16

Chap.
i
Rules
of the
Road
Axiomatic
Systems
investigation
shows
that
Axioms
2 through
4 are
all
correct'
Therefore'
Ax-
iom
1 is independent;;;;;;;"ining
three'
The
reader
is encouraged
to
flnd
models
that
demonsrr"t"
irr"
i"o"p"rrld"rr""
of ,q^io-*
2 through
4.
o
The
property
of completeness
is also
concerned
with
the
size
of the
axiom
set.
wherea,
i"d"pJ;:;:;;;;;;o
't'ut
our
set
or axioms
was
not
too
large,
completeness
gti'"tlJ"hat
our
tt'o'""
*iottts
are sufficient
in number
to
prove or disprove
;;;;;-"it
tnil."iit"s
concerning
our
collection
of
undefined
terms'
W"
*v'tttut
an
axiom
'"t
is oisumcient
sLe
ot-complete
\f it
is impossible
to add
iil["it""J;;;;"tt
u"a
na"p"ttdent
axiom
without
aaoneaaaitrH:i:lfi
:t*ll"Tl""'n""1:'l:'^:::':,t;ffi
Aswithconsis-
tency,
the
failure
to fi;d
a new
consist""t'
;;;;";dent"axiom
does
not
elimi-
nate
the
possibility
";il
;;;""ce
and
trr"r"rotJitun
insufficient
procedure
by
which
to
p.ou"
"o*pf"i"*"'
W" tu"'
t'o*"i"''
rr'"
ttt"
isomorphism
of
mod-
els
to demon't'ut"
tio'm
of
complete"""'
ii;i;odels
of a
given
axiomatic
system
are
isomorpil;'
;;
irt"
**'ot
utl*
is said
ro be
categ'orical'
Ttj
nrooertv
of
"ut"go'r"ii"""
"u"
ut
'tto*"
io iryptt
completeness;
the
proof'
il,##i,
i". ;;;?;
ffi;;;"
"t
1ry'
discussion
16
In the
next
section'
we will
illustrate
the
properties
of axiomatic
systems
in a
geometric
context'
EXERCISES
1.2
The
Axiomatic
Method
To answer
Exercises
1 through
4' use
the
axiomatic
system
outlined
in Exam-
ple 1.2.1'
1. Prove:
A Fo cannot
contain
three
distinct
Fe's'
2. Prove:
There
exists
a set
of two
Fo's
that
contains
all
the Fe's
of the
system'
3.
Prove:
For
every
set
of two
distinct
Fe's'
every
Fo in the system
must
contain
at least
one
of them.
4. Prove:
A1l three
Fo's
cannot
contain
the same
Fe'
5.
consider
the
following
axiom
set in which
x's,
y's, and
"on"
are
the
unde{ined
terms:
Axiom
1. There
exist
exactly
flve x's'
Axiom2.Anytwodistinctx,shaveexactlyone}onbothofthem.
Axiom
3. Each
y is on exactly
two
x's'
How
many
y's are there
in the
system?
Prove
your result'
To answer
Exercises
6 through
9' use
the
axiom
set
_ofcomp1etenessandcategorica1ness,seeJJ.ow?:9I'"*Founda- 16
Fo, u detailed
discus
ions
and
Fundamentar
,"iiio.zlr'i"ii-"*r,i6
(B.jr'#
rw's-rENr
Publishing
co''
1990)'
pp. 160-162.
in Exercise
5.
Sec. 1.2 Axiomatic Systems
and their Properties
17
6. Prove that an)r two l"s
have at most one x on hoth'
7. Prove that not all -r's
arc on the same
y.
8. Prove that there exist exactly four y's on each
'r '
g. prove
that for an]
)1
and an]
)1
not on that x1 there exist exactly two other distinct
l"s
on 11 that do not contain any of the i's on
,)'1'
Models
l0.VerifythattheaxiomsinExamplel.2.2are..correct,'Statements.
11. Verify that Axioms 1 ancl 3 in Example I.2.3 are "correct"
statements
and explain
why Axioms 2 and 4 are
not correct.
12. Verify that the model in Example 1.2.5 is isomorphic
to the modei in Example
1,2'2,
13. Devise a one-to-one
correspondence
between the undefined
terms in the models in
E'xamplesl.2.5andl.2.6thatisanisomorphismandverifyyourresult.
14. Devise another
model that is isomorphic to the one in Example
\.2.Z.Find
a model
that is not isomorphic.
if possible.
15. Devise a model for thc axiom system described
in Exercise
5'
16. Consider an inflnite set of undeflned
elements s ancl the undefined
relation R that
satislics thc [ollou ing axioms:
Axiom l. 7f
,r,
b e S and aRb, then a
+
b'
Axirrm2. Itia. b, c e S.aRb,ancl
bRc.thenaRc
(a) Show that an interpretation
with s as the set of integers and aRb
as "a is less
than b" is a model for the syslem'
(lr) Would ,! as the set of integers and aRb interpreted
as "a is gleater than b" also
be a model?
(c) Are the models in parts (a) and
(b) isomorphic?
(d) Would S as the set of real numbers aIKl aRb interpreted
as "a is less than b"
be another
model?
(e) ls the model in part (i1) isomorphic
to the model in part (a)?
Properties of Axiomatic SYstems
L7. Devise two additional concrete
models for the axiom system in Example
1'2.1' Are
these models isomorphic?
Justify your result'
18. Devise two additional abstract
models for the axiom system
in E'xample
1'2'1'
lg.ArethemodelsinExercise16concreteorabstract?Explainyoulanswef.
20. Explain why it is not possible to devise a conclete
model of the real number system'
21. Demonstfare
the independence of Axioms 2 through
4 in Example
1.2.1.
22. Devise two concrete
models lor the axiom set in Exercise 5' Are these models
isomorphic?
Are they isomorphic to the model found in Exercise 15? Justify
your
results.