DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

CEWB 121
MECHANICS OF FLUIDS LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT 6: HB 012 HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE



Section : 02
Group Member : Muhammad Taufik bin Mohd Said (CE093969)
Muhamad Nur Adli Bin Zakaria (CE093697)
Muhamad Faiz Bin Hamim (CE093831)
Lecturer : Puan Hidayah Binti Basri

Date of Laboratory Session : 17/07/2014
Date of Report Submission : 24/07/2014


1


Table of Content
List of the Report Headings
1.0 Preamble ................................................................................................................. 2
1.1 Objective ....................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 General Description of the Experiment and Apparatus ............................................... 2
1.3 Theory ........................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Theory Calculation ........................................................................................................ 3
2.0 Problem Statement ................................................................................................. 4
3.0 Procedure................................................................................................................ 4
4.0 Result and Analysis .................................................................................................. 5
4.1 Observation .................................................................................................................. 5
4.2 Data .............................................................................................................................. 6
4.3 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 9
5.0 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 10
6.0 Appendix ............................................................................................................... 11
7.0 References ............................................................................................................ 13


2

EXPERIMENT NO 6 : HB 012 HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
1.0 PREAMBLE
1.1 Introduction :
Hydrostatic pressure on the circular side of the quadrant exerts no turning moment on the
fulcrum. The same is hydrostatic pressure on the radial side of the quadrant. The only
pressure exerting turning moment on the fulcrum is that pressure acting on the 100mm X
75mm surface which is maintained at vertical.
1.2 Apparatus :
This equipment is used to determine the center of pressure of a plane surface submerged in
water and compare the theoretical and experimental results.


3

1.3 General Description of the experiment :
1. A quadrant with the following dimensions.
Inner radius = 100mm
Outer radius = 200mm
Width = 7mm
Center of the quadrant is the same as fulcrum of the quadrant. Fulcrum to weight
hanger distance = 280mm
2. W is a counter weight to the quadrant and weight hanger when there is no
hydrostatic pressure. The position of W is adjustable horizontally.
3. A clear acrylic tank with fulcrum support for the quadrant. When the tank is filled
with water, hydrostatic pressure will turn the quadrant counter clockwise which
requires a balancing weight with the mass m.




4

Pre-determined Dimensions:
Width of Quadrant B = 0.075m
Height of Quadrant D = 0.100m
Length of Balance L = 0.275m
Quadrant to Pivot H = 0.200m
1.4 Theory :
Hydrostatic pressure of a liquid is proportional to its depth
P gh................................ (1)
When
P = pressure Newton/

density Kg/

G = acceleration due to gravity 9.81m/

h = depth of liquid m










5

If P1 is pressure at depth h1 and P2 is pressure at depth h2
P2 P1 = g (h2 h1)
Since h = h2 h1
Thus P2 P1 = gh or
P2 = P1 + gh
If (1) is at the surface of the liquid; P1 is at the atmospheric pressure
Thus P2 = Patm + gh ----------------------- (2)
Patm = 0 gauge pressure
Thus P2 = gh

Hydrostatic force on the submerged surface is equal to pressure at the centroid times area
of the submerged surface

F = gA ------------------------ (3)
F = Hydrostatic force Newton
h = Depth of the centroid m
A = Submerged surface area m2
P and g are the same as in (1)
6



Pressure on small area dA at a depth of h.
P = gh
Force on area dA = dF = PdA
= gh dA
But h = X sin
Thus dF = gX sin dA --------------------- (4)
Integrating (4)
F =

= g sin

= XdA

7

However,
X = Distace from center 0 to centroid (CG)
Thus F = g sin A X ---------------------- (5)
h = X sin
hror F = g h A
Determination of Center of Pressure, CP Theoretical Method.
dM = X d F
= gh X dA
But h = X sin
hus dM = g sin X
2
dA
Or M =

g X
2
sin dA
= g sin

2
dA ------------------------ (6)

Since

2
dA = I
0

= 2
nd
moment of area about 0
=

LB
3

hus M = g sin I
0
------------------------- (7)
= Moment of hydrostatic force about 0
= F X
P



8

Thus M = F X
P
= g I
0
sin
Or X
P
=

-------------------------- (8)
From Parallel Axis Theorem
I
0
= I + A X
2

Thus X
P
=

Or X
P
= X +

-------------------------- (9)

X
P
= Distance from 0 to center of pressure (Cp) m
X = Distance from 0 to centroid of surface A m
I
CG
= Second moment of area A about the centroid m
4

A = Submerged surface m
2


Determination of Center of Pressure, Experimental Method
For HB 012 Hydrostatic Pressure, the submerged surface is always vertical or = 90.
This surface 75 mm wide and 100 mm high. The quadrant inner radius is 100 mm and outer
radius is 200 mm . Fulcrum is at the center of the quadrant.
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When there is no water in the tank, W is the counter weight to the quadrant, the
beam and weight anger. When there is water in the tank. A weight m is required to
balance the hydrostatic force. M is at a distance 280 mm from 0.

