Wave

WAVE User Manual
Version 12

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WAVE User Manual
Update Sheet for Version 12
April 2009
Modifications:
The following modifications have been incorporated:
Section Page(s) Update/Addition Explanation
All All Update Conversion to Microsoft
Word format
2.3.2 2-3 Update AP20 option replaced by APIW
3.8 3-11 Update Delete references to legacy program ASDIS
Table 4.1 4-7, 4-8 Update AP20 option replaced by APIW
4.3.28 4-47 Update Correction to Note in NOLO command
App A.3 A-2 Update Delete references to legacy program ASDIS
App A.15 A-13 Update Delete references to legacy program ADLIB
App C C-1 Update Delete references to legacy program ASDIS
App C C-1 C-2 Update AP20 option replaced by APIW

Contents WAVE User Manual
i Contains proprietary and confidential information of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction to WAVE ...................................................................................... 1-1
2. Description of WAVE....................................................................................... 2-1
2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................... 2-1
2.2. Data ............................................................................................................... 2-1
2.3. Load calculation ............................................................................................ 2-1
2.3.1. Conventional wave theories ..................................................................... 2-1
2.3.2. Shell NewWave ........................................................................................ 2-3
2.3.3. Irregular Wave .......................................................................................... 2-4
2.3.4. API Wave Recipe ..................................................................................... 2-4
2.3.5. Current Stretching .................................................................................... 2-5
2.3.6. Force Calculation ..................................................................................... 2-8
2.3.7. Wind loading ............................................................................................ 2-9
2.3.8. Self weight and buoyancy ........................................................................ 2-9
3. The Analysis ..................................................................................................... 3-1
3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................... 3-1
3.1.1. Strength Analysis ..................................................................................... 3-2
3.1.2. Fatigue Analysis ....................................................................................... 3-2
3.1.2.1. Deterministic Analysis ....................................................................... 3-6
3.1.2.2. Spectral Analysis ................................................................................ 3-6
3.2. Data overview ............................................................................................... 3-8
3.3. Preliminary data ............................................................................................ 3-8
3.4. Structural geometry ....................................................................................... 3-8
3.4.1. Valid element types .................................................................................. 3-8
3.4.2. Global and local axes systems .................................................................. 3-9
3.4.2.1. Coordinate Local Axes ....................................................................... 3-9
3.4.2.2. Element Local Axes ........................................................................... 3-9
3.4.2.3. Water Axes ......................................................................................... 3-9
3.5. Structural Suppressions ............................................................................... 3-10
3.6. Loading ....................................................................................................... 3-10
3.7. Data units .................................................................................................... 3-10
3.8. Data Check .................................................................................................. 3-12
3.9. Results ......................................................................................................... 3-13
3.10. Files Output by WAVE ............................................................................... 3-21
4. Description of the WAVE Data ........................................................................ 4-1
4.1. Free format syntax......................................................................................... 4-1
4.1.1. General Principles .................................................................................... 4-1
4.1.1.1. Geometric, topological and boundary data ........................................ 4-1
4.1.1.2. Wave load data ................................................................................... 4-3
4.1.2. Special Symbols ...................................................................................... 4-5
4.2. Data Requirement for a Wave Analysis ........................................................ 4-6
4.2.1. WAVE LOAD Data ................................................................................. 4-6
4.3. Description of the Wave Load Data Block ................................................... 4-8
4.3.1. LOAD Header Command ......................................................................... 4-9
4.3.2. AMAS Command ................................................................................... 4-10
4.3.3. AMPLITUDE Command ....................................................................... 4-11

ii Contains proprietary and confidential information of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
4.3.4. BEAM Element Command .................................................................... 4-12
4.3.5. Current BLOCKAGE Factor Command ................................................ 4-12
4.3.6. BUOYANCY Command ........................................................................ 4-13
4.3.7. CURRENT Command ............................................................................ 4-15
4.3.8. DRAG Coefficients ................................................................................ 4-17
4.3.9. ELEVATION Command ........................................................................ 4-18
4.3.10. END Command ...................................................................................... 4-19
4.3.11. EXECUTE Command ............................................................................ 4-20
4.3.12. FREE Flooding Command ..................................................................... 4-20
4.3.13. GRAVITY Command ............................................................................ 4-21
4.3.14. GRID Wave Command .......................................................................... 4-23
4.3.15. Marine GROWTH Command ................................................................ 4-29
4.3.16. HYDR Command ................................................................................... 4-30
4.3.17. Keulegan-Carpenter Number Tables ...................................................... 4-34
4.3.18. Wave KINEMATICS Factor Command ................................................ 4-36
4.3.19. MASS Inertia Coefficients ..................................................................... 4-36
4.3.20. MAXM Command (Static Analysis) ...................................................... 4-38
4.3.21. MAXM Command (Harmonic Analysis) ............................................... 4-38
4.3.22. MOVE Command ................................................................................... 4-39
4.3.23. NANG Command ................................................................................... 4-40
4.3.24. NOBM Command .................................................................................. 4-40
4.3.25. NOBO Command ................................................................................... 4-40
4.3.26. NOFR Command .................................................................................... 4-41
4.3.27. NOLO Command ................................................................................... 4-42
4.3.28. NOSW Command ................................................................................... 4-43
4.3.29. NOWI Command ................................................................................... 4-44
4.3.30. NOWL Command .................................................................................. 4-45
4.3.31. OFFSET Command ................................................................................ 4-45
4.3.32. OUTPUT Control Command ................................................................. 4-47
4.3.33. PEXT Command .................................................................................... 4-47
4.3.34. POINT Current Command ..................................................................... 4-48
4.3.35. PHASE Command (Static and Time History Analysis) ......................... 4-50
4.3.36. PRINT Command ................................................................................... 4-51
4.3.37. Reynolds Number Tables ....................................................................... 4-52
4.3.38. RESET Command .................................................................................. 4-53
4.3.39. SLWT Command ................................................................................... 4-54
4.3.40. SPECTRAL Command .......................................................................... 4-55
4.3.41. Wave SPREADING Command .............................................................. 4-56
4.3.42. STOP Command ..................................................................................... 4-57
4.3.43. TIDE Command ..................................................................................... 4-57
4.3.44. TIME Command ..................................................................................... 4-59
4.3.45. TOLERANCE Command ....................................................................... 4-60
4.3.46. Calculation Method, TYPE Command .................................................. 4-61
4.3.47. UNITS Command ................................................................................... 4-61
4.3.48. VISCOSITY Command ......................................................................... 4-63
4.3.49. WAVE Command .................................................................................. 4-64
4.3.50. WIND Command ................................................................................... 4-65
4.3.51. WPAR Command ................................................................................... 4-66
4.3.52. WSET Command ................................................................................... 4-68

iii Contains proprietary and confidential information of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
4.3.53. XMAS Data ............................................................................................ 4-69
4.3.54. ZONE Data ............................................................................................. 4-70
4.4. WINDSPEC Data ........................................................................................ 4-71
4.4.1. FREQUENCY Command ...................................................................... 4-71
4.4.2. GUST Command .................................................................................... 4-72
4.4.3. PWND Command ................................................................................... 4-72
5. MASS User Guide ............................................................................................ 5-1
5.1. Introduction ................................................................................................... 5-1
5.2. Technical Description ................................................................................... 5-1
5.3. Method of Analysis ....................................................................................... 5-2
5.4. Commands for MASS ................................................................................... 5-5
5.4.1. Use of Zones in MASS ............................................................................. 5-5
5.5. Printed Output ............................................................................................... 5-5
6. Examples 6-1
6.1. Example 1, Simple Static Wave Analysis ..................................................... 6-1
6.2. Example 2, Dynamic Spectral Fatigue Analysis ......................................... 6-14
Appendix. A Preliminary Data .......................................................................... A-1
A.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. A-1
A.2 SYSTEM Command .................................................................................... A-2
A.3 PROJ ECT Command ................................................................................... A-2
A.4 J OB Command ............................................................................................. A-3
A.5 STRUCTURE Command ............................................................................. A-3
A.6 COMPONENT Command ........................................................................... A-4
A.7 FILES Command ......................................................................................... A-5
A.8 TITLE Command ......................................................................................... A-5
A.9 TEXT Command .......................................................................................... A-6
A.10 OPTIONS Command ................................................................................... A-6
A.11 GOTP Command ......................................................................................... A-7
A.12 FREQUENCY Command ............................................................................ A-7
A.13 SAVE Command .......................................................................................... A-9
A.14 UNITS Command ...................................................................................... A-10
A.14.1Global UNITS Definition ...................................................................... A-10
A.14.2Results UNITS Command ..................................................................... A-11
A.15 LIBRARY Definition ................................................................................. A-12
A.16 END Command .......................................................................................... A-12
Appendix. B Running Instructions .................................................................... B-1
B.1 Files Required/Created by WAVE/MASS .................................................... B-1
B.2 Transfer of Wave Loads to ASAS Using Option STG3 ............................... B-4
B.3 Running Instructions for WAVE and MASS ................................................ B-5
Appendix. C Valid Options ................................................................................ C-1
Appendix. D Consistent Units ........................................................................... D-1
Appendix. E References .................................................................................... E-1
Appendix. F Superseded Commands ................................................................ F-1
F.1 BEAM Element Command ........................................................................... F-1
F.2 NOBM Command ......................................................................................... F-2

Introduction WAVE User Manual
Page 1-1

WAVE
Wave Load Generator for Offshore Jacket Structures
1. Introduction to WAVE
WAVE is a program within the ASAS-OFFSHORE suite of programs which generates wave and wind loading
on steel jacket structures for subsequent static, dynamic or fatigue analyses. The program uses the TUBE,
BEAM and BM3D elements available in ASAS to describe the three-dimensional frame that idealises the
offshore structure.
In addition to the description of the structure, WAVE requires environmental data, which defines the position of
the jacket relative to the mean water-level and sea-bed together with wave height and direction, current profile
and direction, wind direction and velocity. The description also defines the presence of flooded or sealed
members, the presence of marine growth, and the drag and inertia force coefficients for the loaded members.
A number of different wave theories have been implemented for the user to select from. Facilities are provided
to permit wave loading to be computed within the requirements of the API codes of practice (RP2A-WSD and
RP2A-LRFD) including the effects of apparent wave period, non-linear current stretching, current blockage
factor and wave kinematics factor. Extreme wave kinematics may be developed using the Shell NewWave
model, which utilises statistical analysis of sea state information. Wave loading may also be generated from a
random sea state.
The control of the program is made as automatic as possible. The management of computer resources is
contained entirely within the program and there is no need for intervention by the user. To give flexibility,
however, the program contains a set of control commands which are available if required. Typically, these
Options can be used to control the scope of the output, perform data checks only or save the program files for
post-processing.

Introduction WAVE User Manual
Page 1-2

Description of WAVE WAVE User Manual
Page 2-1
2. Description of WAVE
2.1. Introduction
WAVE is one of the main modules that comprise the ASAS-OFFSHORE system. It can be run separately or
with the other modules end-to-end (see Section 3 of this Manual).
WAVE calculates the wave, wind and current loading on fixed offshore structures where the structural members
are of relatively small section size compared with the wave length. This chapter describes the data requirements
and methodology of the program.
2.2. Data
The structural model consists of a standard ASAS data file comprising member definitions, nodal coordinates,
material and section properties, and the appropriate boundary conditions. All environmental loading to be
applied to the structure is generated using a series of command lines which supply the necessary information
required. Any additional, user defined, loads which need to be included in a subsequent structural analysis have
to be added as additional loadcases to the resulting ASAS data file (see Example 1, Section 6.1). Only WAVE
LOAD loading is valid in WAVE, other load types will produce an error.
2.3. Load calculation
2.3.1. Conventional wave theories
For the wave loading, a suitable wave theory is used to calculate the water particle kinematics. The following
wave theories are currently available in WAVE:
Linear Wave Theory (Airy)(Reference 1)
Solitary Wave Theory (Cnoidal)(Reference 2)
Stokes 5th Order Theory(Reference 3)
Stream Function Theory(Reference 4 and 5)
For guidance on selection of the appropriate wave theory, reference should be made to Reference 6, from which
Figure 2.1 has been reproduced.
For conditions not covered by the above wave theories, a facility exists for supplying the wave kinematics in the
form of a grid of velocities and accelerations, together with a free surface profile. The program utilises linear
interpolation for determining kinematic values at locations between the grid positions. See Section 4.3.14 GRID
Wave Data for further details.

Page 2-2
Figure 2.1 The Range of Validity of Various Wave Theories
Notes
1. None of these theories is theoretically correct at the breaking limit.
2. Wave theories intended for limiting height waves should be referenced for waves higher than 0.9H
b
when
stream function theory may underestimate the kinematics.
3. Stream function theory is satisfactory for wave loading calculations over the remaining range of regular
waves. The suggested order of stream function is shown above but should be checked by comparison with
the results from a higher order solution.

Page 2-3
2.3.2. Shell NewWave
The Shell NewWave wave model is incorporated into WAVE as an alternative to the conventional deterministic
wave theories described in Section 2.3.1. The NewWave wave model was developed by Shell Research
(Reference 10) in order to produce a more realistic description of the physical processes which occur under
extreme design waves in real seas, something which cannot be accurately described by traditional deterministic
wave theories. NewWave is not appropriate for harmonic analyses.
In the NewWave model, the water particle kinematics are generated from a wave spectrum using linear theory.
It uses a statistically-based superposition of linear wavelets to define the wave profile and associated kinematics
representing the most likely maximum condition of a real sea. The unique features of the theory are illustrated in
Figure 2.2 below. This figure shows that the wave crest is significantly higher than the neighbouring troughs,
which is consistent with observations of extreme waves.
By definition the NewWave model is dispersive (or evolving) in that the crest height varies with time. In order
that analyses may be undertaken in a similar mode to that employed in deterministic wave studies, the wave may
be frozen and stepped through the structure in the same way that conventional wave theories are processed.
Key features of the NewWave model in WAVE are:
Delta stretching of wave kinematics under the crest
Current blockage may be included using the BLOC command
Wave spreading for nearly uni-directional seas may be selected using the WPAR command
Doppler shift effects may be incorporated to account for wave/current interaction using the APIW
option
Both evolving and non-evolving waves are facilitated
Morison force coefficients may be specified as a function of the characteristic amplitude to tube
diameter ratio using the AMPL table definition
Facilities to tune the solution method, where appropriate, using the WPAR command

Page 2-4

Figure 2.2 NewWave Surface Profile
2.3.3. Irregular Wave
The irregular wave model provides a facility to analyse loading that takes into full acount the randomness of the
sea state.
In the irregular wave model implemented, the wave particle kinematics are assumed to be generated from a wave
spectrum using linear theory. The wave spectrum can be defined in one of the three forms: J ONSWAP, Pierson-
Moskowitz or user defined.
The irregular wave is created by adding together the parameters (wave height, velocity and acceleration) of a
number of regular Airy wavelets with random phases and with amplitudes that correspond to the required
spectrum. The default number of wavelets is 50 and this may be re-specified using the WPAR command,
subject to an upper limit of 1000.
The wavelet phases are generated by a random number generator. The initial seed (default 1) for this process
may be modified using the WPAR command, which will enable a different set of random phases to be generated.
On a subsequent run, the same initial seed will generate the same sequence of random phases again.
Delta stretching of wave kinematics as implemented in the Shell New Wave model is also available in irregular
wave.
2.3.4. API Wave Recipe
The latest editions of the API Codes of Practice for Fixed Offshore Platforms, RP2A-WSD and RP2A-LRFD,
provide a methodology for undertaking design loading assessment for jacket structures subject to combined
wave and current action. The methods proposed differ significantly from previous editions for the API code and
require the use of several new analytical techniques in order to achieve the desired effect.
M
PSMZ wave surface elevation - Shell NewWave - EVOLVING
Distance in wave direction
-500.0 -400.0 -300.0 -200.0 -100.0 0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0

Page 2-5
Several facilities exist to apply the requirements of API:
Automatic computation of apparent wave period when a wave is superimposed upon a current.
Inclusion of wave spreading utilising a wave kinematics factor or wave spreading power to modify the
horizontal velocities and accelerations.
Inclusion of current blockage effects of the structure by allowing the definition of a current blockage
factor.
Combined wave and current kinematics utilising non-linear stretching.
Provision for relating the hydrodynamic coefficients C
d
and C
m
to Reynolds Number and/or
Keulegan-Carpenter Number.
Many of these facilities are enabled using the APIW option (see Appendix .C) which requests the calculation of
apparent wave periods and allows wave spreading and current blockage effects to be included. With this option
non-linear current stretching is also selected by default, although this may be overridden using one of the other
current stretching options listed below and in Appendix .C. Non-linear current stretching may also be requested
for non-API analyses using the APIC option.
APIW also selects wave kinematic computations which ignore convective acceleration terms, as required by the
code of practice. This may be overridden using the CONV option, which is the default for non-APIW analyses.
The determination of C
d
and C
m
using Reynolds Number and Keulegan-Carpenter Number is realised by
developing named tables relating these terms together. The use of named tables permits different relationships
to be applied to various parts of the structure to enable hydrodynamic modelling of marine growth, coated
members, conductor groups, etc.
2.3.5. Current Stretching
Current profiles are normally specified to a mean water level in the design criteria. In order to account for the
local water surface variation in the presence of a wave some method to stretch (or compress) the profile to the
surface must be utilised.
Several methodologies exist for computing the modified current profile and these have been embodied within
WAVE by specifying certain options at run time.
The simplest method is to use vertical extrapolation of the input current profile above mean water level. This is
the default method used for all analyses except those undertaken to the new API regulations. Whilst this method
provides reasonable results for slab profile (constant velocity) currents it is usual to adopt one of the other
stretching methodologies described below.

Page 2-6

The API WSD 20th Ed. and LRFD 1st Ed. codes of practice suggest the use of a non-linear stretching algorithm
as providing the best estimate of global loads on a structure. This method computes the stretched current for a
particle instantaneously at a particular elevation as the speed at an elevation corresponding to the mean elevation
of the water particle over a full wave cycle. The relationship is given as

where z is the elevation of the point of interest
z is the effective elevation corresponding to z
d is the still water depth

n
is the wave length
is the wave surface elevation above the point of interest
, z z, are measured from the mean still water level
A simplified approach to the above is to use linear stretching whereby the current velocity in the presence of a
wave is constant for a given percentage of water depth. This can be written as
/d ) + d)(d + z ( = d + z
where the symbols are as defined for non-linear stretching.
SWL
Zw
Simplevertical extension
Seabed
) d/ (2 sinh
/ d) + z ( (2 sinh
+ z = z
n
n

Page 2-7

A fourth option, which maintains mass conservation, is also available whereby the linearly stretched model
above is adjusted so that the total momentum in the stretched profile from the seabed to the water surface is the
same as that for the still water definition. Recent theoretical studies have demonstrated that this solution may be
inappropriate and is not recommended by the new API regulations. It is included here for upwards
compatibility.

SWL
Zw
Linear stretching
Seabed
Zw
Mass Conservation
Seabed
SWL

Page 2-8
2.3.6. Force Calculation
The wave load forces on submerged tubular sections are computed using Morisons equation:
F =0.5C
d
D u |u| +C
m
A a
where F force per unit length of member
C
d
drag coefficient
mass density of water
D member diameter (including marine growth, etc)
u instantaneous velocity resolved normal to the member
C
m
inertia coefficient
A cross-sectional area
4
D
2

a instantaneous acceleration resolved normal to the member
C
m
=1 +C
a
where C
a
added mass coefficient
The effects of the increased diameter of a section due to marine growth are fully accounted for in the wave
calculations.
The drag and mass coefficients can be explicitly defined, or can be specified as a function of Reynolds number
(R
e
) and/or Keulegan-Carpenter number (K
c
) viz:
R
e
=u D /
K
c
=u T / D
where kinematic viscosity
T the wave period
Two methods of calculating the forces are available. The default (as recommended in API) is to resolve the fluid
velocities and accelerations normal to the member axis and, thus, only calculate normal member forces.
Alternatively, the forces may be calculated along the line of the instantaneous velocity or acceleration and then
resolved normally and tangentially to the member; this second method is not recommended since it is physically
incorrect but is sometimes required for certain regulatory authorities.
Non-tubular sections may be wave loaded in which case the following adaption to Morisons equation is
employed:
F
y
=0.5 C
dy
D
y
u
y
|u| +C
m
D
y
D
z
a
y
F
z
=0.5 C
dz
D
z
u
z
|u| +C
m
D
y
D
z
a
z

Page 2-9
where C
dy
drag coefficient in local y direction
C
dz
drag coefficient in local z direction
D
y
element dimension orthogonal to local y direction (including marine growth)
D
z
element dimension orthogonal to local z direction (including marine growth)
u
y
component of u in local y direction
u
z
component of u in local z direction
a
y
component of a in local y direction
a
z
component of a in local z direction
For the purposes of calculating wave loads, an element will be divided into separate segments wherever a change
in diameter occurs and wherever marine growth thickness changes along the element length. Water particle
forces are calculated at both ends and at the centre point of a segment. If the value at the centre point differs
from the linearly interpolated value from the end points by less than a predefined tolerance, linear distributed
loads are produced, otherwise quadratic distributed loads are generated. Where long members are utilised in the
model, the elements may be optionally further subdivided based upon a user defined tolerance for member
segmentation (see Section 4.3.44).
2.3.7. Wind loading
Wind loading of an element assumes a constant wind velocity over all structural elements above the water line
and is computed using the equation:
F =0.5C
d
D u |u|
where F wind force per unit length
mass density of air
u instantaneous velocity resolved normal to the member
2.3.8. Self weight and buoyancy
Structural self weight can be calculated for some or all members or may be omitted completely on a loadcase by
loadcase basis. For a tubular section the weight is given by:
W = (D
2
- d
2
) g / 4.0 + (D
g
2 - D)
g
g / 4.0
where W weight per unit length
D external diameter of tube
d internal diameter of tube
D
g
external diameter including marine growth
material mass density for tube

g
material mass density for marine growth material

Page 2-10
Self weight of marine growth is automatically calculated when defined. It should be noted that a saturated
density of marine growth is assumed and that buoyancy effects are thus allowed for when the fouled member is
below the water surface.
Loads due to buoyancy may be accounted for by either of two methods, the displaced fluid method or the more
rigorous hydrostatic method.
1. The displaced fluid method calculates the weight of sea water displaced by a submerged member and
applies this weight as an upward force. The force is applied as a distributed load resolved normal to and
along the element axis.

where D
g
is the external diameter (including marine growth)

f
is the fluid density
g is the acceleration due to gravity
is the angle between the member and the horizontal plane
This method is not recommended for general use although, in some circumstances, it may give a better estimate
of member Euler buckling stability than method 2 (see note 2 below).

Page 2-11
2. A more rigorous calculation of the forces on submerged members is possible if all hydrostatic pressure
forces acting on an isolated member are taken into account. This method results in a system of forces
consisting of distributed loads acting normal to the member and concentrated loads acting at the ends
which more accurately predicts yield (without buckling) and deflections. This method is used if the
BRIG option is used. See Appendix .C.

It should be noted that if a hydrostatic collapse check is to be subsequently carried out in BEAMST, the method
adopted for the buoyancy calculations needs to be provided since the formula includes a term for the axial stress
induced due to hydrostatic pressure. An interaction occurs between internal fluid pressure, external fluid pressure
and member curvature:
(i) High external pressure has a stabilising effect on Euler buckling.
(ii) High internal pressure has a destabilising effect on Euler buckling.
This effect is not taken into account by the WAVE or BEAMST programs.

Page 2-12

The Analysis WAVE User Manual
Page 3-1 Contains proprietary and confidential information of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
3. The Analysis
3.1. Introduction
Much of the data employed in WAVE will remain constant irrespective of the type of analysis being carried out
but certain data is dependent upon the subsequent analysis to be pursued. This chapter provides an overview to
the data requirements of the system and guidelines for establishing the appropriate wave scenarios for a given
type of analysis.
Offshore structural analyses fall logically into one of four categories:
1. Static
Time history or at selected snap shots during the passing of the wave. This method is often used for the
strength analysis of jacket structures.
2. Static harmonic
The loading is sine wave fitted, two load cases at 90 degree phase angle apart are regarded as real and
imaginary components of a complex loading. The structure is analysed statically for both the real and
imaginary loading. The response amplitude is given by:
) response (imaginary + ) response real (
2 2

The phase angle of the response is given by:
tan
-1
(imaginary response / real response)
This method is suggested for analysing structures whose natural frequencies are not excited by the waves
and which respond proportionally to wave height i.e. structures dominated by the inertia term in
Morisons equation. This could be either large diameter structures or a shallow water jacket structure
subject to small amplitude waves.
3. Dynamic harmonic
This is similar to the static complex method except that the static analysis of the harmonic loading is
replaced by a dynamic analysis. In conjunction with spectral analysis (see the FATJ ACK User Manual)
this method is suited to structures which respond in proportion to wave height but which are excited
dynamically by waves with periods near the natural period of the structure.
4. Dynamic time history
A dynamic step by step analysis of the response of the structure to a time history of loading.

WAVE can be used as the first stage of the above analytical procedures 1 to 3 It can also be used for method 4
but the software authors should be contacted prior to attempting this form of analysis.
Analyses of offshore structures are usually performed to determine either the strength or fatigue performance of
the structural elements.
3.1.1. Strength Analysis
For a strength analysis the structure will usually be operating away from any wave period/structure period
resonance. It is, therefore, most usual to carry out a static analysis with a manually calculated dynamic
amplification factor applied if required.
In order to determine the maximum loading on the structure it is necessary to carry out an analysis using several
wave periods and wave crest positions; facilities exist within WAVE to automatically select the wave positions
corresponding to maximum base shear or overturning moment which normally relate to the maximum stress
conditions.
If the structure is operating close to a resonance then method 3 (dynamic harmonic) in conjunction with spectral
post-processing is a possible solution. This method is only valid for structures which respond proportionally to
wave height at any given wave period. This is not the case for jackets and thus is not appropriate for the extreme
loading analysis of such structures. The dynamic harmonic technique may be satisfactory for gravity and floating
structures but, in general, the AQWA programs are more suitable for these types of structure since they allow for
diffraction and radiation effects.
Method 4 (dynamic time history) is generally suitable for strength analysis of drag dominated structures. In
practice, however, the method is often difficult to apply and should be attempted by only the more experienced
users.
3.1.2. Fatigue Analysis
For fatigue analysis the wave heights of importance are usually small and, therefore, the loading is often
dominated by the inertia term of Morisons equation. Method 2 (static harmonic) for structures operating well
away from resonance, or method 3 (dynamic harmonic) for structures near resonance are likely to be satisfactory
for fatigue studies. For some shallow water sites, however, the effect of wave particle motion non-linearity and
non-linear drag may be important whereas the dynamic response may not. In this case a static time history
fatigue analysis may be performed.
The fatigue life of a structural element is proportional to the stress ranges generated by a combination of the
different wave heights and periods likely to be encountered. The required stress ranges are obtained using time
history or complex analysis and applying either deterministic or spectral fatigue methods.
The fatigue methods are summarised in Figure 3.1.


