Inteligent Buildings - Vladimir Vukovic

Information and Communication
Technologies for Increasing Building

Energy Efficiency
Sustainable Building Technologies
Energy Department
Austrian Institute of Technology
TECNOCONSTRUCCION 2012 - International Conference on Innovation and
Technological Construction Progress in Latin America, Cali, Colombia
November 14-17, 2012
Dr Vladimir Vukovic
2 TECNOCONSTRUCCION 2012 November 15, 2012
Overview
Background
Why ICT for Energy Efficiency in Buildings?
Project Examples
Concluding Remarks
Background
Project Examples
Concluding Remarks
The Origins
European Union 20/20/20 Goals
EU Energy supply is based on non-renewable resources: 37% oil, 24% gas
High import dependency of these resources: up to 84%
40% contribution of the building sector to primary energy consumption in EU
30% transport, 30% industry
Therefore:
20% reduction of green house gas emissions,
20% share of renewable energy sources,
20% increase in energy efficiency
By 2020, compared to 2005 levels (European Commission, 2008)
750 bil investment in power infrastructure over the next 30 years
Long term EU strategy
New EU R&D&I funding: Horizon 2020
Starting in 2014
Support for increasing building energy efficiency to energy neutral
performance
Horizon 2050
Energy positive buildings
2050 climate change mitigation requirements
Global GHG reductions 50%-80% (80%-95% developed countries)
ICT as the driving force and key enabling technology
ICT means Smart / Intelligent Systems
Smart or Intelligent
Refers to objects that can react correctly to unforeseen circumstances
by choosing amongst a set of possible actions and
can learn from the associated response.
Smart buildings
Can maximize the overall indoor environmental quality at the same time
minimizing the consumption of resources and the emissions due to
construction, operation, maintenance and demolition processes
Integration of Building Automation System (BAS), Telecommunications
System (TS), Office Automation System (OAS) and Computer Aided
Facility Management System (CAFMS).
Background
Project Examples
Concluding Remarks
Overview
Why Energy Efficiency?
Business-as-usual was on track to achieve only half of the 2020 efficiency
targets (SEC(2011)277)
To ensure 2020 efficiency targets are met, new policies are needed
EnergyEnvironmentEconomy Model for Europe (E3ME) estimated
benefits of additional Energy Efficiency Directive measures
34 bil increase in GDP
400 000 new jobs
PRIMES model estimates
Increased energy efficiency investments 24 bil p.a.
Reduced power generation investments 6 bil p.a.
Reduced fuel expenses 38 bil p.a.
20 bil p.a.
profit
New EU Directives
Additional measures to ensure achievement of Energy efficiency targets
New Energy Efficiency Directive (to achieve 75% of the needed savings)
(2011/0172 (COD))
2/3 of the 20% CO
2
emissions reduction target to be achieve via EU
Emissions Trading System
Adopted on September 11, 2012
Transport White Paper (to achieve 25% of the needed savings)
(SEC(2011)358)
EU ee Directive
Mandatory renovation of government buildings 3% of gross floor area
heated/cooled p.a. starting 1.1.2014.
Mandatory annual new savings of 1.5% final energy customer sales, for
energy distributors and/or retailers
Long term strategy for national building stock
Statistical building stock overview
Identification of cost-effective renovation, w.r.t. climate
Policies and investment guidance
Estimation of expected energy savings
Public procurement of goods, services and buildings with high ee
All large enterprises required to carry out energy audits every 4 years
Smart meters to provide customers energy consumption and time of use
Installation in new buildings and after major renovations
By 1.1.2017 in multi-apartment buildings served by district heating/cooling
Why ICT?
Technology is available, needs to be integrated to
Enable energy efficiency improvements
Monitoring and managing energy consumption can: save up to 17%
of energy in buildings (EC DG INFSO, 2008), reduce by up to 27%
carbon emissions in transport and storage (GeSI, 2008)
Energy efficient business models, working practices, lifestyles
(eCommerce, teleworking, eGovernment) save energy and material
Innovative technologies (virtualization, cloud computing) reduce
system redundancies
Provide quantification basis for implementation and evaluation of energy
efficient technologies
Smart metering can help reduce energy consumption by up to 10%
System level software tools can facilitate better configurations and
optimize energy performance
Why ICT?
Estimated ICT saving potentials
15% reduction in global carbon emissions (COM(2009) 111)
energy consumption of residential buildings -35%, commercial buildings
-17%, industry -10% (EC DG INFSO, 2008)
Estimated market potentials
Worldwide market 126 bil
Average payback less than 5 years (Siemens, 2010)
Strong EU market growth
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA): 1.3 bil in 2009 to
reach 1.9 bil in 2016, +40% (+5% p.a.) (Frost & Sullivan, 2010)
Home automation: 132 mil in 2002, 307 mil in 2009 (>20% 2008/09)
+13% p.a. 2011-2016
400+ mil smart home automation devices worldwide by 2017 (IMS
Research, 2012)
Why Buildings?
80% of the building life cycle costs occur after construction
80% of the building design fixed within the first 20% of the planning process
People spend 90% of lifetime within buildings: high investment visibility,
societal benefits, behavioral adjustments (low/no cost measures)
Schierenbeck A, ICT in Buildings the Low Hanging Fruit for Energy Efficiency, Siemens AG (2010) Schierenbeck A, ICT in Buildings the Low Hanging Fruit for Energy Efficiency, Siemens AG (2010)
Why Buildings?
Majority of building energy
costs are related to heating,
ventilation, air-conditioning
