The passage discusses using greenery to decorate one's home. It explains that plants are an affordable way to soften lines and add warmth. Houseplants require proper care of light, water, temperature and humidity to thrive. Choosing the right types and placements of plants is important to achieve a balanced decorative effect. Incorporating greenery provides both aesthetic appeal and practical benefits like purifying indoor air.
The passage discusses using greenery to decorate one's home. It explains that plants are an affordable way to soften lines and add warmth. Houseplants require proper care of light, water, temperature and humidity to thrive. Choosing the right types and placements of plants is important to achieve a balanced decorative effect. Incorporating greenery provides both aesthetic appeal and practical benefits like purifying indoor air.
The passage discusses using greenery to decorate one's home. It explains that plants are an affordable way to soften lines and add warmth. Houseplants require proper care of light, water, temperature and humidity to thrive. Choosing the right types and placements of plants is important to achieve a balanced decorative effect. Incorporating greenery provides both aesthetic appeal and practical benefits like purifying indoor air.
Samahan ng mga Iskolar Mula sa Bulacan (UP SIMBULAN) MOCK EXAMINATION (2014-2015): READING COMPREHENSION
Read each selection carefully and answer the questions that follow. In your answer sheet, blacken the letter corresponding to your answer.
SELECTION I.
Everyone has a vision of their ideal home, whether you live in an upscale loft in Mexico or a duplex in Los Angeles. Your home can be a lavish oasis of sweet and exotic smells and bright, delicious colors. But due to 5 a lack of time and tight budget constraints you may be left with no choice but to sacrifice small parts of your dream home. If youre planning to redecorate your home in order to create a warmer, livelier aura, consider adding some greenery to your abode. It is the 10 easiest and most affordable way of enlivening the dcor! The straight ridged lines of your home and its sharp corners can be softened by using just the right amount of greenery. Plants make beautiful additions to any rooms 15 appearance. Houseplants are commonly grown for decorative and health reasons such as indoor air purification. All houseplants require specific growing conditions to survive and flourish. The most important factors in growing healthy houseplants are light, 20 water, fertilizer, temperature, humidity, and air circulation. Once you have decided to decorate your space with some plants, you will need to consider the complementary aspects of walls, floors, and 25 furniture. Choosing the right place to keep your plants ensure that they blend well into your house. Use your imaginationthink of tall plants beckoning from your bedroom balcony, and its lush greenery being the first thing you see when you wake up in the morning. 30 If youre not keen on making drastic changes, opt for window gardening. There are hundreds of different houseplants that are fully qualified for filling windowsill displays. Some folks prefer the start lines of cacti; others gravitate towards leafy, bulky plants. 35 Decorate your sit-outs with hanging plants for a warm, pleasant feel. They not only give a new dimension to interior decoration but also draw attention to the architectural details of your building. However, choosing the proper hanging plants requires an extra 40 degree of precision and information that many amateur decorators may not have. Once youve chosen the areas of your home that could benefit from the addition of greenery, the next step is to decide how many plants you need to arrange, so that 45 you achieve a proper decorative balance. Try to use various shapes, textures, colors, and sizes to avoid creating a monotonous look. Use plants to highlight and accent the various attractive facets of your home. A green house is more than just aesthetically 50 appealing. The air of your home will be fresh and scented; plants provide relief for your eyes and can refresh the atmosphere, leaving you calmer and more relaxed. Artificial varieties, no matter how well they are produced, are no match for the real thing. Real 55
plants are for more charming and aesthetically appealing. Incorporating a green theme into your home is a great way to unite artistic and utilitarian values of design.
1. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? a. interior decoration b. a green office c. gardening outside your home d. green theme for your home e. the benefits of neighborhood greenery
2. The passage talks about all of the following except: a. terrace decoration b. balcony decoration c. window gardening d. decorating sit-outs e. decorating the corners of the house
3. The term gravitate towards (line 34) most nearly means a. vivid b. curtail c. cull d. prone e. augment
4. The author feels that the introduction of greenery into the home is both a. ornate and cumbersome b. imaginative and functional c. lithe and complex d. mechanical and essential e. astute and esoteric
5. What does the author want to convey through this passage? i. Decorating the house with green plants shows creativity. ii. The green theme should be implemented on recently built houses. Reading comprehension 2
iii. Practical design is a hallmark of a green theme for your home. a. i only b. ii only c. iii only d. i & ii only e. i & iii only
6. All of the following are mentioned by the author as potential benefits of a green home except: a. an attractive house b. functional design c. warmth d. a relaxed atmosphere e. cooler house temperatures
SELECTION II. Passage 1 was written by D.H. Lawrence, an English novelist. Passage 2 was written by the American novelist Henry James. Passage 1 It begins the moment you set foot ashore, the moment you step off the boats gangway. The heart suddenly, yet vaguely, sinks. It is no lurch of fear. Quite the contrary. It is as if the life-urge failed, and the heart dimly sank. You trail past the benevolent policeman and the inoffensive passport officials, through the fussy and somehow foolish customswe dont really think it matters if somebody smuggles in two pairs of false-silk stockingsand we get into the poky but inoffensive train, with poky but utterly inoffensive people, and we have a cup of inoffensive tea from a nice inoffensive boy, and we run through small, poky but nice and inoffensive country, till we are landed in the big but unexciting station of Victoria, when an inoffensive porter puts us into an inoffensive taxi and we are driven through the crowded yet strangely dull streets of London to the cozy yet strangely poky and dull place where we are going to stay. And the first half-hour in London, after some years abroad, is really a plunge of misery. The strange, the grey and uncanny, almost deathly sense of dullness is overwhelming. Of course, you get over it after a while, and admit that you are exaggerated. You get into the rhythm of London again, and you tell yourself that it is not dull. And yet you are haunted, all the time, sleeping or walking, with the uncanny feeling: It is dull! It is all dull! This life here is one vast complex of dullness! I am dull! I am being dulled! My spirit is being dulled! My life is dulling down to London dullness. This is the nightmare that haunts you the first few weeks of London. No doubt if you stay longer you get over it, and find the London as thrilling as Paris or Rome or New York. But the climate is against me. I cannot stay long enough. With pinched and wondering gaze, the morning of departure, I look out of the taxi upon the strange dullness of Londons arousing; a sort of death; and hope and life only return when I get my seat in the boat-train, and hear all the Good-byes! Good-bye! Good-bye! Thank God to say Good-bye!
Passage 2 On the banks of the Thames it is a tremendous chapter of accidentsthe London-lover has to confess to the existence of miles upon miles of the dreariest, stodgiest commonness. Thousands of acres are covered by low black houses, of the cheapest construction, without ornament, without grace, without character or even identity. In fact there are many, even in the best quarters, in all the region of Mayfair and Belgravia, of so paltry and inconvenient and above all of so diminutive a type, that you wonder what peculiarity limited domestic need they were constructed to meet. The great misfortune of London, to the eye (it is true that this remark applies much less to the City), is the want of elevation. There is no architectural impression without a certain degree of height, and the London street-vista has none of that sort of pride. All the same, if there be not the intention, there is at least the accident, of style, which, if one looks at it in a friendly way, appears to proceed from three sources. One of these is simply the general greatness, and the manner in which that makes a difference for the better in any particular spot, so that though you may often perceive yourself to be in a shabby corner it never occurs to you that this is the end of it. Another is the atmosphere, with its magnificent mystifications, which flatters and superfuses, makes everything brown, rich, dim, vague, magnifies distances and minimizes details, confirms the inference of vastness by suggesting that, as the great city makes everything, it makes its own system of weather and its own optical laws. The last is the congregation of the parks, which constitute an ornament not elsewhere to be matched and give the place a that none of its ugliness overcome. They spread themselves with such luxury of space in the center of the town that they form a part of the impression of any walk, of almost any view, and, with an audacity altogether their own, make a mood of the rich London climate that is not becoming to themI have seen them look delightfully romantic, like parks in novels, in the wettest winterand there is scarcely a mood of the appreciative Reading comprehension 3
