MI CROWAVE AND RF DESIGN

M1
L3
1 Goal of This Lecture
Digital Modulation
Distortion Distortion
(Amplitude and Phase Error)
EVM
Understand why there are so many digital
modulation formats.
Gain an appreciation of the effect of distortion Gain an appreciation of the effect of distortion.
FromMicrowaveandRFDesign:ASystemsApproachbyMichaelSteer2010bySciTechPublishing.2009byM.Steer.Allrightsreserved.
MI CROWAVE AND RF DESIGN
M1
L3
2 Review: Major Modulation Formats j
Analog modulation
AM Amplitude modulation
FM Frequency modulation
PM Ph d l ti PM Phase modulation
Digital modulation
FSK Frequency shift keying
PSK Phase shift keying
MSK Mi i hift k i ( f f FSK) MSK Minimum shift keying (a form of FSK)
GMSK Minimum shift keying using Gaussian filtered data
BFSK Binary frequency shift keying
BPSK Binary phase shift keying
QPSK Q d t PSK (QPSK i l f d t QPSK Quadrature PSK (QPSK is also referred to as
quarternary PSK, quadraphase PSK, and quadra PSK)
/4-DQPSK /4 Differential encoded QPSK
OQPSK Offset QPSK
SOQPSK Sh d Off t QPSK SOQPSK Shaped Offset QPSK
SBPSK Shaped BPSK
FOQPSK Feher Offset QPSK
8PSK 8-state phase shift keying
3 /8 8PSK 3 /8 8 state phase shift ke ing
FromMicrowaveandRFDesign:ASystemsApproachbyMichaelSteer2010bySciTechPublishing.2009byM.Steer.Allrightsreserved.
3/8-8PSK 3 /8, 8-state phase shift keying
16PSK 16-state phase shift keying
QAM Quadrature amplitude modulation
MI CROWAVE AND RF DESIGN
M1
L3
3
Comparison of Constellation and Spectral Efficiency p p y
11
01
00 10
QPSK
Modulation
nn
000 010
8PSK
Modulation
001
011 111
00
100
110
101
nnn
16PSK
Modulation
nnnn
16QAM
Modulation
nnnn
FromMicrowaveandRFDesign:ASystemsApproachbyMichaelSteer2010bySciTechPublishing.2009byM.Steer.Allrightsreserved.
nnnn
MI CROWAVE AND RF DESIGN
M1
L3
4
Digitally-Modulated Signal: Frequency g y g q y
Domain
WCDMA,BW=5MHZ ,
GSM,BW=200kHZ
CDMA=1.23MHz
MAINCHANNEL
LOBES
80dB 80dB
WCDMA WCDMA
FromMicrowaveandRFDesign:ASystemsApproachbyMichaelSteer2010bySciTechPublishing.2009byM.Steer.Allrightsreserved.
MI CROWAVE AND RF DESIGN
M1
L3
5 Digitally-Modulated Signal: Time Domain g y g
80dB1part10
4
involtage
80dB
Modeling Nonlinear RF Systems ModelingNonlinearRFSystems
Corollaries:
1. Usingtimedomaindatato
modelnonlinearRFeffects
ll k
BER
AdjacentChannel
Interference
willnotwork.
FromMicrowaveandRFDesign:ASystemsApproachbyMichaelSteer2010bySciTechPublishing.2009byM.Steer.Allrightsreserved.
MI CROWAVE AND RF DESIGN
M1
L3
6
Perspectives: WCDMA in the Frequency Domain p q y
5MHz
1 i 400 1Partin400
FREQUENCY FREQUENCY
FromMicrowaveandRFDesign:ASystemsApproachbyMichaelSteer2010bySciTechPublishing.2009byM.Steer.Allrightsreserved.
FREQUENCY(GHz)
2GHz
MI CROWAVE AND RF DESIGN
M1
L3
7 Distortion
TWOTONEINPUTSIGNAL (f
1
andf
2
)
CLIPPEDOUTPUTSIGNAL
FromMicrowaveandRFDesign:ASystemsApproachbyMichaelSteer2010bySciTechPublishing.2009byM.Steer.Allrightsreserved.
Clippingresultsinthirdorderintermodulation products(f
3
andf
4
)
Intermodulation distortionistheworstkindofdistortion,itisinband.
MI CROWAVE AND RF DESIGN
M1
L3
8 Amplitude Distortion p
Q
AMPLITUDE
AM AM Di i