and lighting (>60%)
Commercial buildings electricity usage in
the EU (EC JRC 2007)
Background
Project Examples
Concluding Remarks
Overview
History of Energy Saving Construction
Erhorn H and Erhorn-Kluttig H, The Path Towards 2020 Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings, REHVA Journal (2012) Erhorn H and Erhorn-Kluttig H, The Path Towards 2020 Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings, REHVA Journal (2012)
Areas of ICT development
ICT 4 E2B Forum FP7 project, D1.1.
Classified Research Areas (2010)
ICT 4 E2B Forum FP7 project, D1.1.
Classified Research Areas (2010)
15%
15%
13%
37% 20%
% of ICT research projects
Project example:
Sounds for Energy Efficient Buildings (S4EeB) www.s4eeb.org
Knowing the exact occupancy and occupants activities (provided by sound
sensors) Energy saving strategies:
Reduce lighting intensity
Lighting need depends on occupants location
Reduce ventilation flow rates reduce heating and cooling demand
Heating/cooling demand depends on the fresh air requirements
directly proportional to the number of occupants
Reducing ventilation rates also reduces fan energy ~ V
3
Electricity usage CO
2
emissions
Schedules
Demand controlled ventilation (DCV)
Sensors: CO
2
, temperature, infrared presence detectors, video
Direct occupant counting shows much lower uncertainties (Dougan and
Damiano, 2004; 2007)
Low cost acoustic sensing technology exists
Prototype power consumption: 33 W
Data interpretation and integration to BMS
needed ICT
Largest energy saving potential in buildings
and spaces of public use
Oversized systems
High occupancy variability
Project example:
Sounds for Energy Efficient Buildings (S4EeB) www.s4eeb.org
How much can be saved?
Transportation (Balaras et al. 2003)
HVAC: 9.8%-38.5%, 25-87 kWh/m
2
/yr
Lighting: 2.4%-9.6%, 5-38 kWh/m
2
/yr
Retail spaces at most half of the savings in transportation facilities
Microphone array prototype
S4EeB preliminary results
40% accuracy of classification
with 6 occupancy levels
70% accuracy with 3 occupancy
levels
Existing HVAC
system
Refurbishment
New building and/or
HVAC system
Model optimization
Modeling
Implementation of
optimized parameters
Optimal HVAC
system operation
Optimal refurbished
building performance
Optimal building +
HVAC design and
performance
Automated monitoring
Life-cycle validation
Predictive controls
(weather, energy
prices, occupancy, etc.)
Integrated modeling
environment
Graphical user interface
Graphical system
performance presentation
NEXT Generation Building Modeling and
Simulation Tools
Goals:
Case study: ENERGYbase office building
Energy Information Administration (1995): Avg office building
102 kWh/m
2
a (excluding office equipment, accounting for ~ 24%)
ENERGYbase measured electricity consumption
Ventilation Total Heating Cooling Lighting
ENERGYbase showcase building (7,500 m
2
/ 80,000 ft
2
)
Owner: Vienna Business Agency
Full scientific planing and support by Energy Dept. AIT
Total cost: 12.5 Mil
Financed by: Federal Ministry of Transportation,
Innovation and Technology (BMVIT), City of Vienna,
energy suppliers (Wienstrom, Verbund)
Passive house standard
Target: 80% reduction of primary energy consumption
compared to typical office building
ENERGYbase: Office building of the future
energy efficiency - low energy use for
heating, cooling, lighting and ventilation
use of renewable energy - 100%
coverage of heating and cooling energy
demand with renewable energy
(groundwater, solar energy)
wellness at work - exceptional indoor
climate and comfort at the workplace
form follows energy - close
connection between architectural
concept and energy concept
Energy Sources:
Ground water
Heating & Cooling
Solar energy
Heating and cooling assistance
Air dehumidification
Electricity generation
Vegetation/Plants
Humidification
Electrical grid
Remaining electricity demand
Heat pump delivers low temperature heat for
thermally activated building component system
in winter
Free cooling mode in summer by direct ground
water usage also with thermally activated
building component system
Combination of heat pump and solar plant in
winter for heating with 15,000 litres (4,000 gal)
hot water storage
Heat pump Heat exchanger
ENERGYbase: Heat pump / ground water usage
TABS -Thermally activated building
component system
Activation of storage mass for comfortable
radiant heating and cooling
a) b) c)
ENERGYbase: Renewable energy sources
100% coverage of heating and cooling demand by renewable energy
sources (ground water, solar energy)
a) ~ 400 m (4300 ft) photovoltaic panels
b) ~ 300 m (3230 ft) solar thermal flat plate collectors
c) use of groundwater for heating and cooling purposes
Supply Air
Return Air
Cooling distribution devices
- Thermal mass activation
Solar Collectors
Hot
Water
Storage
Well water
Desiccant cooling - system delivers air conditioned fresh air in summer
100% solar thermally driven solar cooling system
Usage of the desiccant system for humidity
and heat recovery in winter
ENERGYbase: Solar Cooling
SW
Desiccant
Wheel
Cyperus Alternifolius (Zyperngras)
Evaporation can be controlled through artificial lights
Ecological conditioning of the air during the heating
season; a single plant can transfer 1 liter of water /
day (0.25 gal/day)
Positive psychological aspect
ENERGYbase: Green rooms
South facade as a solar
generator
ENERGYbase: Form follows energy
Room Temperature [C]
Close integration of building and
energy concept
Optimized use of solar gains
Planning process supported by
simulation methods
Institut fr Wrmetechnik
TU Graz
ENERGYbase: Analysis of south faade (22
nd
July)
Solar radiation:
Panels
Hor. surface
Ver. S surface
Ver. N surface
Glazing
ENERGYbase: Yearly facade
performance
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200