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Figure 3.1 Strategies for wave fatigue analysis
Det erminist ic
St at ic
( multiple
load cases)
real force
time history
Representitive Waves
( H
1
, T
1
) ( H
2
, T
2
)...
WAVE
[ statics data ]
( no MAXM )
For each
wave
Individual load cases
(one for each phase)
ASAS
Static response to each load case
( xDAF if required)
For each
wave Individual stresses
FATJACK2
[ deterministic ]
Obtain stress range frommaximum
and minimumof individual stresses
Det erminist ic
St at ic
( harmonic
load cases )
sine fit through
force time history
WAVE
( MAXM N )
For each
wave
Harmonic load case
( in complexform)
sine fitted
ASAS
Static response to max
( xDAF if required)
For waves
1,2,... Static stress
ranges
1
, S
2
,... S
FATJACK2
[ deterministic ]
Spect ral
St at ic
( H
1
, T
1
) ( H
2
, T
2
) ...
WAVE
[ dynamics data ]
( MAXM N )
For waves
1,2,...
Harmonic load cases
( in complexform)
FATJACK2
h1, h 2,...
Dynamic
Spect ral
WAVE
[ dynamics data ]
( MAXM N )
For waves
1,2,...
Harmonic load cases
( in complexform)
RESPONSE
FATJACK2
h1, h2,...
[ Steadystate ]
Normal mode analysis
Directsolution in frequency
Steadystate response
to unit harmonic load
cases ( transfer
function s /H )
[ spectral ]
Assumes Rayleigh distribution
of stress response
( H
1
, T
1
) ( H
2
, T
2
) ...
domain
and min load cases
Time hist ory Harmonic Harmonic Harmonic
Representitive Waves Representitive Waves Representitive Waves
( H
1
, T
1
) ( H
2
, T
2
) ...
h1, h 2,...
sine fitted
sine fitted
Static response to max
( xDAF if required)
For waves
1,2,... Static stress
ranges
1
, S
2
,... S
and min load cases
ASAS
[ spectral ]
Assumes Rayleigh distribution
of stress response
[dynamics data]
ASAS
MASS
Environmental mass data
(natural frequencyanalysis)

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3.1.2.1. Deterministic Analysis
Deterministic analysis assumes that the sea state can be modelled as a series of discrete waves of various height
and period following one another. A simple deterministic analysis concentrates on modelling correctly the height
distribution of the waves and very roughly assigns wave periods to the selected heights. A better deterministic
method (sometimes referred to as semi-probabilistic) pays more attention to the wave period. Reference should
be made to DEn and DNV guidelines.
Deterministic analyses are good for structures which, although they may be sensitive to wave period effects, do
not exhibit a very peaky resonance type of sensitivity to a narrow range of wave periods. Deterministic analyses
can be used for structures which respond non-proportionally to wave height e.g. where drag is important.
3.1.2.2. Spectral Analysis
Spectral analysis is better for dynamically sensitive structures but cannot deal well with non-proportional
response to wave height. The frequency content of the sea is used in conjunction with a series of wave load cases
to calculate the response and fatigue damage occurring in a (typically 3 hour) seastate. The damage is then
summed over all the sea states.
Spectral analysis methodology is shown graphically in Figure 3.4.


Figure 3.4 Graphical description of spectral fatigue analysis

3.2. Data overview
The data for WAVE is prepared as a series of blocks, each specifying a particular feature of the problem. The
details of the blocks required for each part of the analysis are given in the appropriate sections.
Phase 0 Preliminary data
Phase 1 Structural geometry
Phase 2 Structural suppressions
Phase 3 Loading
3.3. Preliminary data
The Preliminary data defines the control names and parameters that may be referenced in subsequent analyses.
In general the data is the same irrespective of the type of analysis being undertaken with the following
exceptions:
(i). For a simple static or time history fatigue analysis the job type is classified as linear. See Figures 3.10
and 3.11
(ii). For a deterministic or spectral fatigue analysis the job type is classified as dynamic and a frequency
definition must be supplied. Note that for a static analysis the subsequent ASAS data file produced must
be modified to redefine the analysis as linear. See Appendix .A and Figures 3.12and 3.13 .
3.4. Structural geometry
Phase 1 data define the topological and physical properties of the idealisation and will be the same irrespective
of the type of analysis being considered. The following sections refer to particular features and restrictions
which should be read in conjunction with the ASAS User Manual.
3.4.1. Valid element types
WAVE will only compute environmental loads for TUBE, BEAM and BM3D elements. Other elements are
available within the ASAS-OFFSHORE suite but will ignored in the load calculation.
TUBE 2-node three-dimensional tube element, transmitting both axial forces and bending moments and used
extensively for offshore structures.
BEAM 2-node three-dimensional beam element, transmitting both axial forces and bending moments and
suitable for many three-dimensional frames.

BM3D 2-node general version of BEAM which allows for the effect of shear deflection and also allows
arbitrary orientation of the principle axes.
For further details refer to Appendix A of the ASAS User Manual.
3.4.2. Global and local axes systems
Regardless of the systems used to define coordinates, the displacement freedoms are referred to the structure
global axis system (or a local skew system). This is a right-handed rectangular cartesian (X, Y, Z) system.
3.4.2.1. Coordinate Local Axes
Coordinate local axes are used to define the positions of nodes in space. Any required combination of cartesian,
cylindrical polar or spherical polar systems may be used; all of them are transformed to the global rectangular
system within the program. For each local system, the user provides the origin and the direction cosines relative
to the global system. Coordinates may, of course, be entered directly in the global system if required.
3.4.2.2. Element Local Axes
Many types of element have their own local axes. These are used for the definition of geometric properties,
element loads and force/stress results. The direction of the element local axes is usually defined by the order of
the nodes on the elements. Full details are given in the relevant element description sheets in Appendix A of the
ASAS User Manual.
3.4.2.3. Water Axes
Water axes X
w
, Y
w
and Z
w
are defined separately to the structure Global Axes. The position of the water axes
relative to the global axes is specified in the WAVE LOAD data. All of the hydrodynamic quantities such as
wave direction, current direction, mean water level, etc. are then defined relative to the Water Axes.
The water axis Z
w
is always vertical and positive upwards.The water axis X
w
lies in a plane parallel to the global
plane with the water axis Y
w
on the positive side of the XY plane, Y
w
is positive in the direction of positive Y
(see also Section 4.3.13 GRAV command and Section 4.3.22 MOVE command).
This facility enables the global structure axes to be defined to best fit the structure but, in general, for most
offshore structures one axis is nearly always vertical and by convention this is usually denoted as the Global Z
axis. For this situation the directions of the global and water axes are related simply by supplying -g in the Z
field of the wave loading GRAVity data command (where g is the gravitational acceleration in consistent units).
The facility of being able to vary the position of the structure relative to the water is used to the full in the
LAUNCH program which investigates the behaviour of the structure as it is launched from a barge, tilted and
installed.

3.5. Structural Suppressions
WAVE does not carry out the structural analysis and, therefore, the model does not strictly have to be
suppressed. However, since a data file is produced which can subsequently be input to the structural analysis
program ASAS, it is good practice to include all boundary conditions in the WAVE data so that no modification
is necessary prior to the analysis.
3.6. Loading
WAVE data input differs from that for ASAS only in the specification of the loading. For WAVE there must be
only one load case specified, which has only one load type viz WAVE LOAD. Several load cases can be
generated from this single set of data, which is described in detail in Section 4. The various WAVE LOAD
commands are used to describe particular sea states, each state being terminated by an EXECute command. At
least one load case is generated by each EXECute command, and sometimes several. The formatted output file
produced by WAVE will only contain loading information produced from the WAVE LOAD block. If other
load types are required for the subsequent analysis with ASAS they must be added to the WAVE output file after
the WAVE program has been run.
3.7. Data units
The user is free to choose any system of units for his data. Prior to version H10 of the program the units
employed had to form a consistent system so that all data was defined given the basic units of force and length.
From version H10, the free format input will allow an explicit definition of units for the analysis which can be
locally overridden within each data block (where appropriate).
The basic global units to be employed are defined in the Preliminary data using the UNITS command (see
Appendix A.14) where the units of force, length and, where appropriate, temperature are supplied. Time is
assumed to be in seconds. These basic units will be utilised as the default input and results units.
A default angular unit is adopted by the program depending upon the data being read in. For wave load data an
angular unit of degrees is assumed. For topological and boundary data see the appropriate section in the ASAS
User Manual.
In order to facilitate the utilisation of different units for the various data blocks a UNITS command can be used
within the main body of the data to locally override the basic units defined in the Preliminary data. This facility
enables each data block to have one or more different sets of data units which may or may not be the same as the
global definitions.
The following example shows a simple structure where the basic global units are Newtons and Metres but the
geometric properties have been supplied in both millimetres and inches.

Defined units Derived units
SYSTEM DATA AREA 50000
PROJ ECT ASAS
FI LES ASAS
J OB NEWLI NE
OPTI ONS GOON
UNI TS N M Newtons Metres Kg
END Centigrade
COOR
CART
1 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0
2 1. 0 0. 0 0. 0
3 2. 0 0. 0 0. 0
END
ELEM
MATP 1
BEAM 1 2 1
BEAM 2 3 2
END
GEOM
UNI TS MM Newtons Millimetres Kgx10
-9
1 BEAM 108. 0 90. 0 90. 0 25. 5
UNI TS I NCHES Newtons Inches See note 3
2 BEAM 12. 0 5. 0 5. 0 3. 2
END
MATE Newtons Metres Kg
1 2. 0E11 0. 3 0. 0 0. 0
END
.
.

Notes
1. The units defined in the Preliminary data must be given for both force and length.The temperature unit is
optional and defaults to centigrade.The mass unit is a derived quantity consistent with the units of length
and force specified.
2. Locally defined units will be reset at the end of a data block. Thus in the MATE data the units are reset to
the global terms Newtons and metres automatically. For wave loading any UNITS command remains
operative until the END command unless overridden by subsequent UNITS definitions.

3. In the second units definition in the GEOM data, the force and length units do not form a consistent set
and so a mass unit cannot be derived. This is acceptable to the program provided that the data being
defined does not require a mass or density input. Thus units of Newtons and inches would be
unacceptable in the MATE data where the density is specified. Appendix .D provides a list of unit
definitions which permit the calculation of a consistent mass unit.
4. Where mass data has to be supplied the input can be simplified by choosing the appropriate units of force
and length to provide a consistent unit of mass of either 1kg (using Newtons and metres) or 1lb (using
Poundals and feet).
If units are employed, the cross checks and results will, by default, be printed in the basic global units defined in
the Preliminary data and any data defined using local unit definitions will be factored appropriately. Although
not affecting the results produced by WAVE, the user can optionally override the displacement and/or stress
results units for the subsequent structural analysis (see Appendix .A, UNITS command).
For fixed format data, or where the UNITS command is not used, the user must ensure that all data utilises a
consistent system throughout.Three examples of consistent sets are shown below.
SI Units Force in Newtons, length in metres, mass in kilograms, time in seconds,
acceleration in metres/sec
2
.
Imperial Units Force in pounds, length in feet, mass in slugs, time in seconds, acceleration in
feet/sec
2
.
Imperial Units Force in poundals, length in feet, mass in pounds, time in seconds,
acceleration in feet/sec
2
.
For any other set of units, the unit of consistent mass will be a multiple of the basic unit of mass because it is a
derived unit. The consistent unit of mass is obtained by dividing the unit of force by the acceleration due to
gravity, which itself has units of length divided by time squared. A change in the unit of length, for example
from feet to inches or metres to millimetres requires a corresponding change to the unit of mass used for defining
the density.
3.8. Data Check
WAVE includes extensive syntax and context checking on input data. Two levels of diagnostic are noted:
ERROR The data cannot be sensibly processed by the program and thus cannot be allowed to
proceed beyond the data checking stage.
WARNING The data may be suspect and should be checked by the user before continuing.
Normally, both conditions will prevent the run from proceeding. If, however, the GOON option is specified
(Appendix .B) the run will proceed even after WARNINGS have been issued.

3.9. Results
(i) Data Echo
WAVE normally prints the image of each data line as it is read. However, by setting the appropriate control
options, this printing can be restricted to specified data blocks. Data lines which are found to be in error are
printed with an appropriate error message.
(ii) Expanded Data and Summaries
WAVE normally prints a complete list of expanded and cross-referenced data. By setting the appropriate control
option, only selected summaries are printed. Wave information and member hydrodynamic properties are
echoed as shown in Figure 3.5 . A load flag is reported for each type of load, eg wave loads, buoyancy, self
weight. This flag is set to 1 if the load type is to be applied or zero if the load type is to be omitted. In addition, a
detailed table of element hydrodynamic properties may be obtained using the HYDR option, as shown in Figure
3.6 .
(iii) Wave Loads
The degree of detail in the printed wave load information depends on the OUTPut chosen. It can range from
brief output (OUTP=1) to a full printout of member loads at each phase increment (OUTP=3). Examples of these
are shown in Figures 3.7 to 3.9.
Additional loads or load cases may be edited into the load data after the WAVE run.


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*****************
* WAVE CASE 1 *
*****************
WAVE DATA
---- ----
HEIGHT 13.00 THEORY STRM FN. 7 CREST ELEVATION 7.8077E 00
PERIOD 11.50 COMPUTED HEIGHT 13.00 TROUGH ELEVATION-5.1923E 00
DIRECTION 0.00 COMPUTED LENGTH 1.8625E 02 SETUP 0.0000E-01
WAVE A 6.3D 01 1.3D 00 -1.3D-02 2.6D-03 8.8D-05 -6.4D-05 2.8D-05
COEFS B 7.8D 00 7.6D 00 6.9D 00 6.2D 00 5.2D 00 4.1D 00 3.0D 00 1.9D 00 7.9D-01 -1.7D-01 -1.1D 00
-1.9D 00 -2.7D 00 -3.3D 00 -3.9D 00 -4.3D 00 -4.6D 00 -4.8D 00 -5.1D 00 -5.2D 00 -5.2D 00
PHASE DATA
----- ----
START -10.00 INCREMENT 5.00 INCREMENTS 3
GRAVITY AND AXES DATA
------- --- ---- ----
ACCEL. X 0.00D-01 STILL WATER LEVEL 0.00D-01 ORIGIN OF WATER AXES
--------------------
ACCEL. Y 0.00D-01 SEA-BED -3.54D 01 GLOBAL X 2.03D 01
ACCEL. Z -9.81D 00 WATER DEPTH 3.54D 01 GLOBAL Y 1.06D 01
RESULTANT 9.81D 00 WATER DENSITY 1.02D 00 GLOBAL Z -5.26D-01
CHECKS ON LOAD DATA WAVE CASE 1
---------------------------------
PROP ELEM DRAG MASS SLAM BUOYANCY EXTRA MASS PER SELF BEAM WAVE BUOY SELF FREE WIND BEAM PRINT
NODE1 NODE2 COEF COEF COEF DENSITY FLOOD LENGTH ELEMENT DENSITY DIAM-Y DIAM-Z LOAD LOAD WGHT FLD. LOAD LOAD LEVEL
----------- ---- ---- ---- ------- ----- ------ ------- ------- ------ ------ ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- -----
1 0.00 X 0.00 X 1.02D 00 1.00 0.00D-01 0.00D-01 7.85D 00 0.00D-01 0.00D-01 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
0.70 Y 2.00 Y 0.00 Y
0.70 Z 2.00 Z 0.00 Z
41 0.00 X 0.00 X 0.00D-01 0.00 0.00D-01 0.00D-01 0.00D-01 1.78D-01 1.27D-01 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
0.00 Y 1.30 Y 0.00 Y
0.00 Z14.00 Z 0.00 Z
MARINE GROWTH
-------------
THICKNESS DENSITY UPPER LEVEL LOWER LEVEL DRAG COEF MASS COEF
--------- ------- ----------- ----------- --------- ---------
DEFAULT 0.005 1.300D 00 1.400D 01 6.000D-01 0.70 2.00
DEFAULT 0.010 1.300D 00 6.000D-01 -1.640D 01 1.00 2.00
DEFAULT 0.010 1.300D 00 -1.640D 01 -2.140D 01 1.00 2.00
Figure 3.5 Hydrodynamic Properties Report

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TUBE MARINE
ELEMENT STEP START FINISH DIAMETER THICKNESS GROWTH CDX CDY CDZ CMX CMY CMZ
1 1 0.000 10.000 0.219 0.014 0.025 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 2.00 2.00
2 1 0.000 9.500 0.219 0.014 0.025 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 2.00 2.00
3 1 0.000 9.500 0.219 0.014 0.025 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 2.00 2.00
4 1 0.000 3.670 0.219 0.014 0.025 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 2.00 2.00
42 1 0.000 6.824 0.150 0.010 0.025 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 2.00 2.00
5 1 0.000 0.698 0.219 0.014 0.025 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 2.00 2.00
6 1 0.000 0.578 0.219 0.014 0.025 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 2.00 2.00
7 1 0.000 3.767 0.219 0.014 0.025 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 2.00 2.00
8 1 0.000 2.850 0.219 0.014 0.025 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 2.00 2.00
9 1 0.000 5.690 0.219 0.014 0.025 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 2.00 2.00
10 1 0.000 1.434 0.219 0.014 0.025 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 2.00 2.00
1.434 5.690 0.219 0.014 0.010 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 2.00 2.00
11 1 0.000 1.043 0.219 0.014 0.010 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 2.00 2.00
1.043 5.690 0.219 0.014 0.010 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 2.00 2.00
12 1 0.000 6.529 0.219 0.014 0.010 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 2.00 2.00
13 1 0.000 6.276 0.219 0.014 0.010 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 2.00 2.00
6.276 6.529 0.219 0.014 0.005 0.00 0.70 0.70 0.00 2.00 2.00
14 1 0.000 5.575 0.219 0.014 0.005 0.00 0.70 0.70 0.00 2.00 2.00
15 1 0.000 3.984 0.219 0.014 0.005 0.00 0.70 0.70 0.00 2.00 2.00
16 1 0.000 3.679 0.219 0.014 0.005 0.00 0.70 0.70 0.00 2.00 2.00
3.679 3.984 0.219 0.014 0.000 0.00 0.70 0.70 0.00 2.00 2.00
40 1 0.000 0.486 0.010 0.000 0.010 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 2.00 2.00
41 1 0.000 0.517 0.010 0.000 0.005 0.00 0.70 0.70 0.00 2.00 2.00
Figure 3.6 Detailed Element Hydrodynamic Report

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***************** HEIGHT 13.00
* WAVE CASE 1 * PERIOD 11.50
***************** DIRECTION 0.00
TOTAL LOADS JACKET SYSTEM
----- ----- ------ ------
INC PHASE X Y Z RX RY RZ
--- ----- --- --- --- -- -- --
1 -10.00 1.0719D 02 -1.6388D 00 -3.3971D 01 -3.4162D 02 1.5795D 02 -8.5252D 02
2 -5.00 1.0896D 02 -2.2554D 00 -3.3719D 01 -3.4377D 02 1.3420D 02 -8.7969D 02
3 -0.00 1.0898D 02 -2.8525D 00 -3.3776D 01 -3.4806D 02 1.2719D 02 -8.9398D 02
TOTAL LOADS SEABED SYSTEM
----- ----- ------ ------
INC PHASE X Y Z RX RY RZ
--- ----- --- --- --- -- -- --
1 -10.00 1.0719D 02 -1.6388D 00 -3.3971D 01 7.8708D 01 3.3206D 03 3.2117D 02
2 -5.00 1.0896D 02 -2.2554D 00 -3.3719D 01 9.6028D 01 3.3656D 03 3.2534D 02
3 -0.00 1.0898D 02 -2.8525D 00 -3.3776D 01 1.1380D 02 3.3580D 03 3.2332D 02

Figure 3.7 Default Resultant Load Report (OUTP = 1)

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***************** HEIGHT 13.00
* WAVE CASE 2 * PERIOD 11.50
***************** DIRECTION 90.00
ELEMENT 1 TUBE NODE NUMBERS 100 110 LENGTH 1.00D 01 MASS COEFFS. 0.00 X 2.00 Y 2.00 Z
------- ---- GEOMETRIC PROPERTY 1 DIAMETER 2.19D-01 DRAG COEFFS. 0.00 X 1.00 Y 1.00 Z
INC PHASE LOCAL SYSTEM --- TOTAL ELEMENT LOADS --- JACKET SYSTEM
--- ----- ------------ ------------------- -------------
1 -10.00 0.0000D-01 X -2.4439D 00 Y 0.0000D-01 Z 0.0000D-01 X 0.0000D-01 Y -2.4439D 00 Z
--- ----- ------------ ------------------- -------------
1 -10.00 0.0000D-01 X -6.2085D 00 Y 1.1627D 01 Z 0.0000D-01 X 1.1627D 01 Y -6.2085D 00 Z
--- ----- ------------ ------------------- -------------
1 -10.00 0.0000D-01 X -6.2085D 00 Y 1.1627D 01 Z 0.0000D-01 X 1.1627D 01 Y -6.2085D 00 Z
--- ----- ------------ ------------------- -------------
1 -10.00 0.0000D-01 X -2.3985D 00 Y 4.4916D 00 Z 0.0000D-01 X 4.4916D 00 Y -2.3985D 00 Z
--- ----- ------------ ------------------- -------------
1 -10.00 -2.3172D 00 X -2.0733D 00 Y 7.2644D 00 Z -4.1768D-01 X 7.2618D 00 Y -3.0872D 00 Z
ELEMENT 5 TUBE NODE NUMBERS 140 150 LENGTH 6.98D-01 MASS COEFFS. 0.00 X 2.00 Y 2.00 Z
--- ----- ------------ ------------------- -------------
1 -10.00 -2.3038D-01 X -3.6045D-01 Y 9.1172D-01 Z -4.8033D-02 X 9.1062D-01 Y -4.2743D-01 Z
Figure 3.8 Brief Elemental Resultant Load Report (OUTP = 2)

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ELEMENT 2 TUBE NODE NUMBERS 110 120 LENGTH 9.50D+00 ELEM. MASS /LENGTH 7.08D-02 PROPN FLOOD 1.00
------- ---- GEOMETRIC PROPERTY 1 DIAMETER 2.19D-01 EXTRA MASS /LENGTH 0.00D+00 FLUID DENS 1.02D+00
DISTANCE DRAG MASS CURRENT WAVE VELOCITY WAVE ACCELERATION LOADS ( LOCAL SYSTEM )
INC PHASE FROM END Y Z Y Z DIAMETER VELOCITY H V H V X Y Z
--- ----- -------- --------- --------- -------- -------- ------------------ ------------------ ----------------------------
1 -10.0 0.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 2.69D-01 7.77D-01 1.74D+00 -6.28D-02 -6.94D-01 -3.62D-02 0.00D+00 -6.75D-01 3.79D-01
9.50 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 2.69D-01 7.77D-01 2.01D+00 -4.26D-02 -4.62D-01 -4.50D-02 0.00D+00 -6.72D-01 4.98D-01
2 -5.0 0.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 2.69D-01 7.77D-01 1.61D+00 -6.95D-02 -7.75D-01 -3.21D-02 0.00D+00 -6.75D-01 3.29D-01
9.50 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 2.69D-01 7.77D-01 1.92D+00 -5.09D-02 -5.55D-01 -4.20D-02 0.00D+00 -6.74D-01 4.55D-01
3 0.0 0.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 2.69D-01 7.77D-01 1.46D+00 -7.55D-02 -8.50D-01 -2.76D-02 0.00D+00 -6.75D-01 2.77D-01
9.50 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 2.69D-01 7.77D-01 1.81D+00 -5.85D-02 -6.44D-01 -3.85D-02 0.00D+00 -6.75D-01 4.09D-01
--- ----- ------------ ------------------- -------------
1 -10.00 0.0000D+00 X -6.3993D+00 Y 4.1682D+00 Z 0.0000D+00 X 4.1682D+00 Y -6.3993D+00 Z
2 -5.00 0.0000D+00 X -6.4074D+00 Y 3.7247D+00 Z 0.0000D+00 X 3.7247D+00 Y -6.4074D+00 Z
3 0.00 0.0000D+00 X -6.4113D+00 Y 3.2567D+00 Z 0.0000D+00 X 3.2567D+00 Y -6.4113D+00 Z
Figure 3.9 Detailed Elemental Resultant Load Report (OUTP = 3)

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3.10. Files Output by WAVE
WAVE can be used for either a static or dynamic analysis and as a result will output different files depending on
the solution type.
(i). Static Analysis
A formatted output file is provided which is a direct copy of the ASAS data from phases 0, 1 and 2 followed by
the generated wave load cases. The wave loads on each member will be described in one of the two distributed
load patterns BL6 or BL7 and by nodal forces as shown in the ASAS User Manual.
(ii). Harmonic Analysis
A steady-state dynamic analysis gives a formatted output file of the harmonic loading for input to ASAS as a
quasi-static analysis; also produced is a binary file containing similar data for use by RESPONSE for a harmonic
analysis. It may be necessary to modify the J OB command on the formatted output file to change the
NEW/OLD parameter to the appropriate value.
Figures 3.10 to 3.13 illustrate the analysis types available in WAVE and the associated files which are produced.


