signification "stonn" is apparent irorrl passags likr C. T. , XSV, 22 : :35-39 = 230 : 2-0,
Wg, dingir ?6ruki, dUg-gii-lnh-ba, d~y- gi i df i - o (wit11 this name cf. (1. d. I.., pp. 375, note 1; 405, nute 37, \vhrre
tile effaced sign, rcad gi r = iiy is rather tlrnt oi tig), d ~ ~ = d ~ mz ~ l n u , b1. 2548; C. ?' , XXV, 22 : 3 B = 23a : 2 (see above,
I:ILO>I r r ~ ~ ~ ~ TLGII>I,I~; I , I I ~I {. . \ I L~- (110 KII' I~L. II
71
11. 20, not" 1) colnp:in:il n-itll C. T. , XSI Y, 4i h : 11-16 = 3% : 211., dljll"", "1'1~"" Itiyiil [ i ~ ~ i " ] , 'lliD""-git-lnb-ho
artd "(;-yic-dii-n, ilr. 7823, \vl>cn. ug (;lgni~lst 11. I ll)(iS-~G nncl ;Vlid\ntz, /;ullrr.lislcri. p. lii) is a yloss t o 7:II. Tibat tlie
sign he llnd lil:ewisc tllc value dr/ is \vi:ll lkno\~li. ci. ;II,,,\-,,, 1,. 20, i~nlt: 1 . TI>is 60 ( ! ur <iq('?), not l!,r :w vopy givcs) is
found lil~ewise as n gloss t o [ID, soe dOG-yii-n,i,,-sili,t,, C. T. , XI I T' , S : 7 = S S \ - , ll;,l : 5 (l~vrc vitlt v:tri:%nt :d(yj for
~i l i , n) = [dUD]iio(!)-90-n,i,n(l)-[siii~~~], C. T., S I I Y , 34, ~ : 10. I s t i ( 71, XI I T- , 11. IS) of this Inst
iritm.rhangr is, t!>~ri.Iorr, lvnnllg nucriinry. (' I. noti, 1 l t n iortlrrotliing C. T., S Y, 15. I?(:, I>o\w.\.cr, wi ~or standing
f s I s I p i t i of i t I , r [ ] r I , f , . . S 5 I , I 1 d ~ ' D ;
[,I .A1~,8,nwta CD 1 ilitlo; IdIfilifi-~~~asli TJlI ! di t t o. 1 3 ~ 1 <I ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ l ? I l X:IS :tlso ".I-,! i,i.l.Y-?, Cy. Y',, XI T- , !J : 10 ( d :tIso 11.
28-30) rind, sr, i t ~voold seiwt, Sit,, spc (!. T. , S S Y , ;lib : -1; ci. I. li, dl'l:iti)-ki-c?i ( = i n . C. 7 ' , I Z I Y , 1% : 12), and
1. 7, 'il?s-lcii-vitai ( = Sin, C. T. , XI I V. I Xn : 7 ) - " F ~ ~ l I c v ~ - ~ l ~ ~ l I ~ ~ ~ - S ~ ~ ~ ~ " I,:~I! tlw st!rjtr t n: t >~v: " l . ! ~ = l,,n!i~xt~y: light>' '
s?r nlso TI . .I. I-., p. 415, ~l, , ti. 2, " , ~ l i ~ . .\n,>Il!<,r l>roc~~mci:tti,nt ror "(:/) = ' ' , ~ <8 >n , 8 < s ~ t > h ( ! ) I<, II:IV? IWPII '1/9,ti,l~~~r,
sw l$r. 77!14, 77CiS. TI,,, <IiRcre~~?t, I , v t ~ ~ w ~ \ 1,'Itt :tn,I /hldv!r is il>ih: tlw I',,rm~,r (1,'18,) is : ~ l w t y ~ 1 1 8 ~ ~ S011-!1<2~1, vl~il?? llw
I;1111,1. is lltc ilr,ili,rl xu,, (\\-l~rillr,r. ~.isiclg , , I. sc,llit)l: OL. slliz>ing 01. . ' sIc~(. l)i~~g"). ' TI,,, ~ ~ ~ ' ~ ~ [ ~ ~ ~ r n: t n\ t , d 1.. .S., T-11, ?I <>. X! : 21,
?2%111ot I,,? vt,:~l will^ \.II#I:K!, I<. .I., 1.1, 1,. 117, ~ ' l ~ l - / ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ ~ l ! ~ t ( ~ ! l - l ; l , "O<, v , S ~ ~ ~ z ~ z ~ ~ ? ! ~ ~ ~ l l er/d<l! <!<+ .\let<xcl,<ma < c ~ t r 1,~laetL" in$t
nutst I,,, tranwriI,e~cl l ~ y ~ 7 1 , ~ ' ~ ~ - 7 1 . 1 - ~ l ~ l - l ~ ~ - ~ f ' f " / ~ . l ~ = time, !,>tL? ,l,?'ik ( w ir,il,ir;, <,I,,.). TI), , 71.1 ih Iwrt, nt,)l pl!,n~<,lir cut ~t -
I t , , I I , , I I t I . 1, I , I T - I 1 , = i 3 I l l - t i , TI I V si t n ns
pI<<n<,l l,:,cl :,Is<> tl,,! rt~:,,li,,g 'r(;<t:s?18i, S?,, 11. I?,, IS : .l!l,,, 1,.
2. .\ tllrti,iold i.vl,rlili<,n oi :r aigu inpI.i*s,,s l l l i grmt<, si i~tlc,twil?: c.r., e.!!., /'. T. , XI', 7 : TL = 21 :3;.5 (t,l~t:
I i I I I I t t i s s s i s i , i l l I i i ( ) i Xi i <l i -~, i -~i -er~, ' ' t l i ~ 110~1s~
rvllivll it l8:~l gmci ~>l sl y l o ~ k e d tlpor, :~ncI tlw l>,nzs<, \ ~l ! i vl ~ it l ~ : ~ l nmst lircnly ~ ~ s t : ~ l ~ l i ~ l ~ ? ~ l " ; C. T., .XY, 15 : 11,
( d ~ l ~ ~ =~: t r nl t l dn) nrii-zi~ killom-!nn - 1 - l i , t L C : r i t iliosl ~ l ~ l i ~ l l ~ l y " ( f ol l o? ~~:
"thy :cxe-inspirh~g fr;ir t l I I I : t " ) C. T., I T , 1 : 12. ( I ) - - I - no-ib-rn-ra-~a,
"tlte liaughty ones voir~plctrl>- tllar~ lsycst I,,\\-." ' I' ltn~.~:irr-l)a~~gii~, N. .l., VII (1910), 11. 107, rol. 11, 3-5, (0 Virlobn)
ni"~-rnt~ o-nun-gril E i i ~ r - , n , ri en-en Lnliu,i-,rin, ,,i-iio ICII-A.I-[<.I, "niy ~l l i st rrsi , ~ni ght y OIIP ( -- ti-nu)&-gtii) OI Ekiiv,
spn, ut ( = rihiif) of ' t he lord oi lords ol tlir "roilntry, "' rvitl~ (by) tll)- Iwlp ( ni = i i ; ri. I I O ~ P 14, lie10~!-) n1.c (all l\inds oi)
esorcisltls (sc. perfi, nll~d). " Tile S ~ C O T I ~ ~ 7.i in t l t ~ var.iant of no. 3, n-ii-ri, exprcsscs tllr plunil, analogons t o dir~yir-
yol-ynl, ~rl l i l e t l v bit m;ti- be r xpl ni i ~i ~d as r~l>pllasizinp t i l l irrol. ~ titi, ~ 1 6 ( we 11. ; I. 1-., p. 4111, i l ~t i i 111, 0 1 . i t rimy he par-
nllel wit11 ~i??(-r~r!-zi-zi i-zi (11, - 1 . I. , , &>, 418, I . 7and not,, s), in !vI>icl? ?:<%? \vottl,l I t : ~ w t o rw:~<l dC-?-dfi-dZ atid I,ranslate
''tit<: ramgittg, ?<,:I, (ivrwly rawgictg c, ~wt ~~i cs. ' ' X, ~lic<. t l >: ~t c!-ri, ' ' P I I ~ N> ~ , ' ' is <wigin:~Ily tlw "r:tging ~r : i l <~, " "tlw
pri mrral ocean, t l h 0r.:ig011, tlw i e ~ p ~ ~ ~ t , ' ' ~vl ~i , , / > ll:ii i l i :i/xxI, ~ in 1111, bi, ",,:~r.tl!," i r . . ''11:1~1~~s," :111,1 \vl~ic/> liiu.n.is(i
,v:,s C<, , >~, , <. "CC~ 1,y XI S- l l $, 11. 20, 21
3. pg(, ul, l ~ ~ ~ l ~ l ~ ~ t r ) - ~ ~ ~ l is ~ , s , ~ l nut m~l y oi l l ~, , " l >, , gi ! ~~>i ~, g ,,i :I d:ty (.Gml-,,rr,8, 7!0!n,irt,, , ~ ~ t , ~ ~ ; r ! ~ O, t ~ ~ , ~ t t l l ~ (/? T. , XI 1Tr ,
15 : l i , ziil-rln-zal n&) or y : t r (C. T. , I.?., I. Ili. tirl-il(r-znl-li iiilli ( = ,,iii))." 1 1 ~ 1 :il-;r, t l i i , ' ' g<~i ng ci<,a,~r l i t . d:it.lrr.trit>::
ou t l ~ , son'' or tlw ' ' v I I , ~ 01 tlw ,l:ty," i , ~! . , <>i "nigl!t, d:~rI<ttcs-'' (c.4. ?;y= tio?z<, "<l:iy" :tn,l ' ' a l or ~! ~ = iv8," wlm t t ~ r ~ ~ s t l ~ c
"1,rigllt rlny inlo d:\rlr,n.ss," it,, C. T., I YI ; 10 : 35, in notc 11 tl, iortllcotllilrg ( 2 . 7 ' , S Y, I;,). 1.1. fig (birlri,n7.)-zi!l= no^
ir-ln-!1L-3,~ (v-- ~<8l,!i, 1ro1n ~vl!irl> we I MVC r;lu,, "c~xtit~cti,m (of slzrs), <I:~rl<r~,,ss"), 1V. /f.x. :ill, no. 2 : 24; C!)-z<tl = zi??~~6
i - 1 R I I I S I . TI#<. c~xpression <y-zril in old l$:~l>yli,~li:in dnt r l , ~ t ~ ~ n ~ ~ l ; , s , :ts, i..!,., 19. I:., 111, part 1, r l o . 24 : 7,
ii' i41~in-d,l-n b!l-l.G 1)"-zol I I I : ~ ~ I I P ~ sc I N. t r a n ~l i t l ~d ~it1ie.r I3y "early ,111 ti)(, l9tl1 (lay" or ":II c?\.~!litlg of tlle lCItll dny."
For r ~ r t a i n rriiiaus, l ri t iorn~i:ntiortrd hr r r , 1 pwi r r tlw bilfi~i. t ms l a t h n . Fort!>ermorr, at t he ~\-c?ring or night is t he
tilne "l o lie down, l o go t o 1,ed ot.slrpp, t,o t:~lrc. n rest," ii!l-ri,l lhns :~~qt>ir. (ld ti150 t l ~ r l:~st-t~ilnteil ~ i g n i l i c ~ t i ~ n s ; ?I. C. T.,
X\IY, 25 : 15=1<. 11, 111, 1, 2, li~b' ( ni-le-a-cli!,~ ~i s I t l " l ~~( ~1~) ) ti7.-ra lig-bn-~(v:iri.t)-z,tl(! C. T., Ilas i ~ ) =ki-,,in .siL-iL,iL-,nn-li(,?i.
[ ] - i l l t g - - 1 , i . , ' i a i g l t d 1 ill :i (trec-)tl.nnlr I (Iscl,t:ir) c~. ot ~chcd ~riysrlf." Tilis \-pry
same n-bil orettrs alio in Dal i t ~sch, H. 11.. R., p. 1656 (stub nK3). i j i o 7.i t-i ~b-s;-i a n-liil k Gi ail,<, "upon my Lwd I \vas
rrouclred lilrc an ox." The root oi n-bil is ituitltcr nK3 (I)cl.. l c. ) "01. nobiilu (Belirens, L. S. S., 111, p. IOl), nor is ~LI LI ~I I LL
t o bc det.ivrd froui riai~iilir (I3rl11.rns, I.?.,) 01. rtobii (,Tpnsen, Ii. U. , VI', p. 182), Inlt r i - hi ! , ~~iil,alfii, "r,.st," hilti, "l~<,ns,,,"
C < ~ I L < ! from ld18t (pl, ci. . irnI~i? lxilu, jai>il~c), prct. il,if, [,rrs. i/,,iI, ii~i11,t (vi. itfl,; iJ,ii~, ilil,l,,O; ut6-1,01-1,8 ,<I i-bi-il-lfl~
(Iklln,tlh, 1.c.) is a r. i rri t o~rt ; ~~~l i i i l clnnso - "s.illlot~t t;rl,i~bg o ~ ~ y wst , witliorit dcli~y," "um!j~hartd, ii,~~crziiglirh." [I<!-
= 1,41,6 is, tl~cr~!furc, t l ~ ! s:~nw as (itm !,,d,a!/L) $c,i,ilt~ = l;tb;-ii,, 11. .\. I . . , ,,. 10.5, n,,Lc, :32. Fc~r t l ~ c ;, sce Tl ~ u r ~ , : \ \ ~ -
l l ; u ~ g i ~ ~ , Z. . I. , X\' II, 1,. 2U", tmtc 1, md f ur Cg-z<tl = 2,tI ef , tltc y:~ri:tut tc, IY. R2, 28, no. rcv. 45, ~ r / - z ~ ~ l - z ~ ~ l - l L - ~ l ~ ~ ( l j
= z~~l - z~~l - l i - d~, ( l ) = ,,,3-101,-r~,-7~. . i s I scc ~ N, TV t,lw r,mt, nui,ol!ct ~va- rc~cogr~ize<l :ilr<,:uly l>y I I c HI ~ > I I ~ I in 0. 1,. Z., S
(1907), Sp. 482 (niihrdlii = "Xi~ciltluger, iloci~ieil)," i n ~ l especially liy Jollnston, Tiie zls!jvinn toopd T L Z L ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Z L , I I avj ~e~.
