Specifications Powerplants

UNOFFICIAL TRANSLATION
SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE OPERATIONAL

PERFORMANCE OF POWER PLANTS
I)

I
Notified in accordance with Directive 98/34/EC of the European Parliament and Council amended by 98/48/EC.
Introduction
This document contains the operational performance
specifications required by Fingrid Oyj (hereinafter Fingrid),
by virtue of system responsibility imposed on it, of power
plants connected to the Finnish power system. Fingrids
specifications for the operational performance of power
plants ensure that the power plants and the transmission
grid work reliably as a whole in all operational conditions,
including disturbance situations.
It is important that the power plants remain synchronised
to the grid and behave as planned in case disturbances
occur in the grid. Otherwise the disturbance may lead to
total blackout, and the restoration of the power system
after the blackout will be more difficult and may take a
considerably longer time.
The purpose of the specifications for the operational
performance of power plants is to retain the system
security of the power system and of the power plants
connected to it so that:
a power plant withstands the variations in voltage and
frequency caused by the power system, and
while synchronised to the power system, a power plant
does not cause any inconvenience to the other power
plants connected to the power system.
In order to maintain system security, it is also important
that power plants have both adequate and sufficiently
compatible capabilities concerning power control.
The specifications for the operational performance of
power plants record the characteristics required of power
plants in Finland. The starting point for the specifications
is Nordels Nordic Grid Code. In addition to the
specifications for the operational performance, power
plants must follow Fingrids General Connection Terms,
power quality principles in Fingrid's 110 kV grid, and
Fingrid's data exchange principles valid at the date of
connection.
Application
These specifications are applied to new power units to be
connected to the Finnish power system, but they shall
also be applied when the operational performance
characteristics of existing power units are changed. Such
changes include changes in power and voltage control
properties or other changes relating to the endurance of
grid faults. The change and its impact on the power
system shall be agreed well in advance with Fingrid.
Otherwise the existing units are expected to fulfil the
requirements which were valid when the units were
connected to the power system.
The specifications concern all synchronised units larger
than 10 MVA. However, alleviations specified later in this
document are granted to the category of 10-50 MVA.
It is recommended that power units in category 1-10 MVA
follow these specifications.
The specifications do not concern reserve power plants in
separate operation.
A unit is composed of one or several generation plants,
which are disconnected from the grid as a consequence
of an individual fault.
Wind power units (>10 MVA) must primarily fulfil the
requirements laid down under sections 1-2 and 5-6, due
to their special features. They have to also fulfil separate
technical guidelines drawn up for wind power plants by
Nordel as well as Fingrid's Connection Code for Wind
Power Plants.
In addition to these specifications, there can also be
additional requirements for a plant caused by the regional
grid. These requirements shall be agreed separately with
the holder of the connecting grid.
A filled power plant data sheet, Appendix 1, shall be
delivered to Fingrid.
Frequency and voltage variation in main grid
The standard value for grid frequency in the Nordic power
system is 49.9-50.1 Hz. In normal disturbance-free grid
operation, the frequency may vary within a range of 49.5-
50.5 Hz. In exceptional situations, the grid may have to be
operated in a range 47.5-53 Hz.
The normal voltage range of a grid with a nominal voltage
of 400 kV is 395-420 kV. In exceptional and disturbance
situations, the grid may have to be operated in a range of
360-420 kV. This corresponds to the range of 90-105%
presented below (i.e. 100% corresponds theoretically to a
voltage of 400 kV). When choosing the transformation
ratio of block transformers of generators, the normal
voltage at the connection point is 410 kV, but the exact
design value shall be agreed separately with Fingrid.
situations, the grid may have to be operated in a range
situations, the grid may have to be operated in a range

2
1 OPERATION AT DEVIATING FREQUENCY AND
VOLTAGE
1.1 Frequency range 49-51 Hz
It shall be possible to operate the power unit continuously
at the full output power
1
within the frequency range of 49-
51 Hz while the grid voltage range is 90-105%. A
maximum operating time of 10 hours per year and a
maximum individual duration of 30 minutes are expected
within the frequency range of 50.3-51 Hz. At a frequency
above 50.3 Hz, a maximum reduction of 10% in active
power is accepted, if stable operation of the unit at full
power can be re-established when the frequency again
drops below 50.3 Hz (see Figure 1).
In individual disturbances, the power unit must operate for
one hour when the grid voltage is 85-90% while frequency
varies between 49.7 and 50.3 Hz. The maximum
permitted power reduction is approx. 10% of the full
power.
In individual disturbances, the power unit must operate for
one hour when the grid voltage is 105-110% while
frequency varies between 49.7 and 50.3 Hz. The
maximum permitted power reduction is 10% of the full
power.
1.2 Frequency range 49-47.5 Hz
It shall be possible to operate the power unit in individual
disturbance situations for 30 minutes within the frequency
range of 49-47.5 Hz while the grid voltage range is 95-
105%. The permitted power reduction at a frequency of
47.5 Hz is at the most 15% of the full power, and the full
power must be produced at a frequency of 49 Hz. The
interpolations are determined by means of linear
interpolation. The goal must be an as small power
reduction as possible if this can be achieved without
considerable additional costs.

Figure 1. Requirements concerning power production
when the grid frequency and voltage vary.

1
In what follows, the term power means active power supplied to
the grid.
1.3 Frequency below 47.5 Hz
The power unit may be disconnected from the grid at
frequencies below 47.5 Hz. Changing over to house load
operation should take place at such a long time delay as
what the machinery allows.
1.4 Frequency range 51-53 Hz
The power unit must be able to operate at a strongly
reduced power for 3 minutes within the frequency range of
51-53 Hz while the grid voltage range is 95-105%.
1.5 Frequency more than 53 Hz
If the power unit does not suffer damage, it can remain
synchronised to the grid even though the frequency of the
grid or an island goes above 53 Hz. The power unit must
be disconnected from the grid at frequencies above 55
Hz. The delay for the disconnection must be agreed with
Fingrid.
1.6 Frequency gradients
The control and protection systems of the power unit shall
be designed so that the power unit in question will not trip
because of the transient frequency gradients occurring as
a result of short-circuits or switchings in the high-voltage
grid to which the unit is connected.
2 LARGE VOLTAGE CHANGES
2.1 Consequences of nearby grid faults
2.1.1 Ability to withstand mechanical stresses due to
line side faults
Power units shall be designed so that the turbine
generator set can withstand the mechanical stresses
caused by any kind of single-phase, two-phase and three-
phase earth or short circuit faults occurring in the grid on
the high-voltage side of the step-up transformer. It is
assumed that the fault is cleared within 0.25 seconds.
Neither damage to the unit nor any need for immediate
stoppage of the unit for studying possible consequences
is allowed in this case.
2.1.2 Duration of line side faults
Faults which occur on the high-voltage side of the block
transformer of the power unit shall normally be isolated in
the live 400 kV grid in less than 0.1 seconds. In
exceptional cases the clearing time may, however, extend
to 0.25 seconds. Line faults in 220 kV and 110 kV grids
shall normally be isolated in less than 0.5 seconds and in
exceptional cases in 1 second.
85 90 95 100 105 110
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
Grid voltage (%)
Frequency (Hz)
50.3
49.7
30
min power
reduction 0% at 49 Hz
15% 47.5 at Hz
30 min 10 hours/year
10% power reduction
island oper. after 3
min large power
reduction
1 hour
10%
power
reduction
1 hour
10%
power
reduction
Continuous operation at nominal power
3
2.1.3 Deep voltage transient
Power units connected to the 400 kV, 220 kV or 110 kV
voltage step
The power units with their auxiliary systems shall be
designed so that they can withstand the following
suggestive grid voltage variations without disconnection
from the grid (Figure 2):
step reduction of the grid voltage to 0% lasting for 0.25
seconds,
followed by a linear increase in grid voltage from 25%
to 90% in 0.5 seconds,
followed by a constant grid voltage of 90%.
Only a small power reduction is accepted.