Figure 3.10 Example of a simple static analysis
J OB NEWLI NE
PROJ ECT PWA1
OPTI ONS
END ..
..
.
END
STOP
Generated ASAS data
ASAS backing files
SAVE . . . . FI LES
J OB NEWLI NE
PROJ ECT PWA1
OPTI ONS
END
..
.
WAVE LOAD
.
.
PHAS 8 0. 0 0
.
.
END
STOP
SAVE . . . . FI LES
ASAS
LOCO
BEAMST
PWA110
PWA135
WAVE user input data
WAVE


Figure 3.11 Example of a stress history fatigue analysis
Generated ASAS data
ASAS backing files
J OB NEWLI NE
PROJ ECT PWA1
OPTI ONS
END
..
.
WAVE LOAD
.
.
PHAS 8 0. 0 0
.
.
END
STOP
J OB NEWLI NE
PROJ ECT PWA1
OPTI ONS
END
END
STOP
ASAS
FATJACK2
SAVE . . . . FI LES
SAVE . . . . FI LES
PWA110
PWA135
WAVE


Figure 3.12 Example of an harmonic deterministic/spectral fatigue analysis (static)
ASAS backing files
Generated ASAS data
PROJ ECT PWA1
OPTI ONS
END
..
.
WAVE LOAD
.
.
MAXM 6
.
END
STOP
J OB NEWLI NE
PROJ ECT PWA1
OPTI ONS
END ..
..
.
END
STOP
ASAS
FATJACK2
J OB NEWFREQ
SAVE . . . . FI LES
SAVE . . . . FI LES
WAVE
FREQUENCY SPI T
PWA110
PWA135


ASAS backing files
J OB OLD FREQ
PROJ ECT PWA1
OPTI ONS
END ..
..
.
END
STOP
ASAS
FATJACK2

PROJ ECT PWA1
..
.
WAVE LOAD
.
.
.
.
END
STOP
J OB NEWFREQ
PROJ ECT PWA1
OPTI ONS
END
.
.
.
.
.
.
J OB NEWFREQ
RESPONSE
MAXM 8
FI LES RWAV
PROJ ECT PWA1
OPTI ONS
END
..
.
WAVE LOAD
.
.
.
.
END
STOP
PROJ ECT PWA1
END
..
.
WAVE LOAD
.
.
.
.
END
STOP
MAXM 8
J OB OLD FREQ
J OB RESP
PROJ ECT PWA1
STRUCTURE PWA1
NEWSTRUCTURE RST1
OPTI ONS
SAVE . . . FI LES
END
LOADFI LE RWAV
.
.
.
.
.
END
STOP
SAVE . . . . FI LES
SAVE . . . . FI LES
SAVE . . . . FI LES
MASS
PWA110
RWAV35
PWA135
WAVE
Figure 3.13 Example of an harmonic spectral fatigue or steady state response analysis (dynamic)
WAVE user input data MASS user input data

Page 26 Contains proprietary and confidential information of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.

Description of the WAVE data WAVE User Manual
4. Description of the WAVE Data
4.1. Free format syntax
4.1.1. General Principles
WAVE data utilises a free format syntax structure. Two systems operate for data entry to reduce the amount of
data required.
4.1.1.1. Geometric, topological and boundary data
The data defining the structural topology and boundary conditions (Phase 1 and Phase 2) consists of a series of
data blocks. These data blocks are specified using syntax diagrams similar to those shown below.

Each data block commences with a compulsory header command and terminates with an END command which
delimit the information from the other data. The sequence of the input data follows the vertical line down the
left hand side of the page. If a data block can be omitted, this will be indicated as shown below.

Within each data block, each horizontal branch represents a possible input instruction. Input instructions are
composed of keywords (shown in upper-case), numerical values or alphanumeric strings (shown in lower-case
characters), and special symbols. Each item in the list is separated from each other by a comma or one or more
blank spaces.
HEADER
KEYWORD
real
END
(al pha)
KEYWORD1
KEYWORD2
KEYWORD3
/i nteger/
//i nteger//
real i nteger
HEADER
END

A single line of data must not be longer than 80 characters.
Numerical values have to be given in one of two forms:
(i). If an integer is specified a decimal point must not be supplied.
(ii). If a real is specified the decimal point may be omitted if the value is a whole number.
Exponent formats may be utilised where real numbers are required.
for example 0.004 4.0E-3 4.0D-3 are equivalent
similarly 410.0 410 4.10E2 are the same.
Alphanumeric strings must begin with a letter (A-Z). The letters A-Z can be supplied in upper or lower case but
no distinction is made between the upper and lower case form. Hence A is assumed identical with a, B
with b and so on.
For example BM3D are all permissible alphanumeric strings
BL5
ALL
Also COMB are all identical
Comb
comb
However 3BMD
5BL
are examples of inadmissible alphanumeric strings.
Alphanumeric strings must not include any special symbols (see Section 4.1.2)
If certain lines are optional, these are shown by an arrow which bypasses the line(s)

In order to build up a data block, a line or series of lines may be repeated until the complete set has been defined.
These are shown by an arrow which loops back.
KEYWORD i nteger


Some data lines require an integer or real list to be input whose length is variable. This is shown by a horizontal
arrow around the list variable.

Where one or more possible alternative items may appear in the list, these are shown by separate branches for
each.

An optional item in a line will be enclosed in brackets e.g.

The relevant data block description will give details of any default value to be adopted if the item is omitted.
4.1.1.2. Wave load data
The wave load data generally assigns additional properties to elements, or groups of elements, which are
specifically required for the load generation. The data syntax is similar to that employed for the structural data
but consists of individual command lines, each of which assigns the additional parameters to the element(s). The
typical syntax of a command line is as follows:

HEADER
real
END
i nteger
real i nteger
KEYWORD1
KEYWORD2
KEYWORD3
i nteger
real
i nteger
KEYWORD (alpha) integer

The wave data is used for generating the environmental loading experienced by the structure due to waves, wind,
current, etc. In order to facilitate generating a number of different loading conditions the wave data is broken up
into one or more data sets each terminated by an EXECute command. Each data block generates at least one load
case. For example, in the case of an harmonic analysis, two loadcases per EXEC are generated (one real, one
imaginary).
Once a command has been defined, the value(s) specified remain assigned to the appropriate element(s) until
modified by a subsequent command. Basic data, such as drag and mass coefficients, need only to be supplied
once within the first EXECutable data set to remain constant throughout the analysis (unless required to be
overridden).
The data values may be assigned to all elements using the keyword ALL or to specific elements using the
keywords ELEM, PROP or GROUP followed by a list of user element numbers, geometric property numbers or
element group numbers. The list may be continued onto subsequent lines using the special symbol : (see Section
4.1.2).
The list may be abbreviated using the keyword TO in the form i TO j to create a list of all values between i and j
inclusive.
Not all the element, property or group numbers defined need not exist in the structure. Only those elements in
the list which correspond to elements in the structure will be included.
To demonstrate the wave data procedure, consider an analysis where variations in the drag coefficient are to be
investigated. For the initial data the drag terms are modified from the default values and these are operational for
the first two EXECutable data sets. For the third and subsequent EXECutable sets the drag terms are reset back
to the default values by respecifying the drag command.
LOAD 1
CASE 1 ENVI RONMENTAL LOAD GENERATI ON
WAVELOAD
DRAG 0. 0 0. 75 0. 75 ALL
.
.
EXEC
.
.
EXEC
DRAG 0. 0 0. 7 0. 7 ALL
.

.
EXEC
etc
4.1.2. Special Symbols
The following is a list of characters which have a special significance to the WAVE input.
* An asterisk is used to define the beginning of a comment, whatever follows on the line will not be
interpreted. It may appear anywhere on the line, any preceding data will be processed as normal.
For example
* THIS IS A COMMENT FOR THE WHOLE LINE
FREE ELEM 1 2 * THIS IS A COMMENT FOR PART OF A LINE
single quotes are used to enclose some text strings which could contain otherwise inadmissible characters.
The quotes are placed at each end of the string. They may also be used to provide in-line comments
between data items on a given line. For example
BUOY density 1026.0 prop flood 1.0 ALL
, A comma or one or more consecutive blanks will act as a delimiter between items in the line. For
example
5, 10, 15 is the same as 5 10 15
: A colon at the start of the line signifies that the line is a continuation from the previous line.
For example
5 10 15 is the same as 5
: 10
: 15
This is not available in the WAVE LOAD data block.

4.2. Data Requirement for a Wave Analysis
The data required to perform a Wave Loading analysis is divided into two parts.
The first part consists of the standard ASAS structural data and boundary conditions. These data are not
described in detail in this manual and the user is referred to Section 5 of the ASAS User Manual for a full
description.
The second part consists of the Wave Load data. These data replace the ASAS loading data and are described in
this manual in Sections 4.3 to 4.3.54. A summary of the Wave Load commands is given in Section 4.2.1.
4.2.1. WAVE LOAD Data
Many of the commands described in this section are optional and merely change default values within the
program. Once a default value has been changed, by the input of the appropriate command, it remains at the
new value until altered again. A list of the WAVE LOAD commands valid for WAVE is given in Table 4.1.

Command Meaning Comments
AMAS Additional mass on element Default none
AMPL A/D dependent drag and mass
coefficients
Default none
BLOC Current blockage factors Optional for use with API codes (use APIW option)
BUOY Buoyancy Default none
CURR Current from any direction
DRAG Drag coefficients Default - 0.0, 0.7, 0.7
ELEV Water elevation Mandatory in 1st wave case
END End of all wave load data Mandatory
EXEC Execute Mandatory
FREE Free flooding Default none
GRAV Gravity components Mandatory in 1st wave case
GRID Grid wave kinematics User defined waves
GROW Marine growth Default none
KC KC dependent drag and mass
coefficients
Default none
KINE Wave kinematics factor Optional for use with API codes (use APIW option)
MASS Inertia coefficients Default - 0.0, 2.0, 2.0
MAXM Find maximum Mandatory for dynamics
MOVE Water axes Default - coincident with jacket axes
NANG Number of angle steps Optional for use with RENL and KC tables. Default
8
NOBO No buoyancy Overrides BUOY command
NOFR No free flooding Overrides FREE command
NOLO No loads Overrides loading commands
NOSW No self-weight Overrides SLWT command
NOWI No wind load Overrides WIND command
NOWL No wave load Overrides WAVE command
OFFS Member offsets Default none
OUTP Print control Default - jacket totals only
PCUR Any current
PEXT External pressure for buoyancy Default - pressure computed from sea water density
and elevation including wave action effect
PHAS Phase Mandatory for statics using conventional wave
theories
PRIN Element printing Default none

Table 4.1 Command words and their defaults for WAVE

RENL Reynolds dependent drag and
mass coefficients
Default none
RESE Reset loads Optional
SLWT Self-weight Default none
SPEC Seastate spectrum definition Default none
SPRE Wave spreading power Optional for use with API codes (use APIW option)
TIDE Current in wave direction
TIME NewWave or irregular wave
analysis times
Mandatory for NewWave or irregular wave
analyses
TOLS Tolerance command Default 0.1, 0.0
TYPE Calculation method Default - resolve velocities
UNIT Define new units Optional
VISC Kinematic viscosity Must be defined if RENL command used
WAVE Wave data Must not precede ELEV command
WIND Wind data Default none
WPAR Wave parameters
WSET Define element sets for summation
of loading
Must be defined before first EXEC command
XMAS Extra mass/unit length Default none
ZONE Define zones for DRAG, MASS
and GROW command

Table 4.1 Command words and their defaults for WAVE (continued)
4.3. Description of the Wave Load Data Block

4.3.1. LOAD Header Command

Parameters
LOAD : compulsory header keyword to denote the start of the loading data
ncase : number of loadcases (always 1 for wave). (Integer)
CASE : compulsory keyword to denote the start of the loadcase data
case : loadcase number (Integer)
title : loadcase title (alphanumeric string in quotes, 40 characters)
WAVE LOA : compulsory keyword to denote start of the wave data
EXEC : keyword to denote end of each wave load generation case (see Section 4.3.11)
END : compulsory keyword to denote end of the wave data
Notes
1. Only one load case is specified on the LOAD command. One or more wave loadcases can be generated
from this single set of data by defining individual sea states each terminated by an EXEC command. Each
sea state generates at least one ASAS load case.
2. The generated loadcases are given loadcase numbers starting at 1 and incrementing by 1.
LOAD ncase
CASE case `ti tl e'
WAVE LOA
data
EXEC
END

4.3.2. AMAS Command
This facility enables non-structural mass such as stiffening rings, anodes, etc. to be included. Extra mass is input
as a value per element.

Parameters
AMAS : keyword
mass : extra mass per element. (Real)
ELEM : keyword to indicate element selection
elem : list of user element numbers. (Integer)
GROU : keyword to indicate group selection
group : list of group numbers. (Integer)
PROP : keyword to indicate geometric property selection
prop : list of geometric property numbers. (Integer)
ALL : keyword to indicate selection of all elements
Notes
1. Extra mass may be specified per unit length per element using the XMAS command.
2. Masses are not cumulative. Subsequent AMAS definitions for a particular element will overwrite
previous values.
3. XMAS may be specified in addition to AMAS for a given element, in which case the XMAS mass and
the AMAS mass are cumulative.

4.3.3. AMPLITUDE Command
The AMPL command defines tables of A/D parameters with corresponding values of drag and mass coefficients.
This permits the automatic computation of the hydrodynamic coefficients based upon the characteristic water
particle motion amplitude, A, and the member diameter, D. The value of A at any point is computed by WAVE.
This command is only available for use with the Shell NewWave wave model.
Parameters
AMPL : keyword
tablename : name of the table associated with this data (up to 32 alphanumeric characters)
DRAG : keyword to indicate drag values are supplied
MASS : keyword to indicate mass values are supplied
ad : A/D parameter value. (Real)
cd : corresponding drag coefficient. (Real)
cm : corresponding mass coefficient. (Real)
Notes
1. The characteristic water particle motion amplitude, A, is a function of the sea wave spectrum, the vertical
position of the point under consideration and the water depth. Full details will be found in Reference 10
2. For values of A/D outside the defined range, the related parameter is assumed constant and equal to the
extreme values defined, e.g.
DRAG
DRAG
ad
AMPL tabl ename MASS
MASS
cd
ad cm
ad cd cm


3. If both drag and mass coefficients are specified, they must be given in the order of the DRAG and MASS
keywords.
4. At least two sets of values must be supplied.
5. Note that this command is only applicable to the NewWave model.
Example
The following represents the values suggested by Shell for smooth and rough (fouled) members.
AMPL SMOOTH DRAG MASS
: 1. 0 0. 7 2. 0 5. 0 0. 7 1. 7
: 10. 0 0. 7 1. 6 15. 0 0. 7 1. 6
: 20. 0 0. 6 1. 0
AMPL ROUGH DRAG MASS
: 1. 0 1. 5 2. 0 5. 0 1. 3 1. 5
: 10. 0 1. 2 1. 3 15. 0 1. 2 1. 3
: 20. 0 1. 1 1. 3
4.3.4. BEAM Element Command
The BEAM command is replaced by the HYDR command. See Appendix .F for the original specification.
4.3.5. Current BLOCKAGE Factor Command
The BLOC command specifies a user defined current blockage factor for use within the API codes of practice.
The factor can be varied at different heights on the structure.

Parameters
BLOC : keyword
FACTOR : keyword to define that a user defined current blockage is to be supplied
factor : current blockage factor. (Real)
zmin : minimum height on structure (in water axes) to which this blockage factor applies. (Real)
BLOC ( zmin zmax ) FACTOR factor

zmax : maximum height on structure (in water axes) to which this blockage factor applies. (Real)
Notes
1. Several BLOC commands can be supplied to vary the blockage factor at different heights on the
structure.
2. If zmin and zmax are omitted, the blockage factor is applied between the seabed and still water level.
3. A default value of 1.0 is used for any region of the structure not covered by a user defined factor.
4. BLOC commands are cumulative and a table is built up as each command is read. To reinitialise the table
use the RESEt command.
5. For a fatigue analysis API requires that a factor of 1.0 be used.
6. For a factor not within the range 0.7 factor 1.0, a warning will be issued but the user defined value
will be used.
7. This command will only be utilised when used in conjunction with the APIW option.
Example
BLOC 1. 0
.
EXEC
.
RESE 3
BLOC 0. 9 0. 0 10. 0
BLOC 0. 95 10. 0 15. 0
BLOC 0. 97 15. 0 20. 0
4.3.6. BUOYANCY Command
The BUOY command specifies those members for which buoyancy loads are to be calculated. The elements
may be filled, either wholly or partially, with an internal fluid either by specifying the density and proportion of
flooding or, where the members are free flooding, using the FREE command (see Note 4 below). The command
is optional and no buoyancy is calculated if omitted.

Parameters
BUOY : keyword
density : mass density of internal fluid. (Real)
flood : proportion of flooding of internal fluid. (Real)
elev : elevation used for computing internal pressure. (Real) If elev Z
b
, the sea bed level, internal
pressure is computed assuming fluid pressure to elevation elev. If elev <Z
b
, internal pressure is
computed to the elevation of the water surface vertically above the point in question.
Notes
1. The weight of any internal fluid is automatically included in the buoyancy calculation.
2. Buoyancy forces are calculated for members below the sea bed. For members above the water surface
only the weight of internal fluid is computed if elev is omitted.
3. The proportion of flooding varies between 0.0 for no flooding and 1.0 for full flooding.
4. If the member is free flooded (FREE) the internal fluid details (density and flood) should be omitted
otherwise the mass of the internal fluid may be duplicated.

5. The buoyancy calculations are based on the outer diameter of the members including any marine growth
which may be present.
6. There are two methods of applying the buoyancy forces to a member. The choice is governed by the
BRIG option. See also Section 2.3.8.
7. Internal pressure due to internal fluid is only included for the BRIG option.
8. If elev is omitted in both the BUOY and FREE commands, internal pressure will be ignored. If elev is
specified more than once for an element, the last specification will be assumed.
4.3.7. CURRENT Command
The CURR command specifies a predetermined current profile in a given direction.
Parameters
CURR : keyword
iprofile : profile type integer 1 linear profile
2 exponential profile
vel-s : current velocity at still water level. (Real)
vel-b : current velocity at sea bed. (Real)
elev : elevation relative to water axis at which current becomes constant. (Real)
dir : direction of current relative to water axis system. (Real)
Notes
1. The current may vary either linearly or exponentially between the seabed and a predefined elevation
above which the current is assumed to remain constant.
CURR i profi l e v el -s v el -b el ev di r


2. Direction and elevation are in the water axis system. Direction is in degrees around the water Z
w
axis,
zero degrees being in the positive X
w
direction, and ninety degrees being in the positive Y
w
direction.

3. Options exist to modify the current profile using either mass conservation or relative velocities. See
Appendix .C.
4. The CURR command remains operative until overridden by a subsequent TIDE, CURR or PCUR
command. If it is required to return to having no current or tide loading then a dummy TIDE command
should be provided with zero velocity.
v el -s
v el -b
el ev
v el -s
v el -b
el ev
Zw Zw
Linear current variation Exponential current variation

4.3.8. DRAG Coefficients
The DRAG command defines the drag coefficients, Cd, for the members used in the calculation of wave and
wind forces.
Parameters
DRAG : keyword
cdx : drag coefficient in element local x-direction. (Real)
cdy : drag coefficient in element local y-direction. (Real)
cdz : drag coefficient in element local z-direction. (Real)
TABL : keyword to indicate that a table is to be utilised for determining the hydrodynamic coefficient
tablename : name of table containing drag coefficients
ZONE : keyword to indicate drag coefficients apply only to elements or part of elements in the zone
zonename : name of zone
Notes
1. The command is optional and if omitted the program defaults to the following values:
Axial, x Cd = 0.0
Transverse, y and z Cd = 0.7

2. Drag coefficients may be made dependent on Reynolds number, Keulegan-Carpenter number or A/D ratio
by use of the TABL keyword. See RENL, KC and AMPL commands for details of how to set up the
tables.
Examples
DRAG 0. 0 0. 7 0. 75 ELEM 10 20 30
DRAG RENL TABLE1 ZONE GROWTH ALL
4.3.9. ELEVATION Command
The ELEV command defines:
The Mean Water Level relative to the Water Axes Origin
The Sea Bed Level relative to the Water Axes Origin
The density of the sea water
The density of the air
This command is mandatory in the first loadcase, but need not reappear thereafter.
Parameters
ELEV : keyword
selev : elevation of mean water level relative to water axes origin. (Real)
belev : elevation of sea bed relative to water axis. (Real)
water density : mass density of sea water (e.g. 1025Kg/m
3
). (Real)
air density : mass density of air (e.g. 1.23 kg/m
3
). (Optional). (Real)
Notes
1. The density is multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity as input by the GRAV command, and so must
be input in units of MASS per unit volume e.g. 1025 Kg/m
3
2. If the WIND option is used to denote the generation of loading for a WINDSPEC analysis, the density of
sea water should be set to zero, and a value of air density must be provided

Example
ELEV 100 - 25 1025

4.3.10. END Command
An END command terminates the WAVE LOAD data block.
Parameters
END : keyword
END

4.3.11. EXECUTE Command
The EXEC command signifies the end of data for this wave case. There may be several wave cases present in an
WAVE run and each must be terminated by an EXEC command. Loads are calculated on every member based
on the commands preceding the EXEC command. The number of static loadcases generated by a single static
wave case depends on the number of positions of the wave defined on the PHAS command and on whether a
MAXM command was present. The number of quasi-static loadcases generated by a single dynamic wave
loadcase is two, one real and one imaginary, to retain the magnitude and phase information for a harmonic
analysis.

Parameters
EXEC : keyword
4.3.12. FREE Flooding Command
The FREE command may be used to specify those members which are flooded with the external fluid up to the
actual water surface thus inducing additional loading due to the weight of the contained fluid on the members
concerned. The command is optional and no free flooding is assumed if omitted.
Parameters
FREE : keyword
elev : elevation used for computing internal pressure. (Real)
If elev Zb, the sea bed level, internal pressure is computed assuming fluid pressure to elevation
elev. If elev <Zb, internal pressure is computed to the elevation of the water surface vertically
above the point in question.
EXEC

Notes
1. Free flooding effects are calculated for members below the sea bed.
2. If elev is omitted in both the BUOY and FREE commands, internal pressure will be ignored. If elev is
specified more than once for an element, the last specification will be assumed.
3. Internal pressure, if any, is only included for the BRIG option.
4.3.13. GRAVITY Command
The GRAV command defines the relationship of the jacket axes to the water axes by specifying the value and
direction of the gravitational acceleration relative to the jacket axis system. This command is mandatory. It
must appear only once.

Parameters
GRAV : keyword
gx : gravitational vector component in x direction (global jacket axis). (Real)
gy : gravitational vector component in y direction (global jacket axis). (Real)
gz : gravitational vector component in z direction (global jacket axis). (Real)
GRAV gx gy gz

Notes
1. If the components of gravitational acceleration are given as (0,0,-g), the jacket and water axes are
coincident, with the Z-axis directed vertically upwards.
2. The GRAV command defines the direction of the gravitational vector (-Zwater) with respect to the jacket
(global) axis system. The convention adopted for the X and Y axes of the water axes system is as
follows:
Xwater always lies in the global XY plane with Ywater on the positive side of the global XY plane. In
the special case where Ywater is also in the global XY plane Ywater lies in the global Y direction.

J acket and water axes coincident
ZG
YG
XG
XW
YW
ZW
General orientation of water axes
ZG
YG
XG
XW
YW
Z
W

4.3.14. GRID Wave Command
This data is used as an alternative means for defining the wave kinematics (i.e. particle velocities and
accelerations) instead of adopting one of the wave theories detailed in Section 4.3.49 WAVE DATA. Typically
this data is used when the structure is to be loaded with waves that are outside of the conventional wave theory
applicability limits (see Figure 2.1 ) and an alternative source of wave kinematics has been found. The wave is
described by defining the surface profile together with velocities and accelerations at regular intervals or grid
points throughout the wave. The location of the horizontal and vertical grid lines may be selected to coincide
with oceanographic/measured data. The general form of the data shown below.

GRID Wave Header
Parameters
GRID : keyword to indicate beginning of grid data
SYMM : keyword. The wave is considered to be symmetric in profile about the crest position.
Horizontal velocities and vertical accelerations are assumed symmetric about the crest position.
Vertical velocities and horizontal accelerations are antisymmetric about the crest. Only half the
wave period needs to be defined (see Note 1 below). This is the default option.
ASYM : keyword. The wave is considered to be asymmetric in both profile and wave kinematics. The
whole wave period must be defined.
nloc : number of horizontal grid locations to be defined (see Figure 4.1). (Integer)
nhgt : number of vertical grid positions to be defined (see Figure 4.1). (Integer)
wavelength : wavelength. This must be supplied in order to establish the phase relationship between the
structural elements and the wave. (Real)

Figure 4.1 Grid definitions
HEIGHT(5)
HEIGHT(4)
HEIGHT(3)
HEIGHT(2)
HEIGHT(1)
PHASE(1) PHASE(2) PHASE(3) PHASE(4) PHASE(5)
SURF(1)
SURF(2)
SURF(3)
SURF(4)
SURF(5)
nhgt
vertical
grid
locations
nloc horizontal grid locations

Example
A symmetric wave of 110 m wavelength is defined using 5 horizontal and 4 vertical grid points.
GRI D SYMM 5 4 110.
Horizontal Grid Definition
Parameters
GPHS : keyword to indicate that phase angles are to be used in defining the horizontal grid locations
phase : phase angle from crest position. (Real)
nloc values must be supplied to fully define the grid. See Note 2 for sign convention
GLOC : keyword to indicate that distances are to be used in defining the horizontal grid locations
location : distance from the crest position. (Real)
nloc values must be supplied to fully define the grid. See Note 2 for sign convention
Example
Horizontal locations of 9 grid lines are defined.
GPHS 0. 0 - 10. 0 - 20. 0 - 40. 0 - 60. 0 - 90. 0
GPHS - 120. 0 - 150. 0 - 180. 0
or, assuming the wavelength is 180 m,
GLOC 0. 0 5. 0 10. 0 20. 0 30. 0 45. 0
GLOC 60. 0 75. 0 90. 0

SURFACE Profiles and Kinematics

Parameters
SURF : keyword to denote that surface elevations and kinematic definitions are to follow
surface : wave surface elevation relative to the water axes for each of the horizontal grid locations defined
on the GPHS or GLOC commands. nloc values in total must be supplied. (Real)
VELH : keyword to indicate horizontal particle velocities
VELV : keyword to indicate vertical particle velocities
ACCH : keyword to indicate horizontal particle accelerations
ACCV : keyword to indicate vertical particle accelerations
value : wave kinematics for the surface for each of the horizontal grid locations defined on the GPHS or
GLOC command. nloc values in total must be supplied. (Real)
Example
Surface profile and kinematics for 4 phase locations.
SURF 8. 75 8. 65 8. 37 8. 0
VELH 2. 2 1. 82 0. 93 0. 0
VELV 0. 0 1. 05 1. 61 1. 51
ACCH 0. 0 2. 2 3. 37 3. 29
ACCV - 2. 44 - 1. 83 - 0. 39 1. 11

GRID Kinematics
This block of data should be repeated nhgt times

Parameters
GHGT : keyword to denote that kinematic definitions for the specific elevation are to follow
height : grid elevation relative to the water axes. (Real)
VELH : keyword to indicate horizontal particle velocities
VELV : keyword to indicate vertical particle velocities
ACCH : keyword to indicate horizontal particle accelerations
ACCV : keyword to indicate vertical particle accelerations
value : wave kinematics for the given grid height for each of the horizontal grid locations defined on the
GPHS or GLOC command. (Real)
Values corresponding to grid positions above the water surface need not be defined. See Note 3.
Example
Velocities and accelerations for elevation 10.0 for 4 phase locations
GHGT 10. 0
VELH 0. 645 0. 558 0. 322 0. 0
VELV 0. 0 0. 315 0. 553 0. 639
ACCH 0. 0 0. 674 1. 17 1. 35
ACCV - 1. 15 - 0. 974 - 0. 485 0. 185

GHGT hei ght
VELH v al ue
VELV v al ue
ACCH v al ue
ACCV v al ue

Notes
1. For symmetric waves, only half the wave period needs to be defined, the program will automatically
generate wave kinematics for the symmetric part of the wave. The generated kinematics are shown in
Figure 4.2 below.