.I./emorial Voli~me (1008), I, pp. 3ilff., ~vi t l l ~vl-hoac conclusions I am iu pcrfcrt ncr:oril.
'1. Literally: "wl ~en t hey ( t l ~ enemies, 1. 2) l ~ n d lnarie us t o cnrrl- (uBaSBii,cn(i = lii) t he a l h ~ and tlie dirpBiklcu"
-two instrullients or tools uj rd in Bnbyloni:t a t tile periorrnn~ice of tlls ,nost n~oi i ; i l lnliors: il,e maldng of hriclrs.
This exp~~. ssi on ron'csponds t o r nn. "t o mr r y pick nnrl sl~~, i. rl. " For nilri ci , also 1). 13, SVI I ' , p. 98; not r 1, arid for
diipFii~ku (inortiirl~aslcet?) see, e.g., Cyl. A, 5 : 5 ; 6 : 6 ; 15 : 10; 21; 20 : Pi. et c. The tmmrslntion "Trugpolslcr"
(Tliureao-Dntigi~i) i i l~nrrlly ci,rn,ct, seeing t hat Guden, 1Jr-1Ligul. irnd o t l l ~ r rulers oi mlcient 13nbylonia nre pictured,
in certain l,mnae st:itn<~s, ,\.it11 :t hn,vi,et on tlieir lirnd, cf. , e.g., tlir 1.eprcsrntntion9 piv<,n in C. 11. IY. Jolttrs, lii.-i??~gur,
powi,,~.
5. 1:or the ''I<l:-(:AIi lnx?s(!)" cf. 1). b;., S\rIIl, 11. 123,, nc>te l oJ xncl I I v r e i c ~ r ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ s t l ~c~r ? g i v ~ n .
G . g r i d esprrisrx liere tlri. \vllolc itii;i.ral,le "l':iti.," ,"jail:ntr~nt," "cot.;r," " des t r i >~t i ~, i , " . i de s ~l a t i o~l " wl~icli
tiit, i~llelnic~s itnil 1,l.otlgIlt rlpiln tllc rountl.!- of I ~ : i / ~ y l ~ ~ ~ i i l - n ( . ~ . ~ l ~ i i i ~ ~ j : L O 1111. ( l i f ~ r i ~ ~ ~ t sl~nclr,s of incn~ringnssignrri t o hni ,
it- p ? ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ c i : ~ t i o ~ ~ \ YOI I I ~ ~ ~ r t t t ~ ~ > t I l y II:LYV t o ~ : ~ r y .
7. Or ((t ) "a g ~ e : ~ t (!/8t-/<r) int? (!,,ti>!) is qire:tcl o v ~ r (I<(;). or lh:~s Ij<~i;tllen III,, Tigri*," or (1,) " ~ I P S ~ Y~ I C~ ~ OI I no^,,.
,gl~-/,l = ?mli~-g!!/-i,!, <,i. ,o>> llw 0116, II:LIKI ["Iii]-!!8t-l,!> C, Yr.> XXI Y, 2S : 821, = "I<i-!gt,/-i~!, I.c., lii : :31, ZLTKI "11 tlw ot,lwr
!18t-luj p:txdlel will) btil-i<t, C. T.: XV, i : 10, 11) is ~pr eat l over,'' or ( r ) , i a, ~?- l i l T= , , <s-d~?t-l~' U= 4~&1,~91r~ (Iwr<! vcrl>:
liniiiqii), g~i-ln = l obi t : "g~. iatl>-. rontl>li.L*Iy i? d6stroyt-(1"-:ill tlzr.sr: tr.nnsl:ttiolis VI ~ I I . CS ~ nllp:we~~tly 1111. idcn tlrnt t l i i
Tigria, in consequence oi tlw tlrnl~glit (I. I), ltns C O ~ I C to LC ill SI I CI I :t I:IIIIPIII:LIII~ con,Iitii)ll RS t o i %l ~ d ~ r :my iilrthi!r
nttetupt iit iinvignting i t (8; = ~oi<iib,i) I'oLilc. l?lrrln\- :mrl n:tLrll.c lhnil ro~~tl,ini,,l in t l l ri ~. <.ff<,rl.; to i r i ng Bnbyloni;~
(li<iion,, I. ii) into mi s e v (bag).
8. For LI - SE, pmhahl y t o lic r md y(i1,-(if, ~ r i t h tile signi1ic;ttion oi in, ci. .\-inrng, p. 10 : 19, 20n, giib-i,i-en(i3,)-
te-a-dn = in $e - h~- e , " ~ ~ n n p p r o a c I ~ : I . " S-c XI;<, 11. -1. P., no. 10 : U, gnlx giib-bi-iti-i/ii(g)-gn-?,czi and l.c., 10 : 22; 12 :
15; 9 :27ff.
9. I l n = biind ia rioubtfi~l, i t may be s i = nsii B ~ L *it T L lioiii, bat ltnl.dly t i t .
10. Cf. t he ~ a r i n n t e t o a = nifi in I. 21 and src 11. '1. l.., p . 140, not e 2. Tlre \iliole line litcrnlly translatetl
~.cads: "ilns Feld, ?i:elri~es (i n Ucziig auj) IIci.coi.bringi~ng der P d l e (sc. ?:on IIolz uri d f ; e~t ~i i ?~ch) ni chl , ~ yiebt (1Liei~1 sei~ijn
ial), toelci~es (i n l3eriig nt i f) Erzeitgi~ng des lPnsse,.s niciils /in1 (riici~l yeiilrnet isi, gd2 = pilis i n ,,iQ)."
11. I co~rsidpr Se-bir t o I,? titi: pllorict,ic wr.iting oi 131.. 8847, rvl>irlt is. :~ccot.iling t,o AI., 13. 382, not r 1, n. rnrialit of
131.. 078ff. (src: :ilso l>elon-, 1. 29): t,biiiii, hnrbii, iliGti. n u t c i , :die l l l i de-bir-bi,i~i-dn of Ziltimrri~, R. B. R., no. 27 : 1.5,
and llw r~l cr. cur~s ~ I ~ c I . c giii.17. I t i'i. IIOI\-CYPI., 1~0ssi1,lc t l ~ n t hir-,,. int:iy ii"li1y IIPI.P :L cel.t:~in hit,(l 01 i~ ~ i . ' ' ,,oni' ' (n.lrcnt,
l>arley, ct?. ) ~vl!icl~ cxn I F r ut , l ~ : ~ r ~ - c s t ~ ~ ~ l , Ll!v,,sl~c~,l,
12. Tlic ovrl.li;tngi~lg vex\-el ixspr<,sirs Ili.1.i. :i reiislii.i< i,iiirise; 1111, v:tt.i:~lit i18-0,,li is COL. I . PCI I ~ ~.t,~~cl,.rcd Ily ,il/ii,n.
13. T1lrl.c "kist iri Su~rii,l.i:ur two iiiii<.~.rnl n - o ~ l s !/it-w-ti,?,(,,,): ( n) tlw on,, li,,~.c is n Sc,tnitistri, %.c., tlir iillitiitirc
11' gmiint, = qnrtiitzt or' qn~4~, 1!t ( r l , l~,qii>~fi,, Ij. I?,, $er, 11, IJr, 11. 177: = /~tqii1>,,8,; .ktIxin?t= ?,Ihiitnt~= GI , 11, 1424\5),
fox thesignifeation of ~vlrirlr sre also R. JS.. S YI I , par t I, 1,. Oi, noti! 7 ; (6) tile oLl r~. , orirtrring in /I. il. l'., p. 418, 1. 1,
is ,z phonetic ~r r i t i ngol ~ I ( ~ I L ! L ( ) I I ) = enlit,, its i d~ogr anl lleing i u ~ l ~ ~ i l in 0111. in~cripbioii I. 28; cf, also C. T. , XXI Y, 17 : 25.
"urun-a with tile gloss 3o iri-hi. The two signs gi r c~l hy 11. 162, 163, ~vrongly under B.41,, llavc t o he identified eitlier
wit11 Hr. ,5903 or with ,5907. CI. also priin, gki n (Br. 10175, 11155), gi-riti (Br. 2525), ni-i.in(I)-nu?n(!) (so against
/ I . lr. 11.. p. 07h, and Y. 165.5-7 (for I,UL:~I = n i t s ~ r i . rln-l,l,T.lI) ), giiriiii. (&I. 7904> 802) = enbu or illOri~. Sot i ce also
t l ~i t t qu1.(r)t,tz(1n) ~ ( L T ( ~ ~ ( , ) Z ) U is in Sumfrinn = ,giii.imi(n)-og, gt ~~an- gur , gii-(q~~v-gii~ (so I)etter tlinli gh-qh'!), gii-gol;gn~,
I. : . ('1. ('oil,: of EJmntnur:tbi, 111, 21, (FJsmmura1,i) t,iii-y~i-rii.-~.i-i,,i Ixwi (=gi ~r-gi i ~. ) ri-na "rir.n..
14. .\-i nliil ii arc l ~ot l r = t,nr?&?i, Itelire i n i ~ ro,n(i i )ni -i i i = init e, , i i i ~l - ( i i , "hy lli8 0x1-n sl ~en~gl i ~, poarui." (X. ci-b",
('?I. .A, 17 : 27.
15. Tile 3-ariant reads and t rsnsl at rs "over tlie country," henee also t hc infix ni (siilguln?) fur nc ( phr al ) in tlic
vcrl, igi-di.
1 . 1 ( = L ) is : f i f 0 , f i s J I . 1 1 . This <:lt;it>gt,, dcst i ~i cl i o~i
w:ts Ibrc~i~gl~L ~ ~ l ~ u u i I,? SIX-113 usi i ~g his " l ~r ~t c l ~~l , " l~crlcc ui8l'1l.1J, = /,il<tl;!i(d UKI l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ U. l I , - ~ < t r i s = "tu l,nt Ll~c l ~at cl t c~l
illto ; LCL~OLI " = "dreii~.scliinge,t, zcrsiui-mi, i ~cr t i i ci i l ar ~. " HTUZ~<- , Xi w(i B, 11. 50. 11.iuisli~tcd tllis lillc! by: "CT ri~.hlelo S C~ P L C
. I ii</e,t Vegan den Ilo~iiozit i~iii." Ci, nlao st note arid notc 5 t o no. ' 1 : 5.
17. Cf, ni(g)-ki-Eor-rii-~],$~ Vnl.iant e?~-/;-i-krr, 1. 26, anti -\-inrn!,, p. 10 : i, 8, d.l-rizin-?ii~ r1ingi1.-(/a/-gnl-e-lie ~1 1 - ~( 1 1 7 . ( 1
5 4 SI' AIEI<I.\S IIYAISS . ~ S I I I ' I <. \ YI ~: I ~S 'TO SI.Y-~I~
32. k'or OLW = , , ~ L T I V ( in t,I>v ; L I ~ , Y ~ ~ - ~ ~ V ~ ~ I I signitimti<~n scc Jenst,r~, Ii. lj., YI1, 11, li1.5, t c t d cI'. 11. . I. 1-., p. 419,
,,"ti, :3.
3 . T I t i i . I I : I ' I I i I I I - 1 lor e\.cr one nlust bow down,"
vhicll the S c ~ ~ ~ i t i c translator ren<lrri.d I,?: " I3vfon. his fnt1ti.r and(!) liriorc ti$ l i ~nl SIX-113," vlr., l,nt in this ease t he -i i
( = Sa) is nppnrnrtly :L il,irt:il<r for - E I L - ~ I L .
34, For ,\'I = l't, c o~~s t r , ~c , l Iwrr x~lverl>i:~lly = l't-:!?, c i , 11. . I . I,,, 11. 4lJ1, not#, 4, C , I I ~ .
35. Ci. 11. . I . I.., p. 701 : 10.
:3n. \\iu, t11v piwuli:~r i t i f i ~ca ,in,,,-yir, l i - ql t (.i. tlw i,~-!/<t ot (,", T., XY, 21 : I:<, s ~ l - i ~ ~ - ~ / ~ ~ - ~ ~ t ~ ~ - t ~ f ~ - d ~ i ( g ) - a l l tltrw
rxpress tlie iili:r o i " ~i <, l t , n t l ~, e~igerly," "ii~l!i!i" ~.:illic,r tlinlr <,i "not ": tlw Iovi. t o her s~i z( , d Iticn ~i ol et i i l y, he toul,
violent (passion:itr) lurt. to 11t.1:
37. I i l J = ?ol,;l,,, Iwing ~vri t , t e~, ill old l3ttl~yl~n1ixn inwriptions wit11 only on,: IY<,<IZ,, irwiclv, 11:id : < p r o r ~ t u ~ v i a t i ~ ~ ~ ~
nl di ng in -g 2nd 1 , . I " T., I 2 : I , I I : : l o s s \vl~ii.l# is gi n~s ; dl y r~:t, l hi,-iili (50 11y 131.. 10503 and hl.
l ~ 4 ) I t I I t t o I t : i I - ( I - 1 ) = I ( ' l J 1 . l I Tltii is ror.t.,,l,or:~teli by It. I I . ,
80 : 21 = CY2b: 29 (fol. Il.:ttlsl:%tion s w 11. - 1 . I - . . 1). 100, 1. ?I ) , ii.It?r,l I i l ' is t l ! ~ ~: i r i i t ~! t O/ ljiil): (d. itlio n<it<, 1.5 to 110. 1,
col. I, 7. Llwi,, i, iihst;~n<l 1'01. i,.8i(g), i i i (h). TI,,, lilt,r:%l i r : ~~~, ~l : ~t i on is, of ?ours!,, r ~ ~ / ~ ~ ~ l ~ i / ~ mi / , r o~?~t ~l n~i ! .
