5.

55
TRANSFORMERS
SINGLE-PHASE CONNECTIONS
76. Connections for standard distribution transformers are shown in Figs.
5.45 and 5.46. Distribution transformers of medium and small capacity are almost
invariably arranged with two secondary coils, which can be connected in series or
parallel with each other so that the same transformer can be used to supply either
of two different secondary voltages or a three-wire system. In transformers of the
l20/240-V type their secondary windings can be so connected as to deliver 120 or
240 V or for a 120/240- V three-wire circuit. The connections of the secondary
coils are made, either by splicing the secondary leads or with connectors, outside
the transformer case. Some transformers are constructed with two primary coils as
shown in Fig. 5.45. If the necessary primary-coil connections are made, they can
be used on primary circuits of either of two voltages. Standard practice with respect
to number of coils and voltage ratings is given in Secs. 38 and 39.
-
Primary circuit
2400
Volts
4800
Volts
--4800- . Volts
,. :~~
L ~ .
I~~I
I I
1--'\Nv.- I
I
)
>-C'
~c
0.-
E"O
.- C ,-
~'--'
Cl.~
I
}
-
~~~~~~J---'--:'=': , [~~~~t: =-~ i
L.: oJ I L J I
~ I I
I .[; ...~- I I I -vvv- . ;f I I
~ I I
00' I I
C , / ,
]~ ~~. .oE-I2OV-TI20V-1
~~ Secondory circuit ~ 240 Volts
Primory coils in series Primorycoils in series Primory coils in porollel
Secondory coils Secondory coils Secondory coils in series
in parollel In series Three wire connection
FIGURE 5.45 Connections of standard distribution transfomlers.
5.56
DIVISION FIVE
77. Transformer connections for three-wire secondary service are shown
in Figs. 5.45, 5.46, and 5.47. In the arrangement in Figs. 5.45 and 5.46, one trans-
fonDer only is used. Its secondary windings are connected in series, and a tap is
made to the point of connection between the two windings, providing 240 V be-
tween the two outside wires and 120 V on each of the side circuits. The transfonner
should have a capacity equal to the load to be supplied, and the three-wire circuits
should be carefully balanced. If the three-wire circuits are decidedly unbalanced,
the transfonner should have a capacity equal to twice the load on the more heavily
loaded of the two side circuits.
SinQle-ohase. prImary circuit
2400 V
", t ~
l~
j
,0
Lamps
,
~ ~VY===:~Yf\J
666(
~
-OO( ~
~
Lood
-0..
~
Fuses
Lamps
-
120 V
~
;;--o-6C;- ("
i-660-0(
Three - wi re. secondory circuit
FIGURE 5.47 TWo transfomlers serving a three-wire circuit.
In Fig. 5.47, two transformers are shown connected to serve a three-wire circuit.
The three-wire load should be balanced as nearly as possible, and if it is very nearly
TRANSFORMERS 5.57
balanced, each transformer should have a capacity equal to one-half of the total
load. If the load is badly unbalanced,~ach transformer should have a capacity equal
to the load on its side of the circuit. See "Parallel Operation" shown in Fig. 5.47.
TWO-PHASE CONNECTIONS
78. Transformers connected to four-wire two-phase circuits are shown in
Fig. 5.48. As a rule, two-phase primary lines are four-wire as shown, and to such
a four-wire line the transformers are connected to each of the side circuits, as if
each side circuit were a single-phase circuit not having any connection with the
other. The total load should be so divided between the phases that the loads on
each will be as nearly equal as possible. Each transformer should be designed for
line voltage and will carry line current. Each transformer should have a kilovolt-
ampere capacity equal to one-half of the kilovolt-ampere load that is served by the
two transformers.
Two- phose, primary circuit
r1
.-I
,
~ovvy.J:
J\M,-.IV\I'.--I
I
J
---I---t i I
~:I
~'Ii 1 J L
Two - phose, secondory circuit ~
FIGURE 5.48 Transformers with two-phase to two-phase four-wire
connection.
79. Transformers connected to three-wire two-phase circuits are shown in
Fig. 5.49. The current in the center line wire AA for balanced load is 1.41 times
the current in either of the outer wires. Each transformer has line voltage impressed
on it and carries one-half the total load. A General Electric Co. publication com-
ments thus: "Considerable unbalancing of voltage at the end of a transmission line
or cable is experienced with the three-wire, two-phase system owing to the mutual
induction between phases. Where the power factor is low, a still worse regulation
is obtained, making satisfactory operation difficult. Very few systems now operate
on this plan, and practically all of them could be improved by the use of some
other system."