FY = mgL
Y =

--------------------------- (10)
At the same time Y = X
P
+ (R
1
h
1
)
Thus X
P
= Y-R
1
+ h
1
---------------------------- (11)




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1.5 Theory Calculation :
When water level is above the quadrant lower scale.
Centroid = Center of 75 mm X 100 mm quadrant surface. From equation (3),

F = g h A
= Dnsity o watr = 1000 kg/m
3
g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/sec
2
h = Depth of centoid in m
A = Submerged surface area = (75)(100)(10
-6
) m
2


Thus F =

( 9.81

) (h
1
+ 50) (10
-3
m) (7500) (10
-6
m
2
)
=9.81 (h
1
+ 50) (75) (10
-4

) ; Newton (

From

sin=

; ( = 90)
Due to area of this experiment is rectangular ;
(i) Horizontal width = 75 mm and
(ii) Height = 100 mm

Thus ICG =

mm
4

m

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From (11), experimental X
P
= Y - R
1
+ h
1

=

- R
1
+ h
1

=

- 100 + h
1
=

- 100 + h
1

X
P
=

- 100 + h
1


M and h
1
are from the experiment
= 1000

L = 280 mm
A = (75) (100) mm
2
= (75) (100) (10
-6
) m
2

2.0 Problem Statement :
Water in the tank puts a hydrostatic force on the block which causes a clockwise
moment produce by the weight placed at the balance team. This experiment required
the determination pressure of a plane surface submerged in water and compare the
theoretical and experimental results.

3.0 Procedure :
1. Weight W is adjusted to balance the quadrant, beam and weight hanger when
there is no water in the tank.
2. The tank is filled so that the quadrant is nearly completely submerged. The beam
at the weight hanger end is now tilted upward.
3. Weight (w) of 600g is added until the beam is about to but not tilted downward.
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4. The water is drained slowly from the tank and the valve is closed immediately
when the beam is horizontal. Then the water level and the weight m is recorded.
5. 100g is taken off, the beam will again tilted upward and step No. 4 is repeated.
6. Step No. 5 is repeated until all the weights are removed.
7. The % error is between XPexp and XPtheo is got.

4.0 Result :
Table 4.1
No. m
(kg)
h1
(mm)

=
(m)

h2
(m)
A
(

(mm)

(mm)
1 0.6 100 150.0 6.25 (

) 200 7500 147 156

2 0.5 76 126.0 6.25 (

) 176 7500 122 133

3 0.4 51 101.0 6.25 (

) 151 7500 96.2 109

4 0.3 26 76.0 6.25 (

) 126 7500 70.7 87.0

5 0.2 10 60.0 6.25 (

) 110 7500 32.2 73.9

6 0.1 6.9 56.9 6.25 (

) 101 7500 28.7 71.5

) (9.81

(h1 + 50) =

13

Since , thus

4.2 Percentage error :

1.

2.

3.

4.

20.4%
5.

56.4%
6.

60%
Average percentage error = 27.09 %




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5.0 Discussion :
The comparison had made between the X
P
, distance from 0 to centre of pressure (Cp)
experimental and theoretical values. The result show that

values does not agree well

with the second theory values. As the load decreasing, the

and

are decreasing
respectively. Overall, all theoretical measurements were consistently higher than the
experimental values. This may due to our first error, human error as in reading, the
measurements was not accurate at correct time or apparatus error such as pivot arm or
counter weight being not completely accurate when displaying equilibrium. Percentage
error are between 5.77 % to 60% and average percentage error is 27.09% . This can be
considered high and back to the theory we are figured out the factors.
In this experiment, only the forces on the plane surface were considered. However, the
hydrostatic forces on the curved surface of the quarter-circle block do happen, but they do
not affect the measurement. This is because no moment is created by forces acting on the
curved surface of the quarter-circle block. The line of action of the forces on the curved
surface are perpendicular to the surface, all lines of action that acted on the curved surface
will pass through the centre or so called the pivot. Thus, no moments are created and hence
no effects on the results.
Buoyancy force is defined as the net pressure force acting on a submerged body, and
thus in this experiment it should not being neglected in the analysis of the experimental
data. By considering the surface buoyancy forces acting normal to the surface, then the
buoyancy force does not appear because the normal forces on the curved surface do not
contribute a moment about the pivot of the device. This result is due to the design of the
apparatus. In other words, the circular arc shape was been chosen because it allows the
measurement of hydrostatic pressure forces without accounting for the buoyancy effect.
Another contributing factor to the actual depth being higher than the theoretical is that
water was constantly leaking around the seal of the door. This velocity of the water created
a lower pressure around the seal, increasing the closing moment on the door, again
requiring a greater depth of water to open the door.






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6.0 Conclusion
As a conclusion, the theoretical model showed the relationship between the mass of the
weight and the depth of the water. This is a logical conclusion , since the water depth
increases, the volume of water (a cubic value) is increasing, and this volume which is
applying the pressure over the area, and hence affected

,the distance between 0 to

centre of pressure (Cp).

. Meanwhile, the average

percentage error is 27.09% and the factors of errors have been discussed in our discussion.


7.0 References
Open Ended Lab Manual for Mechanics of Fluids Laboratory.Department of Civil
Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional

R. L. Daugherty and J. B. Franzini, Fluid Mechanics, 6th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill,
1965).

Y.A Cengel & J.M. Cimbala,2006 .Fluid Mechanics: fundamentals and applications. 1
st
Ed.
Singapore: McGraw-Hill.

J.F. Claydon. 2010. Centre Of Pressure [online] (updated 6 May 2010);
Available at http://www.jfccivilengineer.com/centreofpressure.htm