:3S. 1il.Y-I</.\- 11i.1.i. - i i r-i i r = lji;,iiir,iii, i,ortii,i,?iiiit. sy11011y111 ,>I' G(o. ~. i i , .IcIIx(~I,, l i o ~ ~ ? ~ ~ ~ / o q i , ~ . 1,. lii3. (!i. :tlso
l<I.\--liI.Y = eld,, (r,,r ??,/,!), ,7r = ,~.+,l,,; I<I.Y = p<;r,t ( s ~, , , , , , ~, , , ,,i I,,?',,), fir-,?,, : l,d',,.
3 . I I I p i t o I i I t I c I I - I i I : : I i t i .
Tltat tile: "bridr-
gro,nu'' l>:tst,we,l to t l ~ c ' ' I>ridc' ' is ?vi,lc,~~t froln~ I?. i f . , 11. 14.5 : S, ' ' 1 ~ ~ ( i . ~. , I [ : ~r dul ~) I~:~stc~te, l 10 tlm bri dcsl ~i l ~ (i-bi-i:
iiria k,i-dii-oS-<ii-ti,)," i .1' Ij i l , /he C/i~.ist, p. 45. 1i tlw e wer,: i r ~di c a t i ~c of t l v not ~t i n: ~t i ve l ~cr e, LVC \vot~ld expect vcrli-
I'orirls o.itli bn- or if,-hit., s h o \ ~ i ~ i g ;L " c l ~: ~~, g c oi sill>j,vts." M<,ivrv<.~., ii on? pwt'ri;, I?<, ~ri : t >- r.m,Icr:
~ r i t l ~ llilu sllcl i?l1,
t o l t i n~ not yr t I>ii\ing g011c.
rct his siili. s l ~ c r r o ~ liwi d o w~ ~ . ' '
I j t ~si ~, g :t int~isl:ition Ii l , ~ this 1q10r1 (:t~lmi, ('yl. l i , I!) : 18-21, :In z t , ~t t ~- g~~l - / ~~ 1?,8t-!t<,-!~ug, .I,&-rfi '1;n-lil in-t!,<t-r~i-ui
d~, , , i i l -i i i , d.\-i~z-v~itb ~ I L L L - I Z ~ - I I I , "lie ( Gi t d~a, :it ti\<! Linte \ I . ~PI I ilte wedding irslivnl ui d A ' i ? ~ - ~ i r ~ ~ ~ and dl?<~-!i was
rclcl~ratrrl, i p. , on " Sr ~v- Yr , a r ' ~ clny," I\-lticl~ n.as nisi, tlir "feast of drtliration, " or tlre i131ll of tlic
anr i r nt Sunwrisris!) m;lrlr . I t 1 to tlwcll n-it11 llilti ( = r m = dSi l ~- Gi l ) i ~~, I. 17) i n tllv gwnt ' s a l ~r t u n ~y , ' wit11 An lie ~ I I R ~ , ,
,Y,t/il to take up lhis nl,o,ir., wit11 fir~lil llc iriadr Xiri-rnitb t o tukr up h<.r alx,dr"-~i pnssngc sltowing (1) t hat tlic "uilc,
( ~ ~ ~ ~ t h e r ) " gors OF is innclp t o go (l,rougl>t) t o tlrr " SC, ~' ' ; (2) t hat Xin-mnb is lbotll the ni i r ui Erilil (so in ('pl..l3,
~l , al - r , p. 28) and 111.YI.\--IB (80 irr our t ext 11er.c and in I<. I;'.. SVII, part 1, p. 40 : 5 ) ; (3) t,lint t hc usog (rf. H. lj.,
Scr. I>, yol. V, fasc. 2, p. 34, notes 11, 13; 11. L(i, not? I) is t l >nt ps r l of t he tplnplr a-Iiirll rotltainril tlm "bridal-chambpr"
( ~r . 11. 31, not^ 71, ~ ~ ~ r r e s p o ~ ~ ~ l i t ~ g , i l ~ c ~ r c ~ o r ~ , xrillc t11e 1:1t<,r />if (1-ki-ti(i/j, xrl!ilc tlw OM) O-.wg(.???(q) ) is t he c o ~>~~t c r -
part oi t he pi l i Sl i ~ (trlor? alxnll this rl.;iialter.c).
40. Tl ~ri s tlw 11.;~res \vo~d<l 1.itt1ie1. tliatl i-dih . . . ?l,.-i; ? I . ; lh<nv<,vt~r, <,r-?~,'(dt<, l e) with i-cli!,-clu-<lu(di-di,
dzi(g)-rlii(g) ).
4. A\rIN-IB, THE FURIOUS AND DI~~STlIU('T1VE JVA111iIO11 AND GOD OF
THE POJVERS OF XATTJltE.
The hymn pul~lished under no. 4 consists of double verses, t,he beginning of
which alternates with lugal-mu,, "my king," and e.rL "IVIN-IB, "lord NIN-IB."
This arrangement is, however, broken through in 1. 15 (where lugal-mu is omitted)
and in 1. 17 (where we have en-na for iugnl-mu). If a sirnilnr irregularity were to
occur in t,he structural nrrangenlerit of the psalms, "Old Testarr~ent critics" would
probably infrr t)hat we hare before [IS a corrupted t,ext. IS this axiom applicable
also to our text here? If so, this irregularity would be strongly i r i favor of niy
contention (see B. E. , Series D, V, fasc. 2, p. 8c) that the tnl~lets of the oltler Temple
Library of Nippur represent, in niariy cases, copies of still older texl,s.
From the religious point of vicw two verses of our hynin are of special impor-
tance. The one (11. 11, 12) infornis us for thr first time that the :~nc:ietlt Sumerians
believed even in a "great judgment,": "32y king, thy judgment is like ' the great
judgment' without favor thy decisions :ire like the decisioris of him who is ' not a
respecter of persons."' From later inscript~ioris we know that tlie right, " t,o judge"
and to possess the tlub num-tar-rn, "tal)lets of fate," were given to the "Son" as I L
reward for his victory over t'hr rnerriy. NI X- I B did overcome thc enemy (no.
2 - 3), hence he appears here quite correctly as "judge." The other (11. 15ff.) evidently
proves t,hat the doctrinr "an eye for nn eye, :tnd s tooth for a, tooth" (Matt. 5 : 38)
was known to, and practiced by, tlie inh;tl~it:rlit~s of ancient Rul)yloni:t, (4. also R. I?.,
Series D, V, fasc. 2, p. 40, liotc 4.
Seeing that the Ol~verse is too niutil:rtcd to warrant a cohcrenl translat,ion,
I have contiried myself to the lieverse whirh reads as follows:
No. 4, Reverse.
1001. pltotograplric n,pn,<lucti,,rr see / l i i ~, ~ar hl . l i ~i ~i rci . ai i ri / I-r,/iit,ii.. pl. 1 1 1 7 , no. 111
(Beginning of Rev. hroken tiw:ry.)
1 [lugal-mu . .
My king,
2 [en dNI N- I R. .
Lord NIN-IB,
]
[P~L-e ' Gi r-i ~-t l i i n (j7 (g)-a gin-gzn']
lord, like Gi? a roamer ahout at night
(thou art) ;
]
[ ~I L- c ] 't(>ir-ra-clfm 91 (y)-a ~ ~ I I - ( J z ~ L ~
lord, like Gir a ro:rrncr al ~out at night,
(thou art).
3 [lugal-m]tc "Gir-ra-dirn na~n-ur-sa(j
Stc-di~
My king, lilce Gir perfect in hero-
ship,
4 [e]n dATIN-IB "G:r-ra-rLfm nam-ur-say
Su-cliL
Lord ATIN-IB, like Gir perfect in
heroship,
rtb.urnga1 bii-,cr!j-(/cL? \tltrgnl] ?,ti-ri-ilp ' mSe71' -
an.
7~shumya1, weighty one, extended one, n
lier in wait for tlie "l)irds" (thou art) ;
uiumgal .?i~-tc(l-(jn? rlngfll ph-ri-z?~~ rni , i 5er~~-
?LC1
ushumgal, weighty one, extended one, a
lier in wait for the '(birds" (t'hou art).
5 [luya]l-mu i ki-bal-A, ug-gcij si(g)-si(y)- en-gal "12-lil-lti za-e 6-stint-ma me-en
k i
My king, smiter into house of the endowed with strength by the great,
hostile land (as with a hatchet), lord Enlil, thou art,;
6 en WIN-1B i ki-bal-ZL cig-gu;hi(y)- en-gal W,n-lil-16 za-e 6-sunt-ma me-en
si(g)-ki
Lord NIN-IB, smiter into the house endowed with st,rcngth l)y thr great
of the hostile land (as with a lord Enlil, thou art.
hatchet),
7 lugal-mu diL(g)e-Sa(g)-zu iig mz-nz-ib- saban-dim lib-zu Jur-bz ka-mu-un-gub7
dh(g)-ga-4it
My king, the utterances of thy heart like a serpent furiously thou placcst
are (like) the whirlwinds that thy poison;
roar-
8 en dNIN-IB clit(g)"Sa(y)-zu iig mi-ni- sahan-dim ith-zu .GUT-bi ia-mu-un-gub'
ib-dit (g) -ga-iu
Lord NIN-IB, the utterances of thy like a serpent furiously thou placest
heart are (like) the whirlwinds thy poison.
that roar-
9 [lugall-mu nia"""ka-&-a ki-h6l-a sir-ri QtShi(or gun)-7irs h ki-bal si(g) -si(g) -kiv
Ny king, the words of thy mouth smite to pieces (lay low) the pillars
cast down the wicked land, (fences) of the house of the hostile
land ;
10 [en]WNI-IB """""ka-&-a ki-bitl-a sir-ri vi"G(or gar~)-kr" 6 ki-bal si(g)-si(g)-kig
Lord NIN-IB, the words of thy smite to pieces (lay low) the pillars
mouth cast down the wicked land, (fences) of the house of thc hostile
'and.
11 [lu]gal-mu di-zu di-gal-cim nu-pa(cl)-di tlic(y)-zu qibl"igi-ntc-bui.-ri-dam
My king, thy judgment is like thy decisions are like the decisions of
' (t he great judgment" without him who is "not a respecter of
favor,
persons" ;
12 en dNI N- I R di-zu di-gal-hrn nu-pa(d)- dC(g)-zu qib'" r$i-nwbar-ri-dam,
d P
I,ord NIN-IB, thy judgment is t,hy decisions are like the decisions of
like "the great judgment" with- him who is "not il respecter of
out favor, persons."
13 lugal-mu ""'"erim-ra mu-na-te(n)-na TA" ;am-miin-dim mu-ILIZ-T CT'"r(?) -
dim mu-un-si
My king, (when) against t,he their machinat,ions like grass into the
enemies t,hou goest,
wind thou scstterest, like ruins thou
layest them low;
14 en NI N- I B an'"erim-ra mu-na-te(n)-na ?'A" d'~mSam-mii"-dirn mu-'an-T U" h(?) -
dim mu-u,z-!si
Lord NIN-IB, (when) against the
t,heir machinations like grass into the
enemies t,hou goest,
wind thou scatterest, like ruins thou
lwyest then1 lorn.
15 (luyal-mu) ""L"kCr'4-ra 6-a-iza ""'"&l-y61 iiru-nn ~"'"crirn {lc~-nc~-riurn
ga-na-nam
My king, unto the house of the unto his city a foe indeed thou art,;
enemy an adversary, verily, thou
art,
16 en dNI N- I R naiukCr"-ra 6 ~ - n a ""'"hi- i11-u-na Q"'"erinz (la-nu-nam
ghl ga-na-izam
Lord NIN-IB, unto the house of the unto his city a foe indecd thou art.
enemy an adversary, verily, thou
art,
17 en-[n]a nu-ie-yi-a-na a~"~h;i~l-ghl ga-nu-
[i~ru-nu "llb]erim ga-nu-nam
Pnam]
Lord, unto the not sul~servient ones unto their city a foe indeed thou art;
an adversary, verily, thou art,
18 en "NIN-IB nu-Se-gd-a-na ""' "~i l - i~ru-ria nU[!"]eri[m ga-nu-nam]
[gal ga-nu-nam]
Lord NIN-IB, unto the not subser- unto their city a foe indeed thou art.
vient ones an adversary, verily,
thou art,
(Rest broken away.)
NOTES.
1. For mut-tnl-lil. mu-Si, tltc at,trihliti: oi dCir-u~~ii-wl, .;cs Diillcnriiclr~r, Nerg(t1, p. 25 : 11.3; rind ior Ser gal
in the rAle of NIN-III ci. IIilpreeht Annircl-sari, i.oli~nze, pp. 430ff.; 411, not<! 5.