resident to which they have not something to say. The high things of London, which here and there peep over them, only make the spaces vaster by reminding you that you are after all not in Kent or Yorkshire; and these things, whatever they be, row of eligible dwellings, towers of churches, domes of institutions, take such an effective gray-blue tint that a clever watercolorist would seem to have put them in for pictorial reasons. The view from the bridge over the Serpentine has an extraordinary nobleness, and it has often seemed to me that the Londoner twitted with his low standard may point to it with every confidence. In all the town-scenery of Europe there can be few things so fine; the only reproach it is open to is that it begs the question by seemingin spite of its being the pride of five millions of peoplenot to belong to a town at all. The towers of Notre Dame, as they rise, in Paris, from the island that divides the Seine, present themselves no more impressively than those of Westminster as you see them looking doubly far beyond the shining stretch if Hyde Park water. Equally admirable is the large, river-like wooded shores. Just after you have crossed the bridge you enjoy on your left, through the gate of Kensington Gardens, an altogether enchanting vistaa footpath over the grass, which looses itself beneath the scattered oaks and elms exactly as if the place were a chase. There could be nothing less like London in general than this particular morsel, and yet it takes London, of all cities, to give you such an impression of the country. 7. It in line 1 refers to a feeling of a. Malaise b. Relief c. Depression d. Foreboding e. Fear 8. The author of the passage 1 makes his point mainly by the use of a. accumulation of details b. repetition and exclamation c. metaphor and simile d. objective observation e. irony and satire
9. The extensive use of pronoun you in passage one indicates that the author a. is speaking to one particular person b. is describing the experience of someone else c. believes that his feelings will be shared by many others d. wishes to add variety to his style e. is distancing himself from the experience he describes
10. Lawrence apparently believes that the nightmare is a. uniquely caused by city life b. dispelled by a longer stay in London c. made worse by the weather d. only over when he leaves the country e. something that is never entirely conquered
11. The word that James uses in Passage 2 that best conveys Lawrences poky is a. dreariest b. cheapest c. diminutive d. stodgiest e. low
12. The second paragraph of Passage 2 in relation to the first does which of the following? a. analyses a problem raised in paragraph 1 b. continues the delineation of limitations c. substantiates a negative impression d. enlarges the viewpoint with the aid of wider examples e. describes more specific locations
13. The word atmosphere refers to a. the authors mood b. surroundings c. artistic impression d. the mood of the place e. the London air
14. By the use of the word congregation the author suggests that the parks are a. numerous b. religious c. unlimited in extent d. too crowded e. limited in extent
15. James mentions Notre Dame in order to a. provide an example of a monument finer than anything that London has to offer b. give an example of a sight more suited to a town or city c. highlight the impressive nature of a certain London building and its setting d. prove that London and Paris are both attractive cities e. make the image more realistic to the reader
16. It can be inferred that James would be less likely than Lawrence to I. complain about the weather II. rejoice on leaving the city III. find the English countryside dull Reading comprehension 4
a. I only b. II only c. I and II only d. II and III only e. I, II, and III
17. The contrast between James and Lawrence revealed by the passages involves all of the following except a. a London lover versus a London hater b. concern with architectural impression versus apparent indifference to architecture c. concern with visual impact versus effect in an individuals state of mind d. appreciation of quiet places and scenic walks versus need for excitement e. taste for the quaint and limited in scale versus dislike of dreariness and pokiness
18. To counter Lawrences charge of one vast complex of dullness, James would most likely point out that London a. is bright and vast b. is uniformly attractive c. is always romantic and pastoral d. juxtaposes the ugly and the visually attractive e. offers vistas unmatched in the rest of Europe
19. The tones of the two passages differ in that Passage 2 is a. less strident b. more emotionally charged c. less mellow d. less contemplative e. more subjective
SELECTION III. The passage is taken from a description of the life of certain Pacific islanders written by a pioneering sociologist.
