Hellenistic Far East Archaeology Bibliography Supplement

R. Mairs (2013) The Archaeology of the Hellenistic Far East: A Survey.
Supplement 1, Hellenistic Far East Bibliography,

www.bactria.org, published 17 February 2013.
1
THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE HELLENISTIC FAR EAST: A SURVEY
Bactria, Central Asia and the Indo-Iranian Borderlands, c. 300 BC AD 100

Supplement 1 (February 2013)

Rachel Mairs

Notes and Acknowledgements

This is the first of a projected series of
supplements to my handbook to the
archaeological literature on the Graeco-Bactrian
and Indo-Greek Kingdoms, The Archaeology of
the Hellenistic Far East: A Survey (Oxford: BAR,
2011). It contains more than two hundred
additional items of bibliography, some, but by no
means all, dating to the past two years. Many
new publications appeared or were made known
to me even before the initial volume came off the
press. A still greater number of older publications
have come to my attention in the meantime,
whether through their appearance in the
references of more recent works, suggestions from
colleagues and students, or (increasingly
commonly) through the serendipities of the
internet.

Problems remain. I am aware that my coverage of
Russian-language resources, and those published
in Central Asia, remains patchy. After playing
catch-up to a certain extent in this first
supplement, I hope that subsequent updates will
lean more decisively towards current
archaeological fieldwork and historical research,
as I gradually come up to date with older
publications, or acquire those to which it has been
difficult for me to gain access. It has sometimes
been difficult for me to decide whether or not to
include forthcoming works. In general, my policy
has been to include those publications which are
on the point of being issued, on which I have
detailed information, and/or which are of especial
significance, and to omit those on which my
information is less complete or reliable, or which
are further away from actually being issued. Full
details of all forthcoming items will be given in
subsequent updates, as and when they are
formally published.

Supplement 2 will review the most recent
compendia of Greek inscriptions from the
Hellenistic Far East.

In the following sections, I assume that the reader
has the 2011 literature review (hereafter, HFE
2011) to hand. It is available online, or may be
purchased in hard copy from Oxbow Books
(<www.oxbowbooks.com>).

There has been some reorganisation of the
structure of HFE 2011, but I have kept this to a
minimum. Section 5.2.6 Maracanda
Samarkand Afrasiab has been renamed
Samarkand and the Zeravshan Valley, to reflect
an intensification of archaeological work, and
corresponding increase in publication, on the
Zeravshan Valley and its sites as a whole. Section
7.4. Field Archaeologists Webpages is now
Scholars Webpages. A mistake in HFE 2011
led to the duplication of Section 7.3: there are no
updates to these sections in the present
supplement, but henceforth they will be
subdivided into 7.3a Publications and 7.3b
Field Projects.

Stanley Burstein, Matthew Canepa, Getzel Cohen,
Anjelina Drujinina, Kathryn McBride, Michael
Iliakis, Lauren Morris, Cameron Petrie, Zachary
Silvia, Dorothy J. Thompson and Michael
Weiskopf were kind enough to share details of
items missing from my bibliography and/or copies
of their own publications. My sincere thanks are
also due to the Inter-Library Loan department of
the Rockefeller Library, Brown University.

Future updates will be published on, I hope, at
least an annual basis. Readers are invited to
submit corrigenda or details of new publications
for inclusion to rachel.mairs AT gmail.com any
such information will be gratefully received.

R. Mairs (2013) The Archaeology of the Hellenistic Far East: A Survey. Supplement 1, Hellenistic Far East Bibliography,
2
Corrigenda to HFE 2011

p. 46, Section 7.5: for Megram read Begram

Note a major error corrected under Section 6.3.1.2,
below.

3
CONTENTS

1.2 Chronological and Geographical Parameters ............................................................................. 4
2.6 Historical Fiction ........................................................................................................................ 4
3 Culture and Identity in the Hellenistic Far East ............................................................................ 4
4.2 Synthetic Historical Studies (General Publications >) ............................................................... 5
4.3 Edited Volumes (General Publications >) ................................................................................. 5
5.1.1 History of Archaeological Research (Archaeology > Introduction >) .................................... 5
5.1.3 Research Tools and Thematic Studies (Archaeology > Introduction >) ................................. 6
5.2.1 Takht-i Sangin and the North-East (Archaeology > Sites: Bactria, Sogdiana, Margiana,
Chorasmia >) .................................................................................................................................... 6
5.2.2 Ai Khanoum and its Hinterland (Archaeology > Sites: Bactria, Sogdiana, Margiana,
Chorasmia >) .................................................................................................................................... 7
5.2.4 Termez, the Surkhan-darya and the North-West (Archaeology > Sites: Bactria, Sogdiana,
Margiana, Chorasmia >) .................................................................................................................. 7
5.2.5 Derbent The Iron Gates (Archaeology > Sites: Bactria, Sogdiana, Margiana, Chorasmia
>) ...................................................................................................................................................... 8
5.2.6 Samarkand and the Zeravshan Valley (Archaeology > Sites: Bactria, Sogdiana, Margiana,
Chorasmia >) .................................................................................................................................... 8
5.2.9 Alexandria Eschate Khujand (Archaeology > Sites: Bactria, Sogdiana, Margiana,
Chorasmia >) .................................................................................................................................... 9
Excavations at the site of Nurtepa are reviewed by Belyaeva 2004. ............................................... 9
5.2.9 Merv and Margiana (Archaeology > Sites: Bactria, Sogdiana, Margiana, Chorasmia >) ...... 9
5.3.1 Begram (Archaeology > South of the Hindu Kush: The Kabul Region, Arachosia and India
>) ...................................................................................................................................................... 9
5.3.3 Gandh!ra and Northwestern India (Archaeology > South of the Hindu Kush: The Kabul
Region, Arachosia and India >) ....................................................................................................... 9
Taxila ............................................................................................................................................... 9
5.3.4 India (Archaeology > South of the Hindu Kush: The Kabul Region, Arachosia and India >)
........................................................................................................................................................ 10
6.2.1 Corpora, Bibliographies and General Works (Languages and Texts > Greek >) ................. 10
6.2.2.1 Bactria (Languages and Texts > Greek > Stone Inscriptions >) ........................................ 10
6.2.2.2 Arachosia and India (Languages and Texts > Greek > Stone Inscriptions >) ................... 10
6.2.4.1 Bactria (Languages and Texts > Greek > Texts on Papyrus and Skin >) .......................... 10
6.4.2 Pr!kit / Middle Indo-Aryan (Languages and Texts > Other Languages >) .......................... 10
6.4.2 Pr!kit / Middle Indo-Aryan (Languages and Texts > Other Languages >) .......................... 10
7.4 Scholars Webpages (Online Resources >) ........................................................................... 11
7.6 Other Relevant Sites (Online Resources >) .......................................................................... 11