2. Phonetic writing lor &ii(g)-ga, sce n<,. 1, rol. I, 1, iir-sng lii(g)-gn.
3. Cf. Cyl. .4, 25 : 6, (tile door a t tlrc king's rrrtninuc) ZIJ-ri-in am-lii igi-il-il-drrt,r, "troi- wi e ein . . . . , der
erhcht die : l uger ~" (Tlturenrl-Dmlgin). UU-ri-in is npparcntly coirlposi~I oi UU = "bird" :illrl ri-in (;t plionetic ivriting
for rim, rin; ci. rin-1. i~~ = shdri, Br. 10312-33, "t o hunt," sigtiilyirig originally "thc io\\.lrr." r a t e r on i t mas u s ~ d
also ( 0 ) far "any one who is intcnl upon, is lur,l-itig out, lying in wait lor sametliing" (ri. 110-rim = rabisu, and for irrter-
change of m and n, Fossey, II, A. I-. , p. 116, .?I), i,eirlg as suclt s \-ari:%nt and synunynr of Dll1'"-"-rii = mijdii and
knpd~i," sinnend, traelrle,~d, nnchstellend, specie11 ci;ohl riiich i~ogelslcller," Delitasvl~, R. IT. l j . , p. 3-IOh; ( b) for "lruntcr"
in gcneral, wlio is ~ a g r r l y limking for gamc, so in Cyl. -1, 25 : (i, qitoted a l mv ~ , ml >i ~l t ottgltt, t o l>c tmnditted: ' ' tllr door
was (as eagerly looking for the Iring to rnt cr) as (is) tile llunter wllo l l : ~ his ryci continit:tlly f i ~ c d upon tlli: mo~intniri-ax."
111 C. T., XXI\' , 17, col. l V, 13, iollow t l ~ : 5-d!,, (sir.!) L/U-rii-ge ttpoll tltc 5-hit, 'Bu-b,$-gc or ' ' iisIt,,r~r~cli" (I. 35) . Frcnn
this i t follows titat flU-ri-in = a l l - r i r ~ = _HI;-rii = l,ri-~i-ir~ = ~I(L-T~, , L = /,iL-i.ti, i . e, rii st i t ~i ds ~i t l i c r lor 0rigill~I
runt, run, ur ~L-irb is vontrnct,;cl uut of r i ~ ~ l ~ l , r c v i : ~ t c ~ l iron, rim, ?in) = r,i + the r cl : t l i ~<~ (;)I?. If t l ~ ! 1:ctter ?xpI : ~nat , i n~~
be accepted, tlaxr ri. f or this intcrclt:~ngr ol r i ; t t ~ I rti: ,In-ri = (hi-rii, "(ir~irirc) vicl.nity"; Inct ii tltc i o n ~ ~ c ~ . Ihc p1.c-
fcrred, we may rornpiln: Ilcrc tlts "is"lia-ru~~r-bii, ~ ~ i s i ' l ~ ~ ~ - ~ t , ~ ~ , - ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ I ~ l ~ i ~ r ~ ~ i i l y SUI I I , , ~. ~: , ~~ I ~ ~ i i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d s siguil\-itig origini~lly
' 3
tl>c wt?apun (giS) uf 11im IVIK~ is iiltc,t~t L~IK,~I ( / ~ - T , L ~ , J ) tlw l\illit>g ljircls (&t<),'' 1:ttvr :t~cy !,iu<l " j : t v ~~I i ~~' ' ur "<l:ut3'
t l ~ r < n v ~ ~ by 1 ~; i t ~l or l)y ~t ~c ; ut s OK t l ~ I~<nv L L ~ I t ~ ~ l i w Ikilling I + g:tttu,, 1'1'. 1:. K. , SPY. 11, vol. V. )p;tr(, 2, 11. 51, ~ ~ o t c S .
L. 130tl1 Iitrr:~lly (SIX-IU as l l ~ ~ g c ~ l OK lit,; lci~nl) ; ~I LCI I i g t ~~t t i wl y , ,,i. 11. - 1 . I.,, 11, :3ll!l.
-
5. ' rl ~i s s,,c,~ns tu IIC tlw t > t , ~ > L l , r ~, l , ~~l ~l c r ~: ~l i j , g . .lg, l!tc 08ut,; ol g'gtt, -~ p,?,:~, i5 t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l : t I , , ~ ~ l it, .\ssyri:i~~ I, ? <6!/81,
? . s y ~ . oi J J G~, , lor \vlcicl~ SC, , ~ 1%~'. 6~~19.~i'.l61!?, :LU,I ,It;nsr~l, I<. I<., \'LC, 1). .&:!). Lour = ! , $L~LO. <,( (I;,, ul ; , , rf. IIil/~r#~:/lt
.Innii.er.aar!/ I.ulic,,ic, 1'. -132, noto I. Sf($) = .x,t/,,i,~$~ is : L v;irix~tl u r ~ l syjc. ul sZ(!q) = !r!,rbti$$~ k r /j<bXi, s , ! ~ t i <, . 2 : IS,
not e 17. Si(y), hrn: wi t l ~ Sii, is runstl. ~tr<l in I . I!) u-itlr tll,: ~i nl pl <: iirrusi~ti\.,,. I i ,,nc pr<,ivrs, It<, u,:iy r c~cl cithcr
?izer-rn,Z, vari mt , ,tt?r-n?io wi t l ~ gloss rib, tv~tt!~= ~ ~ i ~ ! ~ ~ ~ . ~ t , f ~ ~ , or tuc:r-l<dr, i.c., " t l ~ : mc, irrIi~>g ( I ~ ~ ~ ~ r ~ i ) or iiglctnit>g (~~IxiCt6
Ba zi t r r i ) rtot.llln ;iid oi(g)-ri(0)-I& = LLI . I . I L 1~ ig1i.i oc t i i . i ~ (sic! uot c S0. i ~~ AI. Z!?!)rl; el. Jensvn, I<. 11, \-I1, 1). LG9), "t o
st orrt ~, t o I~Icnv I~:+rd,' ' t r t i ~~sl at i c~g ' ' I ~ l o ~ ~ ~ r i t ~ t ~ ~ 111~ I K ~ ~ I S C i l ~ ! l~<, slilc I:ud wit11 (lilw) :I clrstriwliv,: (cncirclit~g, ligI>tuing)
stonn. " TI,<! ~ w ~ ~ r l t t u ~ g i c ~ ~ v<nvcls at t l ~ c CIKI ol tltc v,,rlb:il l<,rins ul l l ~i s ;m<I tlte l <, I l , >~vi n~ l i w% (7, 13) clmtotc rc1~1ti1.e
elaus*, liencc literallj-: "t l >ou ar t lic \via,, rlr., ; ~ml tiloit r;tns! ill, it, IICC:LIIIC tltou :LTL t l ~ c <111(: i v l ~ , is cndo\ v~d witll
strclrgtll by (! tltcrdore 16, not li) Enlil." \Vlli!tcvcl. traltslatiun l,c ;~roc:utt,d ilcc idcn r ~ . \ ~ ~ a i l ~ s t hr s.Lnlc: SIS-11% is
t he destroyer ui tlil: liostilc lands; tltv dci t n~ct k, u 11,: I,l.iilgs ;ilx,ut 11). I I ~<! : u~s citlict. hi-. ' ' s l ~ r i ~ ~ ' ~ 0 1 . his ' ' liiitcli<~t' '
= liglltning! Ci. hen: tllc rat.i<,os rcprcs,xt:~tii,ns ~l Ila, I1i~l1ylotii:ut pod oi iigl~iciil~e ( = I::~IILI~~:LII, SIX-111, Sill-
Girin, utc.) wit11 n I>atclivt (h,l?inra~~ = Si-/<.I-/>(/) ill his l >: i t ~I , s?~, Zislnlcrl.tl i i ~ Z. . I , 1 1 1 , 31!?1. t o I l i l ~ ~ ~ ~ c a l ~ t ,
II. E. , I, no-. 75 1 - 136 t 137. S t I I t l t I XIS-111 ;1s it-i,ra-i.it 1,i-hiti-bii hi~-li~b-ha g(~h-i u-(~ar
nu-lug-a, 110. 1, ~ 1 . I , li, illld ".VIA'-IR (i-ri(d)-,I<, "l<,i-lil-iii kit? ici-hrll y,il-ijril, liil. 1 , ~, , , l . IV, 13, 11, :,lid vl. ~ o t c 16 ti,
n o 2 : 18, f~'~''l:.l I,-go~, :m~d C. ?., I Tr , 15 : I :1.
6. For .qO = <lj,(!q), dii, cr, z,!~-<ltc = zct!/-d,( (li. I / , , !I9 : IS) $cil,ti :ox1 .Ill-(;L$ = ,t,l-,li<(!)-pi, C'. T., XI I Xr ,
. ,
-la : 131 = SSV, 4S :I:( (ci. i ~ h o .Ili:iss~twr, 0. I,. Z., l!lll!l, S ~ I , %J~t ), IK,NPC ,Sll = /ti!/, , Ii(g), di i , & I L I ~ tllis a v:$ri&~tit
dd( ! j ) ; cc, <lC(q) = l<,,,(,C ;UKI dj<(g) = t <~m$ i , iI~vr<dort, a l ~ , , dj((!l)-i<t(~l) ' ' ~ Y o ~ ~ s , ~ i t l < ~ r ; m c ~ ~ ~ tlw I><,;trl' ' p:tr:dIcl to
i - a = git pi.
7. or A L y I I : i t i 1 1 , , I 1 i I I I I . Y ~ I , . : I I I . 1:0r
tllc i n t e ~ h a u g c oui y i ~ n d d ~ e e lP0s6,!y, M. (1. I-., 11. I l l , l : j . i ~l ~d for tlic ~i gt >i l i , , : i t i ~~i of $ I , l r . , 1). JOL, not e 11. .k trans-
lation "wlricl~ fnrh,usly plnrcs its p<,isotlU is <lut <,[ ,quc.stir,~r; tliir \v<,i~kL ll;~\-t: t o 1bc ka-,,it~-ii~~-(/iib-brr, iuld t l l ~l l tile
zu in lib-zu xvailld he iillaceootrtcd lor.
8. Q I s 1 4 1 I ? ) = I , l i t l I . 11. . 11.. 1). ti2ik,, = .!; . I c t ~c ~! , I<. I<., T-Is,
p. 488, "hat ?,,it do,?. Sidler eticas ru lhi!,~." J 6 v I ( ) I . l i so, lltv~t cf , [<,r ~ ~ i s " g < t ~ ~ - ~ i ~ , li, 56,
11, 5, G ( = '1. S. 1i. T., p. 73), ~ ' " ~ ~ 7 t - i i ~ IIIIL-S(IF<!,-~(C b~-, i b-i i v-)1~ = ~ < L ! L - ~ L I c - ~ , o ~ L Bih-litil ini~-sa-ri-e ?i-i(~-a/i-ka-a/~
"er umziiunt den Garlen ,nil eirreiu Slake1 ( 1 eigenlliel~ Ueelznu,i), su l)clitasclt, /I. 11'. 11, p. (i56h. bllrissrlcr, no. 2018
(on t he basis of Br. 3192) rrndr lor qo~~-~ia-tn!ri l i k4ri t = i-no wio-tad; cf. ;ilso V. X.', i 2, 43n, ddli~-?<l-lil ,,?ri-lti gan-dl{ ]
= i t - 3 - / - - I - ( I , 5'. . I , . 2 1 , I i I l l y I i t 2 : "For tlw root .Jcil.(il.!,
u. P. S. B. *I ,, 1908) t ~r~cl U<~?7t,?!?~r<~l,l, Code, XX XVI I I , lli-211, , !U!I?, -, ?Z<, f~isl'~~)~ir~-l<~~-Iil~~, fi, lu ~is1'!1<trb-ti7 ii-ta-?i-,iy, 111
dibil kuspi, kr~(t-(fid-di,-In, tmllsl:~tetl I>y Llarpc~., I.?., 11. !)I, " i l ;I l t i nl l S~C: II i t \~.itteri~lg-l-i)~icl<<~t 01. :t lt:~rmrv, Iti. slr:ill pay
3 shelcels ol silrrr. " 11, C'. T., SXTr , 13 : I , tl#<c "'"1<l<8,~-tir is i<lcntiI'ie,d wit11 m u ' l , ~ ~ - ~ . l T !/,t(<l)-,t,l (i. e. , = d.\rl.V-lB),
xvl~ilc in T, It., ~i ( i , 11, ). 1 : 2.5, titc ' n' ' i 9i*f'f1<!!t-,ir i~ t l ~ c "isf'b,<g( = I ~ k k u ) 3 , ~ ''.I-: (or p <~r l ~: ~p s l ~ t t c r .l,~-<~-ge'!)
bn i nn libbi-iii itlrri~ 2 (or iili i yan). . i s lmtI>, <!-,!T :LII,I g,ot-t!r, ?or,sisL of 8, ' ' I~oL~sv, ' ' or gu~t , "li?l~I," + ?IT, ' ' bvan~,' '
tlir c-iir \r-;is irl all l ~~. ol , : ~l ~i l i t y :L " I ~ OL I S C s ~ ~ p p o r t ~ d s~~~. ml !t i ded l>y IIPRIIIS," B ' ' I ~o( I s ( . rclsting (111 pillar^ OL. mL~icIc i s
fenced in" and gii,,-iir - "a lirkl irncc,il in," i~ "iokl," rytr, S~i1~ta' ri~, uic. On dnk f i i c ~~ srr, l,e.iid,,i tltc p:tsssgcs quoted,
alsu i)rlitzsrli, :L. TI'.., 15; Z. . I , V, 1.5 ( i i r , i t ~ So i-in-kit-ku = iig ISUGI%-O~), ;ilt,l C. T., VI, 2S : I?,,, \vltt,re u~ai kn-
kolii!ri is ionod :nnong inilr.~tltwnts for tlic p~lrp<,sv cii iii/&ikii.
$1. st!,; ,,,,t? 5.
I 1 . i t ! ( ' I ' 11. . I I.., 11. :is', i r ot <. I , 11. llll' . , \rli<,n. SI I I I I PI . ~: ~~ 1>111711 iirv lilLt'n.is(l exl i t ~~ssi ~d, in tlit,
l>z~r:~llelistn, I,? t l ~ci r S<wi t i c ~ ~ l u i v : ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ t s . ' I ~ w i!,i-Imr, " 1 0 liit ~ t p tlw c o ~ ~ ~ ~ t c ~ t ~ a t ~ c ? , ' ' rctxI~r8 Iwr,, ,,x;trtly t,l~c r ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ z ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ 7 ~ ~ ~
nl Ar t s 10 : 31.