Stunde des Jahres
Solarstrahlung auf vertikale Sdfassade
Solarstrahlung auf vertikale Nordfassade
W/m
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200

Stunde des Jahres
Solarstrahlung auf PV Paneel
Solarstrahlung auf Sdfassadenverglasung
W/m
hours/year
hours/year
solar radiation on vertical south south south south solar radiation on
vertical north north north north facade
solar radiation on PV panel
solar radiation on glazing
Active and passive components of solar
radiation
Glazing picks up more solar radiation in
winter than in summer
In summer, Solar radiation on the South
glazed area is approximately equal to the
vertical North facade
Air velocities [m/s], Cooling mode (12. Sept.)
CFD indoor comfort analyses
Air flow distribution
Building thermal loads
System design
Optimized building layout
Validation and monitoring
More building info at:
http://www.energybase.at/eng/index.php
Building load profile (SW, SE; E, W office orientation)
EnergyBASE Detailed
Building Simulations
ENERGYbase: Design summary
Merging building design and energy performance
high potential of energy savings + high comfort
Use of natural sources for energy performance
Heating: ground water fossil fuels
Cooling: solar power, ground water electrical chillers
Distribution: building storage mass radiators, fan-coils
Electricity: solar power traditional electricity generation
Humidification: plants electricity driven humidifier
Predicted percentage dissatisfied [%] (thermal comfort)
S
e
t
p
o
i
n
t