4
UPDATES BY CHAPTER AND SECTION

1.2 Chronological and Geographical
Parameters

As in HFE 2011, I relegate to this section works relating
to periods outside the strict chronological parameters of
the survey (from the turn of the fourth-third centuries BC,
to the end of the last Indo-Greek kingdoms in north-
western India). This includes works on Alexander the
Greats campaigns in the Far East, and the Graeco-
Macedonian military settlement of the region.

On Alexander in Central Asia, see Shcheglov 2005;
Rtveladze 2007 (Bactria and Sogdiana); Sverchkov 2005
(Margiana). See also Ray and Potts 2007 under 4.3,
below. Cohen forthcoming will survey and discuss
Hellenistic Settlements in the East from Armenia and
Mesopotamia to Bactria and India. Iliakis forthcoming
reassesses the Greek settler revolts. Olbrycht 2005
examines the policy of Seleukos I in Iran and Central
Asia.

Benjamin 2004 and Benjamin 2007 discuss the Yuezhi,
their origins and conquest of northern Bactria in the latter
part of the second century BC.

Wagner, et al. 2009 propose, somewhat fancifully, that
the tapestry depicting a scene of centaurs from which a
pair of trousers in a tomb at Sampula, Xinjiang, were cut
may have been looted by nomads from a Graeco-Bactrian
palace, such as that at Ai Khanoum.

Raschke 1976 and other articles in the same volume
contain much useful material on Roman dealings with the
(former) Hellenistic Far East and beyond, including a
large and useful bibliography of publications to that date.

2.3. Indian and Chinese Sources

Abdullaev 1999 assesses connections between Greek and
Buddhist philosophies, drawing on material from the
Milindapaha. Virgilio 1999 revisits Tarns comparison
of the Milindapaha with the Letter of Aristeas (The
Greeks in Bactria and India 1938/1951, Excursus) and
proposes closer connections to an A"okan trope of a
powerful king converting to Buddhism. In an article in
the same volume, Betr 1999 proposes an identification
of the name of the Mauryan Emperor A"oka in a Demotic
text from Roman Egypt.

2.6 Historical Fiction

The date of publication of Teodor Parnickis Koniec
Zgody Narodw in the original Polish is 1955, in Mexico
City; the French edition (Parnicki 1991) came out in 1991,
after the authors death. Parnickis (1908-1988) personal
history is of some relevance, in the extent to which it
must have informed his interest and priorities in writing
about the Hellenistic Far East (readers of Polish may
consult the Parnicki webpage at
<https://sites.google.com/site/parnickiwsieci/>, accessed
11 August 2012). Born in Berlin to a Polish father and
Polish-Jewish mother, Parnickis family moved to Russia
when he was a child. At the age of 12, he ran away to
Manchuria from his military school in Vladivostok. His
later life encompassed periods teaching Russian and
Chinese literature in Poland, travelling in the eastern
Mediterranean and the Middle East, several years in a
Gulag following the Soviet occupation of Poland, and
stints as cultural attach to embassies of the Polish
Government in Exile in Russia and Mexico. Koniec
Zgody Narodw was published in Mexico, after the
Mexican government had withdrawn its recognition of
the Polish Government in Exile, and he was making his
living as a writer (in Polish, for the local Polish
community). The culture of the Hellenistic Far East has
proven an attractive and resonant topic for many scholars
and creative writers alike with the personal experiences
of the ethnic and national conflicts, and unprecedented
possibilities for international travel, of the twentieth
century.

Oikonomides 1984 translates C. P. Cavafys Coins with
Indian Inscriptions, and suggests that that the first
volume of Whiteheads Catalogue of Coins in the Panjab
Museum Lahore, on the coins of the Indo-Greeks
(Whitehead 1914), was the basis for the #$%& '(')*$+ of
the poem.