11. 1:or 7'.1 = I;,dl~~ (,/- i12) see, l I o l l ~ ~ ~ ~ r ~ c l ~ ~ v ~ , .Y~r</<81, 1 1 . :is, WI LO trar>sl:&L,,s il " ~ ~ e s l ~ ~ l l , " xvl~ilc l >~l i t zs cl ~,
11. 11.. Ij., pp. 2lIil>, 7i 20, r<~nt l t ~s it, 1 1 ~ "i i ?t . s. ~ere Ersci,,,i?!,t!~!/, .t!!.vsere.v, lrt,cibs 0. 3.'' IhtL ilt vi<!w oi tllc [art ci nt T A
is xlsu = , <? d m, 11. 11'. lj., 17. 1?2u, :~txl this = TY, I c. , p. :ill!7<!, J<,ns,:n, I<. B. , YI' , 11. 405, I preicr t o see in h:allu
' ' d, ~i i m I i ~l i / r oder ~ i ! ,lea,, d1,inde rider viil ,lo. Ilntid Geliililele, Crzeichn~,lr, P~s/gcselzle," "plnrls, nrarliinatiorls, can-
spi~.ncirs, designs,nctinns, deeds, a-ny~, rtc." I1cni.c C. ?'., SY, 11 : 1, dl j r~-l i l (l ) sd-nia~-,iial. n, r ~- b~ TA-zu mu-un-ri~
ongllt t o bc trn~1slzted: " E~ ~ l i l , C O~ ~ S C I O~ . , van anyooi. roliipr~lteliil (ln,nrid~i) t hy ways (tltoughts, intentions, dc-
~ i g ~ ~ s , purposes,etc., :LS exp1,esscd hy t hy c,,rttlsrl)l ('i. Hoinnns, 11 : 33, 0 the drptll oi tlle ricl~es botlr oi t hr ~vi s dor l ~
and llrr icnot~lcdge of Cod! Iro\v nnsr:in.l,:iblc n1.e his jnd,ntitr.nts, :and liis zwns pml 1~ni.ing oiil." See also the prupcr
nanic d~g-~-Tn-gril-ls-"17'lil, riote 1 l o n o 2 = 3.
12. See 11. A . 1. .. p. 382, noti: 1; p. - i OR, lrotc 25.
13. 'rltis sigu is ~ ~ i t l ~ e r .SAli, = n78 = !t,??i, "vrrt rci l ~rr~, " cur (rljrti (If. b;, (!., 220) = Stthl,,, .3c~hfiIx ((or lvltirl~
scc Jrnscn, I<. Ij., VI' , p. 533; Zi~lrnieni, I,. S. S., Ill, 11. 69, riole 11, ahiihn, hut clearly 116 = !riru, being used, e.g., ilr
R. H., p. 80 : 29-35 (1.1. also Ie., p. 81 : 3!1--14) in c<, on~vtion wit\> certain parts or llle 1lal.cnl r,r tclrlple of wI1ich i t is
snkl t hat l i bl d dm-mil-ni-iit-TlJ = nf l o zo-ki-hi i!-l,ivl hence TIJ = "t o llnnil ovvr (sc. t o tlli: wind), toscatter." I n r i c w
oi tlrc l sct , however, tlint (1) T(1-TU is also z variant oi Ji l l - I i U (i.e., hug, bib), ef. grtian me-en ni-ili-di-in. Sh-ILZL-
TO- TU ($1. btlh-bzib), "lnistrcss I :1111, the ont ~vllo l.oatlls nlmut, tllc rievrr r<%stitig one I :i i ri , " R. 1 1 , p. 81 : 9 = I Y.
R.z, as,* no. ' 1 : 16, nlrd tirat (2) I<lJ = htib = griliili~ is ;L vt ~r i ant <,I' bi ~h, see 11. . I I,., p. -100, 1. 21, arid (3) t hat TI1
here is parallel t o r i = ~criiii, pollen, r~nlrii~eilimio~," Jenscn, I<. TI., \:I1, 1,. 3-12, TVC III:L? II:LII-~:L~P ''llis (thc enmy' s)
~ ~ ~ ~ c l ~ i n n t i o n s like grass tlt,,rc ctlttest rlo\vti, l i l ~r ntins t l ><r ~i I:iy,,rL 111~111 101(-."
14. Vr. I<. If., Scr, I), ~ 0 1 . i', i : ~ s , ~ 2, 11. -10, not<, I .
.5. NI N- I H, THE INTER('ESS0R AKD JIEDIATOII
No. 5 represents a prayer (in form of a hymn) to " NI N- I K to intercede with
his father (rev. 1. 16f.) for the restoratiorl of Nippur, of its temples and of the cities
Kesh, Ur, Larak, Kullab, Zahalju, etc. ('f. also I f . A. V. , pp. 436 and 439 : 17, where
likewise "the exalted one," i e . , WI N- I B , is asked to lift up his eyes t o his father
dEnlil and to recite before him the ancient hymn: "illy cit,y is destroyed in
weeping I cry." The fact, furthermore, t'hat our hymn here was found and recited
in the temple of Nippur demonstrat,es anew our contention that h-kzcr was the
central sanctuary of Babylonia during the Enlil period of the Surnerian religion
(see II. 11. V., pp. 412, 434, C).
This rather badly mutilated. hyrnri rrligllt be ealentlcd and read as follows:
No. 5, Obverse.
Fur pl~otogmplric n:protlr~ctio~l a.c pl. Y, nos. 7, S.
(Beginning i~roken away.)
1 1
2 dNIN-IB 'me nun-nu [ku-zi-dk-a-zu]
NIN-IB, thou who the commands rightly executest.:
of (for) "the exalted one (prince)"
3 club-zi(d) bid-axa[g ku-za ghl-la(d6-a) me-en]
The holy tablet, the sacred stylus in thy hand thou
holclest~.
4 .sad- gz(d)- [(la- hrn ]
(All humbly) kneeling('?) (and saying:)
5 Z L ~ U nun-# ba-gar-ra
"The city, 0 pririce, restore it again,
6 ii abzu9nz~n-e ba-yar-ra
"The house of the (molten) sea,
0 princr, restore it again,
7 65 N ~ ~ R L ~ '
"The house of N~ppur ,
8 4 dEn-lil-lir
"The temple of Enlil,
9 i dNin-lil-lh
"The temple of Ninlil,
11 du(1) Say-hii-a
"The 'abode whcre thc fates are
determined, '
[me nun-nu Bu-zi-dii-a-zn 1
thou who the commands of ' the exalted
one' rightly exccutcst ;
me nu[.n-na iu-zi-cl'i-a-zu]
thou who the commands of ' the exalted
one' rightly executest;
bum-e ba-gar-m me ]
O prince, restore it again, thou who
the commantls, etc. ;
?c[un-e ba-yur-rci nre ]
O prince, restorc it again, thou who the
commands, etc. ;
n[un-e ba-gar-ra nze ]
0 prince, restore it again, thou who the
commands, etc. ;
nub-e ba-gar-ra me ]
0 pririce, restore it again, thou who the
commands, ctc. ;
nr.i[~~-e ha-gar-ra me ]
0 prince, rcstorc it again, t,hou who t,he
commands, etc. ;
12 i Keih' "a
"The temple of ICesh,
13 i uf i ~i -e
"The temple of UT,
14 6 Laray'
"The temple of Larali,
15 P KullabahL "
" Thc temple of ICullab,
16 6 ki-ZababuL "
"The temple of (the
Zababu,
17 &(?)[
"The terriple of. . .
18 uru[
"Theci t y. . .
,~un-[e ha-gar-ra mc ]
O prince, rctstore it again, thou who the
commands, et,c:. ;
't~za~~-[e ba-gar-ra me ]
0 prince, resl,ore it again, thou who
the commands, ctc. ;
TZUTI-e [ba-yar-TQ me ]
O prince, restore it again, thou who
the commands, et,c. ;
nwn-e [bn-(qar-?.n 7 n ~ ]
0 prince, restore i t again, thou who
the commands, et,c. ;
nw~z-e [ba-gar-ra 7n,e ]
land of) 0 prince, restore it again, thou who
the commands, etc.,
1
I
(End broken away.)
No. 5, Reverse.
(Beginning broken away.)
1, 2 [
3 ri An' 9nu ri-h_2~6"[
c j .4rm (strength) of An, prince of
terrible power. . .
4 gi-zi(y) -de-a
( I Furiously roaring one,
5 Z L ~ " an-ga(g)-ta
"Dagul-[dumlyal-[An-rta"]
Dagal-ushurngal-.47~r~a,
ri- shn-s[iLnl '-na-rim]
"Storm out of heaven, of glorious (mighty) power,
6 me1* cltb-dtb-a-zu dzz-zz~ mah- [am ]
"Thou ivho holdest (keepcst) the thou alone art exalted;
commands:
7 d.VIN-IB i ~ g (or lcalarn) dib-dib-a gatu-ia(g) yalc-muh-[cim (or me-en) ]
"NIX-IB, thou who holdest (keep-
among men thou art cx:tltecl;
est) t,hr people (country) :
11
8 l i a l a ~n( i i g) ' ~l ~h- ~~
" Thou who holdest
(pcople) :
9 Sa(y)-t icm-Sn ((1)-t i~m-ma
"Of the fields
10 en-gal
"Great lord,
11 UT-SU;~ "IVIN-IB
Hero, NIN-IH,
za-e luyal-bz-[hm (or me-en) j
the country thou art its (their) king,
liul~171 zcz{j-si"-hi-[cim(or me- el^) ]
(and) of t hr country-their beautifier
thou art .
'~~arn-lugal-c be-sili~n-[nlu]
t,he kingship, oh, i)lcss it ;
in ((1)-ku,?'%ru-~zn"'-liam-[rinz(or 'me-en) j
I)r thou t,he judge in it;s rity !
12 .?ahnl (or ~t;Al~c~-bar~") si(~l)-rl7crn7~-)~a knb"-hi- ribrc J
"Of the (wild) mounttxirl - gotlt, t hr overpowrn:r thou art',
which dwells in lleisht,s,
13 ,nap-tfim . " ! m n 7 ~ flt2z:*.tn zi(y)"-hi- ti[m ]
"T,ike a gazellr out of thc BCIZ thou frightenst it away;
14 nindu I,IT(or tih)-hi "Na~l nn s[nl-dir(g)- bi-hm]
"Of the young oxen and cows of Si?i the caretaker thou art.
15 dii(!g) cc-a nub- nai i i [yii-PI-thy-rirn ]
"He who up011 the words of the listeneth,
father, his I~egettcr,
16 l71{]/11 fl ,- k u~-kil I [ - ?1L ]
To the king of &kur went:
17 e(?)-[ . - . ]-UI,-U[,-s?fl
r ,
L
l o . . .
(Ilest i ~roken aw:~y.)
1. T i i I i l l I r I o r i , I I I t i t i t I . . I = I . I 7 li01. tliv
rc2kcl i l ~g Ijizi cf . (:. T. , XXI Y, 48, pol. 11, 1711, ' ! . \ ~i ~t - l ) 1~1~111~~. l ( ~, \vl~iclk appc:+r> iu t l ~ c p~t r~i l l cl p:~ssagc, C. T. , XXT',
7 , s ' Y I z - s [ t i t i ! ] , c t 1 j i t d . \ . l ~ k i . I',,rsi!l = zi ci. also c. y' .,
I S I T , 12 : ZS, d~i r " ' ( ( i i ~j l i i + gdl nit11 the pari~lh. l t r xt , C. 7 ' , Xl l Y, 2.5 : S!)ii, "Xi-ytt-lii. This l ~i zi , I~ci ng licrc iu
, ~l ~l j , ~bi t i <, ~t tu dub, wtis ill all pr<jl,:il,ility IIK, ,,htsl,ix'' msvci Ijy tlw d~cl,-,%r or ' ' scr i l , ~ "; cc, "l ) t , ~, bi ~~~~ :XLKI "(;i,?d<!r, Ijutlt
= ".\.ril,ii (1,. 31, liotv L,) \vlti, ;ih ''S,,n" 0 1 t l x 13:tI>>11,11 t r i i ~i l y Iliis t l ~ : EI I I I I U :xttril>tltcs i i i ".\.l.\'-Ifi, ill? "S<111" ( l f tllc.
Si l , l n, r t r i t ~i t y, I ~ v n r ~ ~ XI S- l l 3L t l ~ god <,( tlw ' ' t;~I, lkt nrili~bg, ' ' t l ~n " s I ~ l ! ~ s , " t i ~ ~ ~ l ol tit,' /<-,I,tl>, 1;. . I ., \', 11. 6 ; J I : 13,
, , I , . I t 1, 1 . 3 Svi: :iI-o 11. . I I . 1 , 3 , t I, I I I I ( - i;tri!nih i l i t l t l r h ( I ( tlte
i i I X I I j I l i t i I l : i I : " i . ' l ' l . I I U~C. I l o 110. 1. I - . I::.
2, sr,, ,,<,tv 18 t o I , <, , 1, C< > I . I. 27,
3. .i rc:<ding tun< ~ L Z ~ L e-6a-g<u-~o i s gran~t n: t l i c~aI l y Iil<v>visv pohsi l >l ~~, l;+I<ing c; i r t ll><, scmAc o i "!?~I,/<~JL!' cl . 11..I. 1. .
p. 410, rloti. 5. T l w m~, st ruct i <j rt i n l ~ o l l ~ c:w<~- i * : ":+> r < ~ g ; t ~ I % the, ci t y, 0 lprincv, u~: t yr ht OL<, \ ~ l w IIC ~ 1 1 0 (vn) r vL>~~i l ds
(rpstores) it."