t
s
u
p
p
l
y

a
i
r
t
supply air
21
0
100
%
C
ENERGYbase: Optimization of operation
Identification of an initial ENERGYbase system to optimize
Overview of system components and available component models
Start from the simplest and proceed to the most difficult detailed
as built whole building simulation
Solar thermal vs. Air handling system (components and available
simulation models)
Solar thermal system selected
ENERGYbase control sequences
of operation examined
Air-conditioning and ventilation
system
Supply air temp control
Solar thermal system
Solar collector pump
Thermal storage pump
Variable frequency drive
ENERGYbase: Solar thermal system
modeling in Modelica
Modeling of the solar thermal part of ENERGYbase HVAC systems
Model characterization and development
Pumps, heat exchanger, storage tank, solar thermal panels
ENERGYbase monitoring
Siemens Desigo Insight, Advanced Data Processing database
ENERGYbase: Model validation
ENERGYbase solar thermal system
components model validation
Pump electricity consumption
(over the period of 1 month)
Solar collector field modeling
GenOpt model calibration
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
15 min moving average relative % error
Model, Monitoring collector field outlet temp
Monitoring/Model collector field inlet temp
Fontanella et al. (2012) Fontanella et al. (2012)
ENERGYbase: Proklim - Feasibility study
of weather predictive control for a highly
insulated building
Passivhausstandard
Negligible impact of ambient
temperature
Focus on solar radiation
How predictable is solar radiation?
Impact of prediction uncertainty on
efficiency
Energy saving potential with respect
to comfort
ENERGYbase: Extensive monitoring
More than 500 sensors installed in the building
Portable IEQ monitoring
North
offices
ENERGYbase, corner room, 3rd floor: Investigation of
boundary conditions and additional data acquisition for
comparison with future CFD results
Thermography / Ceiling temperature
Volume flow measurements, flow visualization via
smoke experiment
Additional 50 temperature and 19 velocity sensors
for three months
Sensor data processing in MATLAB
kitchen and server room
meeting room
ENERGYbase: Indoor monitoring for CFD
validation
North
offices
ENERGYbase: Towards energy positive performance
Integration of a wind turbine
Currently tested
Monitoring
Waste heat recovery
Nearby wind tunnel
Feasibility study
Energy positive building
construction planned -
FUTUREbase
Background
Project Examples
Concluding Remarks
Overview
Integrated building simulations
Osterreicher and Vukovic (2010) Osterreicher and Vukovic (2010)
How the future may look like?
Companies already producing unmanned aircrafts
with thermal imaging systems
Haringey Council (London) Interactive Heat Loss Map
http://www.seeit.co.uk/haringey/Map.cfm
Broadland District Council (Norfolk)
spent 30,000 (roughly 24,000) hiring a plane
with a thermal imaging camera in order to track
how much energy is being wasted in homes and
businesses (Daily Mail, UK, 2009)
Council uses spy plane with thermal imaging
camera to snoop on homes wasting energy,
Daily Mail, UK, March 24, 2009
UAV Unmanned Aircraft thermal imaging
systems, Barnard Microsystems Limited, 2012
http://www.barnardmicrosystems.com/L4E_ther
mal_imaging.htm
Council uses spy plane with thermal imaging
camera to snoop on homes wasting energy,
Daily Mail, UK, March 24, 2009
UAV Unmanned Aircraft thermal imaging
systems, Barnard Microsystems Limited, 2012
http://www.barnardmicrosystems.com/L4E_ther
mal_imaging.htm
vladimir.vukovic@ait.ac.at
Austrian Institute of Technology
Energy Department
Sustainable Building Technologies
www.ait.ac.at
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Information and Communication

Technologies for Increasing Building

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