On a (much) lighter note, two more recent English-
language novels take inspiration from the history of
Hellenistic Central Asia. In The Venetian Betrayal
(Berry 2007, who draws some of his source material from
Holt 2003), a dictator in post-Soviet Central Asia
searches for the lost tomb of Alexander and Hephaistion
(which apparently lies in the Pamir Mountains).
Anabasis: A Novel of Hellenistic Afghanistan and Asia
(Storey 2009) recounts the story of Demetrios Is
invasion of north-western India.

3 Culture and Identity in the Hellenistic Far
East

Traina 2005 questions whether hellenization is a useful or
accurate paradigm for cultural interaction in the Iranian
East (on which see also Mairs 2013) and the extent to
which the Greek language in the Iranian world and
Central Asia was ever a language of the street rather
than a register of administration and literate culture.

Mairs 2012b attempts to identify some distinctive
common features of Hellenistic Bactrian culture and
identity.

Wolski 1960 (=Wolski 1969) considers the position of
Iranians in, and their relations with, the Graeco-Bactrian
kingdom.

5
Burstein 2012 argues against the common assumption
that the Greek and Macedonian settlers of Bactrian
exclusively married local women, suggesting that many
instead married and fathered children with captive
women from other regions through which Alexander
campaigned. Olbrycht 2011 argues for an Iranian
component in Alexanders settlements in Central Asia.

4.2 Synthetic Historical Studies (General
Publications >)

Lerner 2013 surveys the history of Bactria and its
material remains.

I have not yet been able to locate a copy of Scott 1849,
the publication of an undergraduate essay on Bactria
awarded a prize at the University of Cambridge.

Sartre 2009 includes a brief overview of the Greek
kingdoms of Bactria and India - introducing material
from Ai Khanoum, and the Sphytos inscription from
Kandahar, inter alia - as one of his Snapshots from
Antiquity.

Wolski 1982 discusses the foundation of the Graeco-
Bactrian state.

4.3 Edited Volumes (General Publications >)

A Festschrift for Paul Bernard (Abdullaev 2010) contains
a collection of articles in Russian and in French. Those
of particular relevance are cited under the appropriate
sections, below. Likewise, Saidov 2004 and Yusupova,
et al. 2007 are Festschrift volumes for E. V. Rtveladze.

Masson 1999, the proceedings of an international
conference on the cultural heritage of the East, contains a
number of articles of relevance to Central Asia, as does
Nikonorov 2005, on Central Asia from the Achaemenids
to the Timurids. Specific papers are, again, cited in the
appropriate sections above and below.

The proceedings of a 2007 conference accompanying the
exhibition Afghanistan, i tesori ritrovati in Turin are
published in a special volume of the journal Parthica (11,
2009). Aruz and Valtz Fino 2012 contains the collected
papers from a symposium during the Afghanistan:
Hidden Treasures exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum
of Art, New York: some individual articles are singled
out in the relevant sections, below.

The edited volume Ray and Potts 2007 focuses on the
Legacy of Alexander in Asia. I do not list the various
chapters separately, but would like to draw particular
attention to Ray 2007, discussing the impact or
otherwise of Alexanders conquests on the
archaeological record of north-western India; Bracey
2007 on coins and Graeco-Bactrian/Indo-Greek history
(as noted in HFE 2011 4.5, I will not be maintaining a
full bibliography of publications on Graeco-Bactrian and
Indo-Greek numismatics); and Parker 2007, who briefly
surveys the material from Ai Khanoum and questions
what it means to speak of Hellenism in an Afghan
context.

Kouremenos, et al. 2011 contains several articles which
discuss material from the Hellenistic Far East:
Kopsacheili 2011 provides a brief discussion of the Ai
Khanoum palace; Shenkar 2011, on temples of the
Iranian world, covers the Temple of the Oxus and the
temples of Ai Khanoum, as well as later Bactrian sites;
Wood 2011 treats the votives from Takht-i Sangin; and
Mairs 2011 on hybridity and middle ground theory in
relation to the Hellenistic Far East was cited as Mairs
2010b in HFE 2011.

The first edition of a new journal, Anabasis. Studia
Classica et Orientalia, published by the University of
Rzeszw, Poland, appeared in 2010. The inaugural
volume, Orientis Splendor: Studies in Memory of Jzef
Wolski, edited by M. J. Olbrycht, has several
contributions of relevance to the Hellenistic Far East (e.g.
Litvinskii 2010a; Lerner 2010; Rtveladze 2010; Piankov
2010; Gorin 2010; Mordvintseva 2010). The second
volume, for 2011, contains, inter alia, a new study on the
treasury of Ai Khanoum, its chronology and the activities
undertaken there (Lerner 2011).

5.1.1 History of Archaeological Research
(Archaeology > Introduction >)

There have been several recent publications on the
history of archaeology in Afghanistan and Central Asia,
and several more which were overlooked in HFE 2011.
See Foucher 1927 for a contemporary account of the very
early years of the Dlgation Archologique Franaise
en Afghanistan. The study and publication of his archive
have resulted in a slew of studies, notably by Annick
Fenet, on Alfred Foucher and his mission to Afghanistan:
Fenet 2008; Fenet 2010a (with primary documents and a
detailed bibliography of Fouchers publications); Fenet
2010b (on the support received by Foucher and his
mission in Afghanistan from members of the cole
franaise dAthnes); Filliozat and Leclant 2009 (the
edited volume resulting from a 2007 Journe d'tude en
hommage Alfred Foucher in Paris). The life and career
Fouchers successor as DAFA director (1945-1965),
Daniel Schlumberger, are surveyed by Amandry 1978
and Gelin 2010. The article on Ena Bazin-Foucher
announced in Fenet 2010a as Fenet forthcoming does not
yet appear to have been published.