By the time a child is six or seven she has all the essential avoidances well enough by heart to be trusted with the care of a younger child. And she also develops a number of simple techniques. She learns to weave firm square balls from palm leaves, to make pinwheels of palm leaves or frangipani blossoms, to climb a coconut tree by walking up the trunk on flexible little feet, to break open a coconut with one firm well- directed blow of a knife as long as she is tall, to play a number of group games and sing the songs which go with them, to tidy the house by picking up the litter on the stony floor, to bring water from the sea, to spread out the copra to dry and to help gather it in when rain threatens, to go to a neighboring house and bring back a lighted faggot for the chiefs pipe or the cook-house fire. But in the case of the little girls all these tasks are merely supplementary to the main business of baby- tending. Very small boys also have some care of the younger children, but at eight or nine years of age they are usually relieved of it. Whatever rough edges have not been smoothed off by this responsibility for younger children are worn off by their contact with older boys. For little boys are admitted to interesting and important activities only so long as their behavior is circumspect and helpful. Where small girls are brusquely pushed aside, small boys will be patiently tolerated and they become adept at making themselves useful. The four or five little boys, who all wish to assist at the important business of helping a grown youth lasso reef eels, organize themselves into a highly efficient working team; one boy holds the bait, another holds an extra lasso, others poke eagerly about in holes in the reef looking for prey, while still another tucks the captured eels into his lavalava. The small girls, burdened with heavy babies or the care of little staggerers who are too small to adventure on the reef, discouraged by the hostility of the small boys and the scorn of the older ones, have little opportunity for learning the more adventurous forms of work and play. So while the little boys first undergo the chastening effects of baby- tending and then have many opportunities to learn effective cooperation under the supervision of older boys, the girls education is less comprehensive. They 38 have a high standard of individual responsibility, but the community provides them with no lessons in cooperation with one another. This is particularly apparent in the activities of young people: the boys organize quickly; the girls waste hours bickering, innocent of any technique for quick and efficient cooperation. Adapted from: Coming of Age in Samoa, Margaret Mead (1928)
20. The primary purpose of the passage with reference to the society under discussion is to a. show that young girls are trained to be useful to adults b. criticize the deficiencies in the education of girls c. give a comprehensive account of a day in the life of an average young girl d. delineate the role of young girls e. explain some differences in the upbringing of girls and boys
21. The word brusquely most nearly means a. quickly b. gently c. nonchalantly d. abruptly e. callously Reading comprehension 5
22. The list of techniques in paragraph one could best be described as a. useful social skills b. rudimentary physical skills c. important responsibilities d. household duties e. monotonous tasks
23. It can be inferred that the high standard of individual responsibility (line 38) is a. taught to the girl before she is entrusted with babies b. only present in girls c. developed mainly through child-care duties d. actually counterproductive e. weakened as the girl grows older
24. The expression innocent is best taken to mean a. not guilty of b. unskilled in c. unsuited for d. involved in e. division of labor
25. It can be inferred that in the community under discussion all of the following are important except a. domestic handicrafts b. formal education c. well-defined social structure d. fishing skills e. division of labor
26. Which of the following, if true, would weaken the authors contention about lessons on cooperation? I Group games played by younger girls involve cooperation II Girls can learn from watching boys cooperating III Individual girls cooperate with their mothers in looking after their babies a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I and II only e. I, II, and III
27. Which of the following is the best description of the authors technique in handling her materials? a. Both description and interpretation of observations b. presentation of facts without comment c. description of evidence to support a theory d. generalization from a particular viewpoint e. close examination of preconceptions
SELECTION IV.
1 As the thunderstorm roared overhead, Daniel sensed an ominous presence in the distance. Without his spectacles, though, his ability to discern which was not in his immediate vicinity was diminished; he 5 had no idea that his savior had been waiting for him for many hours. The school security alarm had gone off about two hours before, but the drone of the alarm bell had now completely disappeared. In the place where a statue of 10 the Jerseyville Jaguar, the school mascot, once stood in a proud, roaring posture, now sat three hundred rolls of toilet paper playfully sculpted with duct tape and coat hangers into the shape of a cow. A week earlier, Daniel had been cut from Timson 15 Academys football team, which was Jerseyvilles chief rival, for skipping class. At that point, he felt that his fate had been decided for him; instead of preparing to help his football team win next weeks game on the field, he would help them gain a psychological edge off 20 of it. And so he hatched a plan to kidnap Jerseyvilles precious Jaguar. He arrived at the school at 5:30 am on the Saturday of the big game, and entered the Main Hall of the Jerseyville campus. He carried with him a myriad of 25 tools that would aid in the theft of the effigy, such as screwdrivers, a crowbar, duct tape, and paper clips for picking locks. He entered via a service entrance near the back of the cafeteria, which he had carefully rigged the day before to stay open even when it 30 appeared to be locked. He unbolted the Jaguar from its firmly planted base, and laboriously hoisted it upon his shoulders for a moment, before it clattered loudly to the ground, too heavy for his clutches. As he attempted to flee the 35 scene of the crime with the Jaguar in tow, it dawned upon Daniel that he had not taken into full account the unbelievably massive weight of what he thought appeared to be a manageably-sized bronze statue. After scraping the Jaguars head on the ground for the first 50 meters 40 of his escape route. Daniel put his skateboard to use and wheeled the thing the rest of the way, attempting to avoid suspicion by obscuring the statues form with a blanket taken from the schools supply closet. In his hurried exit, he mistakenly exited through the front 45 door of the hall, setting off a loud and potentially fatal security alarm. Fortunately, he was able to disappear from the vicinity of the building before the closest septuagenarian security guard arrived on the scene. 50 His father, who had been keeping track of Reading comprehension 6