Figure 2. Grid voltage transient caused by a fault.
Power units connected to a voltage step of less than
110 kV
The power units with their auxiliary systems shall be
designed so that they can withstand the above grid
voltage variations at the closest connection point to
Fingrids grid without disconnection from the grid (Figure
2).
2.2 Large voltage disturbances
The power unit shall support the grid as long as possible;
however, so that the unit is not damaged and shift-over to
house load operation is not jeopardised. The power unit
may be disconnected from the grid if voltage variations
which are larger than the design criteria of the unit or
which last for longer than the design criteria occur at the
connection point of the unit.
3 VOLTAGE CONTROL AND REACTIVE POWER OF
GENERATOR
3.1 Dynamic properties of voltage control, excitation
system
The reactances of the generator and its step-up
transformer shall be as low as is technically and
economically possible in order to support the system
stability and reactive power compensation.
The preferred dynamic characteristics of a steady state
are defined by means of measurements as follows:
The 10% step response of generator voltage is recorded
in no-load conditions, with the unit disconnected from the
grid. The set value of the voltage is changed with plus and
minus stepwise changes causing a change in generator
terminal voltage from 95% to 105%, and from 105% to
95%. In both cases, the step response of the generator
terminal voltage shall fulfil the following conditions:
The step response is non-oscillating.
Rise time from 0 to 90% of the change is 0.2-0.3
seconds in the case of static exciter, and in the case
of brushless exciter 0.2-0.5 seconds at a step upwards
and 0.2-0.8 seconds at a step downwards.
The overshoot is less than 15% of the change.
The excitation system shall be designed so that its ceiling
voltage is in the case of static exciter at least twice and in
the case of brushless exciter at least 1.6 times the
magnetising voltage of the generator at its rated values.
However, the other requirements for voltage control have
to be taken into account. The excitation system shall be
capable of supplying its ceiling voltage for 10 seconds.
To ensure system security, the excitation system shall be
implemented so that it has two channels or an automatic
control system has at least a manual control of the
excitation current as a reserve.
3.2 Production and consumption of reactive power
Each generator shall be capable of operating at the rated
active power continuously with a power factor down to at
least 0.95 underexcited, and 0.9 overexcited. This shall be
possible when the grid voltage is within the range of 100-
105% on the underexcited side and 90-105% on the
overexcited side.
To ensure the compatibility of the transmission grid and
the power unit as the grid develops, the step-up
transformer of the unit and its control together with the
voltage range of the generator shall be presented to the
holder of the connecting grid as early as in the planning
stage. The goal is that the generator of the unit is, in a
normal operating state of the grid, capable of generating
continuously the reactive power defined by the capability
curve of the generator (at generator voltage level) and on
the other hand, is, in a normal operating state of the grid,
capable of consuming continuously the reactive power
defined by the capability curve of the generator (at the
generator voltage level).
The generator shall be capable of consuming
continuously reactive power (underexcited operation)
defined by the capability curve of the generator also at the
maximum voltages 420, 245 and 123 kV of the grid
(assuming that stability is maintained).
3.3 Reactive power output at low voltage
The generator and its excitation system shall be designed
so that the generator can, while operating at the nominal
power, produce a reactive power of the magnitude of the
nominal active power for 10 seconds in conjunction with a
grid disturbance when the generator terminal voltage has
decreased to 70% of the nominal value for terminal
voltage.
1.00
0.90
0
0.25
0.75
Grid voltage (pu)
Time (s)
0.25
4
3.4 Power System Stabiliser (PSS)
A Power System Stabiliser (PSS) shall be provided in the
voltage control of generators of at least 50 MVA. The PSS
shall be tuned to damp the oscillations of the generator
and the power system, at least in the range of 0.2-2.0 Hz.
It shall be possible to disconnect the stabiliser. The
stabiliser output shall also have limiters with adjustable
settings. The functioning of the stabiliser shall be verified
in conjunction with the commissioning and modifications
of the power unit.
3.5 Additional voltage control equipment
In addition of the excitation system and the potential
Power System Stabiliser (PSS, cf. section 3.4), the
voltage control system shall also include protective
limiters and reactive current statics (providing droop
characteristic) equipment.
Current limiters for generator rotor and stator shall have
inverse time characteristics to utilise the generator
overloading capability in various grid conditions.
3.6 Voltage control mode
The primary mode of generator voltage control is constant
voltage control of the terminal voltage.
If, for special reasons, a different type of control is
needed, such as control of constant reactive power output
or constant power factor, the control shall be able to react
to the voltage variations in the same manner as constant
voltage control. The use of these control modes shall be
agreed with Fingrid.
4 POWER CONTROL
This chapter provides the general requirements
concerning power control of generators in power units
connected to the Finnish power system.
The requirements relating to power control correspond to
the characteristics required of power units which
participate in maintaining frequency-controlled normal
operation reserve and disturbance reserve. If the power
unit is used for maintaining frequency-controlled normal
operation reserve and/or disturbance reserve, this is
agreed in a separate agreement.
4.1 Turbine governor
All power units shall be equipped with a turbine governor
and associated speed control systems.
4.2 Operational modes
A change in the output power of a power unit during
normal operation and disturbance operation of the grid is
normally activated either manually or with the unit
controller.
The required power output during normal operation is the
manually pre-set power output. A frequency-sensing unit
controller (or turbine governor) modifies this manually-set
output value. Requirements relating to power control
during normal operation are given in section 4.3.
It is recommended that the units are equipped with
adjustable devices for limiting the magnitude and rate of
the power change. Moreover, it is recommended to utilise
the overload capacity only to the extent that is intrinsically
available in the unit.
The normal operation of the grid turns to disturbed
operation when the rate of change in frequency exceeds
0.5 Hz/s or when the error in the frequency set point is
more than 0.5 Hz. The need for power control during a
disturbance shall be governed by the frequency-sensing
equipment (e.g. consisting of a frequency relay).
Requirements relating to power control during a
disturbance are given in section 4.4.
The set value for frequency in the unit controller is 50 Hz.
The set value resolution or the potential adjustable
frequency dead band of the controller should be 0.05 Hz
or less. It shall also be possible to disengage the dead
band.
The active power statics set point (providing droop
characteristic) shall be adjustable at least within the range
from 2% to 8% in maximum steps of 0.1%.
4.3 Power response capability during normal operation
of the power system
Requirements concerning hydropower units and reserve
gas turbines have been presented separately below,
because the power control features of these units differ
essentially from other types of power units. The
requirements presented under section 4.3.2 for other
power units apply to power units other than those referred
to above.
4.3.1 Power response rate and range - hydropower
units and reserve gas turbines
Hydropower units and reserve gas turbines shall be
designed so that their power response rate is at least
40% of the full power in one minute.
The above power response rate shall be applicable when
the power of the unit is 40-100% of the full power. The
power response rate can be limited to the maximum
permitted power response rate of the turbines when the
power of the unit is below 40%.
The minimum continuous output power of the unit shall be
as small as possible. The minimum output power of
hydropower units and reserve gas turbines shall be at the
most 10% of the full power.
The maximum starting time of reserve gas turbines to full
power shall be 10 minutes.
4.3.2 Power response rate and range - other power unit
types
Power units other than those referred to under section
4.3.1 shall be designed so that their power response rate
is at least 5% of the full power in one minute.
The above power response rate shall be applicable when
the power of the unit is 60-90% of the full power. The
power response rate can be limited to the maximum
permitted power response rate of the turbines or steam
boilers when the power of the unit is below 60% or over
90%.
The minimum continuous output power of the power unit
shall be as small as possible, taking the technical
conditions into account. The target value for minimum
output power, serving as the basis of design, should be at
the most 40% of the full power.
5
4.4 Power response capability during power system
disturbances
2

After the instantaneous power step changes described
below, it must be possible to control the power of the
power unit in accordance with section 4.3. As under
section 4.3, the requirements concerning hydropower
units and reserve gas turbines have been presented
separately, because the power control features of these
units differ essentially from other types of power units.
4.4.1 Instantaneous power step change - hydropower
units and reserve gas turbines
capable of implementing, whenever necessary, an
instantaneous power step change, the magnitude of which
is at least 10% of the full power within the units power
range of 50-100%.
4.4.2 Instantaneous power step change - other power
unit types
Power units other than those referred to under section
4.4.1 shall be capable of implementing, whenever
necessary, an instantaneous power step change, the
magnitude of which is at least 5% of the full power within
the units power range of 50-90%.
4.4.3 Spinning disturbance reserve
Power units shall be designed so that they can be used as
spinning disturbance reserve if necessary. In case the
power system cannot be restored to its normal state by
utilising the separately contracted reserve, Fingrid has the
right to demand units to adjust their power within the
power change ranges specified above. This kind of an
exceptional situation can be caused by a disturbance
more severe than the dimensioning fault of the main grid
or by some other unexpected reason.
4.5 House load operation
All power plants shall be designed to safely change over
to house load operation in conditions specified in sections
1.3, 1.4, 1.5 and 2.2, i.e. when the grid frequency and/or
the grid voltage variations exceed the design criteria
presented in these specifications.
In house load operation, the unit is only loaded by its own
auxiliary supply systems.
designed so that they operate in house load operation for
at least 8 hours. Other power units shall be designed so
that they operate in house load operation for at least 1
hour, but can be restarted and synchronised back to the
grid after this as soon as possible, taking the technical
conditions into account; however, within a maximum of 4
hours during the next 12 hours. Nuclear power units shall
be capable of operating in house load operation and be
available for starting as determined by the nuclear safety
regulations.
4.6 Island operation
When the power system is separated into smaller
systems, which operate asynchronously, the power plant
needs to operate in island operation. To be able to
resynchronise to the power system, the power units
connected to the islands shall be able to control their
power according to instructions given by Fingrid.

2
Power system disturbances are frequency or voltage distur-
bances, also including stability disturbances in severe cases.
It is recommended that in island operation, the units are
capable of performing the power changes specified under
section 4.3 (upwards or downwards) and hence achieve
stable operation. The additional requirements for the units
caused by the partial systems shall be taken into account
separately.
5 VERIFICATION
5.1 Tests
The fulfilment of the requirements presented shall be
verified, wherever possible, by means of tests carried out
at the power unit. If it turns out to be difficult to carry out
the tests, they can be replaced with simulations or
technical calculations. However, the replacement of tests
with simulations or calculations must always be agreed
separately with Fingrid. The operation of the unit shall be
verified and documented in order to indicate the fulfilment
of the requirements.
The tests shall be made in conjunction with the
commissioning of the unit. Moreover, the necessary tests
need to be carried out at the unit in conjunction with
essential modifications or if there is reason to assume that
the properties of the power unit differ from these
requirements.
The owner of the power plant is responsible both
technically and financially of the verification.
5.2 Verification during commissioning
5.2.1 Tests concerning the grid
The tests concerning the grid must be agreed separately
with Fingrid. The following tests and measurements shall
be done:
deep voltage transient caused by short circuit
changeover to house load operation
house load operation.

5.2.2 Tests concerning the power unit
The following tests and measurements shall be done:
nominal power and capability curve
step response of generator voltage
Power System Stabiliser (PSS) test.
6 INFORMATION EXCHANGE
Power units sized 10 MVA and higher, real-time active
and reactive power measurements and the information on
whether the power unit is connected to the grid shall be
supplied to Fingrid. For power units smaller than 10 MVA,
the measurement information mentioned above can be
supplied as a producer-specific sum.
Other information exchange concerning the power plant
has been specified in the Contract of Fingrid's Main Grid
Service and General Connection Terms or in separate
Fingrid's data exchange principles.

4.6.2007

POWER PLANT DATA APPENDIX 1 1(2)
Owner/Owners:__________________________ Plant:_____________________________
Date: _____________________________
GENERATOR
1. Rated values:
Rated voltage Un ________________________ kV
Voltage range (% of rated voltage) ________________________ %
Rated output Sn ________________________ MVA
Rated active power Pn ________________________ MW
Current In ________________________ A
Power factor cos n ________________________
Speed n ________________________ 1/min
Nominal magnetising voltage Umn ________________________ V
Nominal magnetising current Imn ________________________ A
2. PQ diagram (limiters included)
Figure or following reactive power values:
At rated active power Pn:
Qmax ________________________ Mvar
Qmin ________________________ Mvar
At active power P = 0:
Qmax ________________________ Mvar
Qmin ________________________ Mvar
3. Settings of stator and rotor limiters
4. Open circuit and short circuit saturation curve
5. Electrical parameters:
Stator resistance R ________________________ %
Reactances:
Synchronous, direct axis Xd ________________________ %
Synchronous, direct axis Xd (saturated) ________________________ %
Synchronous, quadrature axis Xq ________________________ %
Transient, direct axis Xd' ________________________ %
Transient, direct axis Xd' (saturated) ________________________ %
Transient, quadrature axis Xq' ________________________ %
Subtransient, direct axis Xd" ________________________ %
Subtransient, quadrature axis Xq" ________________________ %
Negative sequence X2 ________________________ %
Zero sequence Xo ________________________ %
Stator stray Xl ________________________ %
Time constants:
DC short-circuit time constant Ta ________________________ s
Direct axis transient open circuit time constant Tdo' ________________________ s
Quadrature axis transient open circuit time constant Tqo' ________________________ s
Direct axis subtransient open circuit time constant Tdo" ________________________ s
Quadrature axis subtransient open circuit time constant Tqo" ________________________ s
Direct axis transient short circuit time constant Td' ________________________ s
Quadrature axis transient short circuit time constant Tq' ________________________ s
Direct axis subtransient short circuit time constant Td" ________________________ s
Quadrature axis subtransient short circuit time constant Tq" ________________________ s
6. Mechanical system data:
Stored energy constant (generator + turbine) H ________________________ s
Moment of inertia for generator Jg ________________________ kgm
2
Moment of inertia for turbines (1,2, ..., x) Jt1, Jt2, ..., Jtx ________________________ kgm
2
Moment of inertia for exciter (if used) Jexc ________________________ kgm
2
Spring constants between the parts of turbine generator given above Kt1_t2, Kt2_t3, ..., Ktx_g, Kg_exc
________________________ Nm/rad
Plant:__________________________________ APPENDIX 1 2(2)
CONTROL SYSTEM
7. Magnetising system:
Type: static/brushless/other ________________________
Block diagram with settings (saturation curve included)
Results of open circuit step response test or
following values:
Time constant t10 ________________________ s
Time constant t90 ________________________ s
Overshooting ________________________ %
8. Block diagram of power system stabiliser with settings
9. Turbine governor:
Block diagram with settings and
Results from power response tests
10. Statics/droop of turbine governor ________________________ %
11. Statics/droop of voltage control ________________________ %
STEP-UP TRANSFORMER
Electrical connection with grounding data ________________________
Rated apparent power Sn ________________________ MVA
Rated voltages Un1(+off-load tap changer)/Un2 ________________________ kV/kV
Short circuit resistance Rk ________________________ %
Short circuit impedance Zk ________________________ %
Specifications for the APPENDIX 2 - December 2011
operational performance
of wind power plants
Page 1/20

SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF POWER
PLANTS (VJV 2007) APPENDIX 2

Specifications for the operational performance

December 2011

Page 2/20

1. Introducti on
The specifications for the operational performance of wind power plants connected to the Finnish
power system are based on the Nordic Grid Code. The Nordic Grid Code provides the common
framework for the Nordic TSOs (Transmission System Operators) and the parties who operate
generating facilities connected to the Nordic power system.
The Nordic Grid Code and the Specifications for the operational performance of power plants (VJ V
2007) with its appendices (hereinafter in this document referred to as the "Specifications") outline
the minimum technical requirements that new wind power plants have to fulfil at the reference
point specified for the Specifications in order to provide for safe operation and reliability of the
interconnected Nordic power system. The Specifications provide requirements for the system
component capabilities and performance characteristics that shall be available whenever needed
for the safe and reliable operation and functioning of the power system and its components.
This appendix of VJ V 2007 presents the country-specific specifications for wind turbine generators
and wind power plants to be connected to the Finnish power system, related to the Specifications
for the operational performance of wind power plants set on the Nordic level.
2. Defi nitions
Connection point: Ownership boundary as specified in the connection agreement.
Reference point of VJV requirements: Point where the Specifications shall be fulfilled
(hereinafter in this document referred to as the "VJ V reference point").
Wind turbine generator (abbr. WTG): A generating facility which is intended for converting wind
energy into electricity and for transmitting the electricity to a medium-voltage part of the electricity
network, towards the connection point.
Wind power plant (abbr. WPP): A generating facility composed of more than one wind turbine
generator, containing shared power plant level control (so-called plant control), a medium-voltage
and/or high-voltage feeder system of the wind power plant, and potentially a step-up transformer
and other devices required connect the WPP to power system and/or fulfil the Specifications.
The reference levels of voltages used in this document are:
in the 400 kV network 100% =400 kV
The reference level for the medium-voltage network is specified by the network operator of the
connection point of the wind turbine generator or wind power plant.
3. Scope of the connecti on code
Wind power plants having in total rated power higher than 10 MVA connected to the electricity
network in Finland shall fulfil the Specifications at the VJ V reference point specified by Fingrid.
Fingrid specifies the VJ V reference point in accordance with the principles described in Appendix 3
of VJ V2007.
Wind turbine generators and wind power plants with rated power from 0.5 MVA to 10 MVA
connected to the electricity network in Finland shall fulfil the Specifications at the VJ V reference
point. The network operator of the connection point specifies the VJ V reference point in
accordance with the principles described in Appendix 3 of VJ V2007.
Page 3/20

The network operator of the connection point has a right to specify additional requirements as
required by the local network. The additional requirements shall not be in conflict with Fingrids
requirements.
Because Fingrid does not have a contractual relationship beyond the customer networks, the
network companies connected to Fingrids grid shall make sure that the wind turbine generators
and wind power plants of 0.5 MVA or higher, connected directly to their network or beyond their
network, fulfil Fingrids specifications for the operational performance of power plants as described
in this document.
Distribution network companies specify the operational performance requirements set on wind
turbine generators and wind power plants of under 0.5 MVA in their areas. In the size category of
under 0.5 MVA, it is recommended that the recommendations of Finnish Energy Industries
concerning the technical requirements imposed on generating facilities shall be applied.
Fingrid shall be requested separate statement concerning derogation(s) from the Specifications.
As regards the granting of a derogation from the Specifications, Fingrids acceptance shall be
sought at the earliest possible stage of the wind power plant project, and in any case no later than
at the procurement stage of the WTGs for the WPP.
3.1 Generati ng faci lities that may have an impact on the transmi ssi on
capabili ty of the power system
Those generating facilities that can influence the transmission capability either in the 400 kV main
electricity transmission grid or in the 220 kV transmission network in Lapland are subject to the
requirements laid down in chapters 1 to 13 of this document and also to the additional
requirements set out in Appendix 5 of VJ V2007.
3.2 Wind power proj ects progressing in stages
The Specifications shall be applied to wind power projects which progress in stages so that the
final generation capacity of the wind power plant and the development in the generation capacity
during the various stages of the project are taken into account. The Specifications shall be
validated, as applicable, when the generation capacity of the wind power plant exceeds a power
limit related to the Specifications or when the structure of the wind power plant changes in a way
which potentially affects the technical characteristics and functionalities of the plant.
The way in which the Specifications shall be taken into account in conjunction with wind power
projects progressing in stages shall be recorded in the connection agreements.
4. Acti ve power control
It shall be possible to control the active power generation of a wind turbine generator or wind
power plant. The following control functions shall be available:
4.1 Si ze category 0.5 - 10 MVA
A wind turbine generator or a wind power plant shall have capability to adjust the upper limit of
active power generation at the VJ V reference point. The upper limit shall ensure, whenever
requested to do so, that the active power generation does not exceed the specified level. A WTG
and/or WPP shall have facilities for controlling the upper limit by remote signals. It shall be
possible to set the upper limit with an accuracy of 5% (or more accurately) within the range
limited by the minimum and maximum power of the turbine generator or the power plant.
Page 4/20

4.2 Si ze category >10 MVA
A wind power plant shall be able to control the upper limit of active power generation at the VJ V
reference point. The upper limit shall ensure, whenever requested to do so, that the active power
generation does not exceed a specified level. It shall be possible to change the upper limit
remotely. It shall be possible to set the upper limit with an accuracy of 1 MW (or more accurately)
within the range limited by the minimum and maximum power of the power plant.
It shall be possible to limit the ramping rate of active power generation by the wind power plant
(increased generation due to a higher wind speed or due to a changed maximum active power
limit) to at least 10% of the rated power per minute. There is no requirement concerning the down-
control of active power as a result of a fast reduction in wind speed, but if the upper limit of active
power generation is decreased, it shall be possible to select the ramping rate freely, considering
the inherent ability of a WTG to operate in power change situations. It shall be possible to set the
ramping rate with an accuracy of 1 MW/min.
It shall be possible to control the generation of active power by a wind power plant quickly down
with respect to the power output at VJ V reference point. It shall be possible to control the active
power down from 100% to 20% of rated power in less than 5 seconds. In order to retain the
stability of the power system, it shall be possible to restore the active power within a short period
of time after down-control. For this reason, the disconnection of WTGs at the WPP cannot be
applied to fulfil this requirement.
It shall be possible to control the generation of active power by a wind power plant automatically
with respect to the VJ V reference point as a function of the system frequency by means of the
frequency control function. The control shall operate proportionally to the frequency deviation, and
the control shall have a dead-band which can be set.
The variables set and their setting ranges shall be at least as follows:
1) dead-band in control: 0 to 500 mHz, to be set in maximum steps of 5 mHz
2) target value for the VJ V reference point power level at which the frequency control is
carried out: 0 to 100% of rated power, to be set with a minimum accuracy of 1 MW
3) control range (symmetrical or asymmetrical for up-control and down-control): 0 to 100% of
rated power, to be set with a minimum accuracy of 1 MW
4) droop of control: 2 to 12%, to be set in maximum steps of 1%
All functionalities related to active power control shall be carried out so that as a result of their
functioning, there are no sudden changes or sustained and/or poorly damped oscillations in the
active power and/or reactive power produced by the wind power plant. I.e. the active and reactive
power output of the WPP is smooth and non-oscillatory during and after the control actions.
The active power measured at the VJ V reference point shall follow the power value specified by
the control function with an accuracy of 1 MW or 1% of the rated power of the wind power plant
(whichever is greater); however, the impacts of potential momentary and intense changes in wind
speed shall be taken in to account when the accuracy of the power control functions is evaluated.
5. Reacti ve power capacit y
A wind turbine generator and a wind power plant shall have adequate reactive power capacity.
The WTG or WPP shall be able to produce and consume reactive power as specified in this
chapter and in figures 5.1 and 5.2 at the VJ V reference point specified for it.
If the VJ V reference point is located in a medium-voltage distribution network, the impact of the
potential on-line tap changer (OLTC) of the transformer connecting the medium-voltage and high-
voltage networks on the voltage presented in figures 5.1 and 5.2 can be taken into account when
assessing whether the requirement is fulfilled.
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Beyond the limit values specified in this chapter, the reactive power generation capacity of a wind
turbine generator and wind power plant shall be based on the reactive power generation capacity
of wind turbine generators and other WPP devices which generate or consume reactive power;
however, taking into account the stable and safe operation of WTGs as well as the limit values set
by the structure of WTGs and other devices. The protection related to the operation of current
limiters (or equivalent equipment) used in wind WTGs and other devices shall be co-ordinated so
that the reactive power capacity available from the WPP can be utilised as efficiently as possible
without the risk of the WTGs disconnecting from the grid.
If the structure of the wind power plant and its components does not inherently enable the
fulfilment of the reactive power capacity requirement at VJ V reference point, separate
compensation devices, which are implemented as part of the plant, shall be utilised in order to fulfil
the requirement. A plan concerning the utilisation of compensation devices shall be subjected to
the approval of the network operator of the connection point, and with WPPs in excess of 10 MVA,
Fingrids approval is also required no later than at the procurement stage of the WTGs of a WPP.
If the wind turbine generator and/or wind power plant operates below its minimum production
power (P
min
), i.e. if it takes its house load operation power from the electricity network, the WTG
and/or WPP is not subjected to the requirement relating to the reactive power capacity.
In the manner indicated by figure 5.1, the wind turbine generator or wind power plant shall be able
to operate within the operating range limited by its minimum power (P
min
) and maximum power
(P
max
) continuously when the power factor is at the most:
0.995ind (overexcited), when the network voltage is in the range 90-100%
0.995cap (underexcited) when the network voltage is in the range 100-105%

Figure 5.1. Reactive power capacity requirement for size category 0.5-10 MVA.
In the manner indicated by figure 5.2, the wind power plant shall be able to operate within the
operating range limited by its minimum power (P
min
) and maximum power (P
max
) continuously when
the power factor is at the most:
0.95ind (overexcited), when the network voltage is in the range 90-100%
0.95cap (underexcited), when the network voltage is in the range 100-105%
Page 6/20