Massoudi 2012 presents the history of the National
Museum of Afghanistan, in Kabul.

For Central Asia (north of the Oxus/Amu-darya),
Pugachenkova and Germanov 1996 discuss the
establishment of a circle of amateur archaeologists in
Turkestan in the late nineteenth century. On the French
institute at Tashkent, established in 1993, see Chuvin
2003. See also Gorshenina 2004 on private collecting of
antiques and antiquities in Russian Turkestan in the late
6
nineteenth-early twentieth centuries and Gorshenina
2000a on foreign travellers in Central Asia.

The latter author has also written a biography of
archaeologist Galina Pugachenkova, excavator of a
number of sites in northern Afghanistan and southern
Uzbekistan (Gorshenina 2000b).

Barger 1939 is the preliminary report on the northern
Afghan portion of the expedition recounted in Barger
1941 (HFE 2011 5.3.3.).

The pamphlet Wheeler 1959 is the transcription of a
lecture on Greeks and Romans beyond the Himalayas,
which, despite the somewhat misleading title, discusses
both the Greek kingdoms of Bactria and India, and the
later Roman maritime trade with southern India.

5.1.3 Research Tools and Thematic Studies
(Archaeology > Introduction >)

An Archaeological Information System of Central Asia
(AISCA) is online in embryonic form at
<http://www.ub.edu/aisca/indexeng.htm>, accessed 11
August 2012. This version has at present only basic
functionality (and some broken links) but aims to create
an online repository of databases, digitised publications,
maps and other resources relevant to the field of Central
Asian archaeology. Details of this project are also given
in Maksudov, et al. 2009 (in Catalan). See, too, the brief
but eloquent proposal for resolving the chaos of Central
Asian archaeological documentation through the
production of a GIS in Stride 1999.

The Silk Road 2.2 (2004; online at <www.silk-
road.com/newsletter/vol2num2.html>, accessed 11
August 2012) contains several articles relating to the use
of GIS in archaeological projects in Central Asia. Some
of these were already noted in HFE 2011, others are cited
in the relevant sections, below.

The second part of Litvinskii and Sedov 1983 explores
the origins of later Kushan funerary practice in
Hellenistic-period Central Asia.

Martinez-Sve 2010b examines the religious policies of
the Seleucid and Graeco-Bactrian kings.

Leriche 2000 treats raw brick construction techniques in
the Hellenistic Near East and Central Asia.

5.2.1 Takht-i Sangin and the North-East
(Archaeology > Sites: Bactria, Sogdiana,
Margiana, Chorasmia >)

The first volume of the journal Ancient Civilizations from
Scythia to Siberia (Litvinsky 1995) contains a survey of
archaeological work in Tajikistan, 1980-1991. Litvinskii
1983, an exhibition catalogue of finds from southern
Tajikistan, includes material from Takht-i Sangin and
Saksanokhur.
Takht-i Sangin, the Temple of the Oxus and the
Treasure of the Oxus

There were a number of omissions from HFE 2011 on the
Temple of the Oxus (Takht-i Sangin), Oxus Treasure, and
north-eastern Bactria in general, most notably Bernard
1981s survey of the publications on the Temple of Oxus
in the Revue archologique. The north-western altar-
tower room of the temple and its ceramics were
published by Pichikyan and Kerzum 1989 and Kerzum
1989. Pougatchenkova 1990 treats the culture of
northern Bactria and the site of Saksanokhur.

A collection of material from Takht-i Sangin and other
Tajik sites, including Saksanokhur, was exhibited in
Leningrad (Belenitskii and Zeimal 1985), Zrich
(Belenitskii and Zeimal 1989) and Turin (Zejmal' et al.
1993) in the late 1980s/early 1990s.

Pichikyan 1991 is essentially the Russian Urtext of
Pitschikjan 1992 (HFE 2011 5.2.1), but with additional
material.

The third volume of reports on the Temple of the Oxus at
Takht-i Sangin has now appeared, with a focus on objets
dart and musical instruments (Litvinskii 2010b; in
Russian, but with English summary, 654-660; reviewed
by Shenkar 2012). Litvinskii states that he has chosen
not to make reference in this work to the excavation
reports published by A. Druzhinina (=Drujinina), whose
intention to publish the ceramics and terracottas from the
site is also signalled.

There have been several recent reports on work at the
site: Druzhinina and Khudzhageldiev 2008, Drujinina
2008, the latter including details of the bronze-casting
mould with Greek inscription also discussed in Ivantchik
2011 (see 6.2.2.1 below), Druzhinina, et al. 2010. I have
not been able to access all of the field reports published
in the Bulletin of the Miho Museum, such as Drujinina, et
al. 2009. Druzhinina, et al. 2011 report the discovery of
further metallurgical material, as well as the remains of
wells and a reservoir, as well as investigations in a
residential district and the necropolis. Kuwabara 2010
contributes C14 analysis of some material from the site.
The most recent publication, Drujinina and Lindstrm
2013, addresses the question of continuity of cult and
occupation at the site through the second-century BC
upheavals in Bactria.