Figure 4.2 Generated symmetric wave kinematics
2. In common with all phase definitions in WAVE, a positive phase angle indicates that the wave crest has
passed the point of interest; conversely, this corresponds to a negative linear distance, as shown in Figure
4.3 below.

Figure 4.3 Sign convention of phase and distance definitions
3. Where grid points occur at or above the surface elevation, the kinematic values may be set to zero or, if at
the end of the line, may be ignored. Thus only sufficient number of values to define the subsurface grid
need be supplied.
VELH
VELV
ACCV
ACCH
ACCV
ACCH
VELV
VELH
PHASE =0
DEFINED GENERATED
PHASE =0
DISTANCE =0
-180
+L/2
+180
-L/2

4.3.15. Marine GROWTH Command
The GROW command defines the thickness of marine growth. The command is optional and zero thickness is
assumed if omitted. A number of such commands may be used to define varying growth thickness with depth.
New drag and inertia coefficients may be defined to take account of the roughness of marine growth.
Parameters
GROW : keyword
thick : thickness of marine growth. (Real)
density : saturated density of marine growth. (Real)
ZONE : keyword to indicate growth values apply only to elements or parts of elements in the zone
upper : upper level of growth relative to water axes. (Real)
lower : lower level of growth relative to water axes. (Real)
cd : drag coefficient in element local y and z directions. If not defined the appropriate element drag
coefficient is used. (Real)
cm : mass coefficient in element local y and z directions. If not defined the appropriate element
mass coefficient is used. (Real)

Notes
1. The self weight of marine growth is automatically included in the total weight reported. If self weight of
the growth is not required then the density should be set to zero.
2. If defined, the drag and inertia coefficients supplied on the GROW command override those defined on
the DRAG and/or MASS commands for a given element irrespective of the order of the data.
4.3.16. HYDR Command
The HYDR command defines section dimensions and marine growth values for a part of an element. The
command is optional and existing section dimensions and growth values are used if omitted. A number of such
commands may be used to define specific section dimensions which will supersede existing dimensions. The
same applies for marine growth.

Parameters
HYDR : keyword
DIAM : keyword to indicate that revised section dimensions are supplied
dy : Overall dimension in local-y direction (see Note 3), including marine growth (if present)
dz : Overall dimension in local-z direction (see Note 3), including marine growth (if present)
AREA : keyword to indicate that revised section areas are supplied
at : total area, including marine growth (if present). This is used in Morisons equation
as : cross-sectional area of element (ie annulus area for a tube). This is used for self-weight
calculations
ai : cross-sectional area of internal void of tube. This is used for buoyancy calculations
SURF : keyword to indicate that a revised surface perimeter is supplied

perimeter : surface perimeter, including marine growth (if present). This is used for axial drag calculations
DENS : keyword to indicate that a revised element material density is supplied
density : element material density. This is used for self-weight calculations
GROW : keyword to indicate that revised marine growth data is supplied
ag : cross-sectional area of growth (ie area of annulus of growth on a tube)
dg : saturated density of marine growth. These are used to calculate the weight of the growth for the
section
NONE : keyword to indicate that there is no marine growth on this section
ECAP : keyword to indicate that revised end cap area are supplied
aout : outer enclosed area of end cap. This is used to calculate end cap forces due to external pressure
ain : inner enclosed area of end cap. This is used to calculate end cap forces due to internal pressure
FACT : keyword to indicate that the lengths following are proportions of the element length (ie a
maximum of 1.0)
len1 : distance along the element to the start of the revised data
len2 : distance along the element to the end of the revised data. If FACT has been specified, then len1
and len2 are the proportion of the element lengths
elem : list of user element numbers. (Integer). ALL may not be specified.
group : list of group numbers. (Integer). ALL may not be specified.
prop : list of geometric property numbers. (Integer). ALL may not be specified.
Notes
1. If a section is to be respecified because of a local change in dimension or area, then the following values
MUST be specified.
No growth - DIAM, AREA, SURF
Growth - DIAM, AREA, SURF, GROW
GROW NONE should be included if no growth is required on an element that is within a marine growth
zone.

2. If the length information is omitted, the properties are applied along the complete length of the element.
3. The dimensions supplied are given in terms of the local axes of the element, as shown below.

dy
dz
Z Z
Y
Y

4. Beam elements that have sections assigned to them via their geometry definition will automatically adopt
appropriate properties for the calculation of wave loading and added mass. The following tables provide
information regarding the terms used in the load and mass computations.
Section type d
y
d
z
a
t
a
s
a
i
perim a
g
a
out
a
in
TUB d d

d t
g
(d+t
g
)

BOX
d b db
2dt
w
+2(b-2t
w
)t
f
(d-2t
f
)(b-2t
w
)
2(d +b)
(perim +4t
g
)t
g
db G
i
RHS 2dt +2(b-2t)t (d-2t)(b-2t)
WF
d b a
s
2bt
f
+(d-2t
f
)t
w
0.0
2(d +b) +
2(b - t
w
)
G
s
0.0
CHAN
dt
w
+2(b-t
w
)t
f
2(d +b) +
2(b - t
w
)
ANGL dt +(b - t)t 2(d +b)
TEE t
f
b +
(d - t
f
)t
w
2(d +b)
FBI 2bt
f
+
(d - 2t
f
)t
w
2(d +b) +
2(b - t
w
)
PRI
5
N/
A
N/
A
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
FAB
5

where
d is beam depth
b is beam width
t
f
is flange thickness
t
w
is web thickness
t is plate thickness
t
g
is thickness of any attached marine growth
The above assumes that the top and bottom flanges for the BOX and FBI section types are the same. The
program will correctly account for different bottom flange dimensions if specified. Any specified fillet radius is
ignored in these calculations.

t) - t(d
4
d
2

4
) 2t - (d
2

4
) 2t - (d
2


Section type Drag load Inertia load Self weight Buoyancy/
Free flooding
Hydrodynamic
mass
End cap force
TUB
C
dy
d
y
w
C
dz
d
z
w
C
my
a
t
w
C
mz
a
t
s
a
s
w
a
t -
i
a
i
w
(C
my -
1)a
t
w
(C
mz -
1)a
t
i
a
in
-
o
a
out
BOX
RHS
WF
C
dy
d
y
w
C
dz
d
z
w
C
my
a
t
w
C
mz
a
t
s
a
s
w
a
t
w
(C
my -
1)a
t
w
(C
mz -
1)a
t
N/A
CHAN
ANGL
TEE
FBI
PRI
5
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
FAB
5

5. Prismatic and fabricated sections that are required to be wave loaded must have explicit HYDR
commands supplied.
Example
A tube with diameter 1.4 and thickness 0.07 has a marine growth applied of 0.2 and density 1.5 over a length of
1.5 starting 2.1 from the first end. The following commands would need to be specified to reflect this.
HYDR DI AM 1. 8 1. 8 2. 1 3. 6 ELEM 3
HYDR AREA 2. 5446900 0. 2924823 1. 2468981 2. 1 3. 6 ELEM 3
HYDR SURF 5. 6548668 2. 1 3. 6 ELEM 3
HYDR GROW 1. 0053096 1. 5 2. 1 3. 6 ELEM 3
where a
t
= (1.4 +2 x 0.2)
2
/4 =2.5446900
a
s
= (1.4
2
- (1.4 - 2 x 0.07)
2
)/4 =0.2924823
a
i
= (1.4 -2 x 0.07)
2
/4 =1.2468981
perim = (1.4 +2 x 0.2) =5.6548668
a
g
= ((1.4 +2x 0.2)
2
- 1.4
2
)/4 =1.0053096
4.3.17. Keulegan-Carpenter Number Tables
The KC command defines tables of Keulegan-Carpenter numbers with corresponding values of drag and mass
coefficients so that for each element the drag and mass coefficients can be calculated as a user-defined function
of the Keulegan-Carpenter number. The table can, optionally, be made to be dependent on Reynolds number
allowing bilinear interpolation of drag and mass coefficients.


Parameters
KC : keyword
tablename : name of the Keulegan-Carpenter table (up to 32 alphanumeric characters)
RENL : keyword to indicate Reynolds number is to be supplied
r : Reynolds number. (Real)
DRAG : keyword to indicate drag value is supplied after Keulegan-Carpenter number
MASS : keyword to indicate mass value is supplied after Keulegan-Carpenter number
kc : Keulegan-Carpenter number. (Real)
Notes
1. For each element the Keulegan-Carpenter number KC and (optionally) Reynolds number Re are
calculated as follows:
Re = Diameter x velocity / Kinematic viscosity
KC = Wave period x velocity / Diameter
where the velocity is the maximum water particle velocity throughout a wave cycle normal to the
member. The calculated value of KC defines a position in the array of KC commands and linear
interpolation is used to obtain values for the drag and mass coefficients for the member. If the Reynolds
number is also given, bilinear interpolation is utilised.
2. For values of KC outside the defined range, the related parameter is assumed constant and equal to the
extreme values defined, eg

3. The drag and/or mass coefficients must be in the order of the DRAG and MASS keywords.
4. The kinematic viscosity (VISC) must be specified, if Reynolds number dependency is required.
5. Note that this command is not applicable to the NewWave model.
C
d
K
c

6. Note that this command is not applicable to wind loading.
Examples
KC KCTABLE1 DRAG MASS
: 4. 0 0. 3 1. 95
: 8. 0 0. 48 1. 8
: 12. 0 0. 75 1. 6
: 20. 0 1. 05 1. 2
4.3.18. Wave KINEMATICS Factor Command
The KINE command specifies a user defined wave kinematics factor for use within the API codes of practice.

Parameters
KINE : keyword
factor : user defined wave kinematics factor. (Real)
Notes
1. If the KINE command is not used, factor =
2 power
1 power+
+
where power is the wave spreading power
defined on the SPREAD command.
2. If neither KINE nor SPREAD command is used, a default factor of 1.0 is used.
3. If both the KINE and SPREAD commands are used, the value of the KINE command takes precedence.
5. The factor is used to multiply the horizontal wave velocities and accelerations.
4.3.19. MASS Inertia Coefficients
The MASS command defines the inertia coefficients, Cm, for the members used in the calculation of wave
forces.
KINE factor

Parameters
MASS : keyword
cmx : inertia coefficient in element local x-direction. (Real)
cmy : inertia coefficient in element local y-direction. (Real)
cmz : inertia coefficient in element local z-direction. (Real)
TABL : keyword to indicate that a table is to be utilised for determining the hydrodynamic coefficient
tablename : name of table containing mass coefficients
ZONE : keyword to indicate mass coefficients apply only to elements or parts of elements in the zone
Notes
1. The command is optional and if omitted the program defaults to the following values:
Axial, x Cm = 0.0
Transverse, y and z Cm = 2.0
2. Inertia coefficients may be made dependent on Reynolds number, Keulegan-Carpenter number or A/D
ratio by use of the TABL keyword. See RENL, KC and AMPL commands for details of how to set up
the tables.
Examples
MASS 0. 0 2. 0 2. 2 ELEM 10 20 30
MASS RENL TABLE1 ZONE GROWTH ALL

4.3.20. MAXM Command (Static Analysis)
The MAXM command specifies the type of wave loading generated. With a MAXM command present only the
loadcases corresponding to the maximum and/or minimum horizontal base shear force or overturning moment on
the structure are transferred to the structural analysis file. The command is optional for a static analysis (see
Section 3) and in the absence of the MAXM command all loadcases are output. The MAXM command must be
defined within each loadcase for which it is required.

Parameters
MAXM : keyword
ibmsf : load type integer 0 maximum based on base shear force
1 maximum based on overturning moment
imax : max type integer 2 maximum irrespective of sign
1 positive maximum only
-1 negative maximum only
0 both maxima are output
4.3.21. MAXM Command (Harmonic Analysis)
The MAXM command is mandatory for harmonic analyses (see Section 3) and is used to define the number of
equispaced phase positions within one wave cycle to be investigated and subsequently reduced to an equivalent
sinusoidal loadcase.

Parameter
MAXM : keyword
MAXM i bmsf i max
MAXM npos

npos : number of wave positions to be investigated within one wave cycle and used to sine fit. (Integer)
4.3.22. MOVE Command
The MOVE command defines the origin of the Water Axes relative to the structure Global Axes. The command
is optional and if omitted, the origins of the Water and the Global axes are assumed coincident.

Parameters
MOVE : keyword
x,y,z : coordinates of origin of water axis in the global coordinate system. (Real)
Example
MOVE 0. 0 0. 0 - z

MOVE x y z
Water axis relative to jacket axis
Z
G
Y
G
XG
Z
ZW
YW
XW

4.3.23. NANG Command
This command defines the number of angle steps a wave is to be divided into for determining the maximum
velocity experienced by a submerged element in a wave cycle. The maximum velocity is used for calculating the
drag and mass coefficients for an element if Reynolds or Keulegan-Carpenter tables are used. See the notes in
4.3.17 and 4.3.37 on how the computed velocity is used.

Parameters
NANG : keyword
nangle : the number of equal phase angles a wave is to be divided into for evaluating the maximum
velocity. The angle increment used is 360/nangle degrees
Example
NANG 20
Notes
1. The value for nangle must be greater than zero.
2. The default value for nangle is 8.
3. No more than one NANG command is allowed for each wave case.
4.3.24. NOBM Command
The NOBM command is replaced by NOLO. See Appendix .F for the original specification.
4.3.25. NOBO Command
The NOBO command specifies elements for which buoyancy loads are excluded. The command overrides any
previous BUOY command associated with the specified elements. The buoyancy loading may be reactivated at
any later stage by using another BUOY command.
NANG
nangle


Parameters
NOBO : command keyword
Note
Any number of BUOY and NOBO commands may be used to activate and deactivate loading for different wave
(EXEC) cases. The commands are processed in user input order.
4.3.26. NOFR Command
The NOFR command specifies elements for which free flooding loads are excluded. The command overrides
any previous FREE command associated with the specified elements. The free flooding loading may be
reactivated at any later stage by using another FREE command.
Parameters
NOFR : keyword

Note
Any number of FREE and NOFR commands may be used to activate and deactivate loading for different wave
4.3.27. NOLO Command
The NOLO command specifies elements for which all loads are excluded. The command overrides any previous
load command associated with the specified elements. The loading may be reactivated at any later stage by using
appropriate load commands.
Parameters
NOLO : keyword

Note
Any number of BUOY, FREE, SLWT, WAVE, WIND and NOLO commands may be used to activate and
deactivate loading for different wave (EXEC) cases. The commands are processed in user input order.
4.3.28. NOSW Command
The NOSW command specifies elements for which structural self weight loads are to be ignored. The command
overrides any previous SLWT command associated with the specified elements. The self weight loading may be
reactivated at any later stage by using another SLWT command.
Parameters
NOSW : keyword
Notes
1. Any number of SLWT and NOSW commands may be used to activate and deactivate loading for
different wave (EXEC) cases. The commands are processed in user input order.

2. The weight of marine growth is automatically calculated if a GROW command is present. It is unaffected
by SLWT/NOSW commands.
3. The weight of any internal fluid is automatically calculated if BUOY/FREE commands are present. It is
unaffected by SLWT/NOSW commands.
4.3.29. NOWI Command
The NOWI command specifies tubular elements for which wind loads are excluded. The command overrides any
previous WIND command for the specified elements. The wind loading may be reactivated at any later stage by
using another WIND command.
Parameters
NOWI : keyword
Note
The NOWI command is overridden by subsequent WIND definitions. It is important, therefore, to respecify the
NOWI commands after each use of the WIND command.

4.3.30. NOWL Command
The NOWL command specifies tubular elements for which wave loads are excluded. The command overrides
any previous WAVE command for the specified elements. The wave loading may be reactivated at any later
stage by using another WAVE command.
Parameters
NOWL : keyword
Notes
1. The NOWL command is overridden by subsequent WAVE definitions. It is important, therefore, to
respecify the NOWL commands after each use of the WAVE command.
2. Use of NOWL ALL does not nullify the existing WAVE definition. The wave surface profile is still
applied and this may affect other loading such as buoyancy. To return to the still water condition, a
WAVE command with zero wave height must be specified.
4.3.31. OFFSET Command

The OFFS command defines offsets of member ends from the nodal positions. In this way the thicknesses of
joints can be taken into account when calculating the loading on these members. The offset is taken as a
shortening of the member along its axis.
Parameters
OFFS : keyword
off1 : offset at end one of element. (Real)
off2 : offset at end two of element. (Real)
Note
The offsets defined on this command are additive to any member offsets which may have been defined in the
Geometric Properties data. See ASAS User Manual for details.

4.3.32. OUTPUT Control Command
The OUTP command controls the amount of printed output for each wave (EXEC) case.

Parameters
OUTP : keyword
iout : output control integer 1 Total forces and moments only are reported
2 Total forces on each member are reported
3 Water particle velocities, accelerations, drag and mass
coefficients and the individual forces on each member
are reported
Notes
1. Output 3 produces a large quantity of output and should be used with caution.
2. For MASS, see Section 5.5 for reported information.
4.3.33. PEXT Command
The PEXT command specifies those members where the external pressures are to be calculated from the given
density and elevation. The command is optional and, if omitted, the external pressure (if applicable) will be
calculated from the sea water density and surface elevation including the effect of wave action.

Parameters
PEXT : keyword
density : mass density of external fluid (Real)
OUTP i out

elev : elevation used for computing external pressure (Real)
If elev Z
b
the sea bed level, external pressure is computed assuming fluid pressure to elevation
elev. If <Z
b
, external pressure is computed to the elevation of the water surface vertically above
the point in question.
elem : list of user element numbers (Integer)
group : list of group numbers (Integer)
prop : list of geometric property numbers (Integer)
Notes
1. External pressure calculation is only carried out for the BRIG option
4.3.34. POINT Current Command
The PCUR command specifies a user defined current profile. Each PCUR (point current) command defines a
single point on a current profile. The profile may vary in both magnitude and direction with depth.

Parameters
PCUR : keyword
velocity : current velocity. (Real)
direction : current direction relative to water axis system. (Real)
elevation : elevation of this point value relative to water axis. (Real)
PCUR v el oci ty di recti on el ev ati on

Notes
w
axis,
w
direction and ninety degrees being in the positive Y
w
direction.

2. PCUR commands are cumulative and a table is built-up as each command is read. To reinitialise the
table, supply another type of current command (i.e. TIDE or CURR), which can have magnitude zero, or
use the RESEt command.

3. All locations above the uppermost level defined have a constant current magnitude and direction equal to
the defined values. Similarly, the values below the lowest defined value are constant. Thus one PCUR
command will define a constant current magnitude and direction at all water depths.
4. Options exist to modify the current profile using either mass conservation or relative velocities (see
Appendix .C).
4.3.35. PHASE Command (Static and Time History Analysis)
The PHAS command determines the position of the wave crest relative to the origin of the water axis system for
each computed loadcase within each wave. The command is mandatory and must be included in every wave
(EXEC) case.

Parameters
PHAS : keyword
npos : number of wave positions in this case. (Integer)
pos : position of wave crest relative to water axis (degrees). (Real)
inc : phase increment (degrees). (Real)
Notes
1. A phase position of zero corresponds to the wave crest at the origin of the water axis system. A positive
wave position indicates that the wave crest has passed the water origin.
PHAS npos pos i nc


2. If inc =0 then the phase increment is set to 360/npos
3. This command is not available for NewWave or irregular wave analyses. Utilise the TIME command
instead.
4.3.36. PRINT Command
The PRIN command may be used to override the OUTP command for specific elements.

Parameters
PRIN : keyword
iout : output control integer 1 No elemental information is reported
2 Total forces on each member are reported
3 Water particle velocities, accelerations, drag and mass
coefficients, and the individual forces on each member are
reported
elem : user element number. (Integer)
Note
Option 3 produces a large quantity of output and should be used with caution.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Direction of
wave advance
-10
Z
W
+30
PRIN i out el em

4.3.37. Reynolds Number Tables
The RENL command defines tables of Reynolds numbers with corresponding values of drag and mass
coefficients so that for each element the drag and mass coefficients can be calculated as a user-defined function
of Reynolds number. The table can, optionally, be made to be dependent on the Keulegan-Carpenter number
allowing bilinear interpolation of drag and mass coefficients.

Parameters
RENL : keyword
tablename : name of the Reynolds table (up to 32 alphanumeric characters)
KC : keyword to indicate Keulegan-Carpenter number is to be supplied
kc : Keulegan-Carpenter number. (Real)
DRAG : keyword to indicate drag value is supplied after Reynolds number
MASS : keyword to indicate mass value is supplied after Reynolds number
r : Reynolds number. (Real)
Notes
1. For each element the Reynolds number Re and (optionally) Keulegan-Carpenter number KC are
calculated as follows:
Re = Diameter x velocity / Kinematic viscosity
KC = Wave period x velocity / Diameter
where the velocity is the maximum water particle velocity throughout a wave cycle normal to the
member. The calculated value of Re defines a position in the array of RENL commands and linear
interpolation is used to obtain values for the drag and mass coefficients for the member. If the Keulegan-
Carpenter number is also given, bilinear interpolation is utilised.
2. For values of Re outside the defined range, the related parameter is assumed constant and equal to the
extreme values defined, eg


3. The drag and/or mass coefficients must be in the order of the DRAG and MASS keywords.
4. The kinematic viscosity (VISC) must be specified.
6. This command is not applicable to wind loading.
Examples
RENL REYNOLD1 KC 10 DRAG MASS 20000 1. 6 1. 0
: 30000 1. 2 1. 15
: 40000 1. 0 1. 3
: 80000 0. 8 1. 65
: 100000 0. 65 1. 70
: 200000 0. 6 1. 75
4.3.38. RESET Command
The RESE command may be used to reset
(i) the table of point currents to zero
(ii) the marine growth data to zero
(iii) the element loading to default.
(iv) the BLOC values to default
(v) the table of wind data to zero

C
d
R
e

RESE i reset

Parameters
RESE : keyword
ireset : reset integer 0 reset point currents
1 reset marine growth
2 reset loads to default settings
3 reset the API 20th BLOC values to the default value
4 reset the PWND data to zero (see Section 4.4.3)
Note
The default settings for loads are as follows:
wave loads on tubes and elements with sections defined
no wave load on elements without section information
no buoyancy load
no self-weight of structure
no wind load
no free flooding
self-weight of marine growth if GROW commands present
4.3.39. SLWT Command
The SLWT command may be used to include the structural weight of members. If the command is omitted then
no structural weight will be calculated.
Parameters
SLWT : keyword
density : structural material density of member(s). (Real)

Notes
1. If the structural density of the member is omitted the value of the density specified in the materials data
will be utilised.
2. To prevent the calculation of element self weight use the NOSW command.
3. The calculation of the self-weight of any marine growth or internal fluid is not affected by this command.
See BUOY, GROW, NOFR and NOBO commands.
4.3.40. SPECTRAL Command
This command is used to define the wave spectrum to be employed in a NewWave or irregular wave analysis.
Parameters
SPEC : keyword
JONS : keyword to select a J ONSWAP wave spectrum
PMOS : keyword to select a Pierson Moskowitz wave spectrum
UDEF : keyword to indicate that a user defined spectrum is to be supplied
UWAV : keyword to indicate that user defined wavelet details are to be supplied
peak : peak period (T
p
) for the spectrum. (Real)

gamma : enhancement factor for the spectrum. Defaults to 3.3 if not defined. (Real)
freq : frequency ordinate (H
z
) for user defined spectrum
energy : corresponding energy density ordinate (length
2
/H
z
) for user defined spectrum
height : height of wavelet. (Real)
period : period of wavelet. (Real)
phase : phase of wavelet. (Real)
wavelength:length of wavelet. If zero, the wavelength will be computed internally by the program. (Real)
Notes
1. Only one such command should be defined for a given NewWave / irregular wave case.
2. For user defined spectra sufficient pairs of ordinates must be provided to adequately define the sea state.
3. For UWAV spectrum, phase is unused in a NewWave analysis.
4. For UWAV spectrum, the number of wavelet data defined in this command determines the number of
wavelets to be used to model the wave spectrum. This will override any WPAR WAVELET data
specified.
Example
SPEC PMOS 10. 0
SPEC UDEF
: 0. 04 0. 004 0. 0477 0. 458 0. 0547 3. 089
: 0. 0654 7. 650 0. 0724 8. 2405 0. 0794 7. 4185
: 0. 0865 6. 1053 0. 0936 4. 8084 0. 1006 3. 7133
: . . . .
4.3.41. Wave SPREADING Command
The SPRE command specifies a user defined wave spreading power for use with the API codes of practice.
This command is used to enable the program to compute a wave kinematics factor.

Parameters
SPRE power

SPRE : keyword
power : user defined wave spreading power. (Real)
Notes
1. If the SPRE command is used, wave kinematics factor =
2) (power+
1) (power+

2. If the SPRE command is not used (and KINE is not used) a default value of 1.0 is used for the wave
kinematics factor.
3. If both the KINE and SPREAD commands are used, the value of the KINE command take precedence.
4.3.42. STOP Command
A STOP command is needed to signify the end of the data.

Parameters
STOP : keyword
4.3.43. TIDE Command
The TIDE command specifies a predetermined current profile in the same direction as an associated wave.

Parameters
STOP
TIDE i profi l e v el -s v el -b el ev

TIDE : keyword
iprofile : profile type integer 1 linear profile
2 exponential profile
vel-s : current velocity at still water level. (Real)
vel-b : current velocity at sea bed. (Real)
elev : elevation relative to water axis at which current becomes constant. (Real)
Notes
1. The tide current may vary either linearly or exponentially between the seabed and a predefined elevation
above which the current is assumed to remain constant.

v el -s
v el -b
el ev
v el -s
v el -b
el ev
Linear current variation Exponential current variation
ZW ZW
SWL

2. Options exist to modify the current profile using either mass conservation or relative velocities (see
Appendix .C).
3. The TIDE command remains operative until overridden by a subsequent TIDE, CURR or PCUR
command. If it is required to return to having no current or tide loading then a dummy TIDE command
should be provided with zero velocity.
4.3.44. TIME Command
The TIME command determines the times to be used for determining the position of the maximum wave crest in
a NewWave or irregular wave analysis. It is analogous to the PHAS command used for deterministic wave
theories.