Figure 5.2. Reactive power capacity requirement for size category >10 MVA.
With wind power plants in excess of 10 MVA, the reactive power calculation shall be carried out as
early as at the planning stage and subjected to Fingrids approval in the manner described in
section 13.2. The calculation shall demonstrate the fulfilment of the reactive power capacity
requirement at the VJ V reference point and describe the reactive power generation and
consumption based on components, which are crucial in terms of the reactive power capacity
requirement, as a function of the parameters (such as voltage, active power) affecting the
components.
6. Reacti ve power control and voltage control
Wind turbine generators and wind power plants shall have automatic reactive power control and
voltage control, used for controlling the reactive power fed to the VJ V reference point and the
reactive power taken from the VJ V reference point. The control shall be carried out so that the
control works continuously and so that the changes in reactive power at the VJ V reference point
as a result of the control take place in smooth and continuous manner. The response of the control
functions to step-wise changes and continuous variation in the voltage of the power system shall
be stable, and the control functions to be carried out as a result of the response shall not lead to
sustained or poorly damped oscillations in the reactive power of the plant.
Reactive power control shall enable the utilisation of the reactive power capacity of the plant in the
manner described in chapter 5. The functioning of the control shall not be disturbed by changes in
the voltage and frequency of the network or by momentary voltage disturbances.
Any transitions in the mode and operation point of the control shall take place without sudden
changes (more than 1% of rated power) or repeated, significant oscillations in the power produced
by the plant. The mode transition shall be finalised within a predetermined period after the mode
transition is requested.
If separate compensation devices, like static compensators, implemented as part of the plant are
utilised in order to achieve the reactive power capacity requirement, the functioning of such
devices shall be co-ordinated with the functioning of the controllers of the wind turbine generators
so as to fulfil the requirements laid down in this chapter.
If the wind turbine generator and/or wind power plant operates below its minimum production
power (P
min
), i.e. if it takes its house load operation power from the electricity network, the WTG
and/or WPP does not have an obligation, from the viewpoint of the Specifications, to control the
voltage or reactive power at the VJ V reference point.
Page 7/20

A wind turbine generator or wind power plant shall have at least one of the following two
functionalities related to the control of reactive power:
1) constant reactive power control
2) constant power factor control
The accuracy of the control functions shall make sure that when the generation power of the wind
power plant varies while the target value for reactive power control is 0 kVar, the reactive power
generated by the WPP varies no more than 5% of the rated power of the WPP from the target
value of control (i.e. Q =0.025 S
N
[kVar]). Reactive power variation shall not temporarily
exceed a level that corresponds to 10% of the rated power of the WPP (i.e. Q =0.05 S
N

[kVar]).
The functioning of the control shall be validated in conjunction with commissioning measurements.
The validation of the accuracy and responses of the control in conjunction with commissioning can
be replaced with type testing documentation or similar documentation.
If the features of the wind turbine generators or wind power plant include more than one
functionality related to reactive power control or a possibility to control the reactive power
produced by a WTG or WPP on the basis of the voltage of the network (constant voltage control),
the network operator of the connection point has a right to require the utilisation of the said
functionality within the intrinsic reactive power capacity of the WTG or WPP when the WTG or
WPP produces active power to the network.
Reactive power control and voltage control in wind power plants with rated power in excess of 10
MVA shall have the following functionalities:
1) constant reactive power control
2) constant power factor control
3) constant voltage control
The control range of reactive power control and voltage control shall correspond to the actual
reactive power capacity of the wind power plant. The method of implementation or parametering of
the control shall not artificially limit the reactive power capacity. The basic operation of limiters
implemented in order to guarantee the overcurrent capability of the WPP components shall be
described as part of the plant documentation to be supplied separately.
The reactive power control and voltage control functions shall be able to keep the reactive power
generation of the wind power plant within the target value of the control function. The accuracy of
the reactive power control functions and voltage control functions shall be validated in conjunction
with commissioning tests in accordance with the principles set out in Appendix 4.
The response of the control functions to step-wise changes and continuous variation in the voltage
of the power system shall be stable, and the control functions to be carried out as a result of their
response to voltage variations shall not lead to sustained or poorly damped oscillations in the
reactive power of the plant.
6.2.1 Constant reactive power control
The wind power plant shall be able to operate at constant reactive power control so that the control
can be used for controlling directly the reactive power fed to the VJ V reference point and the
reactive power taken from the VJ V reference point.
It shall be possible to set the reference value of constant reactive power control for reactive power
with respect to the VJ V reference point in maximum steps of 1 Mvar. The setting range of the
target value shall correspond to the actual reactive power capacity of the WPP in accordance with
chapter 5.
Page 8/20

6.2.2 Constant power factor control
The wind power plant shall be able to operate at constant power factor control so that the control
can be used for controlling directly the power factor of the VJ V reference point, i.e. the reactive
power fed to the VJ V reference point and the reactive power taken from the VJ V reference point
as a function of the active power generated by the WPP.
It shall be possible to set the reference value of constant power factor control for the power factor
in maximum steps of 0.01 within the power factor range conforming to the VJ V requirements
(figures 5.1 and 5.2).
6.2.3 Constant voltage control
The wind power plant shall be able to operate at constant voltage control so that the control can be
used, considering the setting value of the slope of reactive power, for controlling directly the
voltage of the VJ V reference point.
It shall be possible to set the reference value of constant voltage control for the voltage in
accordance with the limit values specified for the voltage of the VJ V reference point (continuous
operation) in the Specifications in maximum steps of 0.01 p.u. or 1 kV.
It shall be possible to set the reactive power slope of voltage control within a range of 1 to 10% in
maximum steps of 1%.
The rise time of the step response from 0 to 90% of the measured total change shall not be more
than 1 second. The overshoot in the step response shall not be more than 15% of the measured
total change.
In controller tuning based on the step response, the potential impact of the control performance on
the dynamics of the power system shall be taken into account, especially in the special cases
described in section 3.1. In this case, the controller shall be tuned in co-operation between the
owner of the plant, the vendor of the WTGs and plant level controls and Fingrid in accordance with
the principles described in Appendix 5.
7. Dimensi oni ng voltage and frequency
The wind power plant shall be able to operate within the operating range presented in Figure 7.1.
The principles and functionalities related to the automatic power reductions pertaining to the
frequency and voltage ranges shall be documented comprehensively and delivered to Fingrid as
part of the plant documentation.
Page 9/20

Figure 7.1 Operation at deviating frequency and voltage
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

[
H
z
]
53
52
E - 3 min
51
C - 30 min, at maximum total of 10 h /
year as cumulative duration of the events
50
50.3
D - 60 min
49.7
A - normal continuous operation
D - 60 min
48
49
47.5
B - 30 min
47
85 90 95 100 105 110
Voltage [%]
B:
30 min continuous operation at time - decrease of output power due to
freqeuncy drop is accepted if and only if such is absolutety required due to
inherent performance characteristics of the applied generation technology
(e.g. to due inherent generation characteristics), the largest allowed
decrease is 0 %at frequency of 49 Hz and 15%at frequency of 47.5 %(within
the frequency range in between those two boundaries, the allowed decrease
can be defined based on linear dependency between those two coordinates
in frequency - "allowed decrease in power output" -plane)
A:
Normal continuous operation - no decreases due to voltage and/or frequency
variations are allowed
Outside the given voltage-frequency operation ranges the WTG shall continue its
operation as longas possible consideringthe inherent capability of the technology to
tolerate variations in voltage and its frequency, disconnection with no delay based
on under- or overfrequency and/or under- or overvoltage is not allowed.
D:
60 minutes continuous use - 10% decrease in output power accepted
E:
3 minutes continuously - large decrease in output power accepted
C:
30 min continuous use so that the cumulative duration over period of one
year is at maximum 10 h - decrease of 10%in real power output can be
accepted in case the decrease in power does not affect the capability of the
plant to continue its operation at its initial level of real power output as
soon as the system frequency reduces below the 50.3 Hz threshold level
Page 10/20

8. Operati onal characteri sti cs during grid di sturbances
The wind turbine generators and wind power plants shall be able to continue operation during and
after disturbances in the transmission network. This requirement applies under the following
conditions:
The wind turbine generators and wind power plants shall be able to stay connected to the power
system and to continue operation during and after dimensioning faults in the synchronized Nordic
transmission system.
However, the wind turbine generators and/or wind power plants shall not disconnect from the
system without a delay as a result of the operation of an undervoltage relay, but they shall
continue to operate within the limits allowed by the relevant technology even if the envelope of the
lowest phase-to-phase voltage during a voltage disturbance does not remain below the levels set
out in the following chapters 8.1 and 8.2.
After a network failure, the wind turbine generator and/or wind power plant shall restore the power
level which preceded the failure as soon as possible. Potential delays in excess of 1 s (one
second) in power restoration or long-term power reductions shall be subjected to Fingrids
approval. If power restoration depends on the level of voltage at the VJ V reference point, the said
dependency and its potential impact on power restoration shall be documented and delivered to
Fingrid.
Wind turbine generators and wind power plants of size category 0.5 to 10 MVA shall be able to
continue to operate while the lowest phase-to-phase voltage at the VJ V reference point remains,
during and after disturbances in the electricity network, at the level indicated in Figure 8.1 or above
that level.

Figure 8.1 Voltage dip at VJ V reference point, during and after which voltage dip the wind turbine
generator or wind power plant shall continue to operate normally. The per unit value 1.0 of voltage
is the voltage before the disturbance.
Page 11/20

In addition to the functionalities specified at the beginning of chapter 8, wind power plants with
nominal rating in excess of 10 MVA are also required the following functionalities:
Wind power plants of size category in excess of 10 MVA shall be able to continue to operate while
the lowest phase-to-phase voltage at the VJ V reference point remains, during and after
disturbances in the electricity network, at the level indicated in Figure 8.2 or above that level. The
settings of the undervoltage protection of the WPP and its WTGs shall be delivered to Fingrid as
described in sections 13.2.2 and 13.2.3.
The details regarding the way in which the operation of the wind power plant is validated in
conjunction with a network disturbance shall be agreed separately with Fingrid.

Figure 8.2 Voltage dip at VJ V reference point, during and after which voltage dip the wind turbine
generator or wind power plant shall continue to operate normally. The per unit value 1.0 of voltage
is the voltage before the disturbance.
9. Start-up and shut-down
The start-up of a wind turbine generator and/or wind power plant shall not cause intense and/or
poorly damped harmonic oscillations, for example ones caused by the in-rush currents of
transformers, or a voltage change in excess of 0.03 p.u. in the voltage at the VJ V reference point
(the magnitude of the voltage variation shall be less than 3% of the rated operating voltage at the
VJ V reference point).
The wind turbine generators within the wind power plant shall not shut down simultaneously due to
high wind speeds. The shut-down shall be graded based on the ability of WTGs (operational
safety) to operate at high wind speeds.
The implementation of the gradation of the automatic shut-down of a wind turbine generator in
terms of wind speeds which are critical in order to ensure operational safety and in terms of related
delays shall be documented and delivered to Fingrid. The documentation shall also contain a
description of the principles related to restart of power production after an interruption due to high
wind speeds.
Page 12/20