On individual items from the temple and fort: bronze
appliqus of Erotes and stylistic comparanda from the
Roman world (Litvinsky 2006); clay portraits (Litvinskij
2003); finials (Litvinskij 2000; ,-apova 2000); a rhyton
(Litvinsky and Pichikyan 1995); a stone pyxis lid
(Druzhinina 2004); a silver statuette, possibly of a
goddess (Uzyanov 1987). See also Shenkar 2011 and
Wood 2011, noted in 4.3, above.

Litvinskii 2010a (his last published article, submitted to
Anabasis shortly before his death in 2010; cf. 4.3, above)
surveys the Temple of the Oxus and Treasure of the Oxus
7
in general, with discussion of the views of other scholars
on these and related matters, and sets the temple in its
broader context of Achaemenid and Hellenistic Central
Asia. See also, more briefly, Litvinskii 2004. Grenet
2005 discusses the cult of the deified Oxus, with
reference to material from Takht-i Sangin, and elsewhere.

Curtis 2004 surveys and responds to recent discussion of
the Oxus Treasure, the proposed provenance of Takht-i
Sangin, the association with the objects in the Miho
Museum, and the question of authenticity, challenged by
Muscarella 2003 (note that Takht-i Kuwad = Takht-i
Kobad). Curtis and Searight 2003 discuss the gold
plaques from the Oxus Treasure. Zeimal 1979 is an
exhibition catalogue of material from the hoard. Curtis
2012 provides a well-illustrated introductory guide to the
Oxus Treasure material in the British Museum.

5.2.2 Ai Khanoum and its Hinterland

City

Robert 1965 is a brief report to the Acadmie des
inscriptions et belles-lettres on the site of Ai Khanoum
and initial DAFA work there. Bernard 2009 also
recounts the sites discovery and subsequent excavation.

Narain 1987 provides a critical dissection of several
assumptions which have passed into the scholarly
literature regarding matters such as the date of the citys
foundation, its ancient name and the identity of the
Klearchos of the Delphic inscription from the temenos of
Kineas.

Francfort 1976 analyses the schist and steatite pyxis-style
vessels from Ai Khanoum, and their relationship to later
Buddhist reliquaries. Further specific studies include
Rohr 1980 and Janin 1978 (sundials); Bernard 1970
(ivory furniture legs); Bernard 1972 (columns); Petitot-
Biehler 1975 (a hoard of Greek and Graeco-Bactrian
coins); Buchet 1977 (osteological remains I have not
been able to locate a copy of this journal). Bernard 1971
gives a brief report on oriental influences in the
archaeology of Ai Khanoum.

Martinez-Sve 2010a is a new study of the Temple with
Indented Niches Canepa 2010 identifies the stone vault
mausoleum as a royal tomb. Lerner 2011 argues that the
officials of the treasury texts are in fact depositors of
private wealth.

Several thematic works on other subjects include material
from Ai Khanoum: the extramural mausoleum in
Besenval 1984 on vaulted architecture; the palace in
Nielsen 2001 on the gardens of Hellenistic palaces and
also in Nielsen 1994 [2nd ed. 1999], 124-129, more
generally on its relationship to Hellenistic and
Achaemenid palaces.

Several recent studies review the ceramic evidence and
offer proposed revisions for the chronology of Ai
Khanoum, introducing comparative material from
Samarkand and Kok-tepe: Lyonnet 2010, Lyonnet 2012
and Lerner 2010. Lecuyot and Rapin 2000 discuss brick
marks at Ai Khanoum and at Samarkand, while Leriche
2000 treats raw brick construction on a more regional
level, with extensive use of material from Ai Khanoum.

Lecuyot and Ishizawa 2006 and Lecuyot 2005 outline the
project to create a 3D reconstruction of Ai Khanoum;
both are well illustrated. The accompanying
documentary L'Alexandrie oublie (NHK-France 5 2003)
on may be viewed on YouTube, with English
commentary (<www.youtube.com>, accessed 11 August
2012, search query The Forgotten Alexandria).

Some more popular accounts: Bernard 1974 in
Archeologia-Dossiers de l'Archologie, with other
articles in same issue on Greco-Iranian art, Parthia,
Graeco-Buddhist art and the Indo-Greek kingdoms;
Bernard 1982a is the French edition of his Scientific
American article of the same year (Bernard 1982b, HFE
2011 5.2.2). See also Bernard 2012, in the proceedings
of a symposium at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Bopearachchi 2005 treats the finds from site post-
cessation of excavations, including illicit antiquities: coin
hoards, a helmeted statue of Athena, ivories, gold and
silver jewellery, items depicting Herakles and Aphrodite,
and the gold bracelets already noted in HFE 2011 6.2.1.
Bopearachchi 1998 notes also the faience head of statue
of king.

Mairs forthcoming will discuss the foundation of the city,
the Delphic inscription from the shrine of Kineas and
Achaemenid and Bronze Age settlement in eastern
Bactria.

5.2.4 Termez, the Surkhan-darya and the
North-West (Archaeology > Sites: Bactria,
Sogdiana, Margiana, Chorasmia >)

Pugachenkova 1996 surveys archaeological work in
southern Uzbekistan 1985-1990. See also
Pougatchenkova 1976 on the art of northern Bactria from
the fourth century BC to fourth century AD, based on
excavated material from Uzbekistan.

