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14.181. SHELL181 - 4-Node Shell
Matrix or
Vector
Shape Functions Integration Points
Stiffness
Matrix;and
ThermalLoad
Vector
Equation1268,
Equation1269,
Equation1270,
Equation1271,
Equation1272,and
Equation1273
In-plane:
1x1(KEYOPT(3)=0)
2x2(KEYOPT(3)=2)

1,3,5,7,or9perlayerfor
datainputforsectiongeneral
shelloption(KEYOPT(1)=0)

1perlayerforsectiondata
inputformembraneshell
option(KEYOPT(1)=1)
Consistent Equation1268, Closedformintegration
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Massand
StressStiffness
Matrices
Equation1269,
Equation1270,
Equation1271,
Equation1272,and
Equation1273
LumpedMass
Matrix
Equation1268,
Equation1269,
Equation1270
Closedformintegration
Transverse
PressureLoad
Vector
Equation1270 2x2
EdgePressure
LoadVector
Equation1268and
Equation1269
specializedtotheedge
2
Load Type Distribution
Element
Temperature
Bilinearinplaneofelement,linearthrueachlayer
NodalTemperature Bilinearinplaneofelement,constantthruthickness
Pressure
Bilinearinplaneofelementandlinearalongeach
edge
References:Ahmad([1]),Cook([5]),Dvorkin([96]),Dvorkin([97]),Batheand
Dvorkin([98]),Allman([113]),Cook([114]),MacNealandHarder([115])
14.181.1. Other Applicable Sections
Structuresdescribesthederivationofstructuralelementmatricesandloadvectors
aswellasstressevaluations.
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aswellasstressevaluations.
14.181.2. Assumptions and Restrictions
Normalstothecenterplaneareassumedtoremainstraightafterdeformation,but
notnecessarilynormaltothecenterplane.
Eachsetofintegrationpointsthrualayer(intherdirection)isassumedtohave
thesameelement(material)orientation.
14.181.3. Assumed Displacement Shape
Functions
Theassumeddisplacementandtransverseshearstrainshapefunctionsaregiven
inShapeFunctions.Thebasicfunctionsforthetransverseshearstrainhavebeen
changedtoavoidshearlocking(Dvorkin([96]),Dvorkin([97]),BatheandDvorkin
([98])).
14.181.4. Membrane Option
AmembraneoptionisavailableforSHELL181ifKEYOPT(1)=1.Forthisoption,
thereisnobendingstiffnessorrotationaldegreesoffreedom.Thereisonlyone
integrationpointperlayer,regardlessofotherinput.
14.181.5. Warping
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Awarpingfactoriscomputedas:
(14425)
where:
D=componentofthevectorfromthefirstnodetothefourthnodeparallelto
theelementnormal
t=averagethicknessoftheelement
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