10. Remote control and measurements
Fingrids information exchange principles are presented in Appendix 2 Application instruction
concerning information exchange (available on Fingrids website) of the main grid contract. The
measurements specified in Appendix 2 of the main grid contract shall be available to Fingrid when
the wind turbine generator or wind power plant begins to supply active power to the electricity
network. Hourly energy measurement information on plants in excess of 1 MVA shall be delivered
to Fingrid.
In the special cases described in section 3.1, a transient fault recorder shall be installed or
otherwise implemented as part of the control and/or automation system of the wind power plant in
accordance with the principles described in Appendix 5.
10.1 Size category 0.5 - 10 MVA
The wind turbine generator and/or wind power plant shall have readiness for remote control.
10.2 Size category >10 MVA
The remote control of the wind power plant shall be possible.
11. Demonstrati on of compliance and test requirements
The demonstration of the compliance with the Specifications imposed on the wind power plant can
be conducted in the following manners:
1) power plant level system tests relating to the VJ V requirements, to be carried out in
conjunction with the commissioning of the wind power plant
2) certificates given by accredited laboratories, or equivalent detailed test reports of the wind
turbine generators
3) continuous monitoring
4) simulation studies carried out by utilising validated simulation models.
The owner of the wind turbine generator or wind power plant is responsible for the validation of the
requirements both technically and economically.
The following features relating to the Specifications shall be validated by means of measurements
in conjunction with the commissioning and/or trial operation of the wind turbine generator or wind
power plant:
1) the momentary impact of the start-up and shut-down of the WTG/WPP on the voltage level
2) validation of the highest generation power of the WTG/WPP
3) reactive power capacity in accordance with Figure 5.1
4) the ability of the WTG/WPP to maintain a reactive power level of 0 kVar in the manner
described in section 6.2.2
5) functioning of reactive power control and change of operation point without significant,
sudden changes
6) power quality.
As regards the above-mentioned characteristics, the network operator of the connection point shall
be delivered a commissioning protocol and report which indicate the quantities validated by means
of measurements and the timing of the measurements.
Page 13/20

Relating to items 2, 3 and 5, the commissioning measurements can be replaced with a type testing
report or equivalent report, if the performing of the tests related to the said items is not possible
due to for example wind conditions or the operating situation of the electricity network.
The measurements related to item 6 can be replaced with for example a test report in accordance
with standard IEC 61400-21 or an equivalent test report which describes the impacts of devices
connected to the network on the power quality.
In addition, if the wind turbine generator or wind power plant has control properties referred to for
example in chapters 5 and 6, the network operator of the connection point has the right to require
the testing of such properties, too, in conjunction with the trial operation of the WTG or WPP.
Compliance with the Specifications at the power plant level shall primarily be validated by means
of commissioning tests carried out at the wind power plant in conjunction with commissioning. The
other three methods presented at the beginning of chapter 11 are primarily used as support of the
test results. When assessing the feasibility of the commissioning tests in view of the practical
arrangements of the tests, individual commissioning tests can be replaced in individual cases with
these alternative methods.
The owner of the wind power plant is responsible for drawing up the test programme, and the test
programme shall cover the testing of the main functionalities with regard to the Specifications. The
tests shall cover at least the issues set out in table 11.1, and the general structure of the tests shall
follow to the description in Appendix 4.
Table 11.1 Example of the structure of a test programme in terms of the main items

The final content of the test programme relating to the Specifications shall be agreed upon in co-
operation between Fingrid and the various parties involved in the the wind power plant project. The
structure and programme of the commissioning tests shall be submitted to Fingrid as described in
section 13.2.2 no later than 3 months prior to the start of the commissioning tests relating to the
Specifications.
A prior to the commissioning tests, Fingrid carries out background simulations relating to the
commissioning on the basis of the information delivered to Fingrid. The purpose of the simulations
is to identify:
1) system operation related actions required during the tests
1 Plant start-up and shut-down
2 Operation at minimum load
3 PQ-capacity
4 Performance of reactive power control functions
4.1 Constant reactive power control
4.2 Constant power factor control
4.3 Constant voltage control
4.4 Transitions between control modes
5 Performance of power and frequency controls
5.1 Power limiting capability
5.2 Funtionality of rate-of-change of power limiters
5.3 Controlled high-wind shut down
5.4 Frequency control capability
5.5 Transitions between control modes
6 Power quality
7 Fault ride-through
Page 14/20

2) purposeful method of execution of the tests, and
3) potential impact of the tests on the power system and other connectees.
The results of the commissioning tests shall be in line with the information supplied on the wind
power plant and with related simulation models. The results of the tests shall be reported, and the
main portions of the results shall be delivered to Fingrid in a numeric format.
Fingrid accepts the commissioning tests on the basis of four items.
1) The tests have been prepared and planned in the scope set out in sections 2.1 and 2.2 of
Appendix 4.
2) The tests are carried out in the agreed extent and accepted in the manner described in
section 2.3 of Appendix 4.
3) The operation of the wind power plant validated in the tests does not contradict the VJ V
requirements and the technical documentation (including the simulation models and their
functioning) supplied of the wind power plant.
4) A commissioning report and measurement data in a numeric format have been supplied of
the tests, relating at least to the main test entities in view of the validation of the functioning
of the simulation model.
During the commissioning tests, no more than 10% of the wind turbine generators of the wind
power plant or one wind turbine generator may be out of use (the higher percentage value
applies). However, the percentage of WTGs which are out of use shall not exceed 20%.
As a rule, the commissioning tests in the scope described above shall be carried out and accepted
within 9 months from the date on which the wind power plant has fed active power to the
connection point of the wind power plant for the first time. In the case of expansion projects
referred to in section 3.2, any delays to the time frame available for the tests shall be agreed
separately with Fingrid if it is justified in terms of the progress of the expansion project.
12. Simulation model s
The simulation models to be supplied to Fingrid are primarily utilised for the following purposes:
1) simulations relating to feasibility and transmission network planning studies
2) simulations relating to commissioning tests
3) simulations relating to the power system operational planning
4) simulations relating to the post-disturbance analysis and to the co-ordination of power
system controls.
The simulation models to be delivered to Fingrid are also used as part of the common Nordic
dynamic simulation model which describes the entire Nordic synchronous power system.
A model suited to the simulation of power flows and fault currents and a dynamics simulation
model shall be delivered for the PSS/E calculation software.
The type of the dynamics simulation model to be delivered can, considering the general
requirements concerning the model, be of either one of the following types:
1) project-specific parametrisation to a publicly available standard (i.e. generic) model
2) vendor-specific model.
The special requirements relating to certain power plant connections in the manner set out in
section 3.1 and in Appendix 5 shall be taken into account at the earliest possible stage of the wind
power plant project.
Page 15/20

The EMT simulation model specified in Appendix 5 shall be delivered for the PSCAD calculation
software.
The simulation models shall reproduce, within the voltage and frequency operating range
conforming to the Specifications, the operation of the wind turbine generators and/or wind power
plant, considering the impact of their operation on the power system. If the function of the models
and their functionalities involve constraints, they shall be described as part of the model
documentation and/or plant documentation.
The software versions and the numeric properties required of the models (such as the time step
required by the simulation models) are described separately in Appendix 6 of VJ V 2007.
If compensation equipment is utilised so as to fulfil the Specifications, the modelling requirements
related to such equipment shall be agreed upon separately with Fingrid.
Turbine-specific models suited for power flow simulation, fault current simulation and dynamics
simulation shall be delivered of wind turbine generators (a single model is sufficient if the WTGs to
be connected to the network are identical).
If the control of plants of the size category of 0.5 to 10 MVA is carried out using power plant level
control, the power plant level control shall be included in the dynamics simulation model.
The documentation of the simulation model shall cover the following main issues:
1) general description of the controls of the WTGs
2) instructions for the use and maintenance of the simulation model.
The simulation models shall be supplied for the software versions described in Appendix 6 as part
of the power plant information described in section 13.1.
Simulation models for power flow, fault current and dynamics simulation software shall be supplied
of all wind power plants with rated power in excess of 10 MVA.
The models to be supplied shall reproduce the main functionalities and properties of the wind
power plant accurately, considering the purposes of use specified at the beginning of chapter 12.
The model intended for power flow simulation and fault current simulation shall reproduce in valid
manner the operation of the wind power plant within the required voltage and frequency operating
range, considering the impact of the WPP on the:
1) power flow of the system, considering potential dependences for example between
generation power and the voltage at the connection point
2) voltage profile of the system, considering the different operating modes and constraints of
voltage control and reactive power control as well as any additional compensation
equipment
3) fault currents.
If the simulation model cannot reproduce some of the characteristics of the operation of the wind
power plant, such as the dependency of power on the voltage at the connection point or the
current fed by the WPP in conjunction with fault current simulation, the actual behaviour of the
plant in terms of such discrepancies as compared to the behaviour disclosed by the simulation
model shall be documented and delivered to Fingrid.
The model intended for dynamics simulation shall reproduce the operation of the wind power plant
within the required voltage and frequency operating range, taking into account the response and
impact of the WPP on the:
Page 16/20

1) changes in the voltage amplitude and in its phase angle in conjunction with so-called
electromechanical transients
2) small-signal and large-signal transients relating to angle stability, including
electromechanical oscillations within a frequency range of 0.2 to 2 Hz
3) rapid (10 ms to 10 s) transients relating to voltage stability, considering for example the
operation of the plant in conjunction with voltage disturbances (so-called FRT operation)
and the dependency of power restoration and reactive power capacity on voltage.
Potential discrepancies between the simulation model and the actual behaviour of the wind power
plant shall be documented and delivered to Fingrid.
The performance of the wind power plant model shall be validated against measurements carried
out in conjunction with the commissioning tests.
The simulation models shall be supplied for the software versions described in Appendix 6 in
accordance with the schedule presented in section 13.2.
12.2.1 Structure and implementation of the dynamics simulation model
The scope and structure of the dynamics simulation model to be supplied shall be one of the
following:
1) a detailed model describing the structure of the wind power plant (so-called topology
model)
2) so-called aggregated model of the wind power plant, i.e. a model that describes the plant
by means of one equivalent WTG and WPP component or a few equivalent WTGs and
WPP components.
The model shall enable at least the modification of the parameters of voltage control and reactive
power control functions relating to the Specifications. Moreover, the functionalities relating to
active and reactive power control shall be executable freely during a simulation run by means of a
modifiable interface for power control.
12.2.2 Documentation for dynamics simulation model
The delivery format of the documentation for the dynamics simulation model can be chosen freely,
provided that the documents to be submitted are clear and unambiguous in terms of their layout
and structure. The documentation of the simulation model shall cover the following main issues:
1) a detailed block diagram description of the controls of the wind power plant and a general
description of the controls of the WTGs
2) a description of the structure of the plant, and the parameters of the main components
3) detailed instructions for the use and maintenance of the simulation model
4) results of the commissioning tests that validate the performance of the model.
13. Information to be provi ded
The delivery format and method of the information can be chosen freely, provided that the
documents to be submitted are clear and unambiguous in terms of their layout and structure. The
documentation shall cover the requirements stated below in this chapter.
Fingrid shall be submitted the information in accordance with table 13.1 of a generating facility of
size category 0.5 to 10 MVA after the commissioning measurements have been made.
Page 17/20

Table 13.1 Information to be submitted to Fingrid of a generation facility of size category 0.5 to 10
MVA

