Simplified Base

Isolation Design
Procedure
Gordon Wray, P.E.
SEAONC Protective Systems
Subcommittee Objectives
> Current Unique Code Requirements
More sophisticated engineering analysis
Geotechnical need site specific study
Peer review is required by the code and needs
to be done concurrently with the design.
> Why Simplify the Process?
Base isolated structure is a structural system
that is closest to SDOF
Only structure in US codes that often requires
non-linear time history analysis
> SEAONC PSSC believes that the design and
analysis process must be simplified for more
widespread use of the technology
Breaking Down the Process
> Input Parameters
V
y
: Nominal (Target) system yield
strength as a fraction of total building
weight
T
2
: Nominal (Target) second slope
system period
Displacement
Force
V
y
Displacement
Force
g K
W
T
2
2
2 =
K
2
V
y
= 0.9*Dp
2
K
2
= G
r
A
r
/h
V
y
= Friction
Coefficient
R
K
2
= W/R
Lead Rubber Bearing
Friction Pendulum Bearing
High Damping Rubber V
y
based on rubber properties
> Consider Property Variation
Upper Bound Properties Increase Base Shear
Accounts for aging, contamination, first
cycle effects, specification tolerance
1.33 for LRB, FPS
1.50 for HDR
Lower Bound Properties Increase Maximum Displacement
Accounts for specification tolerance
0.85 for all systems
> Displacement due to Accidental Torsion
D
TM
includes 1.2 amplification factor on D
M
Breaking Down the Process
D
M
D
TM
Sample Result
T2 = 3 seconds
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0 5 10 15 20 25
Di spl acement (i n)
B
a
s
e

S
h
e
a
r

(
g
)
U
p
p
e
r

B
o
u
n
d

(
x
1
.
3
3
)
L
o
w
e
r

B
o
u
n
d

(
x
0
.
8
5
)
N
o
m
i
n
a
l
V
max
D
M
D
TM
Breaking Down the Process
Determine S
M1
Choose T
2
& D
TM
Choose T
2
& V
y
or
Use Table to determine
minimum V
y
Use Table to
determine D
TM
Use Chart to Determine V
max
Determine Design Shear, V
s
Distribute Forces Vertically
Check Isolator Tension/Uplift
Design Structure
Isolator System Layout
Design Process
Design Response Spectra
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Period (sec)
S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l

A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
g
)
S
M1
= 0.80g
Determine S
M1
Choose T
2
& D
TM
Choose T
2
& V
y
or
Use Table to determine
minimum V
y
Use Table to
determine D
TM
Use Chart to Determine V
max
Determine Design Shear, V
s
Distribute Forces Vertically
Check Isolator Tension/Uplift
Design Structure
Isolator System Layout
Design Process
Determine V
y
T2 SM1 Max Vy
12 18 24 30 36 42
0.4 0.027 0.065
0.5 0.048 0.023 0.08
3.0 0.6 0.078 0.037 0.021 0.08
0.7 0.117 0.056 0.031 0.08
0.8 0.166 0.079 0.045 0.028 0.08
0.9 0.108 0.061 0.038 0.08
DTM
T2 SM1 Max Vy
12 18 24 30 36 42
0.4 0.030 0.035
0.5 0.054 0.029 0.06
4.0 0.6 0.087 0.046 0.028 0.075
0.7 0.130 0.069 0.041 0.027 0.08
0.8 0.098 0.059 0.038 0.08
0.9 0.134 0.080 0.052 0.036 0.08
DTM
T2 SM1 Max Vy
12 18 24 30 36 42
0.4 -
0.5 0.062 0.034 0.021 0.035
5.0 0.6 0.098 0.054 0.033 0.022 0.06
0.7 0.079 0.049 0.032 0.07
0.8 0.110 0.068 0.045 0.032 0.08
0.9 0.091 0.061 0.043 0.031 0.08
DTM
If S
m1
>=0.7 then minimum
V
y
>=0.04, otherwise
minimum V
y
>=0.03
Gray area not permitted, values
included for interpolation only
Notes applicable on all tables
Determine S
M1
Choose T
2
& D
TM
Choose T
2
& V
y
or
Use Table to determine
minimum V
y
Use Table to
determine D
TM
Use Chart to Determine V
max
Determine Design Shear, V
s
Distribute Forces Vertically
Check Isolator Tension/Uplift
Design Structure
Isolator System Layout
Design Process
Determine V
max
Unreduced Isol ati on System Base Shear, Vm versus S1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1
S1 (g)
V
m

(
V
/
W
t
)
T2 =2 sec
T2 =2.5 sec
T2 =3 sec
T2 =4 sec
T2 =5 sec
T2 =6 sec
Vm = 0.6 x Sm1 - 0.035
Vm = 0.45 x Sm1 - 0.020
Vm = Sm1 / 3 + 0.002
Vm = Sm1 / T2
Determine S
M1
Choose T
2
& D
TM
Choose T
2
& V
y
or
Use Table to determine
minimum V
y
Use Table to
determine D
TM
Use Chart to Determine V
max
Determine Design Shear, V
s
Distribute Forces Vertically
Check Isolator Tension/Uplift
Design Structure
Isolator System Layout
Design Process
> Select Structural System
Determine R
i
(typically 2)
Concrete Shear Wall, R
i
= 2.0
Ordinary Braced Frame, R
i
= 1.6
> Calculate Design Base Shear
V
s
= V
max
/R
i
Vs = 0.17g in example (0.27/1.6)
Vs = 0.21g for fixed base OCBF, type B soil
> Check Minimum Base Shear Requirements
Vs > 1.5* Vy
Vs > Wind Load
Vs > Base Shear for a fixed base structure with Period T
D
Design Base Shear
Simplified Modeling
Procedure
Horizontally Rigid Isolator Elements (pins)
Determine S
M1
Choose T
2
& D
TM
Choose T
2
& V
y
or
Use Table to determine
minimum V
y
Use Table to
determine D
TM
Use Chart to Determine V
max
Determine Design Shear, V
s
Distribute Forces Vertically
Check Isolator Tension/Uplift
Design Structure
Isolator System Layout
Design Process
Vertical Distribution
Low Strength, V
y
< 0.04W
High Displacement
High Strength, V
y
> 0.06W
Low Displacement
>Current code distribution approximates
dynamic response of high strength system
>Low Strength, High Displacement results in
better performance
Overturning Moments Comparison
Moment Frame, T
2
= 3 seconds
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 2 4 6 8 10
Overturning Moment (k-ft/W)
H
e
i
g
h
t