Daniels mysterious disappearances, and who was no stranger to mischief himself, or to hating Jerseyville football, had no extraordinary sense of insight when it came to his son. And so when he heard his son exit the 55 house at such an absurdly early hour for a Saturday morning, he followed his instincts, jumped out of bed, and tailed his son from afar. Although unlikely, his fathers covert accompaniment during Daniels most heinous misdeed proved fruitful, for when he saw Daniel 60 approach the one fatal flaw of his mostly well-planned escape routethe massive hill right outside the Jerseyville campus, one far too steep to carry or wheel a 400-pound animal uphe pulled his pickup truck out of the shadows and into his sons path, waving 65 frantically at his son. The sight of his father at the apex of what Daniel considered to be his most grievous offense nearly jolted Daniels arms from his body, but the fear that swept over him caused him to continue walking steadily 70 and directly towards that old, familiar pickup. When it dawned upon him that his father was actually attempting to help him, a strange new feeling swept over him, something that as a lifelong, committed miscreant he had only rarely felt. While they quickly piled the 75 metal beast into the bed of the truck Daniel thought he perceived a smile turning at the corners of his fathers mouth. Where are your glasses, son? his father asked, once they had begun the fleeting drive back home. And his 80 spectacles sat on the floor in the same spot where they had fallen off, right where the Jaguar had initially clattered to the floor in Jerseyvilles Main Hall, still internally inscribed with the lettering that Hank had ordered for his son: I once was blind but now I 85 see.
28. According to the passage, Daniel was not planning to play in the big game against Jerseyville because a. he had already committed to a family engagement. b. he was not good enough to play in the game. c. his spot on the team had been taken by a better player. d. he had been cut from the team for skipping class. e. he did not want to play football.
29. In the passage, Daniel had in his possession all of the following at one point in time except a. crowbar b. blanket c. Jerseyville Jaguar d. paper clip e. keys
30. It is implied in the passage that Daniel a. has always been a troublemaker b. has been acting strange for a few weeks c. is not a very good football player d. isnt a very large person e. plays quarterback
31. In line 25, the word effigy most nearly means a. figurine b. mannequin c. model d. statue e. doll
32. The tone of the passage is a. narrative b. expository c. persuasive d. argumentative e. sensationalistic
33. In line 60, the word fatal most nearly means a. costly b. superficial c. deadly d. poisonous e. redundant
34. The use of the phrase jolted Daniels arms from his body in line 68 is an example of a. hyperbole b. metaphor c. simile d. irony e. sarcasm
SELECTION V.
Passage 1 1 Growing up in Atlanta during the heyday of the citys baseball team, the Atlanta Braves, gave me a unique perspective of Americas national pastime. Witnessing the team and the city win a World Series title in 1996 5 forever connected my destiny with that of professional baseball; wherever I might be after that point in time, I will always remember the joy and emotion that I was filled with on that day. There are some who denigrate the sport because it does 10 not appear to incorporate a traditional sporting skill set, but it is baseballs unique nature that makes it remarkable. Instead of requiring athletes to run for extended lengths of time, like so many traditional forms of sport, baseball is an exercise in skill and Reading comprehension 7
15 power, one that combines the precision of sports like golf or archery with the pure brawn of sports like weightlifting or the Olympic hammer throw. It is this distinct characteristic of combination that gives baseball its intrigue and singularity. 20 And to those critics who belittle the athletes themselves, I must as, Have you ever played baseball at a competitive level? While the players themselves make their jobs look incredibly easy, it is only because they have both been born with incredible gifts 21 AND trained for entire lifetimes to develop their skills. Five minutes spent competing against baseballs best would convince any naysayer of the sports true legitimacy. Passage 2 The history of American sports is a long 30 and illustrious one, but it is truly foolish to consider professional baseball as its national pastime. Baseball is not only not Americas national pastime; it should not even be considered a true athletic competition. If the sight of an entire field filled 35 with bloated, steroid-using meatheads isnt enough to convince you of its invalidity as a true sport, consider the simple nature of the competition. Nine people stand around an enormous grass field for four hours at a time, barely even breaking a sweat. Over 40 the course of the competition, the average player will run a maximum distance of less than a single mile, and spend more than 95% of their completely uninvolved selves in the current activity. This is not a sport. A sport is an activity that requires an athletes focus, 45 determination, strength, endurance, and skill for an extended period of time. It is certainly no easy thing to be a professional baseball player. But the mere fact that something is difficult does not qualify it as a sport. After all, 50 would training to write your name as many times as possible in a single hour qualify as a sport? One could train for a lifetime, and certainly develop an incredible skill and technique for achieving such a goal, but that would still not make it a sport. 55 Perhaps, though, it could be considered a pastime.