5.58 DIVISION FIVE
80. Mixed connections are sometimes made with two-phase transform-
ers, as shown in Fig. 5.50. With improper connections such as those shown,
difficulty will be experienced in the operation of motors, and they may not run at
all.
Two - phose. crimorv ci rcuit
-
~
~
oil
;,
~MJ
'rv"'"1.;
p
'fU
-
u
rorf .., ~
L-I
I~"
T..,
"'
..
E
0
...
"'
c
0
.=
. . c
Mixed primory Mixed secondory Proper connections
FIGURE 5.50 Correct and incorrect connections for transformers serving two-phase motors.
THREE-PHASE CONNECTIONS
81. Comparison of one three-phase transformer with a group of single-
phase transformers (Standard Handbook) that can be employed for obtaining
the same service has been summed up by J. S. Peck as follows. The advantages of
the three-phase transformer are (I) lower cost, (2) higher efficiency, (3) less floor
space and less weight, (4) simplification in outside wiring, and (5) reduced trans-
5.68
DIVISION FIVE
Three - phase, primary circuit
TIT
m
A
B
C
2200 V Tr
rr
E
e
1
f
).-
it - w E "-
Q)
d
,~~"'"
~E j
'-"N\I--"'VV'v4
01
b1
all
bIl
N 220 V
~
220V ~
1 Phose Ii ~,/ :m. -
~CA CA,.""Anru ,.;r,..,;+j/ :2D:
Two- phose, secondary circuit
FIGURE 5.59 Transformers connected for three-phase to two-phase transformation.
93. Explanation of the transformation from three-phase to two-phase
(Standard Handbook). Assume the simple case of a total power of 30,000 W, 1.0
pf, at 100 V, three-phase to be transformed (without loss) to 30,000 W, 100 V, two-
phase (see Fig. 5.60). If the load is balanced on the two-phase side, there will be
15,000 W per phase, or 150 A at 100 V. Since the three-phase power is represented
as V3/E = 30,000, where / is the current per line wire and E is the emf between
line wires, / must equal 173.2 A, because E has been taken as 100 V.
As shown in Fig. 5.60, the three-phase
150 A 173.2 Amp. coils of one transformer must be de-
Amp
fiOO signed for 100 V and 173.2 A, while the
t -:::. three-phase coils of the other transformer
""~ must be designed for 86.6 V and 173.2
~ A. The current through the coil CD di-
-- 86.6 vides equally. A part (86.6 A) goes
100 0 C 173.2 Amp throu
gh DA and an equal Part (86 6 A
) Volts ...
T' 86.6 Volts passes differentially through D[J; thus the
86.6- mmf of these two currents has a resultant
t ~ of zero, and it has no effect upon the core
!')'Y T flux insofar as transformer TI is con-
~ ~ ~rv-Yv~ cerned. The coil ADB carries a total value
B 1732 A <11--100 volts-l of current of 173.2 A throughout all its
..I . mp'~t ~ turns, but the current in one half is 60
time degrees out of phase with that in the
FIGURE .5.60 Three-phase to two-phase other half. That is to say the 173.2 A in
transformation. .'
one half is made up of a load current of
TRANSFORMERS 5.69
150 A, in leading time quadrature with which is 86.6 A, while that in the other
half is made up of a load current of 150 A, in lagging time quadrature with which
is a superposed current of 86.6 A. The magnetizing effect of the 173.2 A is, there-
fore, 150 A, and the current in the two-phase side of transformer T1 is 150 A. In
the Tl transformer the mmf of 173.2 A in 86.6 percent turns is just equal to that
of 150 A in 100 percent turns; these two currents are directly in time-phase op-
position, and the apparatus operates in all respects like a one-phase transformer.
The phase relations and the relative values of the several components of currents
are shown in the vector diagram of Fig. 5.60.
94. Kilovolt-ampere ratings of transformers for Scott connection (three-
phase to two-phase) for serving a given horsepower load. The accompa-
nying table gives the ratings recommended by the Westinghouse Electric Corp. for
transformers serving squirrel-cage induction motors and indicates the efficiency of
the installation. The temperature guarantee with performance as shown is a 50C
rise.
95. T-connected transformers for transforming from three-phase to three-
phase (Standard Handbook). A method of employing two transfonners in three-
phase transfonnation which practically overcomes the disadvantages of the V con-