(
f
t
)
V
y
= 0.03 Dynamic
Overturning Moments Comparison
Moment Frame, T
2
= 3 seconds
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 2 4 6 8 10
Overturning Moment (k-ft/W)
H
e
i
g
h
t

(
f
t
)
V
y
= 0.03 Dynamic
V
y
= 0.03 Code
Overturning Moments Comparison
Moment Frame, T
2
= 3 seconds
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 2 4 6 8 10
Overturning Moment (k-ft/W)
H
e
i
g
h
t

(
f
t
)
V
y
= 0.08 Dynamic
V
y
= 0.03 Dynamic
Overturning Moments Comparison
Moment Frame, T
2
= 3 seconds
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 2 4 6 8 10
Overturning Moment (k-ft/W)
H
e
i
g
h
t

(
f
t
)
V
y
= 0.08 Dynamic
V
y
= 0.08 Code
Determine S
M1
Choose T
2
& D
TM
Choose T
2
& V
y
or
Use Table to determine
minimum V
y
Use Table to
determine D
TM
Use Chart to Determine V
max
Determine Design Shear, V
s
Distribute Forces Vertically
Check Isolator Tension/Uplift
Design Structure
Isolator System Layout
Design Process
Check Isolator Tension/Uplift
0.8D 0.8D 0.8D 0.8D
Fm3
Fm2
Fm1
Tension
>Check with Manufacturer for Isolator Tension
Capacity Sliding isolators cannot resist uplift
100 psi
Check Isolator Tension/Uplift
0.8D 0.8D 0.8D
Fm3
Fm2
Fm1
>Check strength/stability after progressively
removing isolator elements.
0.8D
Determine S
M1
Choose T
2
& D
TM
Choose T
2
& V
y
or
Use Table to determine
minimum V
y
Use Table to
determine D
TM
Use Chart to Determine V
max
Determine Design Shear, V
s
Distribute Forces Vertically
Check Isolator Tension/Uplift
Design Structure
Isolator System Layout
Design Process
Design Structure
1.2D+L 1.2D+L 1.2D+L
Fm3
Fm2
Fm1
1.2D+L
P
P
= D
TM
P/2
P/2
>Design framing above isolators for Vs
Determine S
M1
Choose T
2
& D
TM
Choose T
2
& V
y
or
Use Table to determine
minimum V
y
Use Table to
determine D
TM
Use Chart to Determine V
max
Determine Design Shear, V
s
Distribute Forces Vertically
Check Isolator Tension/Uplift
Design Structure
Isolator System Layout
Design Process
Isolator System Layout
> Use Spreadsheet to Layout Isolators
Arrange Sizes, Types, Lead Core Locations
Friction Isolator
> Vy: Friction Coefficient a function of bearing
stress
> T2: Function of Weight/Radius
Lead Rubber Isolator
> Vy: Function of Lead Core
> T2: Function of Rubber Area and Height
Confirm Properties with Manufacturer for
varying axial loads
Sum properties and confirm system meets V
y
and T
2
requirements
Isolator System Layout
> Locate Center of Stiffness/Center of Mass
Design for Least Amount of Accidental Torsion
D
TM
/D
M
assumption uses 1.2 factor as limit
for torsionally regular buildings
Arrange isolators to align center of stiffness
(K
2
) and center of strength (V
y
) to center of
mass.
Committee working on recommendations for
maximum allowed eccentricity from center of
mass.
Isolator System Layout
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
X Location (ft)
Y

L
o
c
a
t
i
o
n

(
f
t
)
Isolator Type A Isolator Type B Center of Mass
Center of K2 Center of Vy
Summary
> Isolator System Properties
Site dictates S
M1
or C
v
Engineer chooses T
2
, D
TM
Easily determine V
max
, V
y
Useful preliminary design tool
> Alternative Modeling
Choose structural system
Build static model with horizontally rigid
isolators
Apply static loads, including P load case
Layout isolators and confirm properties
with manufacturer
> Work in Progress
Modification to vertical distribution
Confirmation of allowed center of K
2
,
center of V
y
eccentricity
Questions
K2 Qd K2 Qd K2 Qd
Contamination - - 1.0 1.1 - -
Aging 1.1 1 1 1.1 1.2 1.2
Scragging 1 1.2 1 1.1 1.2 1.2
Upper Bound Factor from
Nominal Properties
1.10 1.20 1.00 1.33 1.44 1.44
System Property Modification
Factor
Maximum Upper Bound
Factor from Nominal
Properties
Adjusted Upper Bound
Factor
System Upper Bound
Specification Tolerance
System Lower Bound
Specification Tolerance
Final Upper Bound Factor
From Nominal Properties
Final Lower Bound Factor
From Nominal Properties
1.10 1.10
0.85 0.85 0.85
0.85 0.85 0.85
1.25 1.34 1.42
1.10
1.44
0.66 0.66 0.66
Property Modification Factor Table
1.13 1.22 1.29
LRB FPS HDR
1.20 1.33