Parameters
TIME : keyword
time : initial instant defining the position of the maximum wave crest. A time of 0.0 corresponds to the
instant when this crest is above the water axis origin. (Real)
npos : if stepping the wave through the structure, this parameter defines the number of time steps to be
used. (Integer)
timinc : time increment at which the wave will be stepped. (Real)
Notes
1. Since NewWave / irregular wave is a dispersive wave, the concept of stepping a wave by phase angle is
inappropriate since the wave crest varies with time and space.
2. For NewWave, a positive time value indicates that the maximum wave crest has passed the water origin.
For a non-evolving wave, this is shown diagramatically below.
TIME
ti me
npos ti me ti mi nc


3. This command is only available for NewWave or irregular wave analyses. Utilise the PHAS command
for conventional deterministic wave theories.
4.3.45. TOLERANCE Command
The TOLS command defines the tolerances to be used to decide between linear and quadratic distributed loads
and for the subdivision of elements. The command is optional and, if omitted, a default value of 0.1 is used to
decide between linear and quadratic and no sub-division will occur.
The water particle force is calculated at the centre point of the element or subdivision and compared with a value
interpolated linearly between the end values. If this lies within the given tolerance then linear distributed loads
are used and no subdivision occurs. If the calculated force lies outside the given tolerance, quadratic distributed
loads are used and the second tolerance is checked to decide whether or not to subdivide the element. If the
value lies outside the second tolerance then both halves of the element have separate quadratic distributed loads.
Parameters
TOLS : keyword
tload : tolerance for linear/quadratic distributed loads. (Real)
tsub : tolerance for element subdivision. (Real)

Note
If tsub is omitted then no subdivision occurs.
4.3.46. Calculation Method, TYPE Command
The conventional method (e.g. API Code of Practice) of calculating wave forces is to resolve the fluid velocities
and accelerations normal to the member axis and calculate forces normal to the member only. However, an
alternative method required by some codes may be specified in which the force directed along the vector of
instantaneous velocity or acceleration is calculated and then resolved normal to and along the axis of the
member. The command is optional and if absent type 1 is selected.

Parameters
TYPE : keyword
itype : calculation type control integer
0 or 1 resolve fluid particle motions (default)
2 resolve hydrodynamic forces
4.3.47. UNITS Command
If global units have been defined using the UNITS command in the Preliminary data (Appendix A.14.1) the
wave input data units may be locally overridden by the inclusion of an UNITS command.
Parameters
UNITS : keyword
TYPE i type

unitnm : name of unit to be utilised (see below)
Notes
1. Force, length, and angular units may be specified. Only those terms which are required to be modified
need to be specified, undefined terms will default to those currently active.
2. The default input angular unit for waveload data is degrees.
3. A list of valid unit names can be found in the ASAS User Manual
4. The mass unit is derived from the force and length unit currently defined. In order to determine the
consistent mass unit the force and length terms must both be either metric or imperial. This requirement is
only necessary where mass or density data is being specified, in other cases inconsistencies are permitted.

Example
Operational Units
PROJ ECT ASAS
FI LES ASAS
J OB NEWLI NE
OPTI ONS GOON END
UNI TS N M Newtons Metres
END
.
.
.
LOAD 1
CASE 1 t i t l e
WAVE LOAD
UNI TS MM Newtons Millimetres Degrees
.
.
.
UNI TS KI LONEWTONS Kilonewtons Millimetres Degrees
.
.
.
UNI TS N RADI ANS Newtons Millimetres Radians
.
.
.

4.3.48. VISCOSITY Command
The VISC command defines the kinematic viscosity for the sea water for Reynolds number calculations.

Parameters
VISC : keyword
VISC viscosity

viscosity : kinematic viscosity
Note
This command must be present if Reynolds numbers (RENL commands) are used in the definition of drag and
mass coefficients.
Example
VI SC 1. 3E- 06
4.3.49. WAVE Command
The WAVE command defines the wave theory, and the Height, Period and Direction of the wave. This
command is optional, but if it appears must come after the ELEV command.

Parameters
WAVE : keyword
theory : wave theory keyword
AIRY Linear wave theory (Airy)
CNOIDAL Solitary wave theory (Cnoidal 1st)
STOKE5 Stokes 5th order theory
GRID Grid wave
STREAMn Stream function theory of order n (3 n 9)
height : wave height. (Real)
period : wave period in seconds. (Real)
direction : wave direction. (Real)
NEWW : keyword to denote the NewWave wave model is to be used
crest : maximum crest elevation measured from the mean water level. (Real)

IRRE : keyword to denote an irregular wave spectrum is to be used.
sigheight : significant wave height of the spectrum. (Real)
Notes
1. The NewWave wave model must not be used in the same run as any of the conventional wave theories.
w
axes,
w
w
direction.

3. For backward compatibility, the theory may be given as an integer with the following correspondence:
1 AIRY
2 CNOIDAL
5 STOKES
10 GRID WAVE
-n Stream function theory of order n
4. NewWave is a dispersive wave, i.e. it is not cyclic as with the other deterministic waves. The crest height
given is the maximum that can occur when the linear wavelets which constitute the wave are all in phase
at their respective peaks.
5. NewWave may not be utilised in harmonic analyses.
6. Irregular wave, by definition is also a dispersive wave and it may not be utlised in harmonic analyses
7. For a user defined wave spectrum (i.e. UDEF specified in the SPECTRAL command), the significant
wave height is computed from the area under the defined spectrum. In this case, sigheight specified here
is used for the stretching depth calculation only.
4.3.50. WIND Command
The WIND command enables wind loading to be input on members above the water surface. This command is
optional, but if omitted no wind loads are applied.


Parameters
WIND : keyword
velocity : wind velocity. (Real)
direction : wind direction. (Real)
density : mass density of air. (Real)
Notes
1. Direction is in the water axis system. Direction is in degrees around the water Z
w
axes, zero degrees
being in the positive X
w
w
direction.

2. The wind velocity is assumed constant for all elevations. Should a variation with elevation be required
this can be modelled by modifying the drag coefficients of the appropriate elements.
4.3.51. WPAR Command
This command permits user control over the default parameters adopted for the NewWave and/or irregular wave
computations. Unless guided otherwise, it is suggested that the default values embodied within WAVE are
adopted.

WIND v el oci ty di recti on densi ty

Parameters
WPAR : keyword
STRETCH : keyword to indicate that the delta stretching depth parameter is to be defined. If this parameter is
not defined a default value of 0.5 is used (NewWave and irregular wave)
dsa : stretching depth factor. (Real). Stretching begins at a depth of dsa.H
s
below the mean water
level (MWL) up to the water surface, where Hs is the maximum crest elevation or significant
wave height measured from MWL and specified in the WAVE command. No stretching occurs
below this depth, or if the wave surface is below MWL
DELTA : keyword to indicate that the delta stretching parameter is to be defined. If this parameter is not
defined a default value of 0.3 is adopted (NewWave and irregular wave)
delta : delta parameter. (Real). A value of 0.0 corresponds to Wheeler stretching under wave crests, 1.0
corresponds to linear extrapolation of kinematics at mean water level to crest (0.0 delta 1.0)
SPREAD : keyword to indicate that the wave spreading constant is to be defined. If this parameter is not
defined no wave spreading will be considered (alpha =0.0). See Note 2 below. (NewWave only)
alpha : wave spreading constant in degrees (0.0 alpha 40.0). (Real)
SHIFT : keyword to indicate that a common phase shift is to be applied to all the component wavelets. If
this parameter is not defined then no phase shift will be applied, and all the wave frequency
components will come into phase at x =t =0.0 (NewWave only)
theta : phase shift to be applied in degrees. (Real)
OFFSET : keyword to denote an offset is to be applied to an evolving wave to define where the wave crests
come into phase along the direction of wave propagation. If this parameter is not defined for an
evolving wave then no offset will be applied (NewWave only)
offset : offset distance from the origin in the direction of the wave. (Real)
EVOLVING : keyword to indicate that an evolving wave is required. If this keyword is not specified
then a non-evolving wave is generate (NewWave only)
WAVELET : keyword to denote the number of regular wavelets to be used to model the wave spectrum. If this
parameter is not defined, the default value is 50 (NewWave and irregular wave)

nwave : number of regular wavelets used to model the wave spectrum (1 nwave 1000) (Integer)
SEED : keyword to denote the random seed is to be defined. If this parameter is not defined, the default
seed is 1
iseed : seed to start the generation of random phases (Integer)
Notes
1. Before utilising any of the options described above for Shell NewWave, the user is directed to Reference
10
2. The SPREAD constant alpha is used to modify the horizontal wave kinematics for nearly uni-directional
seas. It must not be confused with the SPREAD command used for API analyses which utilises a quite
different parameter and methodology to determine the spreading characteristics.
3. The SPREAD command must not be used in conjunction with the NewWave model.
Example
WPAR SPREAD 10. 0
WPAR EVOLVI NG
WPAR WAVELET 100
4.3.52. WSET Command
The WSET command specifies sets of elements into which base shears and moments for the jacket are summed
for the elements specified or implied.
Parameters
WSET : keyword
name : name of wave set (alphanumeric, 4 characters)
elem : list of user element numbers (integer)

prop : list of geometric property numbers (integer)
GROUP : keyword to indicate group selection
group : list of group numbers (integer)
Note
Any number of WSET commands may be used to specify different groupings of elements in one analysis. They
must be specified before the first EXEC command (i.e. in first wave case). They then operate on all wave cases.
4.3.53. XMAS Data
This facility enables distributed masses such as that due to the effects of internal fluids where buoyancy loading
is being ignored. Extra mass is input per unit length of each selected element.
Parameters
XMAS : keyword
mass : extra mass per unit length. (Real)

Notes
1. Extra mass may be specified per element using the AMAS command.
2. Masses are not cumulative. Subsequent XMAS definitions for a particular element will overwrite
previous values.
3. AMAS may be specified in addition to XMAS for a given element.
4.3.54. ZONE Data
The ZONE command defines the limits of a specified zone in any or all of the X, Y and Z directions.
Parameters
ZONE : keyword
zonename : name of zone (up to 32 alphanumeric characters)
limname : keyword which may be one of the following:
XMIN, XMAX, YMIN, YMAX, ZMIN, ZMAX
limit : coordinate value associated with the corresponding limname. Values must be specified in the
water axis system. (Real)
Notes
1. Undefined values are assumed to be at +/- infinity.
2. The zonenames can be used with the DRAG, MASS and GROW commands.
Examples
ZONE ZONE1 ZMI N - 2. 0 ZMAX 27. 5
ZONE ZONE2 ZMI N 1. 5 ZMAX 31. 7 YMAX 147. 5 XMI N - 25. 5

Description of the WINDSPEC data WAVE User Manual
4.4. WINDSPEC Data
The data described in this section is appropriate only when WAVE is used to generate loadcases for a
WINDSPEC wind fatigue analysis, and should only be used in conjunction with option WIND.
For a WINDSPEC analysis, it is necessary to generate wave load cases for wind loads on each bay of the
structure. The bays of the structure are defined by the ASAS group numbers, each non-zero ASAS group
corresponding to one bay of the structure. The loadcases required for a WINDSPEC analysis consist of
NDIR*NBAY*NGUST wave cases (each consisting of a real and imaginary pair) where NDIR is the number of
base wind directions, NGUST is the number of gust directions relative to each base wind direction, and NBAY is
the number of bays in the structure. Each of the cases is formed by subtracting the results of a base wind case
from the results of a base+gust wind case. The PWND and GUST data lines allow data equivalent to
NDIR*NBAY*NGUST WAVE loadcases to be generated internally, with drag data, as defined on the DRAG
data lines being applied and removed automatically. The subtraction of the base case from the base +gust case
is also carried out internally.
The PWND data line defines the velocity, direction and elevation of the base wind case.
The GUST data line defines the number of wind gust directions to be used (1 or 2).
The FREQ data line defines the frequencies to be used in the RESPONSE run following the WAVE run.
4.4.1. FREQUENCY Command
The FREQ command defines one frequency to be used in the RESPONSE analysis. All frequencies to be used
in the RESPONSE analysis must be defined in WAVE by appropriate FREQ commands.

Parameters
FREQ : keyword
freq : frequency
Notes
1. All frequency data must be specified before the first PWND data line.
2. The frequencies must be specified in ascending order.
FREQ freq

4.4.2. GUST Command
The GUST command defines the number of gust directions to be considered for each base wind case. Either one
or two gust directions may be considered. The first gust direction will always be in the direction of the base
wind case, the second gust direction will always be at an angle of 90 around the water z axis from the base wind
direction.

Parameters
GUST : keyword
ngust : number of gust directions
Note
The gust data must be specified before the first PWND data line.
4.4.3. PWND Command
The PWND command specifies the velocity, direction and elevation of the base wind case. Each PWND
command defines one point on the wind current profile.

Parameters
PWND : keyword
velocity : wind velocity. (Real)
direction : direction of wind relative to water axis system. (Real)
elevation : elevation of this point value relative to water axis. (Real)
GUST ngust
PWND velocity direction elevation

Notes
w
axis,
w
w
direction.

2. PWND commands are cumulative and a table is built-up as each command is read. To reinitialise the
table use the RESE command.
3. All locations above the uppermost level defined have a constant wind velocity and direction equal to the
defined values. Similarly, the values below the lowest defined value are constant. Thus one PWND
command will define a constant wind velocity and direction at all water depths.


MASS User Guide WAVE User Manual
Page 5-1
5. MASS User Guide
5.1. Introduction
MASS is a pre-processor in the ASAS-OFFSHORE system and is used to calculate the additional mass due to
marine growth, non-structural elements, added hydrodynamic mass and flooded members for use in a natural
frequency analysis. The masses are lumped on to the appropriate nodal freedoms. The program outputs a
modified ASAS data file in which the extra mass appears in a Direct Mass Input Data Block. This avoids the
considerable task of such quantities being calculated and input by hand.
5.2. Technical Description
The equations of motion of structural dynamics are:
F(t) = Kx + x C + x M
where M is the mass matrix
C is the modal damping matrix
K is the structural stiffness matrix
F(t) forcing function with respect to time
x , x x, is the displacement vector (and its derivatives)
For offshore structures it is assumed that the elements of M, C and K are constant.
The mass matrix M not only defines the structural mass of the finite element model, but also the non-structural
mass which is vital for an accurate modal analysis. Examples of added mass are machine components on an
offshore rig deck, marine growth, and mass arising from flooded members. These added masses can contribute a
considerable amount to the total mass of matrix M.
MASS modifies the basic ASAS data file so that the main program can model these important effects. It
automatically generates the extra mass data relevant to these effects.
Structural mass for tubular elements may be applied with the SLWT command. Alternatively, the structural
mass can be calculated at the time of the ASAS frequency run.
The mass of marine growth is calculated from the specific density and thickness where the value of density is
chosen to reflect both the weight of marine organisms themselves, and the pockets of water contained within
them. The effect of marine growth is applied using the GROW command.
The added (hydrodynamic) mass is calculated automatically by the program for all tubular elements below the
water surface, assuming it is a function of the displaced volume of the tube. The mass of internal water for
flooded members is also included by the MASS program, and is applied equally in all directions. Flooding may
be applied with the BUOY or FREE command.

Page 5-2
The hydrodynamic mass is calculated from the following equation using the displaced volume of water:
M
H
= V (C
m
- 1)
where M
H
is the added hydrodynamic mass
C
m
is the inertia coefficient
is the mass density of sea water
V is the displaced volume of water (including marine growth)
The default values for the inertia coefficient are 0.0 along the member axis, and 2.0 for the local y and z axes.
The hydrodynamic mass, therefore, is only calculated in the transverse directions, zero indicating that mass
effects are to be ignored. If mass is required to act axially this may be achieved by modifying the inertia
coefficients appropriately.
The total mass for each member is computed and split equally between the nodes at either end. Mass effects are
not included on underwater members other than tubes.
5.3. Method of Analysis
In nearly all aspects MASS is identical to WAVE, the exceptions being:
(a) MASS only applies to a dynamic analysis. The resulting ASAS data file is utilised in a natural frequency
analysis prior to running RESPONSE. See Figure 5.1.
(b) The added mass is only calculated for the first wave case. Other wave cases can be present but will be
ignored.
(c) A list of WAVE LOAD commands valid for MASS is given in Table 5.1. Any other WAVE LOAD
command not appropriate to MASS will be ignored.
(d) A DIRECT MASS data block should not be present in the MASS input data. Any additional masses can
be edited in to the file created by MASS before the ASAS run.

Page 5-3

Figure 5.1 Dynamic spectral fatigue analysis using MASS and WAVE
ASAS backing files
J OB OLD FREQ
PROJ ECT PWA1
OPTI ONS
END ..
..
.
END
STOP
ASAS
FATJACK2

PROJ ECT PWA1
..
.
WAVE LOAD
.
.
.
.
END
STOP
J OB NEWFREQ
PROJ ECT PWA1
OPTI ONS
END
.
.
.
.
.
.
J OB NEWFREQ
RESPONSE
WAVE
MAXM 8
FI LES RWAV
PROJ ECT PWA1
END
..
.
WAVE LOAD
.
.
.
.
END
STOP
PROJ ECT PWA1
OPTI ONS
END
..
.
WAVE LOAD
.
.
.
.
END
STOP
MAXM 8
J OB OLD FREQ
J OB RESP
PROJ ECT PWA1
STRUCTURE PWA1
NEWSTRUCTURE RST1
OPTI ONS
SAVE . . . FI LES
END
LOADFI LE RWAV
.
.
.
.
.
END
STOP
SAVE . . . . FI LES
SAVE . . . . FI LES
SAVE . . . . FI LES
MASS
PWA110
RWAV35
PWA135
WAVE user input data MASS user input data

Page 5-4
GRAV Gravity Components Mandatory in 1st wave case
MOVE Water Axes Default - coincident with jacket axes
ELEV Water Elevation Mandatory in 1st wave case
BUOY Buoyancy Default - none
FREE Free Flooding Default - none
SLWT Self-Weight Default - none
AMAS Additional Mass on Element Default - none
XMAS Extra Mass/Unit length Default - none
GROW Marine Growth Default - none
MASS Inertial Coefficients Default 0.0, 2.0, 2.0
NOBO No Buoyancy Overrides BUOY command
NOFR No Free Flooding Overrides BUOY command
NOSW No Self-Weight Overrides FREE command
MAXM Find Maximum Mandatory for Dynamics
OUTP Print Control Default - J acket Totals only
PRIN Element Printing Default - none
EXEC Execute Mandatory
ZONE Print total masses within given zones Default - none

Table 5.1 Command words and their defaults for MASS

Page 5-5
5.4. Commands for MASS
A list of valid commands or MASS is given in Table 5.1. Other WAVE commands may be present in the data
but will be ignored.
5.4.1. Use of Zones in MASS
In MASS, for each zone defined the apparent drag, volume, structural mass, apparent mass, length and surface
area are summed up and printed in a table for geometric properties containing elements bounded by the region.
The mass and other values are assigned to a particular zone according to the location of the centroid of each
element subdivision. To be considered as being in a zone, the location of the centroid must be greater than the
minimum value and less than or equal to the maximum value.
5.5. Printed Output
MASS echoes the user data and prints expanded data and summaries unless options are included to suppress
them. The mass information reported depends upon the level requested using the OUTP command (see also
Section 4.3.32).
OUTP level 1 will print the total masses for the jacket under the separate headings of element, growth, flooding,
extra and hydrodynamic mass. See Figure 5.1.
OUTP level 2 will print a heading containing some geometric data for the element and total mass for the element
in the global axes system, in addition to the totals. See Figure 5.2.
OUTP level 3 will print the following for each subdivision of the element: length, internal and external
diameters, thickness and density of any applicable marine growth, and the mass per unit length for element mass,
growth mass, flooding mass, extra mass and hydrodynamic mass in the local axes system, in addition to the level
2 printing. See Figure 5.4.
If the ZONE command is selected grand total mass summations are tabulated under the headings structural mass
(i. e. steel +growth +flooding +additional) and apparent mass in global X, Y and Z directions. See Figure 5.5.

Page 5-6

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TOTAL JACKET MASS (TUBE ELEMENTS)
---------------------------------
ELEMENT GROWTH FLOOD EXTRA HYDRODYNAMIC
------- ------ ----- ----- ------------
3.988D 01 1.510D 01 2.929D 01 2.000D 01 5.421D 01 X 4.046D 01 Y 1.375D 01 Z

Figure 5.1 Default Mass Report (OUTP = 1)
------- ---- GEOMETRIC PROPERTY 1 FLUID DENS 0.00D-01 PROPN FLOOD 0.00
TOTAL ELEMENT MASS (GLOBAL) 1.719D 01 X 1.709D 01 Y 1.080D 01 Z
*****************************************
*****************************************
Figure 5.2 Brief Elemental Mass Report (OUTP = 2)
SD LENGTH DIAMETER GROWTH ELEMENT MASS PER UNIT LENGTH
-- ------ ----------------- ---------------- ------------------------------
EXTERNAL INTERNAL THICK DENSITY ELEMENT GROWTH FLOOD EXTRA HYDRODYNAMIC (LOCAL AXES)
1 1.79D 01 3.33D-01 3.13D-01 0.00D-01 0.00D-01 7.96D-02 0.00D-01 0.00D-01 0.00D-01 0.00D-01 X 8.93D-02 Y 8.93D-02 Z
*****************************************
Figure 5.4 Detailed Elemental Mass Report (OUTP = 3)

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ZONE XMAX XMIN YMAX YMIN ZMAX ZMIN
---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
1 1.0000 -1.0000 17.0000 0.0000 16.0000 0.0000
GEOM DIA TH APP.DG X APP.DG Y APP.DG Z VOLUME STR.MASS APP.M X APP.M Y APP.M Z LENGTH SF.AREA
---- --- -- -------- -------- -------- ------ -------- ------- ------- ------- ------ -------
1 1.000D 00 2.500D-02 1.129D 01 1.120D 01 1.400D 00 1.475D 01 9.688D 00 3.924D 01 3.901D 01 2.435D 01 1.612D 01 5.066D 01
2 3.330D-01 1.000D-02 2.238D 01 7.459D 00 2.051D 01 1.342D 01 7.645D 00 2.798D 01 1.640D 01 2.580D 01 9.603D 01 1.005D 02
3 1.000D 00 2.500D-02 1.129D 01 1.120D 01 1.400D 00 1.475D 01 9.688D 00 4.924D 01 4.901D 01 3.435D 01 1.612D 01 5.066D 01
TOTAL 1 4.496D 01 2.986D 01 2.331D 01 4.293D 01 2.702D 01 1.165D 02 1.044D 02 8.451D 01 1.283D 02 2.018D 02
---------

ZONE XMAX XMIN YMAX YMIN ZMAX ZMIN
---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
1 1.0000 -1.0000 17.0000 0.0000 16.0000 0.0000
X Y Z1 Z2 DIA CDX CDY CDZ CMX CMY CMZ NG
--- --- -- -- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --
0.0000D-01 8.5000D 00 1.6000D 01 0.0000D-01 1.0835D 00 1.4000D 00 1.1200D 01 1.1287D 01 2.4352D 01 3.9009D 01 3.9242D 01 1
0.0000D-01 8.5000D 00 1.6000D 01 0.0000D-01 1.0335D 00 2.0513D 01 7.4592D 00 2.2384D 01 2.5801D 01 1.6399D 01 2.7979D 01 2
0.0000D-01 8.5000D 00 1.6000D 01 0.0000D-01 1.0835D 00 1.4000D 00 1.1200D 01 1.1287D 01 3.4352D 01 4.9009D 01 4.9242D 01 3

GRAND TOTAL FOR APP.DG X APP.DG Y APP.DG Z VOLUME STR.MASS APP.M X APP.M Y APP.M Z LENGTH SF.AREA
-------- -------- -------- ------ -------- ------- ------- ------ -------
-4.496D 01-2.986D 01-2.331D 01-4.293D 01-2.702D 01-1.165D 02-1.044D 02-8.451D 01-1.283D 02-2.018D 02-

Figure 5.5 Mass Zone Report

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Examples WAVE User Manual
6. Examples
6.1. Example 1, Simple Static Wave Analysis
This is an example of a simple static wave analysis of a riser. The following items should be noted:
1. The vertical axis lies parallel to global z direction, as given on the GRAV command.
2. The water axis is shifted from the global axis system as defined on the MOVE command so that the X
w

Y
w
plane is coincident with the still water level.
3. The still water level is 35.4 metres above the seabed.
4. Although the point current profile remains constant, a RESE command has to be supplied and the point
currents redefined to account for the change in direction. Failure to do this would result in unwanted
current loading.
5. A change in marine growth drag terms is being investigated for different wave directions and this is
implemented by RESEtting the growth data and redefining the data with new drag terms.
6. 7th order Stream Function has been requested for wave loading.
7. Element number 1 is to excluded from the wave loading and this must be specified using a NOWL
command after each WAVE/PCUR definition.
The WAVE run will produce a file suitable for input to ASAS for a static stress analysis (for this example, the
file name will be ASASWA). Additional loads representing other loading conditions can be edited onto this file
if necessary before running ASAS.