Termez

Castagn 1925 gives an early report of the ruins at
Termez. His career and travels are described by
Gorshenina 1997. The volume Karamatov and Rtveladze
2001 is a popular work on the history and archaeology of
Termez.

Gelin 2000 compares the use of baked brick construction
at Termez with that at Dura-Europos.

8
Kampyr-tepe

Bolelov 2005 discusses finds from Kampyr-tepe. On the
sites history, see Rtveladze 2005, who identifies it as
Alexandria Oxeiana.

The Surkhan-darya

Several preliminary reports on the work of the MAFOuz
de Bactriane at Termez and in the Surkhan-darya valley
are available online through the HAL-SHS (Hyper Article
en Ligne - Sciences de l'Homme et de la Socit) website
(<http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/>, reports accessed 17
April 2012): Houal and Leriche 1993; Leriche 1994;
Leriche and Annaev 1995; Leriche, et al. 1997; Leriche,
et al. 1999.

The most recent report of the work of the International
Pluridisciplinary Archaeological Expedition to Bactria is
Gurt and Pidaev 2009, online at
<http://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/handle/2445/16442>,
accessed 11 August 2012.

The Hellenistic fortress of Kurganzol, in the Surkhan-
darya, 100 km north of Termez, is reported in Sverchkov
2008. Remains date from the late fourth to early second
centuries BC, so Kurganzol is unusual as a northern
Bactrian site with a solely Hellenistic period occupation,
not on the site of an earlier foundation or covered by later
layers. There was a pre-existing settlement to the north.

The Sherabad-darya

For Czech-Uzbek excavations and survey in the
Sherabad-darya district see Danielsov, et al. 2010 and
Tu.lov 2011. The first volume of reports for the site of
Jandavlattepa, on excavations 2002-2006, is now
available as Abdullaev and Stan-o 2011, with an
accompanying CD-ROM of maps and figures. The
earliest coin from the site dates to Euthydemos, there are
four Graeco-Bactrian coins in total, a fair number of
imitation Heliokles, but the vast majority are later,
Kushan and Kushano-Sasanian. According to the 2011
report, a GIS database will be published online, and two
additional volumes of excavation reports are also
projected.

5.2.5 Derbent The Iron Gates

Rakhmanov and Rapen 2003 report on the 2003
expedition to the Iron Gates at Derbent, and Rakhmanov
and Rapen 2004 survey the changing strategic importance
of the Iron Gates from the Greek through to the
Mediaeval period (K. Rapen = C. Rapin).

5.2.6 Samarkand and the Zeravshan Valley

Given the recent increase in archaeological work and
publication on the region around Samarkand, including
the site of Kok-tepe, I have renamed the Maracanda
Samarkand Afrasiab of HFE 2011 Samarkand and the
Zeravshan Valley. There is, inevitably, some overlap of
material in the sub-categories listed below.

Issue 341 of the magazine Dossiers dArchologie
(September/October 2010) is devoted to Samarkand and
its region, with articles on Alexander the Great and the
Graeco-Bactrian kings in Sogdiana; Koktepe; irrigation in
the Zeravshan valley; and Hellenistic Samarkand, inter
alia.

Samarkand

Shishkina 1969 discusses the identification of the ancient
Marakanda with the site of Afrasiab at modern
Samarkand, and remains of the first millennium BC,
including Hellenistic-contemporary material.

Lecuyot and Rapin 2000 discuss brick marks at Ai
Khanoum and at Samarkand (cf. Section 5.2.2, above).

Lerner 2010 offers revised chronologies for Ai Khanoum
and Samarkand-Marakanda-Afrasiab. On the ceramics
from Samarkand compared to those of Ai Khanoum, see
also Lyonnet 2012.

In HFE 2011 1.3 I noted that the series Afrasiab had not
been available to me. I have since been able to remedy
this: the four volumes of reports naturally cover multiple
periods (Gulyamov 1969; Gulyamov 1973; Gulyamov
1974; Tashkhodzhaev 1975).

Kok-tepe

A number of reports on work at Kok-tepe, in Russian and
French, are now available online on the webpage of
Claude Rapin see section 7.4, below. In additional to
general excavation reports and overviews (Isamiddinov,
et al. 2001; Rapen, et al. 2004; Isamiddinov, et al. 2002;
Isamiddinov, et al. 2003; Rapen, et al. 2003; Isamiddinov,
et al. 2006), these cover: material of the Iron Age to the
Achaemenids (Rapin 2007); stratigraphy (Isamiddinov
and Rapen 1999a, Isamiddinov 2010); Kok-tepe and
urbanisation in the Zeravshan plain (Rapen and
Isamiddinov 2008, Isamiddinov and Rapen 2000).

Lyonnet 2010 and Lyonnet 2012 discuss the dating of
ceramics from Kok-tepe and Ai Khanoum.

The Zeravshan Valley

On irrigation and water management in the Zeravshan
valley, and Samarkand oasis, see Rapen 2010; Rapin, et
al. 2010; and Mantellini, et al. 2011. There are other
9
relevant chapters in this volume (!"#"$"%&'"" "
()$*+),- !./+,&$*/01 2%"" # .3"/4+#. "
5/06007,&%"" - Civilizations and Cultures of Central
Asia in Unity and Diversity), which I have not been able
to obtain. See also, briefly, Isamiddinov and Rapen
1999b on cultural continuity in early Iron Age Sogdiana.

