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September 4, 2014
University of Kansas
Astrophysicists believe that about 80 percent of the substance of our
universe is made up of mysterious "dark matter" that can't be perceived
by human senses or scientific instruments.
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A new model for a cosmological enigma -- dark matter: Solving long-
standing and troublesome puzzles
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Credit: University of Kansas / KU News Service [Click to enlarge image]
A
Orange waves and blue rays represent the effect of quantum evaporation.
strophysicists believe that about 80 percent of the substance of our
universe is made up of mysterious "dark matter" that can't be
perceived by human senses or scientific instruments.
"Dark matter has not yet been detected in a lab. We
infer about it from astronomical observations," said
Mikhail Medvedev, professor of physics and
astronomy at the University of Kansas, who has just
published breakthrough research on dark matter that
merited the cover of Physical Review Letters.
Medvedev proposes a novel model of dark matter,
dubbed "flavor-mixed multicomponent dark matter."
"Dark matter is some unknown matter, most likely a
new elementary particle or particles beyond the
Standard Model," Medvedev said. "It has never been
observed directly, but it reveals itself via gravity it
produces in the universe. There are numerous
experiments around the world aimed at finding it
directly."
Medvedev's theory rests on the behavior of elementary particles that have been
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Medvedev's theory rests on the behavior of elementary particles that have been
observed or hypothesized. According to today's prevalent Standard Model theory of
particle physics, elementary particles -- categorized as varieties of quarks, leptons and
gauge bosons -- are the building blocks of an atom. The properties, or "flavors," of
quarks and leptons are prone to change back and forth, because they can combine
with each other in a phenomenon called flavor-mixing.
"In everyday life we've become used to the fact that each and every particle or an atom
has a certain mass," Medvedev said. "A flavor-mixed particle is weird -- it has several
masses simultaneously -- and this leads to fascinating and unusual effects."
Medvedev compared flavor-mixing to white light that contains several colors and can
generate a rainbow.
"If white was a particular flavor, then red, green and blue would be different masses --
masses one, two and three -- that mix up together to create white," he said. "By
changing proportions of red, green and blue in the mix, one can make different colors,
or flavors, other than white."
Medvedev said that dark matter candidates are also theorized to be flavor-mixed --
such as neutralinos, axions and sterile neutrinos.
"These are, in fact, the most preferred candidates people speak about all the time,"
Medvedev said.
"Previously we discovered that flavor-mixed particles can 'quantum evaporate' from a
gravitational well if they are 'shaken' -- meaning they collide with another particle," he
said. "That's a remarkable result, as if a spacecraft made of flavor-mixed matter and
hauled along a bumpy road puts itself into space without a rocket or any other means
or effort by us."
Medvedev included the physics process of quantum evaporation in a "cosmological
numerical code" and performed simulations using supercomputers.
"Each simulation utilized over a 1,000 cores and ran for a week or so," he said. "This
yearlong project consumed about 2 million computer hours in total, which is equal to
230 years."
Medvedev said that dark matter may interact with normal matter extremely weakly,
which is why it hasn't been revealed already in numerous ongoing direct detection
experiments around the world. So physicists have devised a working model of
completely collisionless (noninteracting), cold (that is, having very low thermal
velocities) dark matter with a cosmological constant (the perplexing energy density
found in the void of outer space), which they term the "Lambda-CDM model."
But the model has hasn't always agreed with observational data, until Medvedev's
paper solved the theory's long-standing and troublesome puzzles.
"Our results demonstrated that the flavor-mixed, two-component dark matter model
resolved all the most pressing Lambda-CDM problems simultaneously," said the KU
researcher.
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MLA APA Chicago
University of Kansas. "A new model for a cosmological enigma -- dark matter:
Solving long-standing and troublesome puzzles." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 4
September 2014. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/09/140904121241.htm>.
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Medvedev performed the simulations using XSEDE high-performance computation
facilities, primarily Trestles at the San Diego Supercomputer Center and Ranger at the
Texas Advanced Computing Center.
Pictured above: The top photo, published in the Physics Review Letters, represents
the distribution of dark matter in the universe computed within the two component
flavor-mixed dark matter paradigm. The bottom photo, published in a previous paper,
represents the effect of "quantum evaporation."
Story Source:
The above story is based on materials provided by University of Kansas. Note:
Materials may be edited for content and length.
Journal Reference:
1. Mikhail V. Medvedev. Cosmological Simulations of Multicomponent Cold Dark
Matter. Physical Review Letters, 2014; 113 (7) DOI:
10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.071303
Cite This Page:
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