4. T l l ~ t s IIC~~DL. tlvali i d- zi l i,:, " t l i y 11011~1.~ t l i c 11011sr." Thi s pitnsi~g,: s1i0i;s t l l i ~ t LIIVTC i.xirtcd i i l ~ ~ h z i i in t l ~ c
temple ol' Si ppur also. T l w t c n~~~>l <; of Si ppur l >,,i l ~g l l w pr, >l ot yp? al ' trr \ ~l 8i cl > al l l l w ot,Itcr t v~npI <! s >v<,r<, I nt i l t or rt:%mcd
(If. A . l'., p. 413), i t f ~ ~ l l o ~ ~ - s t l t at s ~ t c l ~ :m <,/,a, I I X~ t o I><, f<>t>n<I ill l,:tg:csl, ( f ur r<~f crvt t cvs st,,, 1; . Ij. !I., pp. ($4, note d ;
66-69; 114; S. .l, I <. I . , 1). Z ~ t l ) , i n L r (13. I!. I / . , 11, 370) i ~i . Jc~r i t ~aI , ~~n (tl tv ' ' ~ > ~ , l t , w s,,:,'') : a r ~ I i n 2111o t I ~ , r ci t i vs IVIKISC,
rel i gi on mas i nf l u~~necr i I,? t h n t oI l%ab\-1reii;r.
.S. .Ar~otItcr name 01 t,Iw dz ~( l ) - az ag, t l w pl;tv<, \vIwr,,, S r ~ v Y,,:trSs <I:ty. t l w r:ttcs \ wr e , I <, t cr n~i ~wd I>? t l ~ c "Son"
ol' a g i v m Rnhyl oni an trinity n i t r r 11r l l arl o\-rrcotnr t l w "~ncltyy," rl . I I i t , 1 . i f . T l w "Sou," tltrn,ior,,.
i s cal l ed d~n(l,i~yrrl)-dii(l)-ozny. r \ r r onl i ng t<, 11. I?., hO : fii!, tl,r, fi-siiy-iid, i p. , bit jiiriili. liil < i i d i i i l i \\-:is r,nc o i t l l r I I : I I ~I <. S
of t l i e Si ppi l r i nn ri yy,tr,nl .
6, i t t t i i I t I I S i r ' I i : c . , . I . I . 1.. 110. S :!I.
7, ?f, 11,.I. I-,, n < ~ , l ~ l , rvv. T2, "A:-le ( = " t l h or^ l o l >c dcsire<I," t l w wi i c of S l ~ - l l < : n i c I "l ~; ast ~~r - l , r i cl ~")
gn-Sn-an 1,nnig-qa , r , i n. Si ,na.ti ~t~cs 1,onrg l,iis t l l c pll<,i>rtii. cui npk: l nrl i t iih, ar, i n It'. /I. Sll : 12, pi,ssit,z. I,[. als<>
t l w $-A:-le, I ?. II., l.c., i t l l c l k-Ai-I,;, I (. I ! . , 1). $11 ::<(I, tl ~c. t,,1111>1,, ~f l,iir.i~L.
S. Sw: I/. .I. I.., p. 4l (i , r r i i t ~ l u o t c i I-:<.
!I. TI,<, l >r<~rs,tr~ci :tti <>~t uf tl !i s g ~ , n ~ p of signs i q s t i l l ~ l ~ i ~ ~ l ~ t i i ~ l . .\r,~,,s,li~tg t <, (', ' I , . , X X V , ?it,, I;, '1si'"~1'"7 ,. I-SL.11 1~ -
( i . ~ . , Sl ~: ~c~c: ~sl ~( ~. ) it, ti^^^ rOlv ,>( SI X- I ) \ ) , !YG, >n: \ y r ~t t d . ~ , ~ - l ~ ( ~ ~ j - , ~ ~ ~ ~ : ' " ; : ~ r c o r d i ~ ~ g t <> 1'. 'I,,, X S Y , ;% : rt> = ?!)I,, cul. 11, 13.
;I r.,,iidinj: ~ < ! / - l ) i - l i - i o ~ i i ~ 111:iy I)(. ~~~gj :(.stc,,I. 11, 1 % ~ . 1171s ,I\IL s i g w III~\<, l l t c ~ ~ r ~ , r ~ ~ ! ~ ~ ~ i : ~ l i o c ~ Z,~-/J,~-/,,L i u 1; . T,,
XXI r , 511,,, <"I. 11, ll;, r<,t>~[j ;trcd wi t l ! I3r. lliI!l, t l ~ l 01' ,St,-ut< ( XY IL,,TV :%Is,, Ait,issuvr, 0 . I,. Z. . >i : c i , l!llJ!l, S]?, 2111).
('I. ai-i, Zi l tl tl ~ct.~1, Z. .I., Ill (ISSS), 1). ! 9 i ; l i ,!ti i i z, 1). ?:i;i, nli,, rr,;rd, i , r / / i i b , ;~t1<1 110111111~1, (; i i t ~i t / ri *w, ~ l)p. :iSli, 3!lI.
11). TI~LIS I prvrcr t o r n ~ d : t r cou~>t c ~ f t l r p;~ri tl l ,,l i -t~!, iu\tv:td ". YM~A = l i t . .I sc,tt,ling .I>t-mfi i- c x c l ~ ~ c l ~ ~ c l .
11. C'I. ~ I < I , I, ccjl. I, 1, ' l ' l ~ s i p kt,,< i s nut quit,, cl rt t r. 1.~1 or ( q = /,d,l>t~ ! ui gI #t lil\,wi-t, I,<, w~ t ~ i , I c r v ~ l ; i f so,
t l wn cf. . Yi ~~r <( y, p, l(3 : 1;3, l~&, .su!g t;!g-!l,t, = zi-i)t, /<,-l,i, ;UKI I. c. , 1, . 40 : I, zcty $;!/-!go = <~-!,>,~!; / ~t - I , i ,
12. For t hi s w;i di ti g ci . 11. : I . I -. , 11. 1111, tt,jt,, : %l , ;ig;\illht Zi ~u~l l , , i j i , ,Siii)i-/it,h!//. T<o)iiiz/ic,/cr, 1,. 2l:3, 20, txrxl
Lj e?bc~I,~l . C0lt 7',,miiz, 11. 7. nut,, ~ 4 , wlwr,, t l w [p:tsse~gvs i ~>v<,l <,~cl I )? l l t i s s c l ~ ~ ~ l a t ~ pr<~vc, ,it>st 1 1 ~ ,qjp,>sit,,, i or (J. Y., XXI Y,
:<2 : 113, dcli~~".\~fi-~.l(;.lf, Ims : qqx i r <, t ~t l ~ 1,) I><, rcttcl " ~S! ~- ~, O~- ~<! - O, L ( = <l i tl ,,, c.1, 1. 11%) r,t/,,G?li, si gt>i l ' yi t>x t l w ~l(;?,r
(I. l l 2(, , cf , 316~""6+u~-#a dG~r , l ' i t ~ c l ~ ~ ~ , .I. It'. .I, &S., l!)lJ5, 11, 143 (81 S ;3l l , 25, r r v, I ) I. 71, i , ~, t 1 1 ~ p ~ l . l I ~ , s - / ~ t ~ ~ ~ - t ~ ~ - i ~ - a as
t l t c "god a1 cxti,ocleci, x i dc , compn, l ~cni i vr pi,v;<,~% (?iiziici'i,i, elii iiii,i) ou \-o~t n r t o i t i ( r i . nlK2S Tl I T) , ctv." Li' t l l c nhi,\-p-
give11 pxpl al ~at i or > I,,, cosn,rt, n-r n,,nl<l ll;iw l l cru nni ,tl ~el . r l i l i wl pri,<,l' t l ~ ; ~ t XI \ - 11% w;i\ t l l <, ' tl j i i i ,i i i -zi 111, l i l v Si pptn.
t r i ni t y, bei ng r a l l c ~ I (lilx: T~t t , l Ct z) n o t onl y " l l ~ t - ~ ~ i t t , I mt >als,j ' i l ) ~~y, , / - , , ~~t ~~~~/ , t / - . l ~t - t , ~~.
13. 1:or t l w si gu (s<n?~cti~u?s ils,'<I :as :I p l ~ c ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l i c \ c r i l i ~ ~ g f or ZO ,,r (if], vl'. t w 2 = 3 : I. uol,, I), 9 , ~ (;. Y,, X\r,
1.5 : 9, ~vlx;re "1111 i s snit1 Lo ri d<, ($7) t8pnrt t l w !~!/-!q,r/-/<! (~i :tr:tl l cl l o t7!/, I. 7, ; a z ~ l ~i!g-!qu/-/tr, I . S] ttncl \ ~l wr , , IK i s ~:111c~I
t he eg . l wnn, I. 10, :ind i ug-b,t~~dn~", I . XI).
14. .\I1 s i g ~ ~ s rf f : ~cv<l . Tl t c i o l l mv i ~ ~ g rru,Iings ~ ~ > i g l ~ t l i l ~ ~ ~ ~ v i s c I,,, c ~ ~ ~ ~ s i ~ l c ~ r v ~ l : (1,t (ur ,i)-</~,,,~t/-!r,!/-d8!~, ' ' ~ ~ i ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ l
strengtl>." , i - t l l ? Ad(!/)-/tt!/-<f!,!, " (l i m>, = ti</, mt uf I,,,:~Y,YI) ; c<l or n~<l wit11 (11:tviug) \ ~<~l l - i , ~r x~~~, l I i ~nI >s, ' ' rl'. 11.:I. I-.,
p1'. 432, 431.
15. (!i. I t vw IIIIII i ~ : \ ~ t ~ t , s i t s ' i . l l ~-l t i (t & = "\.l\i-I/! b((-l)ii-iitr (*y)l . u i i,&,iz,i i clih) (;.I l t ' Z . L d l ( i s t ~ . l l . l ~ ? ~ ~ i s b , C. 7',,
XXV, 11 : 20, 21 = 1.5, col. 111, Ill, 11; dh:,~-/~,t!t,/<t'l" ( wc I I i / / , rcc/ ~l . l ~t ~t i ~<~r . sur ! / l',,/,our, 1). 117, u ) = dA'l.\~.ll!
,5cz-bit I SO - 4 6 ) l f,S-H.l R .l.Y"aFxJ#, /,c., I 1 : I 7 = 15, vol. I l l , 7; ~ ' ~ ~ ~ l - ~ ~ ~ l - l ~ ~ ( ~ : ~ r ~ t ) = ~' .\~l .\~-l l ! ~ u i 8 i ~ ( = ,SEX)
i3.S-1j.iIi ct-bi "~:r~-/i/, l.,:., 11 : IS, I!) ~= 15, ?"I. 111, 3, !I. 11, v i v n uf l l w fact, I I ~\ v?YV~, t l ~at , t d i c i s also = d01,8, :,,,<I
t hi s p z ~ a l l d to irtliz!, Jcr~?eu, I<. I j . , YI ' , p. 4.48, : ~t t <l t11:tt di / ~- di b i s t f i t t ~ s l ~ ~ t v d I)? <l!&izi, :\ rct ><I vri ng " t l ~ n t ~ I O ~ ~ ~ : t l ~ ~ s l
t o abound (~l l ;i l l \rst glorions) ill? I' ri ti ts" l r l i ~ l l t l i l rt,ni sr l x! po;sil,lc. 11, t l >i s CIS<, 11, (i !I wo, ~l ~l <l vs<~r i l ~c t l w god SI X- I 13
as 1,lic "god ol vvget>~ti<,u;' r[, .Yi8trql, 11, P> : 19, ?I)> l'/<-l,i ?vt<-!ti in-,si,-<!.: .kt,t, , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - / ! ~ , g r ~ I - l ~ ~ - / , i - i ; ~ ~ = , , ~i I -h~, -~i : i~~!ni.:i
i)17-61~-1~ ; n i ) ~ - ) t ~ ~ nna S,i~-~ii-ii-iQ-,i,i.
16. SI X- 11% i s tlir l ki ti g (lriy,~/) 01 t l w iiolnin, i . e, of li:il,>lultia :is :\ al>i,li! III. 01 311111t t cr i i r ~ l .il\l\;id.''
17. Z,ig pi t her = Ciibii, 01. my-.ii = r.i (11. .l. I,., 1, . 105, i >i ,tr 31;) = di i pi i , " t o LI~~LIW pl01.i0,8s, t o b ~ i i u l i f ~ ! '
(:i.
),ere al so C. T. , X X I I r , l~l : 10, 11 = 5 1 1 ~ ~ 12, 13, d. l t / r ~~- i t , ! r - , t ~~- ?t c! , ,om, iu(g)-I,in, i.-,s-/,i = V J ? L - H , < ~ i ;~ i,~u kir-Iji(6e)-ti(te)
i t ~. pal ( ~~o- , ~t ) , ''TvIK, :tri xw ~ l o r i ~ n ~ s l y ov,,r t l ~ e !irl,ls."
18. Eitlirr "rounscli,r" or "ju<lps" = !,,ii5l,ilu, ci . Jvnsclr, Ii. U., \;I1, p. 531; Ii. I:'., 3\'11, pnrt 1, p. 20, note 4.
]('or SIX-113 as "j odgr " ri. no. 4, rri . 11, 1'2, and 11. ;I. I-., p. 4V2, not e 17. Scr also no. 10, rcv. 4.
I$). Tltr iturn-lagnl oi' 1. 10 is ~~: rsoni fi c<l , i t . , i t stalrcls l r ~ r e lor liigol, ltnvi~rg, tItrrcf<,l.r, tlr? s nf l s ?ln instend of
hi^( = bi-n).