DISTORTION
AMAMDistortion
IDEAL
I
In radio, amplitude variations in environment (say from multiple
reflections) is larger than phase variations
Gaincompression
reflections) is larger than phase variations
Use PSK in mobile environment!
Mobile environment results in bigger amplitude variations than phase
variations.
Distortion is a function of both signal property and hardware nonlinearity
PAR Peak-To-Average Ratio is a metric that captures a signals propensity to produce AM-
FromMicrowaveandRFDesign:ASystemsApproachbyMichaelSteer2010bySciTechPublishing.2009byM.Steer.Allrightsreserved.
g p g p p y p
AM distortion
MI CROWAVE AND RF DESIGN
M1
L3
9 Is There Information in the Amplitude? p
00
10
11 01
QPSK
Modulation
nn
000 010
8PSK
Modulation
001
011 111
11 01 nn
100
110
101
nnn
16PSK
Modulation
nnnn
16QAM
Modulation
nnnn
FromMicrowaveandRFDesign:ASystemsApproachbyMichaelSteer2010bySciTechPublishing.2009byM.Steer.Allrightsreserved.
nnnn
MI CROWAVE AND RF DESIGN
M1
L3
10 Phase Distortion
Q
PHASE
DISTORTION
IDEAL
I

IDEAL
DISTORTED
Amplitudemodulationtophasemodulation(AMPM)conversion,
FromMicrowaveandRFDesign:ASystemsApproachbyMichaelSteer2010bySciTechPublishing.2009byM.Steer.Allrightsreserved.
AMPMDistortion
MI CROWAVE AND RF DESIGN
M1
L3
11 Noise Distortion
Q
I

IDEAL
WITHNOISE WITH NOISE
FromMicrowaveandRFDesign:ASystemsApproachbyMichaelSteer2010bySciTechPublishing.2009byM.Steer.Allrightsreserved.
MI CROWAVE AND RF DESIGN
M1
L3
12 Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) g ( )
Q
AMPLITUDE
DISTORTION
Q
PHASE
DISTORTION
Q
IDEAL
I

IDEAL
I

IDEAL
DISTORTED
DISTORTED WITH NOISE
See textbook (1 5 4) for relationship to
Withidealhardwareandifthe
noiseiswhitenoise
1
EVM
Seetextbook(1.5.4)forrelationshipto
otherdefinitions,Rho,andSNR.EVMis
thebestmeasureofthebunch.
SNRisaratioofpowers
EVMisaratioofvoltages
EVM
SNR

FromMicrowaveandRFDesign:ASystemsApproachbyMichaelSteer2010bySciTechPublishing.2009byM.Steer.Allrightsreserved.
(onlyforPSKandPAR=0dB)
MI CROWAVE AND RF DESIGN
M1
L3
13 PSK vs. QAM and EVM
Q
max
i
Q
i
I
Q
Q
Q
error
X
measured
X
ACTUAL
IDEAL
I
X
j
max
j
Q
reference
X
I
max
I
I
I
FromMicrowaveandRFDesign:ASystemsApproachbyMichaelSteer2010bySciTechPublishing.2009byM.Steer.Allrightsreserved.
MI CROWAVE AND RF DESIGN
M1
L3
14 EVM
required required
EVM
required
is the maximum EVM can be tolerated
before the radio stops working. before the radio stops working.
Determined by increasing signal level until radio works
Q Q
Smallsignal Largesignal
I

IDEAL
I

IDEAL
FromMicrowaveandRFDesign:ASystemsApproachbyMichaelSteer2010bySciTechPublishing.2009byM.Steer.Allrightsreserved.
WITH NOISE
Notethattheconstellationdiagramshavebeenrescaled
MI CROWAVE AND RF DESIGN
M1
L3
15 Measurement of In-Band Distortion
Simulated
Measured
FromMicrowaveandRFDesign:ASystemsApproachbyMichaelSteer2010bySciTechPublishing.2009byM.Steer.Allrightsreserved.