Figure 6.1 Example 1, Simple Riser Analysis

PROJECT RISE
JOB NEW LINE
FILES ASAS
TITLE MANUAL EXAMPLE OF SIMPLE ANALYSIS
OPTIONS GOON HYDR
END
*----------------------------------------------------------------------------
COOR
CART LEGS
DCOS 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.993 0.122
ORIG 64.066 10.640 -34.616
100 0.0 0.0 0.0
110 -10.0 0.0 0.0
120 -19.5 0.0 0.0
* KNEE BEND
130 -29.0 0.0 0.0
140 -32.67 0.0 0.0
150 -33.271 0.0 0.354
160 -33.634 0.0 0.803
170 -34.093 0.0 4.540
* INTERMEDIATE CLAMP
180 -36.534 0.0 6.010
190 -38.299 0.0 11.417
200 -40.064 0.0 16.824
* CLAMP 1
210 -41.829 0.0 22.231
215 -42.315 0.0 22.225
220 -42.625 0.0 28.708
* CLAMP 2
230 -43.420 0.0 35.185
235 -43.934 0.0 35.125
240 -44.129 0.0 40.712
250 -44.129 0.4852 44.664
260 -44.129 0.9705 48.616
END
*----------------------------------------------------------------------------
ELEM
MATP 1
GROU 1
/
TUBE 100 110 1
RP 16 10
GROU 2
BM3D 210 215 2 40
BM3D 230 235 2 41
GROU 3
TUBE 130 170 3 42
END
*----------------------------------------------------------------------------
MATE
1 ISO 2.1E8 0.3 11.7E-6 7.85
END
*----------------------------------------------------------------------------
GEOM
1 TUBE 0.219 0.014
2 BM3D PG01 0.33 0.0 0.25
3 TUBE 0.150 0.010
END
Figure 6.2 Example 1, Simple Static Wave Analysis

SECT
PG01 WF XSEC 0.178 0.127 0.025 0.025
END
*----------------------------------------------------------------------------
RELE
RX CLA 40 210
RY CLB 40 210
RZ CLC 40 210
RX CHA 41 230
RY CHB 41 230
RZ CHC 41 230
RY 42 130
RZ 42 130
RX 42 170
RY 42 170
RZ 42 170
END
*----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUPP
RX Y Z 100
X Y 260
ALL 215
ALL 235
END
*----------------------------------------------------------------------------
LOAD 1
CASE 1
WAVE LOAD
GRAV 0.0 0.0 -9.81
MOVE 20.26 10.64 -0.526
ELEV 0.0 -35.4 1.025
BUOY 1.025 1.0 PROP 1
SLWT 7.850 ALL
MASS 0.0 2.0 2.0 ALL
MASS 0.0 0.0 0.0 ELEM 40 41
DRAG 0.0 0.7 0.7 ALL
DRAG 0.0 0.0 0.0 ELEM 40 41
PCUR 1.61 0 0.00
PCUR 1.55 0 -8.85
PCUR 1.46 0 -17.70
PCUR 1.41 0 -21.24
PCUR 1.36 0 -24.78
PCUR 1.28 0 -28.32
PCUR 1.16 0 -31.86
PCUR 1.05 0 -33.63
PCUR 0.00 0 -35.40
GROW 0.005 1.30 14.0 0.6 0.7 2.0 ALL
GROW 0.010 1.30 0.6 -16.4 1.0 2.0 ALL
GROW 0.010 1.30 -16.4 -21.4 1.0 2.0 ALL
GROW 0.025 1.30 -21.4 -35.4 1.0 2.0 ALL
WAVE -7 13.0 11.5 0
WIND 36.0 0 1.23E-3
NOBO ELEM 1 40 41
NOSW ELEM 1 40 41
NOWL ELEM 1
PHAS 3 -10.0 5.0
MAXM 1 2
EXEC
Figure 6.2 Example 1, Simple Static Wave Analysis (continued)

*
RESE 0
RESE 1
GROW 0.005 1.30 14.0 0.6 1.117 2.0 ALL
GROW 0.010 1.30 0.6 -16.4 1.595 2.0 ALL
GROW 0.010 1.30 -16.4 -21.4 1.000 2.0 ALL
GROW 0.025 1.30 -21.4 -35.4 1.000 2.0 ALL
PCUR 1.61 90 0.00
PCUR 1.55 90 -8.85
PCUR 1.46 90 -17.70
PCUR 1.41 90 -21.24
PCUR 1.36 90 -24.78
PCUR 1.28 90 -28.32
PCUR 1.16 90 -31.86
PCUR 1.05 90 -33.63
PCUR 0.00 90 -35.40
WAVE -7 13.0 11.5 90
WIND 36.0 90 1.23E-3
*
NOWL ELEM 1
*
PHAS 1 -10.0 0
OUTP 2
EXEC
*
RESE 0
PCUR 1.61 135 0.00
PCUR 1.55 135 -8.85
PCUR 1.46 135 -17.70
PCUR 1.41 135 -21.24
PCUR 1.36 135 -24.78
PCUR 1.28 135 -28.32
PCUR 1.16 135 -31.86
PCUR 1.05 135 -33.63
PCUR 0.00 135 -35.40
WAVE -7 13.0 11.5 135
WIND 36.0 135 1.23E-3
*
NOWL ELEM 1
*
PHAS 3 -10.0 5
OUTP 3
EXEC
*
END
STOP
Figure 6.2 Example 1, Simple Static Wave Analysis (continued)

Page 6 Contains proprietary and confidential information of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.

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*****************
* WAVE CASE 1 *
*****************

WAVE DATA
- - - - - - - -
HEI GHT 13. 00 THEORY STRM FN. 7 CREST ELEVATI ON 7. 8077E+00

PERI OD 11. 50 COMPUTED HEI GHT 13. 00 TROUGH ELEVATI ON- 5. 1923E+00

DI RECTI ON 0. 00 COMPUTED LENGTH 1. 8625E+02 SETUP 0. 0000E+00

WAVE A 6. 3D+01 1. 3D+00 - 1. 3D- 02 2. 6D- 03 8. 8D- 05 - 6. 4D- 05 2. 7D- 05
COEFS B 7. 8D+00 7. 6D+00 6. 9D+00 6. 2D+00 5. 2D+00 4. 1D+00 3. 0D+00 1. 9D+00 7. 9D- 01 - 1. 7D- 01 - 1. 1D+00
- 1. 9D+00 - 2. 7D+00 - 3. 3D+00 - 3. 9D+00 - 4. 3D+00 - 4. 6D+00 - 4. 8D+00 - 5. 1D+00 - 5. 2D+00 - 5. 2D+00

PHASE DATA
- - - - - - - - -
START - 10. 00 I NCREMENT 5. 00 I NCREMENTS 3

GRAVI TY AND AXES DATA
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ACCEL. X 0. 00D+00 STI LL WATER LEVEL 0. 00D+00 ORI GI N OF WATER AXES
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ACCEL. Y 0. 00D+00 SEA- BED - 3. 54D+01 GLOBAL X 2. 03D+01

ACCEL. Z - 9. 81D+00 WATER DEPTH 3. 54D+01 GLOBAL Y 1. 06D+01

RESULTANT 9. 81D+00 WATER DENSI TY 1. 02D+00 GLOBAL Z - 5. 26D- 01
1WAVE 13. 01. 00. 0 ( QA) 16: 08 02- 05- 2001 MANUAL EXAMPLE OF SI MPLE ANALYSI S PAGE 24

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

WI ND DATA
- - - - - - - -
SPEED 3. 60D+01 DI RECTI ON 0. 00 DENSI TY 1. 23D- 03

POI NT CURRENT DATA
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CURRENT DI RECTI ON ELEVATI ON
VELOCI TY - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
1. 050D+00 0. 0 - 3. 363D+01
1. 160D+00 0. 0 - 3. 186D+01
1. 280D+00 0. 0 - 2. 832D+01
1. 360D+00 0. 0 - 2. 478D+01
1. 410D+00 0. 0 - 2. 124D+01
1. 460D+00 0. 0 - 1. 770D+01
1. 550D+00 0. 0 - 8. 850D+00
1. 610D+00 0. 0 0. 000D+00

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TUBE MARI NE
ELEMENT STEP SD START FI NI SH DI AMETER THI CKNESS GROWTH CDX CDY CDZ CMX CMY CMZ
1 1 1 0. 000 10. 000 0. 219 0. 014 0. 025 0. 00 1. 00 1. 00 0. 00 2. 00 2. 00
2 1 1 0. 000 9. 500 0. 219 0. 014 0. 025 0. 00 1. 00 1. 00 0. 00 2. 00 2. 00
3 1 1 0. 000 9. 500 0. 219 0. 014 0. 025 0. 00 1. 00 1. 00 0. 00 2. 00 2. 00
4 1 1 0. 000 3. 670 0. 219 0. 014 0. 025 0. 00 1. 00 1. 00 0. 00 2. 00 2. 00
42 1 1 0. 000 6. 824 0. 150 0. 010 0. 025 0. 00 1. 00 1. 00 0. 00 2. 00 2. 00
5 1 1 0. 000 0. 698 0. 219 0. 014 0. 025 0. 00 1. 00 1. 00 0. 00 2. 00 2. 00
6 1 1 0. 000 0. 578 0. 219 0. 014 0. 025 0. 00 1. 00 1. 00 0. 00 2. 00 2. 00
7 1 1 0. 000 3. 767 0. 219 0. 014 0. 025 0. 00 1. 00 1. 00 0. 00 2. 00 2. 00
8 1 1 0. 000 2. 850 0. 219 0. 014 0. 025 0. 00 1. 00 1. 00 0. 00 2. 00 2. 00
9 1 1 0. 000 5. 690 0. 219 0. 014 0. 025 0. 00 1. 00 1. 00 0. 00 2. 00 2. 00
10 1 1 0. 000 1. 434 0. 219 0. 014 0. 025 0. 00 1. 00 1. 00 0. 00 2. 00 2. 00
2 1. 434 5. 690 0. 219 0. 014 0. 010 0. 00 1. 00 1. 00 0. 00 2. 00 2. 00
11 1 1 0. 000 1. 043 0. 219 0. 014 0. 010 0. 00 1. 00 1. 00 0. 00 2. 00 2. 00
2 1. 043 5. 690 0. 219 0. 014 0. 010 0. 00 1. 00 1. 00 0. 00 2. 00 2. 00
12 1 1 0. 000 6. 529 0. 219 0. 014 0. 010 0. 00 1. 00 1. 00 0. 00 2. 00 2. 00
13 1 1 0. 000 6. 276 0. 219 0. 014 0. 010 0. 00 1. 00 1. 00 0. 00 2. 00 2. 00
2 6. 276 6. 529 0. 219 0. 014 0. 005 0. 00 0. 70 0. 70 0. 00 2. 00 2. 00
14 1 1 0. 000 5. 575 0. 219 0. 014 0. 005 0. 00 0. 70 0. 70 0. 00 2. 00 2. 00
15 1 1 0. 000 3. 984 0. 219 0. 014 0. 005 0. 00 0. 70 0. 70 0. 00 2. 00 2. 00
16 1 1 0. 000 3. 679 0. 219 0. 014 0. 005 0. 00 0. 70 0. 70 0. 00 2. 00 2. 00
2 3. 679 3. 984 0. 219 0. 014 0. 000 0. 00 0. 70 0. 70 0. 00 2. 00 2. 00
40 1 1 0. 000 0. 486 BEAM 0. 010 0. 00 1. 00 1. 00 0. 00 2. 00 2. 00
41 1 1 0. 000 0. 517 BEAM 0. 005 0. 00 0. 70 0. 70 0. 00 2. 00 2. 00

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
PROP ELEM DRAG MASS SLAM BUOYANCY EXTRA MASS PER SELF BEAM WAVE BUOY SELF FREE WI ND BEAM PRI NT
GROUP COEF COEF COEF DENSI TY FLOOD LENGTH ELEMENT DENSI TY DI AM- Y DI AM- Z LOAD LOAD WGHT FLD. LOAD LOAD LEVEL
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

1 0. 00 X 0. 00 X 1. 02D+00 1. 00 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 7. 85D+00 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
0. 70 Y 2. 00 Y 0. 00 Y
0. 70 Z 2. 00 Z 0. 00 Z

2 0. 00 X 0. 00 X 0. 00D+00 0. 00 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 7. 85D+00 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
0. 70 Y 2. 00 Y 0. 00 Y
0. 70 Z 2. 00 Z 0. 00 Z

3 0. 00 X 0. 00 X 0. 00D+00 0. 00 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 7. 85D+00 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
0. 70 Y 2. 00 Y 0. 00 Y
0. 70 Z 2. 00 Z 0. 00 Z

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1 0. 00 X 0. 00 X 0. 00D+00 0. 00 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
0. 70 Y 2. 00 Y 0. 00 Y
0. 70 Z 2. 00 Z 0. 00 Z

40 0. 00 X 0. 00 X 0. 00D+00 0. 00 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
0. 00 Y 0. 00 Y 0. 00 Y
0. 00 Z 0. 00 Z 0. 00 Z

41 0. 00 X 0. 00 X 0. 00D+00 0. 00 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
0. 00 Y 0. 00 Y 0. 00 Y
0. 00 Z 0. 00 Z 0. 00 Z

MARI NE GROWTH
- - - - - - - - - - - - -

THI CKNESS DENSI TY UPPER LEVEL LOWER LEVEL DRAG COEF MASS COEF
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
DEFAULT 0. 005 1. 300D+00 1. 400D+01 6. 000D- 01 0. 70 2. 00
DEFAULT 0. 010 1. 300D+00 6. 000D- 01 - 1. 640D+01 1. 00 2. 00
DEFAULT 0. 010 1. 300D+00 - 1. 640D+01 - 2. 140D+01 1. 00 2. 00
DEFAULT 0. 025 1. 300D+00 - 2. 140D+01 - 3. 540D+01 1. 00 2. 00

***************** HEI GHT 13. 00
* WAVE CASE 1 * PERI OD 11. 50
***************** DI RECTI ON 0. 00

TOTAL LOADS J ACKET SYSTEM
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
I NC PHASE X Y Z RX RY RZ
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 - 10. 00 1. 0718D+02 - 1. 6377D+00 - 3. 3845D+01 - 3. 4071D+02 1. 5530D+02 - 8. 5246D+02
2 - 5. 00 1. 0895D+02 - 2. 2561D+00 - 3. 3583D+01 - 3. 4280D+02 1. 3132D+02 - 8. 7967D+02
3 0. 00 1. 0897D+02 - 2. 8559D+00 - 3. 3627D+01 - 3. 4700D+02 1. 2405D+02 - 8. 9400D+02

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 - 10. 00 1. 0718D+02 - 1. 6377D+00 - 3. 3845D+01 7. 8242D+01 3. 3202D+03 3. 2115D+02
2 - 5. 00 1. 0895D+02 - 2. 2561D+00 - 3. 3583D+01 9. 5580D+01 3. 3652D+03 3. 2531D+02
3 0. 00 1. 0897D+02 - 2. 8559D+00 - 3. 3627D+01 1. 1339D+02 3. 3576D+03 3. 2329D+02

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***************** HEI GHT 13. 00
***************** DI RECTI ON 90. 00

ELEMENT 1 TUBE NODE NUMBERS 100 110 LENGTH 1. 00D+01 ELEM. MASS / LENGTH 0. 00D+00 PROPN FLOOD 0. 00
- - - - - - - - - - - GEOMETRI C PROPERTY 1 DI AMETER 2. 19D- 01 EXTRA MASS / LENGTH 0. 00D+00 FLUI D DENS 0. 00D+00

I NC PHASE LOCAL SYSTEM - - - TOTAL ELEMENT LOADS - - - J ACKET SYSTEM
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 - 10. 00 0. 0000D+00 X - 2. 4439D+00 Y 0. 0000D+00 Z 0. 0000D+00 X 0. 0000D+00 Y - 2. 4439D+00 Z

ELEMENT 2 TUBE NODE NUMBERS 110 120 LENGTH 9. 50D+00 ELEM. MASS / LENGTH 7. 08D- 02 PROPN FLOOD 1. 00

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 - 10. 00 0. 0000D+00 X - 6. 2085D+00 Y 1. 1627D+01 Z 0. 0000D+00 X 1. 1627D+01 Y - 6. 2085D+00 Z


- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 - 10. 00 0. 0000D+00 X - 6. 2085D+00 Y 1. 1627D+01 Z 0. 0000D+00 X 1. 1627D+01 Y - 6. 2085D+00 Z


- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 - 10. 00 0. 0000D+00 X - 2. 3985D+00 Y 4. 4916D+00 Z 0. 0000D+00 X 4. 4916D+00 Y - 2. 3985D+00 Z


- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 - 10. 00 - 2. 3172D+00 X - 2. 0733D+00 Y 7. 2644D+00 Z - 4. 1768D- 01 X 7. 2618D+00 Y - 3. 0872D+00 Z

ELEMENT 5 TUBE NODE NUMBERS 140 150 LENGTH 6. 98D- 01 ELEM. MASS / LENGTH 7. 08D- 02 PROPN FLOOD 1. 00

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 - 10. 00 - 2. 3038D- 01 X - 3. 6045D- 01 Y 9. 1172D- 01 Z - 4. 8033D- 02 X 9. 1062D- 01 Y - 4. 2743D- 01 Z

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***************** HEI GHT 13. 00
***************** DI RECTI ON 90. 00

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 - 10. 00 - 3. 7023D+00 1. 9973D+02 - 3. 7717D+01 2. 2326D+03 1. 3550D+03 5. 1532D+03

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 - 10. 00 - 3. 7023D+00 1. 9973D+02 - 3. 7717D+01 - 4. 5417D+03 4. 5783D+02 1. 0671D+03

***************** HEI GHT 13. 00
***************** DI RECTI ON 135. 00


DI STANCE DRAG MASS CURRENT WAVE VELOCI TY WAVE ACCELERATI ON LOADS ( LOCAL SYSTEM )
I NC PHASE FROM END Y Z Y Z DI AMETER VELOCI TY H V H V X Y Z
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 - 10. 0 0. 00 1. 00 1. 00 2. 00 2. 00 2. 39D- 01 1. 46D+00 2. 68D+00 5. 97D- 02 5. 61D- 02 - 7. 49D- 01 - 5. 88D- 01 - 1. 04D+00 1. 90D+00
1. 04 1. 00 1. 00 2. 00 2. 00 2. 39D- 01 1. 47D+00 2. 74D+00 7. 20D- 02 6. 54D- 02 - 7. 94D- 01 - 5. 88D- 01 - 1. 06D+00 1. 96D+00
1. 04 1. 60 1. 60 2. 00 2. 00 2. 39D- 01 1. 47D+00 2. 74D+00 7. 20D- 02 6. 54D- 02 - 7. 94D- 01 - 5. 88D- 01 - 1. 56D+00 3. 12D+00
5. 69 1. 60 1. 60 2. 00 2. 00 2. 39D- 01 1. 52D+00 3. 03D+00 1. 42D- 01 1. 15D- 01 - 1. 00D+00 - 5. 88D- 01 - 1. 76D+00 3. 64D+00
2 - 5. 0 0. 00 1. 00 1. 00 2. 00 2. 00 2. 39D- 01 1. 46D+00 2. 68D+00 - 8. 37D- 02 - 7. 86D- 02 - 7. 48D- 01 - 5. 88D- 01 - 1. 06D+00 1. 90D+00
1. 04 1. 00 1. 00 2. 00 2. 00 2. 39D- 01 1. 47D+00 2. 74D+00 - 8. 08D- 02 - 7. 33D- 02 - 7. 93D- 01 - 5. 88D- 01 - 1. 09D+00 1. 96D+00
1. 04 1. 60 1. 60 2. 00 2. 00 2. 39D- 01 1. 47D+00 2. 74D+00 - 8. 08D- 02 - 7. 33D- 02 - 7. 93D- 01 - 5. 88D- 01 - 1. 60D+00 3. 13D+00
5. 69 1. 60 1. 60 2. 00 2. 00 2. 39D- 01 1. 52D+00 3. 04D+00 - 5. 58D- 02 - 4. 52D- 02 - 1. 01D+00 - 5. 88D- 01 - 1. 83D+00 3. 66D+00
3 0. 0 0. 00 1. 00 1. 00 2. 00 2. 00 2. 39D- 01 1. 46D+00 2. 66D+00 - 2. 26D- 01 - 2. 13D- 01 - 7. 37D- 01 - 5. 88D- 01 - 1. 07D+00 1. 87D+00
1. 04 1. 00 1. 00 2. 00 2. 00 2. 39D- 01 1. 47D+00 2. 71D+00 - 2. 33D- 01 - 2. 11D- 01 - 7. 82D- 01 - 5. 88D- 01 - 1. 10D+00 1. 93D+00
1. 04 1. 60 1. 60 2. 00 2. 00 2. 39D- 01 1. 47D+00 2. 71D+00 - 2. 33D- 01 - 2. 11D- 01 - 7. 82D- 01 - 5. 88D- 01 - 1. 62D+00 3. 09D+00
5. 69 1. 60 1. 60 2. 00 2. 00 2. 39D- 01 1. 52D+00 3. 02D+00 - 2. 53D- 01 - 2. 05D- 01 - 9. 95D- 01 - 5. 88D- 01 - 1. 87D+00 3. 63D+00

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 - 10. 00 - 3. 3454D+00 X - 8. 8013D+00 Y 1. 7733D+01 Z - 1. 2950D+01 X 1. 4091D+01 Y - 6. 0711D+00 Z
2 - 5. 00 - 3. 3454D+00 X - 9. 0752D+00 Y 1. 7775D+01 Z - 1. 3207D+01 X 1. 4040D+01 Y - 6. 1618D+00 Z
3 0. 00 - 3. 3454D+00 X - 9. 2548D+00 Y 1. 7604D+01 Z - 1. 3305D+01 X 1. 3820D+01 Y - 6. 2213D+00 Z

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ELEMENT 40 BM3D NODE NUMBERS 210 215 LENGTH 4. 86D- 01 ELEM. MASS / LENGTH 0. 00D+00 PROPN FLOOD 0. 00
- - - - - - - - - - - GEOMETRI C PROPERTY 2 EXTRA MASS / LENGTH 0. 00D+00 FLUI D DENS 0. 00D+00

DI STANCE DRAG MASS CURRENT WAVE VELOCI TY WAVE ACCELERATI ON LOADS ( LOCAL SYSTEM )
I NC PHASE FROM END Y Z Y Z DI AMETER VELOCI TY H V H V X Y Z
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 - 10. 0 0. 00 1. 60 1. 60 2. 00 2. 00 1. 52D+00 3. 03D+00 1. 42D- 01 1. 15D- 01 - 1. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 1. 49D- 01
0. 49 1. 60 1. 60 2. 00 2. 00 1. 52D+00 3. 03D+00 1. 68D- 01 1. 36D- 01 - 1. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 1. 50D- 01
2 - 5. 0 0. 00 1. 60 1. 60 2. 00 2. 00 1. 52D+00 3. 04D+00 - 5. 58D- 02 - 4. 52D- 02 - 1. 01D+00 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 1. 44D- 01
0. 49 1. 60 1. 60 2. 00 2. 00 1. 52D+00 3. 04D+00 - 2. 95D- 02 - 2. 39D- 02 - 1. 01D+00 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 1. 45D- 01
3 0. 0 0. 00 1. 60 1. 60 2. 00 2. 00 1. 52D+00 3. 02D+00 - 2. 53D- 01 - 2. 05D- 01 - 9. 95D- 01 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 1. 38D- 01
0. 49 1. 60 1. 60 2. 00 2. 00 1. 52D+00 3. 02D+00 - 2. 27D- 01 - 1. 84D- 01 - 9. 97D- 01 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 1. 38D- 01

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 - 10. 00 0. 0000D+00 X 0. 0000D+00 Y 7. 2689D- 02 Z - 3. 7034D- 04 X 6. 2065D- 02 Y 3. 7834D- 02 Z
2 - 5. 00 0. 0000D+00 X 0. 0000D+00 Y 7. 0179D- 02 Z - 3. 5756D- 04 X 5. 9922D- 02 Y 3. 6528D- 02 Z
3 0. 00 0. 0000D+00 X 0. 0000D+00 Y 6. 7067D- 02 Z - 3. 4170D- 04 X 5. 7265D- 02 Y 3. 4908D- 02 Z


***************** HEI GHT 13. 00
***************** DI RECTI ON 135. 00

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 - 10. 00 - 1. 1458D+02 1. 3384D+02 - 6. 5571D+01 9. 5849D+02 2. 9212D+03 4. 1238D+03
2 - 5. 00 - 1. 1600D+02 1. 3222D+02 - 6. 5898D+01 9. 0896D+02 2. 9303D+03 4. 0748D+03
3 0. 00 - 1. 1463D+02 1. 2767D+02 - 6. 6169D+01 8. 4912D+02 2. 9316D+03 3. 9422D+03

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 - 10. 00 - 1. 1458D+02 1. 3384D+02 - 6. 5571D+01 - 3. 1522D+03 - 2. 5238D+03 1. 9299D+02
2 - 5. 00 - 1. 1600D+02 1. 3222D+02 - 6. 5898D+01 - 3. 1402D+03 - 2. 5722D+03 1. 6172D+02
3 0. 00 - 1. 1463D+02 1. 2767D+02 - 6. 6169D+01 - 3. 0337D+03 - 2. 5271D+03 1. 3590D+02

Figure 6.3 Example 1, Selected Static Wave Analysis Results

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6.2. Example 2, Dynamic Spectral Fatigue Analysis
This demonstrates the use of WAVE and MASS for a dynamic spectral fatigue analysis and includes all data
files pertinent to the problem. For additional information regarding the dynamic and fatigue data, reference
should be made to the RESPONSE and FATJ ACK User Manuals respectively.
Notes
1. The global and water axes systems are coincident; hence a MOVE command is not provided.
2. Additional mass of 10,000 Kgs is applied to elements 3 and 4 to model non-structural appurtenances.
3. Three wave conditions are considered. Each wave is investigated at six wave crest positions (as defined
on the MAXM command) in order to generate the harmonic loading. For realistic analyses many more
wave conditions and directions will need to be considered but the data provided here is sufficient to
demonstrate the principles.
4. The leg members are all free flooded.
5. The MASS data file is identical to the WAVE file except for changes to the preliminary data. Information
not utilised in MASS will be ignored. Should additional modelling be required for the MASS run this
may be incorporated by modifying the WAVE LOAD data appropriately. The structural information may
also be changed provided that elements are not removed, added, or their order varied. It is the MASS
structural data that is ultimately used in the dynamic response analysis. The analysis is shown
schematically in Figure 6.4.