1
x 1.1
x 1.2
x Type of WTG and/or WPP
x Basic information (e.g. tower height, rotor diameter, type of WTGs)
x 1.3
2
x 2.1
x 2.2
x Power [MVA]
x Current [A]
x Voltage [V]
x Transformation ratio [primary/secondary]
x Control range and control step of (on-line) tap changer [%, %]
x Number and selected step of steps of on-line tap changer [qty, position data]
3
x 3.1
x 3.2
x 3.3
x 3.4
x Power [MVA]
x Power (maximum power production) [MW]
x Current [A]
x Voltage [V]
x Frequency [Hz]
x 3.5
x 3.6
x Type(s)
x Number
x Rated values (power, current, voltage, frequency)
x If these are used for filtering harmonics, information on structure and tuning frequency
4
x 4.1
X 4.2
X 4.3
X 4.4
X 4.5
x 4.6
5
x 5.1
x 5.2
x 5.3
6
6.1
x 6.2
x 6.3
7
x 7.1 Simulations models
Description of the operating principle of island detection scheme and conditions for resynchronization
Commissioningdocuments
Commissioning protocols and records related to Specifications
Final reference values and operating mode of reactive power control
Final relay setting protection settings of WPP and/or WTGs
Other documentation:
Description of the capability of WPP or WTGs to operate in conjunction with voltage disturbances (FRT)
Description of the control features of WPP or WTGs
Description of the impact of WPP or WTGs on power quality
Protection information on WPP or WTGs
Relay protection diagram of WPP or WTGs
Relay protection settings of WPP or WTGs
Dependence of output power on ambient conditions (e.g. wind speed, temperature)
Equipment used for compensation and/or power factor correction (if applicable)
Performance characteristics of WPP or WTG
Description of reactive power generation capacity (such as PQ diagrams of turbines)
Description of the capability of WPP or WTGs to operate at undervoltage and overvoltage
Description of the capability of WPP or WTGs to operate at underfrequency and overfrequency
Rated values of transformers of WPP or WTG
Technical information of WPP and/or WTG
Number of WTG units
Vendor(s) of WTG units and their components
Type(s) of WTG units and their components
Rated values of WTG units and their components
Structure and location of WTG or WPP
Single line diagram
Structure
Location information
Technical information on the transformer(s) of WPP and/or WTG
Number of transformers WPP or WTG
Obligat
ory
Optio
nal
Information to be delivered
Page 18/20

Information shall be submitted in three different stages of a wind power plant project:
1) as early as possible or no later than after the selection of the vendor of the key
components of the wind power plant
2) before commissioning (no later than 3 months prior to the start of the tests relating to the
Specifications)
3) final documentation after commissioning.
Before the selection of the vendor, the VJ V reference point of the wind power plant shall be
determined in the manner set out in Appendix 3.
Information and analyses relating to a potential deviations from Specifications shall be delivered in
the manner set out in section 3.2.
Moreover, what is stated below applies to the special cases described in section 3.1 as early as
during the preliminary planning stage of the project:
13.2.1 Information to be submitted as early as possible or no later than after the
selection of the vendor
1) Basic information, structure and location of wind power plant
Location and single line diagram (SLD) of the wind power plant, showing the structure
and main components of the plant and the electricity network combining them.
Potential future expansion plans.
2) Calculation of the reactive power capacity of the wind power plant
A calculation of the reactive power capacity of the wind power plant within the voltage
and frequency operating range conforming to the Specifications. The calculation shall
demonstrate the fulfilment of the reactive power capacity requirement at the VJ V
reference point and describe the reactive power generation and consumption by
individual components, which are crucial in terms of the reactive power capacity
requirements, as a function of the parameters (such as voltage, active power) affecting
the components. On the basis of the calculation, derogations from the reactive power
capacity requirement imposed on the wind power plant can be granted in manner set out
in section 3.2 of this document.
PQ diagram(s) of the WTGs and information on the voltage and frequency dependency of
the diagram.
3) Information to be submitted separately on wind turbine generators and wind power plants
WTG/WPP documentation and possible data sheets, including:
- a general description of the principles of reactive power control and voltage control
- a general description of the principles of frequency control and active power control
- voltage and frequency operating ranges
- operation in conjunction with significant voltage disturbances (so-called FRT
operation).
A description of the operation of the wind power plant in house load operation.
Moreover, the dependency of the generation power of the WTG on the ambient
conditions such as wind speed and temperature shall be stated.
Page 19/20

4) Information to be submitted on transformers and other wind power plant components
Transformer documentation and potential data sheets as well as information on the
operation and settings of on-line tap changer (OLTC).
Documentation and potential data sheets of those wind power plant components which
have an impact on the operation of the WPP in terms of the Specifications. Such devices
include potential reactive power compensation devices and harmonic filters as well as
reserve power feeding units with significant capacity.
5) Method of delivery of real-time measurement information
A description of the method in which the real-time measurement information is delivered
to Fingrid.
6) Preliminary schedule of project
Preliminary schedule of the project, including the expected timing of the commissioning
tests relating to the Specifications.
13.2.2 Information to be supplied before commissioning (no later than 3 months
prior to the start of the tests relating to the Specifications)
1) Changes and specifications to the information presented in section 13.2.1
2) Operation of the wind power plant at deviating frequency and voltage, and protection
settings
Preliminary information on the protection relays of wind turbine generators and wind
power plant together with their settings. This information shall be submitted of protection
relays which lead either to the disconnection of the WTG or WPP from the network or to
the limitation or automatic change of the active power of the generator or plant.
A description of the impact of the wind turbine generator or wind power plant on the
power quality.
A description of the operating principle of potential islanding protection.
3) Frequency control and active power control of wind power plant
Specified documentation as applicable (functional, not detailed) at the transfer function
level, concerning the implementation and operating principles of frequency control and
active power control of the wind turbine generator and/or wind power plant.
Parameters and operating delays to be set preliminarily in the controllers (these can also
be agreed upon when agreeing on the arrangements relating to the commissioning tests).
4) Voltage control and reactive power control of wind power plant
Specified documentation as applicable (functional, not detailed) at the transfer function
level, concerning the implementation and operating principles of voltage control and
reactive power control of the wind turbine generator and/or wind power plant.
Parameters and operating delays to be set preliminarily in the controllers (these can also
be agreed upon when agreeing on the arrangements relating to the commissioning tests).
5) Project-specific simulation models
Project-specific simulation model of the wind power plant to the extent described in
section 12.2.
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6) Preliminary commissioning schedule, commissioning programme
A detailed commissioning plan, including the commissioning test plan, preliminary
commissioning instructions and a description of the practical arrangements of the tests for
the validation of the Specifications shall be submitted to Fingrid for comments.
A preliminary commissioning schedule; subsequent changes to the schedule of tests
relating to the Specifications shall be reported to Fingrid.
A plan concerning the measurement arrangements of tests relating to the Specifications.
Information on permanently installed measuring equipment and on measuring equipment
only used during the commissioning tests.
13.2.3 Final documentation after commissioning
1) Changes and specifications to the information presented in sections 13.2.1 and 13.2.2
2) Commissioning records and reports of tests relating to the Specifications as well as main
results of commissioning tests in a numeric format
3) Final reference values of controllers of wind turbine generators/wind power plant
4) Final reference values of protection of wind turbine generators/wind power plant
14. Appendi ces to VJV 2007 Specificati ons of wi nd power pl ants
Appendix 3 - Determination principles for the reference point of VJ V requirements
Appendix 4 - Procedures relating to the validation of the Specifications and description of the
content of commissioning tests
Appendix 5 - Additional requirements for wind power plants with rated power in excess of 100
MVA and for plants connected to the transmission network in Lapland
Appendix 6 - Information on the software versions of the simulation models and technical
information on the simulations

Page 1/5


Determination principles for the reference point
of VJ V requirements

December 2011

Page 2/5

1. Introducti on
This document presents, by way of examples, the main principles that the network operator of the
connection point shall follow when determining the reference point of the VJ V requirements, in
other words the point where the wind power plant (abbr. WPP) to be connected to the electricity
network shall fulfil the Specifications concerning the wind power plant.
The key principle in determining the reference point of the VJ V requirements (hereinafter in this
document referred to as the VJ V reference point) is that the Specifications concerning the wind
power plant can be determined explicitly. In other words, only equipment that conforms to the wind
turbine generator and/or wind power plant definition of Appendix 2 of VJ V 2007 shall be located
beyond the electric point that corresponds to the VJ V reference point.
The network operator of the connection point has the right to apply the principles set out in this
document, considering the needs of the structure of the local network and the connection
configurations which differ from the principles laid down in this document.
With regard to wind power projects which progress in stages, the trend in the generation capacity
during the various stages of the project shall be taken into account in the determination of the VJ V
reference point.
2. Generation connected to medi um voltage distri buti on network
With regard to generation to be connected to a medium voltage distribution network, the principles
set out in sections 2.1 to 2.4 shall be applied to the determination of the VJ V reference point.
The main principles based on the relevant size category of the wind turbine generator or wind
power plant are presented in sections 2.1 and 2.2.
Exceptions concerning both size categories are presented in sections 2.3 and 2.4.
When a WTG or WPP of size category 0.5 to 10 MVA is connected to a medium voltage
distribution network, the VJ V reference point is at an electric point corresponding to the medium
voltage side of the medium voltage/low voltage transformer of an individual WTG, as presented in
figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1 Determination principle of VJ V reference point with regard to 0.5-10 MVA generation
capacity to be connected to a medium voltage distribution network
Page 3/5

When a wind power plant of size category in excess of 10 MVA is connected to a medium voltage
distribution network, the VJ V reference point is, as a rule, at an electric point corresponding to the
medium voltage side of that medium voltage/low voltage transformer which is electrically closest to
the point where the WPP is connected to the medium voltage distribution network, as presented in
figure 2.2.

Figure 2.2 Determination principle of VJ V reference point with regard to generation capacity in
excess of 10 MVA to be connected to a medium voltage distribution network
2.3 Generation connected i n parallel with consumption beyond a
medi um-vol tage feeder bay
If both loads and generation are connected in parallel beyond a single medium voltage feeder bay,
the principles set out in section 2.2 shall be applied as shown in figure 2.3 in accordance with the
main principle set out in chapter 1. If a single shared point, beyond which there is only electric
equipment which can be deemed to belong to the wind power plant, cannot be determined for the
wind turbines of the WPP and for the other WPP equipment, the VJ V reference point is determined
turbine-specifically as shown in figure 2.3 in accordance with the principles set out in section 2.1.
If, on the other hand, an unambiguous VJ V reference point can be determined for the wind power
plant as shown in figure 2.4, considering the connections of the WPP components, the principles
set out in sections 2.1 and 2.2 shall be followed.
Page 4/5

Figure 2.3 Determination principle of VJ V reference point, when there are both loads and
generation in parallel beyond the medium voltage feeder bay - a case where the generation
capacity to be connected has no unambiguous shared electric point

Figure 2.4 Determination principle of VJ V reference point, when there are both loads and
generation in parallel beyond the medium voltage feeder bay - a case where the generation
capacity to be connected has an unambiguous shared electric point
Page 5/5

2.4 Wind power plant busbar is connected beyond a medi um vol tage
feeder bay
In cases where a busbar of the wind turbine generator or wind power plant is connected beyond a
single medium voltage feeder bay, the VJ V reference point is located at an electric point
corresponding to the busbar, as shown in figure 2.5.

Figure 2.5 Determination principle of VJ V reference point, when generation capacity is connected
by means of a generation busbar located at the medium voltage feeder bay of the network
operator of the connection point
3. Generation connected to a hi gh vol tage electrici ty network
With regard to generation capacity to be connected to a high voltage electricity network, the VJ V
reference point is determined in accordance with the principle shown in figure 3.1, in other words
the VJ V reference point is located at an electric point corresponding to the high voltage side of that
high voltage/medium voltage step-up transformer which is electrically closest to the connection
point of the wind power plant.