35. Which of the following best describes the tone of the author of the first passage? a. personal and opinionated b. narrative c. neutral d. ambivalent e. equivocal
36. Which of the following best describes the tone of the author of the second passage? a. critical and opinionated b. compliant c. neutral and even d. bewildered e. nonchalant
37. The attitude towards baseball players of the author of the second passage is best characterized as one of a. undisguised veneration b. contempt c. fury d. fear e. horror
38. The attitude of the author of the first passage towards baseball could best be described as one of a. shock b. intellectual inquiry c. ambivalence d. questioning doubt e. nostalgia and admiration
39. The attitude towards baseball players of the author of the first passage is most closely described as one of a. fond recollection b. respite c. worship d. respect e. desire
SELECTION VI.
Given the philosophical implications at stake, it is no surprise that physics and controversy often go hand-in- hand. When Galileo first expressed support for the theory of heliocentrism, it was at such odds with 5 the popular geocentric perspective at the time that he was placed under permanent house arrest by the Pope. But controversy even exists within the walls of modern physics to this day, and no two theories are quite as irreconcilable as Quantum Mechanics and General 10 Relativity. The General Theory of Relativity was published by Albert Einstein in 1915, and at the time is accomplished the commendable feat of unifying Newtonian Mechanics and Special Relativity. Among its 15 consequences were some interesting phenomena, which over time have been measured and confirmed, including gravitational time dilation, redshift, and time delay. General Relativity, if true, also implies a completely deterministic universe, one where the motion and action 20 of every object in the universe could be determined comprehensively given an initial set of unknown positions, velocities, and energies. On the other hand, quantum mechanics is a theory that was developed by many, many mathematicians and 25 physicsts (Einstein included) over a longer period of time, and it focuses primarily on the inner workings of the atom instead of the macroscopic scale of the universe. Due to the Reading comprehension 8
random and probabilistic nature of the mathematics behind the theory, Quantum Mechanics 30 esoterically describes a completely random, indeterminate universe, one where even the most trivial physical detail cannot be determined with absolute certainty at any time in the future. Although baffling, the theory has been exhaustively tested and confirmed. 35 Due to the massive technical differences between the theories, reconciling them has proved mostly impossible. I say mostly because String Theory, a recently developed field of physics, attempts to accomplish that feat in a mathematical sense. By 40 utilizing some very complex mathematical models, the inner workings of String Theory have been created to encompass the possibilities of both General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics. Unfortunately, although beautiful, and truly pliable, the theory itself is not 45 testable, which renders it somewhat useless. After all, what is the purpose of having or developing a physical theory it we cant verify its results? The most we can do now is simply stare at the remarkable ability of string theory to encompass and mathematically reconcile 50 the two incompatible theories, although without a verifiable and testable hypothesis it does almost nothing for the scientific community, and makes no progress towards setting the philosophical debates between the two either.
40. Which of the following statements may be inferred from the text? a. Quantum Mechanics is the first theory of physics that predicts a truly random universe. b. Physics is currently often mired in controversy. c. String Theorys ability to encompass such mathematically contradictory systems is extraordinary. d. Quantum Mechanics was invented after General Relativity. e. Heliocentrism is still regarded with doubt to this day.
* * * * * We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, therefore, is not an act but a habit. - Aristotle