Figure 6.4 Example 2, Model for Dynamic Spectral Fatigue Analysis


Figure 6.5 Example 2, File Utilisation for Dynamic Harmonic Analyses

ASAS
FATJACK2
WAVE
St ruct ural and
Environment al
Dat a
St ruct ural and
Environment al
Loading
T40M35
T40810
T40W35
MASS
St ruct ural and
Addit ional Mass
Dat a
St ruct ural and
Mass Dat a
RESPONSE
T40R35
T40MMA
T40WWA
Fat igue
Relat ed
Dat a
PROJECT FILE

PROJECT T408
JOB NEW FREQ
FILES T40W
TITLE DYNAMIC SPECTRAL ANALYSIS WITH UNITS (N MM) T0502WAV.DAT 19/01/90
TEXT **************************************************************************
TEXT ASAS-OFFSHORE SYSTEM TEST FOR DYNAMIC SPECTRAL ANALYSIS+UNITS T0502WAV.DAT
TEXT CREATED 19/01/90
TEXT ASSOCIATED FILES
TEXT T0502FAT.COM COMMAND FILE FOR RUNNING ANALYSIS
TEXT T0502WAV.DAT WAVE RUN
TEXT T0502MAS.DAT MASS RUN
TEXT T0502RES.DAT RESPONSE STEADY STATE ANALYSIS
TEXT T0502FAT.DAT SPECTRAL FATIGUE RUN
TEXT **************************************************************************
FREQUENCY JACO
OPTIONS GOON
UNITS MM NEWTONS
SAVE DYPO FILES
END
COOR
CART
UNITS M KN
1 0.0 0.0 0.0
3 0.0 10.0 80.0
5 0.0 20.0 160.0
7 0.0 30.0 240.0
2 0.0 170.0 0.0
4 0.0 160.0 80.0
6 0.0 150.0 160.0
8 0.0 140.0 240.0
11 0.0 85.0 40.0
12 0.0 85.0 120.0
13 0.0 85.0 200.0
END
ELEM
TUBE 1 3 1
TUBE 3 5 1
TUBE 5 7 3
TUBE 2 4 1
TUBE 4 6 1
TUBE 6 8 3
TUBE 1 11 2
TUBE 11 4 2
TUBE 3 11 2
TUBE 11 2 2
TUBE 3 4 2
TUBE 3 12 2
TUBE 12 6 2
TUBE 5 12 2
TUBE 12 4 2
TUBE 5 6 2
TUBE 5 13 4
TUBE 13 8 4
TUBE 6 13 4
TUBE 13 7 4
TUBE 7 8 2
END

Figure 6.6 Example 2, Wave Data for Dynamic Spectral Fatigue Analysis

MATE
UNITS M KN
1 ISO 0.205E09 0.3 0.0 0.7846E+1
END
GEOM
UNITS M KN
1 TUBE 1.00 0.1
3 TUBE 1.00 0.1 0 0 0 7.5
: STEP 0.80 0.06
2 TUBE 0.350 0.045
4 TUBE 0.30 0.025
END
SUPP
ALL 1
ALL 2
END
LOAD 1
CASE 1 WAVE LOAD TEST
WAVE LOAD
UNITS M KN
GRAV 0.0 0.0 -9.81
OUTP 1
ELEV 200.0 0.0 1.025
WAVE STOKE5 13.67 10.0 270.0
NOLO ELEM 1
AMAS 10.0 ELEM 3 4
MAXM 6
SLWT ALL
FREE ELEM 1 2 3 4 5 6
GROW 0.1 1.3 18.0 10.0 ALL
EXEC
WAVE STOKE5 3.33 8.0 270.0
MAXM 6
NOLO ELEM 1
EXEC
WAVE STOKE5 1.67 6.0 270.0
MAXM 6
NOLO ELEM 1
EXEC
END
STOP

Figure 6.6 Example 2, Wave Data for Dynamic Spectral Fatigue Analysis (continued)

PROJECT T408
JOB OLD FREQ
FILES T40M
TITLE DYNAMIC SPECTRAL ANALYSIS WITH UNITS (N MM) T0502MAS.DAT 19/01/90
TEXT **************************************************************************
TEXT ASAS-OFFSHORE SYSTEM TEST FOR DYNAMIC SPECTRAL ANALYSIS+UNITS T0502MAS.DAT
TEXT **************************************************************************
FREQUENCY JACO
OPTIONS GOON
UNITS MM NEWTONS
SAVE DYPO FILES
END
.
.

Remaining data as given for WAVE
Figure 6.7 Example 2, Mass Data for Dynamic Spectral Fatigue Analysis

PROJECT T408
JOB OLD FREQ
FILES T40M
TITLE DYNAMIC SPECTRAL ANALYSIS WITH UNITS (N MM) T0502MAS.DAT 19/01/90
TEXT **************************************************************************
TEXT ASAS-OFFSHORE SYSTEM TEST FOR DYNAMIC SPECTRAL ANALYSIS+UNITS T0502MAS.DAT
TEXT **************************************************************************
FREQUENCY JACO
OPTIONS GOON
UNITS MM NEWTONS
SAVE DYPO FILES
END
COOR
CART
UNITS M KN
1 0.0 0.0 0.0
3 0.0 10.0 80.0
5 0.0 20.0 160.0
7 0.0 30.0 240.0
2 0.0 170.0 0.0
4 0.0 160.0 80.0
6 0.0 150.0 160.0
8 0.0 140.0 240.0
11 0.0 85.0 40.0
12 0.0 85.0 120.0
13 0.0 85.0 200.0
END
ELEM
TUBE 1 3 1
TUBE 3 5 1
TUBE 5 7 3
TUBE 2 4 1
TUBE 4 6 1
TUBE 6 8 3
TUBE 1 11 2
TUBE 11 4 2
TUBE 3 11 2
TUBE 11 2 2
TUBE 3 4 2
TUBE 3 12 2
TUBE 12 6 2
TUBE 5 12 2
TUBE 12 4 2
TUBE 5 6 2
TUBE 5 13 4
TUBE 13 8 4
TUBE 6 13 4
TUBE 13 7 4
TUBE 7 8 2
END

Figure 6.8 Example 2, Resultant ASAS Data for Dynamic Spectral Fatigue Analysis

MATE
UNITS M KN
1 ISO 0.205E09 0.3 0.0 0.7846E+1
END
GEOM
UNITS M KN
1 TUBE 1.00 0.1
3 TUBE 1.00 0.1 0 0 0 7.5
: STEP 0.80 0.06
2 TUBE 0.350 0.045
4 TUBE 0.30 0.025
END
SUPP
ALL 1
ALL 2
END
DIRE
LUMP ADDED MA
UNITS NEWTON MILLIMETRE
3.557D 02 X 3
3.408D 02 Y 3
2.897D 02 Z 3
3.607D 02 X 4
3.458D 02 Y 4
2.947D 02 Z 4
2.961D 02 X 5
2.842D 02 Y 5
2.436D 02 Z 5
2.817D 02 X 6
2.698D 02 Y 6
2.292D 02 Z 6
8.088D 01 X 7
8.082D 01 Y 7
7.703D 01 Z 7
7.529D 01 X 8
7.523D 01 Y 8
7.144D 01 Z 8
8.170D 01 X 11
6.632D 01 Y 11
7.788D 01 Z 11
7.049D 01 X 12
5.850D 01 Y 12
6.656D 01 Z 12
2.999D 01 X 13
2.598D 01 Y 13
END 2.847D 01 Z 13
STOP
Figure 6.8 Example 2, Resultant ASAS Data for Dynamic Spectral Fatigue Analysis (continued)

PROJECT T408
JOB RESP
FILES T40R
STRUCTURE T40M
NEWSTRUCTURE T40R
TITLE DYNAMIC SPECTRAL ANALYSIS WITH UNITS (N MM) T0502RES.DAT 19/01/90
TEXT **************************************************************************
TEXT ASAS-OFFSHORE SYSTEM TEST FOR DYNAMIC SPECTRAL ANALYSIS+UNITS T0502RES.DAT
TEXT **************************************************************************
OPTIONS NOBL GOON
SAVE FATJ FILES
END
LOADFILE T40W
DAMP
1 1 1 36 5.0
END
SELE
1 2 3
END
STOP

Figure 6.9 Example 2, Response Data for Dynamic Spectral Fatigue Analysis

PROJECT T408
JOB POST
FILES T40F
STRUCTURE T40R
TITLE DYNAMIC SPECTRAL ANALYSIS WITH UNITS (N MM) T0502FAT.DAT 19/01/90
TEXT **************************************************************************
TEXT ASAS-OFFSHORE SYSTEM TEST FOR DYNAMIC SPECTRAL ANALYSIS+UNITS T0502FAT.DAT
TEXT **************************************************************************
OPTIONS NOBL GOON END
SAVE FATJ FILES
END
ANALYSIS SPECTRAL
SCF TUBE DEFA 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
SCF AUTO JOIN W 541871169
SCF AUTO JOIN W 541871169
LIMI W GAP 100.0 2000.0
WAVE 1 13670.0 10.0 270.0
WAVE 2 3330.0 8.0 270.0
WAVE 3 1670.0 6.0 270.0
*THE FOLLOWING JOINTS ARE CONNECTED TO AN ELEMENT
JOIN 1 3 11 2 4 5 12 6 7 8
S-N A001 ELEM 1
S-N A001 ELEM 7
S-N A001 ELEM 10
S-N A001 ELEM 4
S-N A001 ELEM 2
S-N A001 ELEM 11
S-N A001 ELEM 9
S-N A001 ELEM 12
S-N A001 ELEM 8
S-N A001 ELEM 5
S-N A001 ELEM 15
S-N A001 ELEM 3
S-N A001 ELEM 14
S-N A001 ELEM 6
S-N A001 ELEM 13
CURV A001 SING 100.0 2000000.0 4.38
SPEC 1 PMOS 1000.0 2.5 1.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 1000.0 3.5 8.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 1000.0 4.5 7.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 1000.0 5.5 10.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 1000.0 6.5 7.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 1000.0 7.5 4.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 1000.0 8.5 2.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 1000.0 9.5 1.0
Figure 6.10 Example 2, Fatigue Data for Dynamic Spectral Fatigue Analysis

SPEC 1 PMOS 1000.0 10.5 1.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 3000.0 2.5 1.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 3000.0 3.5 37.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 3000.0 4.5 58.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 3000.0 5.5 45.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 3000.0 6.5 21.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 3000.0 7.5 10.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 3000.0 8.5 4.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 3000.0 9.5 2.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 3000.0 10.5 1.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 5000.0 3.5 11.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 5000.0 4.5 75.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 5000.0 5.5 72.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 5000.0 6.5 36.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 5000.0 7.5 10.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 5000.0 8.5 3.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 5000.0 9.5 2.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 7000.0 4.5 41.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 7000.0 5.5 78.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 7000.0 6.5 40.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 7000.0 7.5 11.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 7000.0 8.5 3.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 7000.0 9.5 1.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 9000.0 4.5 7.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 9000.0 5.5 61.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 9000.0 6.5 45.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 9000.0 7.5 12.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 9000.0 8.5 3.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 9000.0 9.5 1.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 11000.0 5.5 33.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 11000.0 6.5 40.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 11000.0 7.5 12.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 11000.0 8.5 3.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 11000.0 9.5 1.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 13000.0 5.5 10.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 13000.0 6.5 37.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 13000.0 7.5 15.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 13000.0 8.5 3.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 15000.0 5.5 1.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 15000.0 6.5 25.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 15000.0 7.5 14.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 15000.0 8.5 3.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 17000.0 6.5 10.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 17000.0 7.5 13.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 17000.0 8.5 4.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 17000.0 9.5 1.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 19000.0 6.5 2.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 19000.0 7.5 10.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 19000.0 8.5 4.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 21000.0 6.5 1.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 21000.0 7.5 6.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 21000.0 8.5 3.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 23000.0 7.5 2.0

Figure 6.10 Example 2, Fatigue Data for Dynamic Spectral Fatigue Analysis (continued)


SPEC 1 PMOS 23000.0 8.5 2.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 23000.0 9.5 1.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 25000.0 7.5 1.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 25000.0 8.5 2.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 27000.0 8.5 2.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 27000.0 9.5 1.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 29000.0 9.5 1.0
SPEC 1 PMOS 31000.0 9.5 1.0
TRAN 1 1 1.0 2 1.0 3 1.0
YEAR 30.0
ACCE 9810.0
PRIN XCHE DETA USAG SUMM SCFE
STOP

Figure 6.10 Example 2, Fatigue Data for Dynamic Spectral Fatigue Analysis (continued)


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1WAVE 13. 01. 00. 0 ( QA) 16: 21 02- 05- 2001 DYNAMI C SPECTRAL ANALYSI S WI TH UNI TS ( N MM) T0502WAV. DAT 19/ 01/ 90 PAGE 24

REPORT UNI TS NEWTONS MI LLI METRES DEGREES

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

1 0. 00 X 0. 00 X 0. 00D+00 0. 00 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 MATERI AL 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
0. 70 Y 2. 00 Y 0. 00 Y
0. 70 Z 2. 00 Z 0. 00 Z

0. 70 Y 2. 00 Y 0. 00 Y
0. 70 Z 2. 00 Z 0. 00 Z

0. 70 Y 2. 00 Y 0. 00 Y
0. 70 Z 2. 00 Z 0. 00 Z

0. 70 Y 2. 00 Y 0. 00 Y
0. 70 Z 2. 00 Z 0. 00 Z

1 0. 00 X 0. 00 X 0. 00D+00 0. 00 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0. 70 Y 2. 00 Y 0. 00 Y
0. 70 Z 2. 00 Z 0. 00 Z

2 0. 00 X 0. 00 X 0. 00D+00 0. 00 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 7. 85D- 09 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
0. 70 Y 2. 00 Y 0. 00 Y
0. 70 Z 2. 00 Z 0. 00 Z

3 0. 00 X 0. 00 X 0. 00D+00 0. 00 0. 00D+00 1. 00D+01 7. 85D- 09 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
0. 70 Y 2. 00 Y 0. 00 Y
0. 70 Z 2. 00 Z 0. 00 Z

4 0. 00 X 0. 00 X 0. 00D+00 0. 00 0. 00D+00 1. 00D+01 7. 85D- 09 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
0. 70 Y 2. 00 Y 0. 00 Y
0. 70 Z 2. 00 Z 0. 00 Z

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1WAVE 13. 01. 00. 0 ( QA) 16: 21 02- 05- 2001 DYNAMI C SPECTRAL ANALYSI S WI TH UNI TS ( N MM) T0502WAV. DAT 19/ 01/ 90
PAGE 27


***************** HEI GHT 3330. 00
***************** DI RECTI ON 270. 00

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 0. 00 4. 8250D- 10 2. 3955D+04 - 1. 3060D+07 - 1. 2889D+12 5. 7653D- 05 - 4. 1026D- 05
2 60. 00 - 1. 8588D- 09 2. 7405D+03 - 1. 3059D+07 - 1. 2855D+12 - 2. 9917D- 04 2. 4342D- 04
3 120. 00 - 1. 5877D- 09 - 2. 3044D+04 - 1. 3065D+07 - 1. 2817D+12 - 1. 9029D- 04 5. 9363D- 05
4 180. 00 2. 4986D- 09 - 2. 7122D+04 - 1. 3071D+07 - 1. 2815D+12 4. 1932D- 04 - 1. 8595D- 05
5 240. 00 1. 7869D- 09 - 5. 0512D+03 - 1. 3073D+07 - 1. 2851D+12 2. 8767D- 04 - 2. 4198D- 04
6 300. 00 1. 5877D- 09 2. 3457D+04 - 1. 3067D+07 - 1. 2893D+12 1. 9029D- 04 - 5. 9363D- 05

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 0. 00 4. 8250D- 10 2. 3955D+04 - 1. 3060D+07 - 1. 2889D+12 5. 7653D- 05 - 4. 1026D- 05
2 60. 00 - 1. 8588D- 09 2. 7405D+03 - 1. 3059D+07 - 1. 2855D+12 - 2. 9917D- 04 2. 4342D- 04
3 120. 00 - 1. 5877D- 09 - 2. 3044D+04 - 1. 3065D+07 - 1. 2817D+12 - 1. 9029D- 04 5. 9363D- 05
4 180. 00 2. 4986D- 09 - 2. 7122D+04 - 1. 3071D+07 - 1. 2815D+12 4. 1932D- 04 - 1. 8595D- 05
5 240. 00 1. 7869D- 09 - 5. 0512D+03 - 1. 3073D+07 - 1. 2851D+12 2. 8767D- 04 - 2. 4198D- 04
6 300. 00 1. 5877D- 09 2. 3457D+04 - 1. 3067D+07 - 1. 2893D+12 1. 9029D- 04 - 5. 9363D- 05

RESTART STAGE 1 COMPLETED
FREESTORE USED 100000
CPU = 0. 469 FOR STAGE 1

Figure 6.11 Example 2, Selected Wave Results for Dynamic Spectral Fatigue Analysis

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1MASS 13. 01. 00. 0 ( QA) 16: 24 02- 05- 2001 DYNAMI C SPECTRAL ANALYSI S WI TH UNI TS ( N MM) T0502MAS. DAT 19/ 01/ 90 PAGE 19

MASS UNI T KI LOGRAM ( X1000. 000) LENGTH UNI TS MI LLI METRES

CHECKS ON LOAD DATA MASS CASE 1
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

*****************
* MASS CASE 1 *
*****************

GRAVI TY AND AXES DATA
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ACCEL. X 0. 00D+00 STI LL WATER LEVEL 2. 00D+05 ORI GI N OF WATER AXES
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ACCEL. Y 0. 00D+00 SEA- BED 0. 00D+00 GLOBAL X 0. 00D+00

ACCEL. Z - 9. 81D+03 WATER DEPTH 2. 00D+05 GLOBAL Y 0. 00D+00

RESULTANT 9. 81D+03 WATER DENSI TY 1. 02D- 09 GLOBAL Z 0. 00D+00

THE FOLLOWI NG LI NES ARE NOT APPLI CABLE TO ASASMASS AND HAVE BEEN I GNORED -
WAVE
NOLO


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0. 70 Y 2. 00 Y 0. 00 Y
0. 70 Z 2. 00 Z 0. 00 Z

0. 70 Y 2. 00 Y 0. 00 Y
0. 70 Z 2. 00 Z 0. 00 Z

0. 70 Y 2. 00 Y 0. 00 Y
0. 70 Z 2. 00 Z 0. 00 Z

0. 70 Y 2. 00 Y 0. 00 Y
0. 70 Z 2. 00 Z 0. 00 Z

1 0. 00 X 0. 00 X 0. 00D+00 0. 00 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 7. 85D- 09 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
0. 70 Y 2. 00 Y 0. 00 Y
0. 70 Z 2. 00 Z 0. 00 Z

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2 0. 00 X 0. 00 X 0. 00D+00 0. 00 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 7. 85D- 09 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
0. 70 Y 2. 00 Y 0. 00 Y
0. 70 Z 2. 00 Z 0. 00 Z

3 0. 00 X 0. 00 X 0. 00D+00 0. 00 0. 00D+00 1. 00D+01 7. 85D- 09 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
0. 70 Y 2. 00 Y 0. 00 Y
0. 70 Z 2. 00 Z 0. 00 Z

4 0. 00 X 0. 00 X 0. 00D+00 0. 00 0. 00D+00 1. 00D+01 7. 85D- 09 0. 00D+00 0. 00D+00 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
0. 70 Y 2. 00 Y 0. 00 Y
0. 70 Z 2. 00 Z 0. 00 Z



- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

MARI NE GROWTH
- - - - - - - - - - - - -

THI CKNESS DENSI TY UPPER LEVEL LOWER LEVEL DRAG COEF MASS COEF
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
DEFAULT 100. 000 1. 300D- 09 1. 800D+04 1. 000D+04 0. 70 2. 00


TOTAL J ACKET MASS ( TUBE ELEMENTS)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ELEMENT GROWTH FLOOD EXTRA HYDRODYNAMI C
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1. 320D+03 1. 415D+01 1. 983D+02 2. 000D+01 4. 224D+02 X 3. 254D+02 Y 9. 707D+01 Z

RESTART STAGE 1 COMPLETED
FREESTORE USED 100000
CPU = 0. 172 FOR STAGE 1

Figure 6.12 Example 2, Selected Mass Results for Dynamic Spectral Fatigue Analysis

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1RESPONSE 13. 01. 00. 0 ( QA) 16: 25 02- 05- 2001 DYNAMI C SPECTRAL ANALYSI S WI TH UNI TS ( N MM) T0502RES. DAT 19/ 01/ 90 PAGE 5

REPORT UNI TS NEWTONS MI LLI METRES RADI ANS

SUMMARY TABLE OF FREQUENCI ES
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

MODE NUMBER EI GENVALUE ANGULAR FREQ. PERI OD FREQUENCY GEN. MASS NORM. FACTOR
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

1 3. 8207E- 03 6. 1812E- 02 1. 0165E+02 9. 8376E- 03 6. 4988E+02 3. 9227E- 02
2 1. 0721E- 02 1. 0354E- 01 6. 0681E+01 1. 6480E- 02 6. 4800E+02 3. 9284E- 02
3 4. 7360E- 02 2. 1762E- 01 2. 8872E+01 3. 4636E- 02 1. 5301E+02 8. 0843E- 02
4 6. 2295E- 02 2. 4959E- 01 2. 5174E+01 3. 9724E- 02 1. 8318E+02 7. 3885E- 02
5 9. 0945E- 02 3. 0157E- 01 2. 0835E+01 4. 7996E- 02 9. 0221E+01 1. 0528E- 01
6 9. 7569E- 02 3. 1236E- 01 2. 0115E+01 4. 9714E- 02 5. 7807E+02 4. 1592E- 02
7 1. 0246E- 01 3. 2009E- 01 1. 9629E+01 5. 0944E- 02 1. 7422E+02 7. 5762E- 02
8 4. 3558E- 01 6. 5999E- 01 9. 5202E+00 1. 0504E- 01 1. 5209E+03 2. 5642E- 02
9 4. 4606E- 01 6. 6788E- 01 9. 4077E+00 1. 0630E- 01 1. 5641E+03 2. 5286E- 02
10 5. 4912E- 01 7. 4103E- 01 8. 4790E+00 1. 1794E- 01 7. 7063E+04 3. 6023E- 03
11 8. 6539E- 01 9. 3027E- 01 6. 7542E+00 1. 4806E- 01 1. 1264E+04 9. 4223E- 03
12 9. 5747E- 01 9. 7850E- 01 6. 4212E+00 1. 5573E- 01 1. 7914E+05 2. 3627E- 03
13 9. 5956E- 01 9. 7957E- 01 6. 4142E+00 1. 5590E- 01 2. 0083E+04 7. 0564E- 03
14 1. 2953E+00 1. 1381E+00 5. 5208E+00 1. 8113E- 01 4. 9252E+04 4. 5060E- 03
15 1. 3189E+00 1. 1484E+00 5. 4711E+00 1. 8278E- 01 7. 9515E+05 1. 1214E- 03
16 1. 5595E+00 1. 2488E+00 5. 0313E+00 1. 9876E- 01 1. 2058E+10 9. 1067E- 06
17 1. 9219E+00 1. 3863E+00 4. 5322E+00 2. 2064E- 01 5. 8589E+05 1. 3064E- 03
18 2. 1971E+00 1. 4823E+00 4. 2389E+00 2. 3591E- 01 5. 4776E+05 1. 3512E- 03
19 2. 3563E+00 1. 5350E+00 4. 0933E+00 2. 4430E- 01 8. 8473E+09 1. 0632E- 05
20 2. 9448E+00 1. 7160E+00 3. 6615E+00 2. 7311E- 01 3. 1783E+09 1. 7738E- 05
21 3. 2390E+00 1. 7997E+00 3. 4912E+00 2. 8644E- 01 6. 0993E+04 4. 0491E- 03
22 3. 5554E+00 1. 8856E+00 3. 3322E+00 3. 0010E- 01 3. 7376E+05 1. 6357E- 03
23 5. 5502E+00 2. 3559E+00 2. 6670E+00 3. 7495E- 01 6. 8675E+05 1. 2067E- 03
24 5. 8724E+00 2. 4233E+00 2. 5928E+00 3. 8568E- 01 9. 4129E+05 1. 0307E- 03
25 8. 7289E+00 2. 9545E+00 2. 1267E+00 4. 7022E- 01 1. 1178E+05 2. 9911E- 03
26 8. 7948E+00 2. 9656E+00 2. 1187E+00 4. 7199E- 01 1. 1276E+05 2. 9780E- 03
27 8. 8705E+00 2. 9783E+00 2. 1096E+00 4. 7402E- 01 9. 1103E+07 1. 0477E- 04
28 9. 0123E+00 3. 0020E+00 2. 0930E+00 4. 7779E- 01 6. 9184E+06 3. 8019E- 04
29 1. 4791E+01 3. 8459E+00 1. 6337E+00 6. 1209E- 01 1. 4403E+07 2. 6350E- 04
30 1. 4802E+01 3. 8474E+00 1. 6331E+00 6. 1233E- 01 5. 1409E+04 4. 4104E- 03
31 1. 4926E+01 3. 8634E+00 1. 6263E+00 6. 1488E- 01 4. 8943E+04 4. 5202E- 03
32 1. 5077E+01 3. 8829E+00 1. 6182E+00 6. 1799E- 01 6. 0358E+05 1. 2872E- 03
33 2. 2375E+01 4. 7303E+00 1. 3283E+00 7. 5285E- 01 3. 1704E+04 5. 6162E- 03
34 2. 2471E+01 4. 7404E+00 1. 3255E+00 7. 5446E- 01 7. 2611E+07 1. 1735E- 04
35 2. 2500E+01 4. 7435E+00 1. 3246E+00 7. 5495E- 01 2. 9652E+04 5. 8072E- 03

Figure 6.13 Example 2, Selected Response Results for Dynamic Spectral Fatigue Analysis

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1FATJ ACK 13. 01. 00. 0 ( QA) 16: 25 02- 05- 2001 DYNAMI C SPECTRAL ANALYSI S WI TH UNI TS ( N MM) T0502FAT. DAT 19/ 01/ 90 PAGE 17


FATI GUE LI VES
- - - - - - - - - - - - -

J OI NT 1 CHORD 1 DI AMETER 1000. 000 THI CKNESS 100. 000
- - - - - - - - - - - -
BRACE J OI NT BRACE USAGE
NUMBER TYPE DI AMETER THI CKNESS I NSET POSI TI ON WELDSI DE S- N FACTOR LI FE REMK
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
7 350. 000 45. 000 270 CROWN BRACE A001 0. 11 536296

J OI NT 2 CHORD 4 DI AMETER 1000. 000 THI CKNESS 100. 000
- - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
10 350. 000 45. 000 270 CROWN BRACE A001 0. 10 678960

J OI NT 3 CHORD 1 2 DI AMETER 1000. 000 THI CKNESS 100. 000
- - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
11 350. 000 45. 000 90 CROWN BRACE A001 0. 12 298418
9 350. 000 45. 000 90 CROWN BRACE A001 0. 14 159335
12 350. 000 45. 000 270 CROWN BRACE A001 0. 24 16996

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11 350. 000 45. 000 90 CROWN BRACE A001 0. 12 292877
8 350. 000 45. 000 90 CROWN BRACE A001 0. 15 127954
15 350. 000 45. 000 90 CROWN BRACE A001 0. 27 8723. 34
* WARNI NG * NO S- N DATA FOR ELEMENT NUMBER 16 - ELEMENT I GNORED

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14 350. 000 45. 000 270 CROWN BRACE A001 0. 94 39. 94

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- - - - - - - - - - - -
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13 350. 000 45. 000 270 CROWN BRACE A001 0. 84 63. 10

J OI NT 11
- - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
7 350. 000 45. 000 0 SADDLE BRACE A001 0. 13 259301
10 350. 000 45. 000 0 SADDLE BRACE A001 0. 12 307057
9 350. 000 45. 000 180 SADDLE BRACE A001 0. 10 875159
8 350. 000 45. 000 180 SADDLE BRACE A001 0. 11 411931

J OI NT 12
- - - - - - - - - - - -
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12 350. 000 45. 000 180 SADDLE BRACE A001 0. 20 38225
15 350. 000 45. 000 180 SADDLE BRACE A001 0. 20 37936
14 350. 000 45. 000 180 SADDLE BRACE A001 0. 25 13564
13 350. 000 45. 000 180 SADDLE BRACE A001 0. 27 9075. 53

Figure 6.14 Example 2, Selected Fatigue Results for Dynamic Spectral Fatigue Analysis

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Appendix A WAVE User Manual
Page A-1 Contains proprietary and confidential information of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Appendix. A Preliminary Data
A.1 Introduction
The preliminary data is the first block of the WAVE data. It defines:
memory size to be used
identity of the project
job type
structure or component to be processed within that project
options which will affect the course of the run
amount of printing produced
The preliminary data must contain a JOB command and terminate with END. Other commands when used may
be in any order, however the user is recommended to follow the order shown below.
The following commands available within the preliminary data affect the running of WAVE or MASS
SYSTEM - memory requirement
PROJECT - name of project
JOB - type of analysis
STRUCTURE - name of structure
COMPONENT - name of master component
FILES - name of backing files
TITLE - title for this run
TEXT - descriptive text
OPTIONS - control options
GOTP - origin for load resultants
FREQUENCY - required for harmonic load generation
SAVE - select files to be saved
UNITS - defines units used for data input and results
LIBRARY - section library file name
END - terminate preliminary data
Other commands can be used which may be required for the subsequent ASAS analyses. It is suggested that any
commands ultimately required for the structural analysis are included in the WAVE or MASS run.