A joint Uzbek-Italian project aims to look at the
Achaemenid period in the Samarkand area, in particular
the site of Koj tepa. Publications to date include
discussion of several small sites with Hellenistic
contemporary strata: Genito, et al. 2009; Genito, et al.
2010; Genito and Raiano 2011; Abdullaev, et al. 2011.

Berdimuradov, et al. 2007 review work on an
archaeological map of Samarkand and its territory, for the
purpose of exploring the relationship between processes
of settlement dynamics and landscape transformation.

Mantellini, et al. 2009 compare excavation and survey
data from the plain of Samarkand and Zeravshan valley
with sites in the region of Tashkent.

5.2.9 Alexandria Eschate Khujand

Excavations at the site of Nurtepa are reviewed by
Belyaeva 2004.

5.2.9 Merv and Margiana (Archaeology >
Sites: Bactria, Sogdiana, Margiana,
Chorasmia >)

Coloru 2013 briefly surveys the history of Margiana and
its capital in antiquity.

See Bader, et al. 1997 on settlement and irrigation in the
Merv Oasis; Cerasetti 2004 on the defensive systems of
the Murghab; Sverchkov 2005 on Alexander the Great in
Margiana; on the defences of Gyaur-kala, the Hellenistic-
period city, Zav'yalov 2005; and on Hellenistic Margiana,
Ko.elenko, et al. 1996.

5.3.1 Begram (Archaeology > South of the
Hindu Kush: The Kabul Region, Arachosia
and India >)

On the successors of the Indo-Greeks at Begram, see
MacDowall 1985; at the other end of our chronological
range see also Ray 2007 (Section 4.3, above).

Rapin 1992, 383-385, suggests connections between the
palace at Begram and the traditions of monumental
architecture represented in the palace at Ai Khanoum.

The Begram ivories are studied by Simpson 2011
(accompanying the Afghanistan: Hidden Treasures
exhibition at the British Museum: HFE 2011, 4.4.2).
Rogers 1952 focuses on one particular fantastical figure,
and Mehendale 2012 discusses, inter alia, the question of
whether the ivories were produced locally by itinerant
craftspeople. Whitehouse 2012 questions the Roman
origin of some of the glassware. Mairs 2012a
contextualises the finds from Begram within Red Sea as
well as overland Eurasian trade routes.

Two early popular accounts by Hackin appeared in the
American magazine Asia: Hackin 1940a; Hackin 1940b.

5.3.3 Gandh!ra and Northwestern India
(Archaeology > South of the Hindu Kush:
The Kabul Region, Arachosia and India >)

Magee and Petrie 2010 review the archaeological
evidence for Achaemenid presence in northwestern India.
See also Ray 2007 (Section 4.3, above).

Gandh8ra Swat Bajaur

Faccenna, et al. 2003 present the work of the Istituto
Italiano per lAfrica e lOriente (ISIAO) mission to Swat.
See also on the development of Gandh!ran art Filigenzi
2012 and Galli 2011. Lo Muzio 2011 proposes a new,
later, dating for the Gandh!ran toilet trays, of the first-
second century AD.

Taxila

Kuraishis guide to The Archaeological Museum and
Monuments of Ancient Taxila (Kuraishi n.d.) refers to the
same authors Urdu translation (Marshall and Kuraishi
1924) of Marshalls (1960) Guide to Taxila (HFE 2011,
5.3.3).

Several articles, old and new, on particular categories of
artefact at Taxila escaped my attention in HFE 2011:
Beck 1941 (beads); Fabrgues 2006 (earrings of
Achaemenid derivation); Rees 2008 (the production of
Hellenistic figurines).

Architecture: Dar 1976, on Hellenistic elements in the
architecture of Taxila, is a summary in English of Dar
1973 (in Greek); Mairs 2009 discusses the urban plan of
Sirkap and the possible influence of Greek and Indian
traditions.

Virtual Sirkap (<www.virtualsirkap.com>, accessed 11
August 2012) allows the user to walk through a virtual
reconstruction of the city, c. 100 CE. See also the article
Michon and Antably 2012, which I have not been able to
obtain. The application runs on Windows, but not Mac.

Charsadda

Coarelli 1966 studies bronze handles in the form of
dolphins over human busts, probably from a sarcophagus
found in vicinity of Charsadda, and traces possible
western influence and comparanda.

10
Charsadda is mentioned in Wheeler 1959, a more general
lecture on Greeks and Romans in Bactria and India (see
Section 5.1.1, above).

5.3.4 India (Archaeology > South of the
Hindu Kush: The Kabul Region, Arachosia
and India >)

Waddell 1903 gives an account of archaeological
investigations at P!/aliputra/Palibothra. The site was
further excavated in 1955-56: Sinha and Narain 1970.

Foucher 1941 discusses the question of the birthplace of
the Indo-Greek king Menander.

See also Ray 2007 (Section 4.3, above).

6.2.1 Corpora, Bibliographies and General
Works (Languages and Texts > Greek >)

Rougemont 2012a and Rougemont 2012b review the
Greek epigraphic material from Central Asia and North-
Western India and discuss the implications for our
understanding of Greek culture and identity in the region.