20. Ci'. Hijlienrii~:ltrr, .\-wqal, p. 4.1 : :3i, :38, \\.Iterr 'idles-lo,ri-ta-i-o, i c . , hergnl :is ''Sun" is ecldressed sikkn sag-ii
s a g - 1 = i t - i n I - I . / I . SI S- I l Ys lxnv,,r WIL ~ K I dors nacl i t he most daring,
iurnpprunelrnblc (zi(g) = rlii, tllus 1,attcr tlliiil r~ndrti) 2111~1 C ~ ~ C I I I I I YI I C C ~ ~~~~l t ~>t i i i t t - g o a t ( t l i ~ ti l l r i ~ds signify lierc t he
cirrur~lspeetnrss, tlle pubvcr to luolr toirilrtls t l ~ c furir dil.crtion~s o l the r<nlipilsa 311d 211)0vv itnd lwlo~v)
?I. Sigu donbtinl. It may be kdb, i.e., /1(8h-glt1~iL = ~<ilillu, ir,o>tiii.i~, cliijiu, or / i n = b<ci(i(i,, "1. kin - csi da.
32. Cf. t l ~ : mai-gir, " s ~vi f t g;~selIc," hl Cyl. H, . k : IS (Tl~iln~:tu-U;rrigi~~, :lf.IS-;lXSlJ = "l i ch").
23. Sce H. .1. I.., p. 302 : 30. "i Jn13~l l is ~i t l i pl y ~ v n r i m ~ t ol "'S~/CISAL = uisi'btir, (')-I. 13,3 : !!),and lins not l >i ne
l o do \\.it11 hnS!giri~ (against Zi rnn~rrn, Z. .'I ., SI V, p. 388; ' I' l ~~renu-l l angi n, S. A . A. I., p. 124). (:I.. lrerc also tlw fi-MI-
I<IS.lL-7 = fi-gi-biil;7 (\.srinnt oi fi-jz-prir-7, et r. ), 11. 11. I, . , p. 432, udt r 7.
2-1. Zi (g) Iterr eitlwf = H'l, "t o turn sornetlti~rg nn-ny from ( t n ) , to eliasc, drive i t out of (lo) son~etlting "
or = di ki i , " t o scare, t o friglitnr." For tlie id?:, cl . alsi, ;I. 3. K. T. , p. 71 : 13, 14, mni-gnk ue-ib-kdr-ri = $a-bi-kc
ti-kni-3ct-nd (pnnues), N.1!U-$':LU-a ah-ri(g)-ii(g) = c-ri-hn i-di-ik-ki. S o t i ~ llcw the coutrnst iri tlrr lintr~re of NIX-IR:
Ile e h a s ~ s away or friglitmis, but also tahcs care!
DESCRIP1'ION OF TABLETS.
C. B. M., Cn/ir/oy,ie o/ Ihe Unh!/lonkr7i .lfi~sr,ittz, i n i ~ r r s i t ~ of Prnnsylvnnin. pt.cpnreil I,? Profrssor 11. V. 1Iilp-
rrrllt; cf., ronl'rt.; col(s)., coltlrnn(s); Exp., Expeditino; f., iollowing p:tgr; ff., i'ollowing pngrs; flngm(a).,
i'mgcla.llt(s); i l l ~cr. , iilsrri!,tioir; 1 , line; I]., lines; L. E., Left Edge; Lo. E., I.ower I3dgr; no(s)., rruml,?r(s);
0 . 9 oil\.erse; p., page; Pl ( s) . , Plate(?); pp., pagps; R., Rwersr; IV. R., Rn~,:/i,~son, \-<,I. ITT; R. E., Right
Edge; R. H., Reisncr, S~~lncrircb-Bnb!/Ioni~~cli~i Il!,,~men; U. E., Upper Edge; ITol(s).. l'olnmc(s).
1\I?asurements arc g i r ~ n in centimeiel.~, ir,iii(h X Io~glh ( hr i ghl ) X tl~iakners. !Vltrne.rc,r tltr tablet (or Fragnlmt)
varies in siac, the Inl.gest mrnsureltlcnt is gi\-<,it.
A. AUTOGXAPH LIEPKOUUCTIONS.
TEXT. I' L~TE. (.'. 15, Jl. I ) r s cr t r i ~~r ~os .
1 1, 2 11325 i-
To C. LI. . U 11325, tlw lo\vr.l. niicldlc part of a <lark bn,xvl~ tnblct, consisting oi several
11348 + i ~t gl ur l t t s i\.l!irll llicvi. hevll gltied tugrtller, I \ u s z~blc to add (n) C. N. 111. 11367,
11:102 + tlir hn\-rr trliddlc pn1.t oi O., rol. 1, (I,) C'. I ( . dl . 11318, titi, uppt.1. part O., col. 11,
11367 ;md (e) C. I <. J I . 11:3(?2, tlx: upper pirl.t or O. , col. I . 'l'liis last i' ragn~ent, thoug11
not joiniug to ciil>cr tltv upper l ~ r t (ii' <I. , cul. I1 (C, /j. .I/. 11:1tS), or tlw lo\vcr part
<ri O., eul. 1 (C. R. .11. 11325 + ll:lli7), is yct ;t p;iri oi tl,isii~scriptiui~: conti,nts,
writing, clay ;illd tlic orcilr.xlxc r,i (;i,,,il-Sir1 i+nd Uitr-rSi,~ j,1.0\.(1 this c~~~chl si \ - cl y.
.ill l'rngtllcrlts nrc 1,alccd :niil ritlcd, suua: ligl~tvr (C. 11. .\I. 11:iti2, 11325), otllers
dnrkcr in valor, wi t l ~ ovciisi(~llal black al~ota on, tl~clll (C. /I. 111. ll:3G7, 11348). Tlte
fact t hat the 1:. oi~\1348~is~eonsiilen,lily liglltpl. ill CUIOL. tltiit~ its O., tlwt i t is better
prcsrrved and tlint thc \\ rithrg on it is not as omsrled as t l ~a t <,I tlx: nist oi tlie tablets,
nlal<es it nl,pcar, on tile plioti,gnipl>iu rrpn,iiuotiorl (DL. 11, nu. '2, lower right corner),
as it this Lragn~ent were not :L ya1.t of tlie inscription. Tlie ir.<gnim\t joins, liowerer,
~x,rioctl>-; r o~l t r r ~t i . .rr.ipt. c t r , d ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ t ~ h t l i ~ t ~ t11:tt i t II,IIUII:.L~ to C. U. 111. 11325. TI ~c
r<,~isi,r:~ticnt m:trl< oi l'r,,l'. 1:. I >, lls~rp,,r, Xi. (i-:2-16-S0, is 10 I h i<,ut~cl C. B. JT.
I1:ilS. \VIWI! c<,!~q,Ivt,,, llli, l ~~l , l r t r;ts , UK ol' t l ~ ! most i~tt,,r,,stiug :UKI i~npurt:u~L
cxtvs of tlte ' ~<PI I #I >I <: l,il,r;tr>~ ul' Silqntr, r t y>r t , s<, t ~t i t >~, :as it docs, pr<,!/,!v, : ~~l ~I r , : s ~~xl
to 'l.\.IX-lI(, 1 1 ~ ' ' lrll.,l ol liiv," ! , , I . 1111l m~I ~~~~gi t t i r , ~i ioi 1I1v lil'c UI "(;i)tiil-"~it~ slid
)cis sun[!) "littr [ A~C! LI <I ~ . I or~t ~)-", ~i t , , ILinp ,,i L.r, I!rncr it W;LS wr i t t c, ~~ a t aliuut 21iW
13. C. ' I y i i t i t t i t l I I t a t tlcis
I'raXcr \\as l~ttblir.l!i nscd ilk tlti. T i . ~ ~ l p l ~ ~ i ' Ail>pi~t. i l - i i lLi~\,l ,'c~//ii.ir(/ j>~.,c!,el.." I t
1 8 : ~ tw<, W>I I I N>LLY "11 0. ; i ~ ~ l l\x-c <IU 1:. .\t llw vml ,,I I:., ?<, I . I!' , ih st dcntl?l,, lint,,
witlt crid of I . ui,t i s i l l . 1 X I ! X . i t i I . . + S7
( I . 1) + 3 ( I . I + I . I ) I 1 ( I . I = I I .\I1 i'lng~nmlti i:olne
r " ' I t l i l l " I 1 r i g I 1. E x . I'lt,ltugl.i~pllic 1. ~1>~0du~t i on,
g1.i 1, 11, ~tos. 1, 2 . l.'rrr ll.a~lseriptiol~ :iud tl.nllsliitU,i~ sve pp. 41--51.
2 3, 4 !V282 13nl<eri, crtrel~cd, gluctl t~gvtltcl., 0. dal.l\, I <. liglttcr nrlil gnwtiy ~nnt i l at r<l . 1,itle a t
tile end oi I{., the Iorver. pin't ol' ~ ~ l ~ i c l ~ is not il~scril,cil. I,. 2 i ol' 11. I,ml,cn an.n)-.
[ SS ]
~JI:SCIIII~' I-IIIN.
Tl ~i s i ~i srri pt i u~t is cl,tplicatc 01' M,, :3 > i ~ l of tltc fr:tgnwntxry S ? O- I ~ ~ I ~ ~ I < I I I ~ : I ~ I copy
p ~ ~ l ~ l i s l ~ e ~ i ill I<. II. , p. 123 (no. 71), 1. 4 ,,I ~vlticlt cor~.,,sp,,~r<ls Lo 1. 13 01 our t ~l , l e t
lrcrr. 7 X 14 X 3". Inscription, 23 (0. ~ v i t l ~ part ('!) of 1. 23 0x1 1.0. E.] i 18 (It. )
= 41 I I . "Tal,li,t Hill." 11. Exp. I ' I ~ o t ~ g ~ ~ i ~ p l ~ i ~ ~ l ~ j ~ ~ . o , I u c i i ~ n , pl. I l l , nos. 3, 4.
T i p t i I t t i 1 . iiiilf. ('i. :also 1). I;., S,,ri<,s I),, vol. IT, i:+sc. 2,
pp. 24-26,
Dat.lr brown, h:tl,rd, cx.aclied, alni:d ti,gi:tlti.r. E l i I 0. I I . l~rol-en aim?.
1,ine a t end oi' R. p i t I I . 2, . . iii X 11 X :$. I ~t s ~~. i j ~t i o n , 20( 0. ) +
21 ( R. ) = I1 11. ' ' Tal ~l r t Hill." 11, Exp. l'lhologn~pl~ir r ~p r o <l t ~v t i o ~~, 131. I T ,
nos. 5, G. 1'1.rnrsrt.iption :m,l tr;msl:tLic,n, pp. Mill.
1,igltt brown, l,nlird, cruniblillp. Upper trnd lower. p;~r.t :is \rt,ll :rs nearly tlw \vlr<,l<,
oi 0 I L : . Rulvd. Script cromdrd. Bl;uil< spnn! 1,rtrni:en It., 1. 4 and
1. 5. tiL X 12 X 3. Insriiption, 20 (0.) + 18 (It.) = 3S 11. "'l'nblnt Hill." 11.
Exp. Pliotoglnpliic rpprudrlctiuu u i R. in I l i l prccl i ! .t,,,~ii~e~snr!y l ol i i r i i c , pl. XIIT,
no. 19. I'or irn~tsct.iptiut~ ix~ld trxt1~1:~tion of I?. s w pp. 7jff.
llkldle p; r t i,l a I,;ihc.,l l:iI,I,,l. 13,,gi1111i1tg :$MI v~t d l:tl,lc,l, 2,s ~v<, i l its Llbc ,:~td c,i :ill
11. o t ~ 0 :111<1 It. / >LOI <I , I , it\v;ty. (' ~. i~cl\c, l, , ~l . l cz~~l ~l i ~l g. I ~ ~ I I ~ ~ c I . tii X (is X :j2. 111scrip-
t i I ( I ) I 1 ( I . ) = 5 I . ' I I I i s t i I I . I . 1'.
Iliit.pcr., Xi. ZI - ' L~l I i SO. "T;iIrlcL Hill.'' I. l,:x]>. l ' l ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ l ~ i c r c ~ ~ ~ r ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ c t i ~ ~ ~ ~ ,
111. I-, r~<,s. 7, S. Tr : t u ~ r i p t i u ~ ~ :tml Lr:u~sl:~ti,n~, 1q1. Slll'f.
I.<nwr rigI~L-lui~td i r: i g~i w~t t uf : t ~ t <wigi~~:illy xitl>wr l;trgc, t:tl,lc~l, c,,~tbiit>iog 4 rols. c,:tcl~
on 0. ;ind on It. 'l'l!c pc ~r t i <, ~~ 0. p r r s v r ~v ~l r c ] ~r <, s r ~~t , cul%. 11, I l l tlw con,pl<et<;
t t I I I ?. I t of 1 , V, ' I T I i t . I l i i k~~d, 1.111~~1. I{. s ut ue~vl ~at
liglttel. tlum 0. Tlw I?., vol, 11, is tu I,:, ?<nttit>tw,l, 2a1'Lrr :\ \,real< I+ Iitws, l>y t ~ o , S,
rol. 11. TIM, t >i I~l rt , t l ~c r c i <~r <~, l>~tcl :cl~ottt I;:$ cttll Iirws t<, c; i rl ~ c<>l., :UKI tncas~~recl, urigio-
all?, about 25 X 21 X 5. It t ~v. . ~ ~ ~ 1 . 11, ISIf, ( I n t ~ . 8, vol. 11, 1-1) = LKI. 7 : 1-13;
r,,v., rol. 111, 1-8 = no. 7 : 52->!). Tlic i~lscripti,,it, ;ic l;il. ;as pn:srl.\-od, i t pmscnt s
p;wtx 01' TI . , 1-11 ., S . , XI . t:~l>l,!t 01 tl~, ! c~~lc~l,r:ttc~l epic l t ~ ~ q ~ ~ i - ~ 8~ t8i,e-/d?1t-/,i ner- gdl .