Figure 3.1 Determination principle of VJ V reference point with regard to generation capacity to be
connected to a high voltage electricity network
Page 1/21


Procedures relating to the validation of the
Specifications and description of the content of
commissioning tests

December 2011

Page 2/21

1. Introducti on
Appendix 2 (VJ V 2007 Appendix 2 Specifications for the operational performance of wind power
plants) of Fingrids Specifications for the operational performance of power plants (VJ V 2007)
(hereinafter referred to as the Specifications) set out the requirements concerning wind power
plants to be connected to the Finnish power system. In accordance with section 11.2 of Appendix
2, the Specifications shall be verified with regard to WPP with rated power in excess of 10 MVA
primarily by means of commissioning tests.
This document describes in more detail the process relating to the verification of the Specifications
concerning wind power plants with rated power in excess of 10 MVA (chapter 2) as set out in
section 11.2 of Appendix 2, and illustrates, by way of example, the content and scope of the
commissioning tests to be performed on the WPP (chapter 3).
1.1 Defi nitions
Commissioning tests: Tests used in conjunction with the commissioning of the WPP to
demonstrate that the WPP meets the Specifications set on it (hereinafter referred to as
Commissioning Tests).
Commissioning test plan: A document that describes the content and schedule of the
Commissioning Tests in terms of the main items (see table 11.1 of Appendix 2 of VJ V 2007)
(hereinafter referred to as Commissioning Test Plan).
Commissioning instructions: A document which describes in detail, point by point, the system
operational measures relating to the individual Commissioning Tests, including the operation point
and control modes of the wind power plant, and potential changes to be made to the settings of
the protection, control and automation system of the wind power plant (hereinafter referred to as
Commissioning Instructions).

Page 3/21

2. Procedures and practices relating to Commissi oni ng Tests
2.1 Drawing up and deli very of plans rel ated to commi ssi oni ng
The party whose wind power plant is connected to the network (hereinafter referred to as the
Owner) is responsible for the drawing up of a plant-specific plan concerning the scope and content
of the Commissioning Tests, as described in section 11.2 of Appendix 2. The plan shall cover the
testing of the key functionalities in terms of the Specifications. As prescribed in section 12.2.2 of
Appendix 2, the Owner shall make sure that no later than 3 months before the planned
commencement of the Commissioning Tests, Fingrid shall be delivered the Commissioning Test
Plan, preliminary Commissioning Instructions, and a description of the practical arrangements of
the tests for comments. These documents shall also be delivered to the network operator of the
connection point.
In general, the plans related to commissioning are drawn up by the wind power plant supplier or by
a party that has the main responsibility for the technical implementation of the WPP project (both
hereinafter referred to as the Vendor).
2.2 Excepti ons from plans rel ati ng to commissi oning
All changes to and exceptions from the Commissioning Test Plan shall be agreed upon separately
with Fingrid.
Possible test certificates do not justify the omission of tests included in the Commissioning Test
Plan. However, Fingrid may re-evaluate the scope of the Commissioning Test Plan to the extent
that the certificates can be applied to the wind turbine generators installed in the wind power plant
and to the wind power plant.
2.3 Schedule of Commissioni ng Tests and informati on exchange
duri ng the tests
Before the commencement of the Commissioning Tests there shall be a mutual meeting if the
Owner, Vendor, the network operator of the connection point, or Fingrid deems it necessary. The
Owner is responsible for arranging the meeting. The meeting shall review the final Commissioning
Test Plan, schedule, practical arrangements, and the division of responsibilities between the
various parties. If there is no meeting, each of the above parties shall appoint at least one contact
person for commissioning.
The Commissioning Tests shall be carried out in co-operation between the Owner, Vendor, the
network operator of the connection point of the wind power plant, and Fingrid. When agreeing on
the schedules and arrangements of the Commissioning Tests, all the above parties shall be taken
into account wherever possible, and all parties shall be delivered an appropriate advance
notification concerning the timing of the tests. Fingrids representatives have the right to participate
in all Commissioning Tests.
Considering the inherent uncertainties related to the Commissioning Tests (such as wind
conditions, the operational situation of the local network and power system), there may be
changes to the schedule of the Commissioning Tests during the progress of commissioning.
Fingrid shall be informed of all changes relating to the Commissioning Tests or their schedules,
occurring during the tests.
As the transmission system operator, Fingrid has the right to cancel or change the schedule of the
Commissioning Tests if the execution of the tests at the planned time is not possible due to the
operation situation of the transmission grid. The network operator of the connection point has a
corresponding right regarding the operation situation of its own network.
Potential rescheduling shall be agreed in co-operation between the Owner, Vendor, the network
operator of the connection point of the wind power plant, and Fingrid.
Page 4/21

2.4 Recordi ng of Commissioni ng Tests by means of measurements
The VJ V reference point determined for the wind power plant is both the measurement point of the
measurements to be carried out and the point of examination of the operation of the wind power
plant from perspective of the Specifications.
As part of the information relating to the practical arrangements of the Commissioning Tests as
described in section 2.1, Fingrid shall be supplied, as described in section 12.2.2 of Appendix 2, a
description of the measurement equipment and other measurement arrangements used during the
Commissioning Tests as well as a description of the measurement equipment and/or
measurement systems installed in a permanently as part of the control, protection and automation
system of the wind power plant.
At least the following variables shall be measured and recorded in all Commissioning Tests. The
measurement accuracy of the variables shall be agreed upon separately on the basis of the
structure and content of the final Commissioning Test Plan.
active power output of wind power plant
reactive power output of wind power plant
voltage at VJ V reference point
frequency at VJ V reference point
reference signals of the various control systems of the wind power plant.
2.5 Documentati on of Commissioni ng Tests
As prescribed in section 11.2 of Appendix 2 of VJ V 2007, the fulfilment of the Specifications
requires that the results of the Commissioning Tests shall be documented in a commissioning
report, and the results of the tests which are crucial in terms of the verification of the simulation
model shall be delivered to Fingrid in a numeric format.

Page 5/21

3. Exampl e of the content of Commissi oni ng Tests
This chapter presents an example of the content of the Commissioning Tests, based on the
example presented in table 11.1 of Appendix 2 of VJ V 2007 concerning the structure of the
Commissioning Test Plan in terms of the main items of the tests. The example intends to illustrate
the scope of the Commissioning Tests and the quantity and nature of the subtests, on the basis of
which the Commissioning Instructions shall be drawn up.

With regard to the Commissioning Tests, in the cases described in section 3.1 of Appendix 2 of
VJ V 2007, the wind power plant is also required the Commissioning Tests described in Appendix 5
of VJ V 2007 plus the related measures.

The description given in this chapter concerning the content of the Commissioning Tests is
indicative, and it should not be considered as a definite or all-inclusive list of the Commissioning
Tests required. Therefore, it is recommended to primarily take advantage of the Commissioning
Test Plan and Commissioning Instructions of the Vendor, with these to be used for verifying the
Specifications.

Page 6/21

3.1 Pl ant start-up and shut-down
3.1.1 Target of test
The test shall demonstrate the impact of the start-up and shut-down of the wind power plant on the
voltage at the VJ V reference point.
3.1.2 Example of test content
The test shall be carried out when the wind speed is close to:
1) a speed at which the wind power plant starts active power generation (cut-in wind speed)
2) the rated wind speed of the wind power plant.
The test is preferably carried out for example in conjunction with the start-up or shut-down of the
wind power plant. If the operating situation of the network so allows, the test shall be performed at
more than one short-circuit capacity levels of the VJ V reference point.
3.1.3 Acceptance criteria
The test is accepted if the start-up and shut-down sequences of the wind power plant conform to
the Specifications.

Page 7/21

3.2 Operati on at mi nimum load
The test shall demonstrate the operation of the wind power plant in accordance with the
Specifications when the wind power plant is operated at the minimum load.
Operation in accordance with the Specifications imposed on the wind power plant is verified by
operating the wind power plant at the minimum load for at least 15 minutes.
The test can be incorporated into the power limiting test (section 3.5.1) or reactive power capacity
test (section 3.3).
The test is accepted if the wind power plant can operate at its minimum load for at least 15
minutes without a change in its operation point or without a protection function that disconnects the
wind power plant from the network.

Page 8/21

3.3 Reacti ve power capacit y
The test shall demonstrate the capability of the wind power plant to generate reactive power to the
network (the highest possible reactive power at both capacitive and inductive power factor).
The reactive power capacity test shall demonstrate the actual available reactive power capacity
range of the wind power plant (the highest reactive power available from the plant at both
capacitive and inductive power factor). The reactive power capacity of the WPP shall not be
restricted during the test by means of limiters of the used control (constant reactive power control,
constant power factor control or constant voltage control), in other words the restriction of capacity
shall be the result of the functioning of the limiters which guarantee the functional safety of the
components of the WPP, such as overload limiters based on current measurement.
The reactive power capacity test shall demonstrate that the wind power plant can operate for at
least 15 minutes at least in the following operation points (or equivalent operation points):

1) The highest possible reactive power of the wind power plant at the capacitive
(underexcited) power factor when the active power generation is over 50% of the
rated active power of the plant.

2) The highest possible reactive power of the wind power plant at the inductive
(overexcited) power factor when the active power generation is over 50% of the rated
active power of the plant.

(underexcited) power factor when the active power generation is 10 to 40% of the

(overexcited) power factor when the active power generation is 10 to 40% of the rated

(underexcited) power factor when the plant operates at the minimum load.

(overexcited) power factor when the plant operates at the minimum load.

The above items 3 to 6 can also be incorporated into the power limiting capability test (section
3.5.1).
The result of the reactive power capacity test is accepted if all of the following requirements are
fulfilled:
1) The reactive power capacity of the wind power plant fulfils the reactive power capacity
requirements imposed on it by the Specifications.

2) The reactive power capacity of the wind power plant verified in the reactive power
capacity test corresponds broadly to the reactive power capacity given by the
simulation model of the wind power plant. An account of any discrepancies between
the model and the measurements shall be submitted to Fingrid.

Page 9/21

capacity test corresponds to the reactive power capacity specified by the reactive
power capacity calculation.

4) The reactive power capacity test is carried out without a change in the operation point
of the wind power plant or without a protection function that disconnects the plant from
the network.
Page 10/21

3.4 Functi oning of reacti ve power control and voltage control
3.4.1.1 Target of test
The test shall demonstrate the functioning, accuracy and properties of the constant reactive power
control of the WPP.
3.4.1.2 Example of test content
The test shall demonstrate the operation of the following functionalities and properties of constant
reactive power control in accordance with the Specifications:
1) The functioning of the setting range limiters of the reference value of reactive power
corresponds to the actual reactive power capacity of the wind power plant.

2) The smallest step in the reactive power reference value.

3) The response time of reactive power control and, if applicable, the range of setting
values of reactive power ramping rates.

4) The accuracy of the control, which shall be verified both at the higher and lower
range of reactive power generation, and both with the inductive and capacitive power
factor.