Following a WAVE or MASS run the user should check the preliminary data in the formatted output file
(xxxxWA or xxxxMA) and make any changes necessary before it is submitted to ASAS.
A.2 SYSTEM Command
To define the amount of memory used for data by this run. Optional.

Parameters
SYSTEM : keyword
DATA AREA : keyword
memory : amount of memory (in 4-byte words) to be used by this run. Typical values are between 30000
and 1000000. If the SYSTEM command is omitted, a default value of 1000000 is used.
Example
A.3 PROJ ECT Command
To define the project name for the current run. Optional, if omitted project name defaults to ASAS.

Parameters
PROJECT : keyword
pname : project name for current run. (Alphanumeric, 4 characters, the first character must be
alphabetic)
Notes
1. All runs with the same project name access the same data base. A project data base consists of one
project file (with a file name consisting of the 4 characters of pname with the number 10 appended)
which acts as an index to other files created under this project, together with those other files.
SYSTEM DATA AREA memory
PROJECT pname

Example
PROJ ECT HI J K
A.4 J OB Command
To define the type of analysis being performed and whether to create a new project data base or to update an
existing one.

Parameters
JOB : keyword
status : job status
NEW this is the first run in a new project database
OLD for all subsequent runs associated with the same project
If blank OLD is assumed.
jobtype : keyword
LINE static or stress history analysis
FREQ harmonic analysis
Example
To define a new project database named FRED
PROJ ECT FRED
J OB NEW LI NE
A.5 STRUCTURE Command
To define the structure name for the current run.
JOB (status) jobtype


Parameters
STRUCTURE : keyword
sname : structure name. The name must be unique from all other structure or master component names
in this project. (Alphanumeric, 4 characters, the first character must be alphabetic)
Notes
1. This command must not be used for a component creation run.
2. If the FILES command is omitted, sname is also used as the file name prefix fname.
3. If both the STRUCTURE and the FILES commands are omitted then the project name pname is used
in place of sname and fname.
Example
STRUCTURE SHI P
A.6 COMPONENT Command
To define the master component name for a component creation run. Compulsory for component creation runs.

Parameters
COMPONENT : keyword
cname : master component name for the component being created by this run. The name must be
unique from all other structure or master component names in this project. (Alphanumeric,
4 characters, the first character must be alphabetic)
Notes
1. The name must not be an element name (eg BR20, BEAM) or the words DCOS, MIRR or ORIG.
STRUCTURE sname
COMPONENT cname

2. If the FILES command is omitted, cname is also used as the file name prefix fname.
Example
COMPONENT LEFT
A.7 FILES Command
To define the prefix name to be used for the backing files created in this run. Optional.

Parameters
FILES : keyword
fname : prefix name for any backing files created by this run. (Alphanumeric, 4 characters, the first
character must be alphabetic)
Notes
1. fname is used as a prefix for all files created during the current run. The four characters are appended
with two digits in the range 12 to 35 to create each individual file.
2. If the FILES command is omitted, the structure name sname or component name cname is used in
place of fname.
3. If both the STRUCTURE and the FILES commands are omitted then the project name pname is used
in place of fname.
Example
FI LES BI LL
A.8 TITLE Command
To define a title for this run. Recommended.
FILES fname


Parameters
TITLE : keyword
title : this line of text will be printed out at the top of each page of the results file. (Alphanumeric, up to
74 characters)
Example
TI TLE THI S I S AN EXAMPLE OF A TI TLE LI NE
A.9 TEXT Command
To define a line of text to be printed once only at the beginning of the results file. Several TEXT lines may be
defined to give a detailed description of the current analysis on the printed output. Optional.

Parameters
TEXT : keyword
text : this line of text will be printed once, at the beginning of the results file. (Alphanumeric, up to 75
characters)
Example
TEXT THI S EXAMPLE OF THE TEXT
TEXT COMMAND I S SPREAD
TEXT OVER THREE LI NES
A.10 OPTIONS Command
To define the control options for this run. Optional.
TITLE title
TEXT text


Parameters
OPTIONS : keyword
option : 4 character option name or a list of option names. See Appendix .C for details of each option
Example
OPTI ONS DATA GOON NODL
A.11 GOTP Command
Defines the point about which the resultants of the loads are calculated (the Global Overturning Point). This
command is not utilised in WAVE but may be required for subsequent ASAS analyses. In WAVE the
overturning moments are calculated about both the global origin and the seabed.

Parameters
GOTP : keyword
xcoord : The coordinates of the point about which the resultant forces and moments of the applied loads are
ycoord calculated. (Real)
zcoord
Note
If the GOTP command is omitted then the global origin (0, 0, 0) is used to calculate the resultants in a
subsequent ASAS-H run.
Example
GOTP 27. 6 0. 0 15. 9
A.12 FREQUENCY Command
OPTIONS option
GOTP xcoord ycoord zcoord

This command is specified if a harmonic wave analysis is to be undertaken. The data supplied on the
FREQUENCY command is not used directly by WAVE but may be required for a subsequent natural frequency
analysis. Must be used in conjunction with a JOB FREQ analysis.

Parameters
FREQUENCY : keyword
HOQL : keyword for Householder QL solution
HOSS : keyword for Householder - Sturm Sequence solution
JACO : keyword for J acobi solution
SPIT : keyword for Subspace Iteration solution
norm : normalisation of Eigenvectors. (Integer)
Values: 0 - Maximum component is 1.0.
1 - Euclidean norm
3 - No normalisation
modes : to request frequencies or mode shapes for printing. (Integer)
Values: 0 - frequency and mode shapes
1 - frequency only
lmode : lowest mode number required. (Integer)
hmode : the highest mode number required. Compulsory for SPIT, defaults to all frequencies if
blank. (Integer)
subspace : size of subspace (the number of frequencies to iterate over). For SPIT only. (Integer)
cutoff : upper limit to the calculated frequencies (Hertz). For SPIT only. (Real)
shift : Frequency shift (Hertz). For SPIT only (Real). See Notes below.
FREQUENCY
HOQL
HOSS
JAC0
SPIT
norm modes (l mode) (hmode)
(subspace) (cutoff) (shi ft)

Notes
1. If HOSS is selected and the number of frequencies is greater than 25% of the number of dynamic
freedoms (or 40% if no modes are requested), then HOQL is substituted.
2. If subspace is omitted, it defaults to the lesser of 2n or n+8 where n is the number of frequencies
requested.
3. If SPIT and no suppression data is supplied in the run, the shift is applied. If no shift is supplied, the
program calculates a suitable value. If the run is a substructure assembly and all suppressions are in the
substructures, a very small value for shift must be supplied to prevent the program from calculating an
unsuitable value.
Examples
(i). A simple frequency command using HOSS to select all frequencies. Mode shapes are normalised to a
maximum value of 1.0, frequencies and mode shapes are to be printed.
FREQUENCY HOSS 0 0
(ii). A frequency command using SPIT requesting 8 frequencies, a subspace of 14 and a cutoff of 100 Hertz.
FREQUENCY SPI T 0 0 1 8 14 100. 0
A.13 SAVE Command
To define which files are to be saved for a subsequent analysis. This command is not utilised in WAVE but may
be required for subsequent ASAS analyses.

Parameters
SAVE : keyword
set : one or more mnemonics to define the sets of files to be saved for use in subsequent analyses. For a
list of permitted values see the ASAS User Manual.
FILES : keyword. (Optional)
Note
If several sets of files are to be saved, they may be specified on one or several SAVE commands.
SAVE set (FILES)

Examples
SAVE LOCO ADLD FI LES
SAVE LOCO FI LES
SAVE ADLD FI LES
A.14 UNITS Command
Recommended.
This command allows the user to define the units to be employed in the analysis and the default units for the
input data. Facilities exist to specify the results units for output if they are required to be different from those
supplied for input (see Section A.14.2). The defined unit set will appear on each page of the printout as part of
the page header. If this command is omitted then no units information will be reported and the units of all data
supplied must be consistent.
If the UNITS command is employed, facilities exist to locally modify the input data units within each main data
block. See the ASAS User Manual for further details.
For a list of valid unit names, see the UNITS command in the ASAS User Manual, Preliminary data.
A.14.1 Global UNITS Definition
This specifies the units to be employed for the analysis and provides the default units for input and printed
output.

Parameters
UNITS : keyword
unitnm : name of unit to be utilised
The units of force and length must be supplied. Temperature is optional and defaults to centigrade. A time unit
of seconds is assumed. A default angular unit of radians is used for results reporting. The default input angular
unit varies according to the data block and must not be specified on the basic UNITS command.
Restriction
The program calculates a consistent unit of MASS based upon the length and force units supplied. The
permitted combinations of force and length are given in Appendix .D.
UNITS uni tnm

Note
For substructure analyses, all components to be assembled together must use the same global units definition.
Similarly, the resulting structure must also use the same global units. If parts of the overall structure are required
to be modelled using different units, the local UNITS commands within the main data should be employed.
A.14.2 Results UNITS Command
This permits the displacements and/or stresses to be reported in different units from those supplied for the input
data. This can only be used if a global units definition has been supplied.

Parameters
UNITS : keyword
resultnm : keyword to identify results units to be modified. The following keywords are available
DISP displacement printing
STRE stress or force printing
unitnm : name of unit to be utilised
Notes
1. For the results units, the angular term may be specified. (Default is radians).
Valid names are
RADIAN(S) RAD
DEGREE(S) DEG
2. Only those terms which are required to be modified need to be specified, undefined terms will default to
those supplied on the global units definition. For example:
UNITS N M
UNITS STRE MM
will provide stresses in terms of N/mm
2
Examples
1. Input data units and results units to be in units of Kips and feet
UNI TS KI PS FEET
The derived consistent unit of mass will be 3.22x10
4
lbs.
UNITS uni tnm resul tnm

2. The S.I. system is to be used for input, but the displacements are to be printed in mm and the stresses in
KN/mm
2
UNI TS N M
UNI TS DI SP MM
UNI TS STRE KN MI LLI METRES
Note that the reactions printed in the displacement report will be in Newtons and Millimetres.
The derived consistent unit of mass will be 1 kg.
A.15 LIBRARY Definition
This command is used to provide the name of an external file which contains beam section information for use in
the geometric property data. The library file may be standard steel section library, as supplied with the software,
or may contain user supplied sections generated using program SECTIONS. Only one such command line may
appear in the preliminary data. See Appendix A of the ASAS User Manual.

Parameters
LIBRARY : keyword
filename : up to 6 character name of an external (physical) file which contains section library information
for beam type elements. The file must either be one of the standard section libraries supplied
with the software (listed below) or user generated using program SECTIONS.
Standard Libraries
AISCLB AISC wide flange (I/H) sections
A.16 END Command
To terminate the preliminary data. Compulsory.
Parameters
END : compulsory keyword
LIBRARY filename


Appendix B WAVE User Manual
Page B-1
Appendix. B Running Instructions
B.1 Files Required/Created by WAVE/MASS
WAVE and MASS are both pre-processors to the structural analysis program ASAS and only require input data
files to be supplied. If the run is part of an overall project then the project file (pname10) should be present in
the users directory (see Appendix A.3).
WAVE/MASS will create a new data file containing the structural topology and boundary conditions, together
with the generated loading or mass. The updated file is utilised in a subsequent ASAS analysis. The name of the
resulting data file is given by appending either WA (in the case of an WAVE run) or MA (for an MASS run) to
the four character file name. Thus, if the file name for a run is RUN1, WAVE will create a new data file called
RUN1WA, and MASS will generate a file called RUN1MA. In the following examples, the generated data files
are indicated thus
For static analyses, WAVE will not create any backing files since all information required for subsequent
processing is transferred via the data file. This is shown in Figure B.1 below.

Figure B.1 File utilisation for time history/simple static analyses
STRUWA
ASAS
WAVE
St ruct ural and
Environment al
Dat a
St ruct ural and
Environment al
Loading
STR135
STRUWA
BEAMST

Page B-2
For harmonic analyses, WAVE will create an ASAS backing file for use in a subsequent dynamic analysis using
RESPONSE. If a static harmonic analysis is being undertaken then the backing file may be discarded but it
should be noted that an entry in the index file will remain with the appropriate STRUCTURE/COMPONENT
name. For single shot analyses i.e. only one run of WAVE/ASAS then the index file (the 10 file) may be deleted
between the WAVE and ASAS runs. Where the wave run forms part of a larger analysis the index file should be
preserved but a new name assigned to the STRUCTURE or COMPONENT being analysed. This is shown
diagrammatically in Figure B.2.

Figure B.2 Alternative examples of file utilisation for static harmonic analyses
PROJ 10
STRU35
ASAS
FATJACK2
WAVE
St ruct ural and
Environment al
Dat a
St ruct ural and
Environment al
Loading
STR135
PROJ 10
STRU35
PROJ 10
STRU35
Single shot Multiple run
STRUWA
Change FILE
name from
STRU to STR1
Delete after
running WAVE
Delete after
running WAVE

Page B-3
For dynamic harmonic analyses both MASS and WAVE are normally run utilising the same project name. Files
created by each of the programs are shown diagrammatically in Figure B.3.

Figure B.3 File utilisation for dynamic harmonic analyses
ASAS
FATJACK2
WAVE
St ruct ural and
Environment al
Dat a
St ruct ural and
Environment al
Loading
ASAS35
PROJ 10
WAVE35
MASS
St ruct ural and
Addit ional Mass
Dat a
St ruct ural and
Mass Dat a
RESPONSE
RESP35
MASSMA WAVEWA
Response Related
Data
Fatigue Related
Data

Page B-4
B.2 Transfer of Wave Loads to ASAS Using Option STG3
Section B.1 describes the transfer of the Wave Loading from WAVE to ASAS using the formatted file (the WA
file). An alternative method is available for use in simple static analyses, stress history analyses and static
harmonic analyses but must not be used for dynamic harmonic analyses. In this method use is made of the
Option STG3 in the wave data. Option STG3 will cause WAVE to save the backing files in a form which
enables ASAS to be run starting at Stage 3 (using the RESTART command). The advantage of this method is
that reading and checking of the WA file, which can be very long, is avoided.

Figure B.4 File Utilisation when using the Option STG3
ASAS
BEAMST
WAVE
St ruct ural and
Environment al
Dat a
St ruct ural and
Environment al
Loading
PROJ 10
STRU35
STRUWA
FATJACK2

Page B-5
B.3 Running Instructions for WAVE and MASS
See the appendices in the ASAS User Manual for details on how to run any of the programs in the ASAS suite.

Page B-6 Contains proprietary and confidential information of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.

Appendix C WAVE User Manual
Page C-1
Appendix. C Valid Options
This appendix describes the user options available in WAVE and MASS. User options are specified on the
OPTIONS command in the preliminary data as a series of 4 character names (see Appendix A.10).
In addition to the options listed below, which affect the WAVE or MASS run, options which are valid for ASAS
will also be accepted but no action will be taken. For further details see the ASAS User Manual.
Option Name Application
DATA Perform data checking only. This should be used to carefully check all the data
before proceeding on to the analysis.
GOON Proceed even after printed WARNINGS. This Option allows the run to
continue despite doubtful data. It should only be used after a run in which the
WARNINGS have been noted and rejected as unimportant.
NOBL Do not print the ASAS banner page.
PRNO Print only selected input data images (see ASAS User Manual).
NODL Print only selected expanded data (see ASAS User Manual).
HYDR Requests detailed elemental hydrodynamic information for each wave case.
This is useful for ensuring that complex data assignments have been correctly
applied (see Section 3.9).
APIW/AP20 Selects analysis to the requirements of API RP2A (see Section 2.3.3).
MCON For current loads (CURR, TIDE, PCUR) vary the current profile within a wave
cycle to maintain mass conservation. The input current profile must relate to
the still water. The velocities are scaled with depth to give a constant transfer
of mass, for the instantaneous surface height, whilst retaining the overall shape
of the profile (see Section 2.3.5). This option has no effect in MASS.
This is not recommended for use with API analyses.
RELC For current loads (CURR, TIDE, PCUR) vary the current profile within a wave
cycle such that the velocities are not at absolute depths, but relative depths.
This does not give mass conservation. The current velocities at x% of the water
depth are the same for still water as for water with waves (see Section 2.3.5).
This option has no effect in MASS.

Page C-2

APIC

VEXT For current loads (CURR, TIDE, PCUR) the current profile is not modified in
the presence of a wave, simple vertical extrapolation is used above still water
level.
This is the default option for all non-APIW analyses, and is provided to
override the standard non-linear stretching when APIW is active (see Section
2.3.5).
BRIG The default method of calculating buoyancy loads in WAVE is to determine the
volume of fluid displaced by a member and to apply the equivalent force as a
distributed load in an upward direction ( z - water ). An alternative approach is
available using the BRIG option. With this more rigorous approach the
hydrostatic forces are calculated at the member ends and are applied as nodal
forces in the direction of the member. Thus all components of hydrostatic force
are included. This option has no effect in MASS.
CONV API RP2A states that the convective acceleration components of the wave
kinematics should be ignored. If APIW option is selected the convective
acceleration terms are removed by default. The CONV option allows these
terms to be included when APIW is operative. For all non-APIW analyses this
is the default.
WIND Calculate loads for a WINDSPEC analysis - requests generation of loadcases
by subtraction of base cases from base + gust cases as required for a
WINDSPEC analysis.
WASP To split the wave load output file (the WA file) into two parts. Part 1 consists
of the structure data and boundary conditions. Part 2 consists of the generated
For current loads (CURR, TIDE, PCUR) vary the current profile within a wave
cycle using non-linear stretching as recommended in the API RP2A Code of
Practice. The relationship is given by
where z is the elevation of the point of interest
z is the effective elevation corresponding to z
d is the still water depth

n
is the wave length
is the wave surface elevation above the point of interest
z, z, are measured from the mean still water level

) d/ (2 sinh
) / d) + z ( (2 sinh
+ z = z
n
n

This is the default option when APIW is selected (see Section 2.3.52.3.5).

Page C-3
wave loading. The file containing part 1 has the letters WA appended, the file
containing part 2 has the letters WL appended. The WA file automatically
references the WL by means of an @ command immediately before the STOP
command.
For MASS, the corresponding files are MA and ML.

Page C-4

Appendix D WAVE User Manual
Page D-1 Contains proprietary and confidential information of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Appendix. D Consistent Units
1 Kip =1000 pounds force
All times are in seconds
Assumed specific gravity of steel =7.85
Assumed specific gravity of air =0.00123
Assumed specific gravity of sea water =1.025
The kinematic viscosity of sea water varies significantly with temperature. Typical values are as follows
seawater
= 1.828x10
-6
metres
2
/sec at 0C
= 1.431x10
-6
metres
2
/sec at 8C
Unit of force Unit of
length
Typical
value of E
for steel
g Consistent
unit of
mass
Density (mass/unit volume)
Steel Sea Water Air
Newton metre 2.1x10
11
9.81 1Kg 7850 1025 1.23
Newton cm 2.1x10
7
981 100Kg 7.85x10
-5
1.025x10
-5
1.23x10
-8
Newton mm 2.1x10
5
9810 1000Kg 7.85x10
-9
1.025x10
-9
1.23x10
-12
Kilopond metre 2.14x10
10
9.81 9.81Kg 800 104.6 0.1255
Kilopond cm 2.14x10
6
981 981Kg 8.00x10
-6
1.046x10
-6
1.255x10
-9
Kilopond mm 2.14x10
4
9810 9810Kg 8.00x10
-10
1.046x10
-10
1.255x10
-13
KNewton metre 2.1x10
8
9.81 10
3
Kg 7.85 1.025 1.23x10
-3
KNewton cm 2.1x10
4
981 10
5
Kg 7.85x10
-8
1.025x10
-8
1.23x10
-11
KNewton mm 2.1x10
2
9810 10
6
Kg 7.85x10
-12
1.025x10
-12
1.23x10
-15
MNewtons metre 2.1x10
5
9.81 10
6
Kg 7.85x10
-3
1.025x10
-3
1.23x10
-6
MNewtons cm 2.1x10
1
981 10
8
Kg 7.85x10
-11
1.025x10
-11
1.23x10
-14
MNewtons mm 2.1x10
-3
9810 10
9
Kg 7.85x10
-15
1.025x10
-15
1.23x10
-18
Tonne (f) metre 2.14x10
7
9.81 9.81x10
3
Kg 0.800 0.1046 1.255x10
-4
Tonne (f) cm 2.14x10
3
981 9.81x10
5
Kg 8.00x10
-9
1.046x10
-9
1.255x10
-12
Tonne (f) mm 2.14x10
1
9810 9.81x10
6
Kg 8.00x10
-13
1.046x10
-13
1.255x10
-16
Poundal foot 1.39x10
11
32.2 1lb 491 64.11 7.69x10
-2
Poundal inch 9.66x10
8
386 12lbs 2.37x10
-2
3.095x10
-3
3.71x10
-6
Pound (f) foot 4.32x10
9
32.2 32.2lbs
(1 slug)
15.2 1.985 2.38x10
-3
Pound (f) inch 3.0x10
7
386 386lbs 7.35x10
-4
9.597x10
-5
1.15x10
-7
Kip foot 4.32x10
6
32.2 3.22x10
4
lbs 1.52x10
-2
1.985x10
-3
2.38x10
-6
Kip inch 3.0x10
4
386 3.86x10
5
lbs 7.35x10
-7
9.597x10
-8
1.15x10
-10
Ton (f) foot 1.93x10
6
32.2 7.21x10
4
lbs 6.81x10
-3
8.88x10
-4
1.066x10
-6
Ton (f) inch 1.34x10
4
386 8.66x10
5
lbs 3.28x10
-7
4.27x10
-8
5.124x10
-11

Appendix D WAVE User Manual
Page D-2 Contains proprietary and confidential information of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.

Appendix E WAVE User Manual
Page E-1 Contains proprietary and confidential information of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Appendix. E References
1. CIRIA report UR8, October 1978. Dynamics of Marine Structures: Methods of Calculating the Dynamic
Response of Fixed Structures Subject to Wave and Current Action.
2. Ippen, A.T. (Ed.), 1966. Estuary and Coastline Hydrodynamics, Engineering Societies Monograph,
McGraw-Hill (New York).
3. Bretschneider, C.L., 1960. A Theory for Waves of Finite Height, Proceedings 7th Conference on
Coastal Engineering, The Hague.
4. Dean, R.G., September 1975. Stream Function Representation of Non-linear Ocean Waves, J ournal of
Geophysical Research, Vol. 70, No. 18.
5. Chaplin, J .R., 1980. Developments of Stream Function Wave Theory, Coastal Engineering, Vol. 3, pp.
179-205.
6. Department of Energy, November 1989. Fluid Loading on Fixed Offshore Structures, Background to a
Proposed Revision of Offshore Installations: Guidance on Design and Construction.
7. Barltrop, N.D.P. and Adams, A.J ., 1991. Dynamics of Fixed Marine Structures, Third Edition.
8. American Petroleum Institute, API RP2A-WSD. Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing and
Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms - Working Stress Design, Twentieth Edition, J uly 1993.
9. American Petroleum Institute, API RP2A-LRFD. Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing and
Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms - Load and Resistance Factor Design, First Edition, J uly 1993.
10. WS Atkins Engineering Software, Shell New Wave, Engineering Software Report No. ESR 960611.

Appendix E WAVE User Manual
Page E-2 Contains proprietary and confidential information of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.

Appendix F - Superseded Commands
WAVE User Manual
Page F-1 Contains proprietary and confidential information of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Appendix. F Superseded Commands
F.1 BEAM Element Command
The BEAM command is used to introduce marine loading on structural beam elements. As for tube elements, all
beams have an associated geometric property number, user element number, and pair of node numbers. Two
dimensions must be input on this command to define the size of the beam cross-section which will be subject to
fluid drag and inertia forces (i.e. dy and dz need not represent true physical dimensions).

BEAM : keyword
dy : dimension in element local y direction. (Real)
dz : dimension in element local z direction. (Real)
ELEM
PROP
ALL
el em
prop
group GROU
BEAM dy dz

WAVE User Manual
Notes
1. dy and dz are used in place of diameter and dydz in place of cross-sectional area in Morisons equation.
2. The dimensions supplied are given in terms of the local axes of the element, as shown below.

F.2 NOBM Command
The NOBM command specifies beam elements for which wave loads are excluded. The command overrides any
previous BEAM command for the specified elements. The wave loading may be reactivated at any later stage by
using another BEAM command.

Parameters
NOBM : keyword
Note
Any number of BEAM and NOBM commands may be used to activate and deactivate loading for different wave
ELEM
PROP
ALL
el em
prop
group GROU
NOBM

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