Professional Documents
Culture Documents
references: [xyz], links, Physics units [Joule]/kg and W/m2/C = W/(m2C). There are 2 types of Energy Performance Certification; EPC and NEPC but
to make it simple I will refer to CONEL's future NEPC as EPC. Kelvin [K] grams [g]. I recommend to read this document while connected to Internet
because there are links that the reader may like to check before reading further. To see embedded minimized graphs please click on icons
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
P units [P] Watts. Energy: J units [J] Joules. [w]=[J]/s , [s] seconds, time. Electrical suppliers charge customers on supplied Energy
basis, but Power is easier to measure, so electrical supply bills come up measuring Wh = Watthours. 1HP = 75kgm/s = 550 ftlb/s =
1/375 milb/h 1psi=0.0703 kg/mm2 Wp means peak Watts . 2. double click on photo icons to see contents. Besides Joule, Energy
may be measured in eV, electron-Volts; amount of Volts required to move 1 electron 1 metre (1e- charge ~ -1.6e10-19) kcal/mol (how
many calories required to rise 1C the amount of 1 mol of a given substance) 1mol= atoms.
hartrees and ergs, like eV are convenient when measuring with small amounts of energy to avoid dragging 'e-18' along many lines of
equations.
1Dinorwig = 9GWh.
1 kWh/d per person is the same as 2.5GW per UK, or 22 TWh/y .per UK.
To change mpg (miles per UK gallon) to km per litre, divide by 3.
At room temperature, 1 kT = 140Ev.
At room temperature, 1 kT per molecule = 2.5 kJ/mol.
1 kJ is 0.947BTU. 1 kWh is 3409BTU.
A quad is 1 quadrillion BTU = 293TWh.
To change TWh per year to GW, divide by 9.
comment: kT are also used to measure electronic noise density in radio communications, I used an old but effective
tester years ago when working for Fratei-Itelco.
1000 BTU per hour = 0.3 kW = 7 kWh/d
1 horse power (1 HP or 1 cv or 1 ps) = 0.75 kW = 18 kWh/d
1 kW = 24 kWh/d
1 therm = 29.31 kWh
1000BTU = 0.2931kWh
1MJ = 0.2778kWh
1GJ = 277.8 kWh
1 toe (ton of oil equivalent) = 11 630 kWh
1 kcal = 1.163103 kWh
1 kWh = 0.03412 3412 3.6 86106 859.7
therms BTU MJ toe kcal
1/2
Gallons: US volumes are all roughly five-sixths of euro volumes. 1US gal = 3.785 L = 0.83 imperial gal. 1 imperial
gal = 4.545 L
Barrels: 1 barrel of oil = 6.1GJ or 1700kWh. There are multiple definitions of barrels
1
1
1
1
About Hoppers and Containers: A container or hopper is 2.4m wide by 2.6m high by (6.1 or 12.2) metres long,
TEU and FEU respectively ( 1TEU container is 20ft long) One TEU has an interior volume of about 33m3. Most
containers you see today are 40-foot containers with a size of 2 TEU. A 40-foot container weighs 4 tons and can
carry 26 tons of stuff; its volume is 67.5m3.
A.11.3 MASS of CO2 volume: 2 kg CO2 1m3, 1 kg CO2 500 litres, 44 g CO2 22 litres, 2 g CO2 1 litre
The carbon-pollution rate of crude oil is 400 kg of CO2 per barrel. www.chemlink.com.au/conversions.htm
when the price of oil is $100/barrel, oil energy costs 6c/ kWh.
If there were a carbon tax of $250 per ton of CO2 on fossil fuels, that tax would increase the price of a barrel of oil
by $100.
A.11.4 Fuel type emissions (gr CO2 / kWh of chemical energy)
natural
gas
refinery
gas
ethane
LPG
jet
kerosene
petrol
190
200
200
210
240
240
gas
diesel
oil
250
heavy
fuel oil
naphta
coking
oil
coal
petroleum
260
260
300
300
340
[McK] Emissions associated with fuel combustion. Source: DEFRAs Environmental Reporting Guidelines for Company Reporting on Greenhouse Gas
Emissions.
83
87
220
250
Belgium
EU
Finland
Spain
335
353
399
408
Japan
Portugal
UK
Luxembourg
483
525
580
590
Germany
USA
NL
Italy
601
613
652
667
Ireland
Greece
Denmark
784
864
881
[McK] Emissions associated with fuel combustion. Source: DEFRAs Environmental Reporting Guidelines for Company Reporting on Greenhouse Gas
Emissions.
A.11.6 HEAT CAPACITY: The heat capacity of air is 1 kJ/kg/C, or 29 J/mol/C. The density of air is 1.2 kg/m3. So the
heat capacity of air per unit volume is 1.2 kJ/m3/C. Latent heat of vaporization of water: 2257.92kJ/kg. Water
vapours heat capacity: 1.87 kJ/kg/C. Waters heat capacity is 4.2 kJ/l/C. Steams density is 0.590 kg/m3. 2500 kcal
= 3 kWh = 10 000 kJ = 10MJ.
2/2