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tension. in column
and n, compressio in column
, 0 N if , 0
, 0 N if , Na
M
u
add
(BS 3.8.3.1)
a
u
is the deflection at the ultimate limit state. It is obtained as
a
u
=
e
Kh. (BS 3.8.3.1)
e
=
2
e
' b
l
000 , 2
1
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j
. (BS 3.8.3.1)
l
e
is the effective length in the plane under consideration. It is
obtained from
l
e
= l
0
, (BS 3.8.1.6.1)
where is the effective length factor, and l
0
the unsupported
length corresponding to instability in the major or minor direction
of the element, l
33
or l
22
in Figure 3. In calculating the value of
the effective length, the factor is taken as 1. However, the pro-
gram allows the user to override this default value. Even if addi-
tional moments are considered, global P-delta analysis should be
completed for all frames, especially unbraced frames. The default
value of is conservative for braced frames and for unbraced
frames for which P-delta analysis is performed. It may not be
conservative for unbraced frames if P-delta analysis is not per-
formed. In that case, a value greater than 1 for is appropriate.
b' is the dimension of the column in the plane of bending consid-
ered.
h is also the dimension of the column in the plane of bending
considered.
Concrete Frame Design BS 8110-97 Column Design
Calculate Column Capacity Ratio Page 6 of 13
Figure 3: Axes of Bending and Unsupported Length
K is the correction factor to the deflection to take care of the influence
of the axial force; K is conservatively taken as 1.
( ) f is a distribution function. This is used to modify the moment at any point
of a column by a certain fraction of M
add
, as M
add
is not added uniformly at all
points of the column. This function is consistent with BS Figure 3.20 for
braced frames and BS Figure 3.21 for unbraced columns. The function is
given for brced frames as follows (BS 3.8.3.2, BS Figure 3.20):
Concrete Frame Design BS 8110-97 Column Design
Calculate Column Capacity Ratio Page 7 of 13
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
]
]
]
]
,
,
+
+
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j
+
+
otherwise. ,
and hinged, is end J if , 6 2
hinged, is end I if , 6 2
hinged, are ends J and I both if ,
2
1
1 6
1
4
6 2
1 1
4
6 2
1
1 4
f
> +
> +
+
m
= 1.25, (BS 2.4.4.1)
0.15
bd
A 100
s
3, (BS 3.4.5.4, Table 3.8)
d
400
1, (BS 3.4.5.4, Table 3.8)
M
Vd
1, (BS 3.4.5.4, Table 3.8)
f
cu
40 N/mm
2
, (BS 3.4.5.4, Table 3.8)
A
s
is the area of tensile steel and it is taken as half of the total reinforc-
ing steel area, and
d is the distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of
the tension steel of the outer layer.
If v
'
c
v + 0.4, provide minimum links defined by
yv v
sv
f 95 . 0
b 4 . 0
s
A
, (BS 3.4.5.3)
else if
'
c
v + 0.4 < v < v
max
, provide links given by
Concrete Frame Design BS 8110-97 Column Design
References Page 13 of 13
yv
'
c
v
sv
f 95 . 0
b ) v v (
s
A
, (BS 3.4.5.3)
else if v > v
max
a failure condition is declared. (BS 3.4.5.2, 3.4.3.12)
f
yv
cannot be taken as greater than 460 MPa (BS 3.4.5.1) in the calcula-
tion. If f
yv
is defined as greater than 460 MPa, the program designs shear
reinforcing assuming that f
yv
is equal to 460 MPa.
References
White. D. W., and J.F., Hajjar. 1991. Application of Second-Order Elastic
Analysis in LRFD: Research in Practice. Engineering Journal. American
Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. Vol. 28, No. 4.