Burstein 2010 considers the fate of Greek after the nomad
conquest, and evidence that it survived as an official
language under the Kushans.

Hollis 2011s discussion of Greek letters in Hellenistic
Bactria draws on the various Ai Khanoum epigraphic
and documentary texts, as well as the Kuliab inscription
of Heliodotos and the inscription of Sophytos from
Kandahar. Derrett 1992 indulges in some speculations
about Homer in India.

Ray 2007 (Section 4.3, above) includes discussion of
Greek inscriptions, and references to Greeks in
inscriptions in other languages, from the north-west of
the Indian subcontinent.

6.2.2.1 Bactria (Languages and Texts >
Greek > Stone Inscriptions >)

Ivantchik 2011 introduces some new Greek inscriptions
from Takht-i Sangin and discusses the problem of the
Bactrian alphabet.

See also Hollis 2011 (Section 6.2.1, above) and Bernard
and Rougemont 2003 (6.2.2.2, below).

6.2.2.2 Arachosia and India (Languages and
Texts > Greek > Stone Inscriptions >)

Robert 1964 contains Louis Roberts initial very brief
report to the l'Acadmie des inscriptions on the discovery
of the monolingual Greek Asokan inscription at
Kandahar; likewise Robert 1958 on the Greek-Aramaic
bilingual.

Scott 1985 and Scott 1986 examine questions of
interaction of Buddhism with the Hellenistic world, with
relation to A"okan edicts from Kandahar and elsewhere.

Bernard and Rougemont 2003 is a brief resum in the
Comptes-rendus de l'Acadmie des inscriptions et belles-
lettres of the fuller article Bernard, et al. 2004 in the
Journal des Savants, on the inscriptions of Sophytos
(Kandahar) and Heliodotos (Kuliab). The epitaph of
Sophytos is considered in the context of other Greek and
Latin acrostich inscriptions by Mairs 2012c.

6.2.4.1 Bactria (Languages and Texts >
Greek > Texts on Papyrus and Skin >)
AND
6.4.2 Pr!kit / Middle Indo-Aryan (Languages
and Texts > Other Languages >)

Bennett and Falk 2009 propose a new date for the Indo-
Greek era, of 175/4 BC. Rapin 2010 revisits the question
of this same Yavana era with regard to the Graeco-
Bactrian parchments of Asangorna and Amphipolis.

Francfort 1976 (see also Section 5.2.2) identifies models
for the inscribed reliquaries detailed in HFE 2011 among
vessels from Ai Khanoum. On the Bajaur inscription, see
also Sircar 1941-2.

4.3 Aramaic (Language and Texts >)

See Frye 2006 on Aramaic in the East.

6.3.1.2 Arachosia and India (Language and
Texts > Aramaic > Stone Inscriptions)

Corrigendum: in HFE 2011 I stated, incorrectly, that
there were a monolingual Aramaic and a bilingual
Prakrit-Aramaic text from Kandahar. These are in fact
one and the same inscription.

6.3.2.1 Bactria (Language and Texts >
Aramaic > Texts on Durable Materials)

The Ai Khanoum Aramaic-script ostrakon is also
discussed by Harmatta 1994, 390, who offers a fuller
reading and reconstruction of the document as a record of
grain delivery. It includes the Oxus-name [Ux]9ebovak,
the Oxeboakes of the treasury texts.

In HFE 2011, I noted a ring from the Treasure of the
Oxus inscribed to the Oxus in Aramaic. This reading
does not derive from Dalton 1964, as suggested in the
text, but from a discussion in Pitschikjan 1992, 101.

6.4.2 Pr!kit / Middle Indo-Aryan (Languages
and Texts > Other Languages >)

An early report on the Besnagar inscription of Heliodoros
appeared in the Comptes-rendus de l'Acadmie des
11
inscriptions et belles-lettres: Senart 1909.

Lerner 1999-2000 discusses the appearance of Yavanas
in cave temple inscriptions from western India.

I have not been able to locate a copy of Ghosal 1981 on
the Swat reliquary of the meridarch Theodoros.

7.4 Scholars Webpages (Online
Resources >)

In HFE 2011, I omitted the URL for Frantz Grenets
page: <http://frantz.grenet.free.fr/>, accessed 11 August
2012.

Claude Rapins website (<http://claude.rapin.free.fr/>,
accessed 11 August 2012) has been updated with PDF
files of additional articles.

Svetlana Gorshenina: <http://svetlana.gorshenina.free.fr/>,
accessed 11 August 2012.

7.6 Other Relevant Sites (Online
Resources >)

Virtual Sirkap: <www.virtualsirkap.com>, accessed 11
August 2012: see Section 5.3.3 above.

The website of the Institute of Archaeology of the
Russian Academy of Sciences (<www.archaeolog.ru/>
accessed 11 August 2012) has much useful information
on archaeological projects and publications in Russia and
the former Soviet Union, including full PDF files of
issues of the journal Sovyetskaya Arkheologiya (1936-
1992) and more limited information on its successor
Rossiiskaya Arkheologiya (-2012).

See Section 5.1.1., above, for the Archaeological
Information System of Central Asia website.

From Bactria to Taxila
(<http://frombactriatotaxila.wordpress.com>/, accessed
11 August 2012) is a new portal to online publications on
Hellenistic and Imperial Central Asia, such as those
available through Google Books, Perse, etc.

12
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