i5 X XI X 4;. Iltsvription, 14 ( 0 , I] + 15 ( 0 , 11) + 4 (I?. I ) + 19 (I<. 111 + S
(It . 111) - liil I \ . " ' I t Ilill" 1. l h p . ('i. oli tlrc 1~110111, H . E. , SCI. ~PS D, I UI \I,
i as c 2, pp. ii, 7 , 1 I, 2. I'ltotopnipltic ~c~pnxl ur t i on, I. <, pl. I, nos. 1, 4. Transcrip-
tion ;and tr;t!wl;tIiot> oi I t . 11. 5-17> !,<., I?],, :<Iff.; for r c ; ~, 111; 1-S, st,<, l,?., p 4s.
fl:~li-I~ah,:~l, <lark l,r<nvt>, LIII,,,I, glt~t!d I ~ ~ g ~ ~ L l t , ~ ~ , c ~ ~ c l ~ ~ ~ , l . IYp[>cr IdI, ~ L ~ I C I I~oLli right
corners an: I,r.ol<cll ;~\u;,y. 1.1, 1-l:i = ILO. (i, 1.1'\-., 11, 1Si'. + (nitt.1. ii space of G 11.)
no. 8, 11, 1-4; ll. r,"-59 = 11". li, re\.., 111. \ clriplicttc <, i tllis illscription irolu tllc
1,ihmr)- o l . \ sl ~sl ~ol ~l , i n: i ~~: i l , purp,xLit~g ti, I,c tltc XI . ttiI,Ict , > I tltc colcbratcd epic
ltqml-e kg nt<:-idt!~-i,i ,z~,r-q<ll, i~ p ~ i l ~ l i s l ~ ~ ~ ~ l i n IY. I<.?, I:<, N I < I , I (I~c,rc wi t l ~ a Sctnitic
t t i ] I. I I i I s t . 7 : 14. i X I X 2 111s~t.ipti0ll,
0 0 + 3 (I?.) = I I " I l t I i 11. Ex [ , I ' l ~~, t i , gx~~, l ~i c ~. q, roduetioti
i . . S I , I . Y, 1 ' . 4 I . I I I . 1, 5. 'l'l.;i1lrc1.iptio11 mlcl trallsl;i-
tiun <>1' 11. 1~1 29, I . <, , \ >] I . :$Iff.; 01 11, 38 . 4i, LC, , j11?. 12IT.; <>i 11. J i +ncl, I,<., pp. 4Sff.
i , f . <>, I LI W \ vI , , >I c, 1. c. I,],. i;, 7 , I:<, 1 I , 22.
, ,
I w<i f r : ~ g ~ ~ ~ c ~ ~ t s , j , i ~w, l , rcprcsv~i Li ~~g tlhc luwvr t~~iclcll<~ 11;~rl , , i It. (11 :ut <,rigi~~:~ll)- ratlwr
large r l i ~y txl,li.t, cotltiiiuitig a t least 4 i.<,I*. cv;irli ,,ti 0 ;111<1 I?. l<ttl.od, rlnr.l~, 111811y
sigus r l l i pl x~l <,IT, 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ t c l ~ Ib1.0kr11 out . I:., rol. 11, snlt<w ZL l>rc,al< 01' 6 l i n ~s ,
TEXT.. P~,.LTF-. ('. B. Y. I ) T C S ~ R I ~ ~ T ~ O S .
c ~n t t i n ~~t ~s 1, ". li, re,. cv,>l. 11, \vl~ivl> src, ( S o . li, rev, , col. 11, IS[. + li litics ~nissing -k 1
1 , I I t I . 7 : I I : ; I . l 1 , i = 1 7 : I ' I . I I = I . t . Ti ! . 25l
( l - V i l l I i i l l i / l l / , 1 , I ) S,,o-lial,ylot>i:~u riil'y (with n Setnitir
tl.:rnsl;ttio~~) oi 1111. S I I , tal,let oi tllr gr<,:ct iyic Izigiil-e ti !, si c- l ~i , , ~- i i i ar,;yril. Tlwsr
t\vo I'mgillrnts cont:tin, il>r,rr,icil.c, p: ~~. t s oi t l r X., XI. , I l l . , 1111. t:~l,lpt oE tllc cpie
just lrrrntiontii. 12 x 7 5 x .15. I~~svfi pci or~, fi (vol. 11) + 1 I (col. 111) + 15 (col. 111)
+ 11 (?,>I. IT') - 41: 11, ' ' ( ' , ~I I wt i ~~r t 11. 1.. I/.," l,,ntgI>l, I,? l'roi. IIilpr?rl~t it, I ~ l i l l ~ l ~
:wd 13:~gd:\,I, I~S!I,:LINI :tiler\v:irds pr<cs<wt,,d I ) ? I~int tu tlw 1.nivwsity oi I' ent~sylva~~ia.
T i t i : I I I \ : I to I : I I I Hilprrcltt
,l<,,,l,t<Yl tl,is st:,t<, I , , , ,,,t ;,,,,I c,,,t?r,~,l I,, tl,? c. I?. .ll. ,,,,<1<,r <lt,t? <,r 0"l . 24, l ~l o2:
" s i l l r I s t i I i s I S i p . .\s tlw tnu
li~ig,,,e~,ts, 1837 :nld 1S:i!l, 11vl.i. <liscnaivd, I, ~l ong \vilI1<,111 :uny dotilit to l;tl,let no. 6,
it I I : I i l l t i t I i I " s i c i t . " Tl~i,s,, i ni g~nc~l t s,
t l t o~t gl ~ lwt~;gIt,/, , I<> Iwl,>ug l o tI\c Xippur li~t<ls, :xt~I t,vidv~~lly T W S ~ ~ st,oIen l>y the ,$sea-
t \ r l l X i Pl ~ot og~t pl i i i , ~.i,pr<,tlrtrtion, B. l<., Sc,r. D,
vol. Tr, i~mc. 2, [>I. 11, 1t , ~ :3. Tr ~~~~s wi pLi on and t , n~~t s l : ~l i ~~t t oi rc~l. 11, %T., I . c . , pp. 34fE..
ui c i ~ l 111, 1-ti, I . ? . , 11p. iliii.
9 13 1;i:jlIl l:ppvr I c~f t - l ~at ~l I ' r ; ~g~~wt ~l ui :a!> wigit~;tIly r at l ~er I:xrgr tt~l>let,. I{egirining, right-Ivt~~tl
itnd kin-rr part of ilrsrl.iption ih~.ol<nr away. H;il-ed, liglrt I ~l . u\ n, rttlcd, cracked.
O., 11. lll. s1.r n duplicntc of I<. 2861 (isom the librnl.y oi .lsl~slinrbRllnpal) = Hn~cnf ,
.\in~iig, T:,i 1,nlrd p. G : I; i fl . , hi t r g part oi tllr I , lnl,let a i t l ~ s crlrl,mtcd epic An-dim
,/;8,i-,tu. I{,, 11, 117. v ~ ~ r r ~ ~ s p ~ ~ n ~ l l a I{LI>. 117, ~ I I v . , I. 1.5W :and I<. W29, rev,, I. I f .
(I,<,tlt il.otn tllv lilx:t~.y oi .isl~~ln,t~I,B~mpal) = Ilroani., Si,tr<rli, 7i rf . I S , To/ . T'III
ttrld p. IS : l(iB., conrtitrlling 1,nl.t oi tile \'I. t:il,h,t oi tit,: s;i~o,: rpic; see B. E., Srr.
D, rol. \-, iiisc. 2, pp. (ilLti4, i t i , 1 ( 1. ) I 11 ( I = 7 I . "Tablet Hill."
I 1 . l t g i t i , 1 . I . I . . I , I . 1, 7. T~.ar~scriptior~
;und trnnslati<n\, i bi du~l i , p1'. (il - 72.
1U 14 Pi37 1-pper 1,:trt oi light I>rmvn, I ~~i hcd iragntt,nt. l t ul , ~l . Vra?!<c!,l. I{eginnitlg :in~I end
i I , 0 I . I I . I : 1.ine a t n ~ l ,,i I<., the lover p;il.t of ~vhk:li is 110t
i l l . 1.1. UII 14, rl:irlti~>g I I? X RI X 3. 1 i t i 0 (0.1 + 6
( I . = I I . " I l t 1 " 1. I . : Y~. I'l~<,t<,gnipllii. ~.,,pn,rlttction, 1'1. VI, no*.
11, 12.
11 14 13L03 I t I l - I I t . ('r~ttuI>liug, c~.:wk(~,l, 1.lllvd. 0, g1.~2itly nniltilatrd.
lind oi ;,I1 11. I,t.ol,rr~ amay. 0. light, It. darl<cl.. liJ X 7' X 3O. Inscription, I2
(0.) + 10 ( I . = i I , "T;iblet Ilill." 11. Exp. I' l~ulugrapl~ic rrprodnrt i r, ~~,
1'1. V, n, 10.
12 15 12701 1.01ver lrft-Ilauil part oi ;ill ol.igillally riltlwr 1at.gt: t;il,lct. Ilnlr,,d, <liir.l, witl, occasional
lilsrlc -pots. 1-pper, Lomrr and riglrt-hand par t l,rokm olt'. x 5L x 'fl . Inscrip-
tical, 9 ((I.) + 0 (It.) 1 (Ii. E.) = 19 11. "T~~l >k, t Hill." 11. Exp. I' l~~topt~apliic
r qxud~, ct i , n~, 111. 1'1, u<, s. 15, 16,
HALF-
TONE. PL.\TE.
1, 2 I , I1 0. and I{, oi oHicinl pl.;~ycl. to gocl SIX-I13 iot. tltc pn,lolig:~-
tiun of t l ~c lice ui Gi~riil-Sin :mrl lI,t~.-Si,,, I\inps of tlw 11.
dynasty of T' r, ;tl,orlt 2lill0 H. (:.
0. :LII<I 13. o i I > > r t ? ~ u i u p ~ ~ i s , , <11 god SIY-114, t l ~ t , s:tvior uf
litil,ylo~rin il.<,ni tihi! i,ppn,ssi\-r yol-p of tlw clr,,nli~s. l)\i-
plicitt, text, no. 2 md I<. I / . , 1,. 123
0. md I <. oi pr : +y~ tu god XIS-I13 I'w t,lu! reatorati<x~ ~ , i the
sc!v<!ral tetnpk~s or Sippur, I<rsl~, 1.y 1,art~lc ~ I C I J<,~llzl~
and Lor tire plmlertion oi tlw lringsl~ip.
0. arid K. ui 11y11111 l~lliiiing tilt, \v:i~.lil<e ~l l a r a v t ~r :III,I 1:310:3
nligllty deeds of god XIX-IH.
1)~scit~rrrox.
Ci. dt!scriptiori oi
text nu. 1.
Ci. desrriptiou oi
l r ~ t no. 2.
Cf. drscl.iption oi
t i xt no. 3.
Cf. descri pt i o~ oi
text no. 5.
l:i. description 01
tvxt I,". 11.
('1. desrriptiori of
text 1,". Ill.
l'f, d~sr r i pt i u~l O(
tvxt no. 13.
('1. description o l
text 110. 12.
C. ~\TU&IBEIZS Ol. THE CATALOGUE OF THE BABYLOSIAK ~ ' ~ US J CCM (PREPARED BY
PROF. H. V. HILPREC~IVI' ).
1
Obverse
I
Revmse.
Col. IV. Col. I I I
2
Obverse.
$0
Lo. E.
3
Obverse.
4
Obverse.
Reverse.
5
Obverse.
6
Obverse.
7
Obverse.
7
Reverse.
:rasure
Erasure
Reverse.
Col. Il'. Col. 111.
Col. II. Col. I .
Obverse. Reverse.
Obverse.
fitlev6~se
Obverse. Reuerse.
72
Obverse. Reverse.
Reverse.
I . OB V E R S E O F I I UTOCRAPH TEXT NO. i
OFFI CI AL PRAYER TO GOD Nl N.18 FOR THE f R3 L ONGAT ON OF THC LI FE OF GI ML. SI N AND BUR.S:N,
KI NGS OF I H E SECOND DYNASTY OF UR,
2
2 . R E V E R S E OF * "TOGRAPH T E X T NO I
OFFI CI AL PRAYER TO GOO NI N- I B FOR THE PROLONGATI ON Or THE LI FE Of GI MI L- SI N AND BUR- Sl N,
KI NGS OF THE SECOND DYNASTY OF UR
e
R S E O F 4 U T OGI A I H TEXT N o , 3
HYMN I N PRAISE OF GOD N I N - B . BABYLONI A' S SAVI OR FROM THE OPPRESSI VE YOKE OF THE ENEMI ES.
(DUPLI CATE OF AUTOGRAPH TEXT NO. 2 AND REISNER. HYMNEN, P. 123)
7. 8 . OBVERSE A N D REV1
9. 10. OBVERSE AND R C Y I
l o
L RZ L O F AUTOGRI I PH TEXT No 5
i RS E O F AUTOGRAPH TEXT N O . I I
7. 8. PRAYER TO GOD NI N- I B FOR THE RESTORATI ON OF THE SEVERAL TEMPLES OF NI PPUR, K E S H UR. LARAK
AND KULLAB AND FOR THE PROTECTI ON OF THE KI NGSHI P.
9, 10. HYMN PRAI SI NG THE WARLI KE CHARACTER AND MI GHTY DEEDS OF GOD NI N- I E
16 16
1 1 . 12. OBV E RS E AND REVERSE OF AUTOGRAPH TEXT N O, 10
1 3, l d OBV E RS E AND REVERSE OF 4UTOGRAPH TEXT NO. 13
1 5 . 16, OB V E R S E A N D REVERSE OF AUTOGRAPH TEXT No. 12
FRAGMENTS OF HYMNS AND PRAYERS TO GOO NI N-18, AMONG THEM A LAMENTATION SONG ( N0 4 . 13. 1 4 )
THE BABYLONIAN EXPEDITION
OF
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