The tests of constant reactive power control can be partially incorporated into the reactive power
capacity test (section 3.3).
3.4.1.3 Acceptance criteria

1) The setting range of the reference value of reactive power corresponds to the actual
reactive power capacity of the wind power plant.

2) Potential ramping rate limiters for reactive power operate in an acceptable manner.

3) After being subjected to a change in the reactive power reference value, reactive
power control reaches the target value within a specified period of time (in less than
60 seconds or other agreed maximum period). The response of reactive power
control shall be non-oscillatory.

4) Constant reactive power control keeps the reactive power control of the wind power
plant at the reference value with an accuracy given in the Specifications.

5) The reactive power control of the wind power plant can control the reactive power
generation by the plant from one extreme of the reactive power capacity range (or
close to it) to the other extreme using the fastest ramping rate of reactive power. The
functioning of the potential ramping rate limiters of reactive power at the WPP shall
be verified when shifting from the capacitive power factor to the inductive power
factor.

Page 11/21

The test shall demonstrate the functioning, accuracy and properties of the constant power factor
control of the wind power plant.
The test shall demonstrate the functioning of the following functionalities and properties of
constant power factor control in accordance with the Specifications:

1) The setting range limiters of the reference value of the power factor operate in
accordance with the Specifications.

2) The tolerance and sensitivity of the reference value of the power factor.

3) The step response of constant power factor control.

4) The accuracy of constant power factor control at the higher and lower range of
reactive power generation, and both with the capacitive and inductive power factor.

1) The reference value of the power factor can be set with the accuracy and within the
power factor range required by the Specifications.

2) The response time of constant power factor control has been demonstrated in an
acceptable manner, and the response of the control is non-oscillatory.

3) Constant power factor control keeps the reactive power control of the wind power plant
at the reference value with an accuracy given in the Specifications.

Page 12/21

The test shall demonstrate the functioning, accuracy and properties of the constant voltage control
of the wind power plant.
The test shall demonstrate the functioning of at least the following properties of constant voltage
control in accordance with the Specifications:
1) Demonstration of both the available range of droop setting values and the correct
functioning of droop of constant voltage control in accordance with the Specifications using
two different droop values.
2) Demonstration of the tolerances and sensitivity of the reference value of constant voltage
control using step-wise (such as 0.01 p.u., 0.03 p.u., 0.05 p.u.) changes in voltage
reference value.
3) Demonstration of the available setting range of potential dead-band used as part of
constant voltage control and the functioning of dead-band in accordance with the
Specifications using two different values for dead-band.
4) Demonstration of the response time and response characteristics of constant voltage
control to step-wise changes in voltage (such as under item 2).
5) Demonstration of the accuracy of constant voltage control.
6) Demonstration of the response of constant voltage control to normal changes in the voltage
reference value (e.g. changes done via the SCADA system).
The tests related to the response of constant voltage control to step-wise changes shall be
conducted either by generating step-wise generic changes to the voltage reference value or by
applying step-wise changes to the voltage at the VJ V reference point e.g. by switching reactive
power compensation equipment or on-line tap changers (OLTC).
1) The voltage reference value of constant voltage control and the droop of control can be set
in accordance with the Specifications.
2) The minimum step in the voltage reference value of constant voltage control (smallest
change in the reference value) is in accordance with the Specifications.
3) The rise time and exceeding of the step response of constant voltage control are in
4) Constant voltage control is not sensitive to continuous rapid variations in voltage, and
voltage variations in the network do not cause sustained or poorly damped oscillations in
the response of the control.

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3.4.4 Transitions between control modes
The test shall demonstrate the functioning of the wind power plant in accordance with the
Specifications during a transition between control modes related to the reactive power control of
the plant.
The control mode transition performance is preferably demonstrated in connection with the tests
stated in sections 3.4.1 to 3.4.3.
The test is accepted if the transitions between the control modes take place in accordance with the
Specifications.

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3.5 Functi oning of acti ve power control and frequency control
3.5.1 Power l imiti ng capabi lit y
The test shall demonstrate the capability of the wind power plant to limit active power generation to
certain power levels.
The test shall demonstrate the capability of the wind power plant to limit active power generation at
least to the following power levels:
1) To a level that corresponds to the minimum power of the available wind turbine generators.
2) To a level that corresponds to 30% of the total power of the available wind turbine
generators.
generators.
The limited power level shall be maintained for a minimum period of 15 minutes.
The test is preferably conducted in connection with other tests like the reactive power capacity test
(section 3.3) or frequency control test (section 3.5.4).
The test is accepted if the wind power plant can limit its active power generation at the VJ V
reference point for 15 minutes in accordance with the Specifications without a change in the
operation point of the WPP or without a protection function that disconnects the WPP from the
network.

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3.5.2 Functioni ng of rate-of-change of power l imiters
The test shall demonstrate the functioning of the rate-of-change of active power limiters of the
wind power plant in accordance with the Specifications.
The functioning of the rate-of-change of the power limiters of the wind power plant in accordance
with the Specifications shall be demonstrated using different rate limits (both positive and
negative) including at least the following alternatives:
1) The maximum rate-of-change.
2) The rate-of-change that corresponds to a change from the rated power of the wind power
plant to zero power in one minute.
3) Slow rate-of-change, e.g. 3 MW/min.
(section 3.3), power limiting capability test (section 3.5.1) or frequency control test (section 3.5.4).
The test is accepted if the functioning, settability and accuracy of the rate-of-change limiting
capability of active power fulfil the Specifications.

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3.5.3 Controll ed high wind shut-down
The test shall demonstrate that the high wind shut-down sequence of the wind power plant is
controlled and takes place using control sequences which work in accordance with the technical
documentation of the wind power plant when the wind speed exceeds a certain known limit value.
The test can be omitted if suitable wind conditions do not occur during commissioning period and
generic tests are not possible through reasonable arrangements (e.g. due to the fact that no
generic signal can be fed to the wind speed measurement arrangement of a single wind turbine
generators in a reasonably synchronized manner).
The test is accepted if the high wind shut-down sequence of the wind power plant is controlled and
takes place using control sequences which work in accordance with the technical documentation
of the WPP when the wind speed exceeds a certain known limit value.
If the test is not carried out in conjunction with the commissioning of the wind power plant, the
fulfilment of the requirement shall be monitored by means of continuous measurements conducted
during the operation of the wind power plant.

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3.5.4 Frequency control
The test shall demonstrate the capability of the wind power plant to contribute to frequency control
in the power system both in connection with normal ambient variation of system frequency and in
connection with large step-wise and ramp-wise changes in frequency.
The tests for the verification of the functioning of frequency control are divided into two parts:
1) Demonstration of the functioning of frequency control during normal ambient variation of
system frequency.
2) Demonstration of the functioning of frequency control in connection with large and rapid
generic frequency variations (ramp-wise and/or sinusoidal modulation) that are large
enough to activate the whole available frequency control range.
The maximum available active power generation of the wind power plant during the tests shall be
at least 30% of the respective total rated active power of the wind turbine generators, and the
control range of frequency control shall be correspondingly at least 10% of the respective total
rated active power of the WTGs.
Performance of frequency control during normal ambient variation of system frequency
1) Demonstrating that frequency control without active dead-band setting (i.e. dead-band set
to value 0 mHz) is capable of following continuously the normal ambient variations of
system frequency.
2) Demonstrating that frequency control with active dead-band setting (i.e. dead-band set e.g.
to value 25 mHz) is capable of following the normal ambient variations of system frequency.
Performance of frequency control in connection with generic large frequency variations
1) The fast response (within a period of a few seconds or less) characteristics over the whole
available frequency control range shall be demonstrated (both generic under-frequency and
over-frequency signals). The fast response characteristics shall be demonstrated using at
least the fastest available rate-of-change of active power and the rate that is applied under
typical operation.
2) The slow response (within a range of tens of seconds) characteristics over the whole
over-frequency signals). The slow response characteristics shall be demonstrated using at
least one typical slow rate-of-change of active power.
3) Demonstration that the droop of frequency control has been implemented in accordance
with the Specifications, and that both the droop and dead-band of the control can be set in
4) At least the fast response characteristics shall be demonstrated using at least two dead-
band and droop settings.
The test is accepted if the frequency control of the wind power plant successfully demonstrates the
following performance characteristics:
1) Frequency control is capable of following the normal ambient frequency variations in
accordance with the Specifications both with and without the dead-band being active.
2) The setting ranges and sensitivity of the droop and dead-band settings of frequency control
fulfil the Specifications.
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3) Frequency control can control the active power generation of the wind power plant
throughout the available frequency control range at both fast and slow response times as
well as absolute and relative frequency control range settings.

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Specifications during a transition between control modes related to active power control of the
plant.
The test is accepted if at least four different transitions in the mode of the active power control of
the wind power plant are successfully demonstrated without a change in the operation point of the
plant or without a protection function disconnecting the WPP from the network. The transition shall
be finalised within a predetermined period after the mode transition is requested.

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3.6 Power qual ity
The test requirements shall be agreed separately with Fingrid on case-by-case basis.

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3.7 Faul t ride-through

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Procedures relating to the validation of the
Specifications and description of the content of
commissioning tests

December 2011

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1. Introducti on
Appendix 2 (VJ V 2007 Appendix 2 Specifications for the operational performance of wind power
plants) of Fingrids Specifications for the operational performance of power plants (VJ V 2007)
(hereinafter referred to as the Specifications) set out the requirements concerning wind power
plants to be connected to the Finnish power system. In accordance with section 11.2 of Appendix
2, the Specifications shall be verified with regard to WPP with rated power in excess of 10 MVA
primarily by means of commissioning tests.
This document describes in more detail the process relating to the verification of the Specifications
concerning wind power plants with rated power in excess of 10 MVA (chapter 2) as set out in
section 11.2 of Appendix 2, and illustrates, by way of example, the content and scope of the
commissioning tests to be performed on the WPP (chapter 3).
1.1 Defi nitions
Commissioning tests: Tests used in conjunction with the commissioning of the WPP to
demonstrate that the WPP meets the Specifications set on it (hereinafter referred to as
Commissioning Tests).
Commissioning test plan: A document that describes the content and schedule of the
Commissioning Tests in terms of the main items (see table 11.1 of Appendix 2 of VJ V 2007)
(hereinafter referred to as Commissioning Test Plan).
Commissioning instructions: A document which describes in detail, point by point, the system
operational measures relating to the individual Commissioning Tests, including the operation point
and control modes of the wind power plant, and potential changes to be made to the settings of
the protection, control and automation system of the wind power plant (hereinafter referred to as
Commissioning Instructions).

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2. Procedures and practices relating to Commissi oni ng Tests
2.1 Drawing up and deli very of plans rel ated to commi ssi oni ng
The party whose wind power plant is connected to the network (hereinafter referred to as the
Owner) is responsible for the drawing up of a plant-specific plan concerning the scope and content
of the Commissioning Tests, as described in section 11.2 of Appendix 2. The plan shall cover the
testing of the key functionalities in terms of the Specifications. As prescribed in section 12.2.2 of
Appendix 2, the Owner shall make sure that no later than 3 months before the planned
commencement of the Commissioning Tests, Fingrid shall be delivered the Commissioning Test
Plan, preliminary Commissioning Instructions, and a description of the practical arrangements of
the tests for comments. These documents shall also be delivered to the network operator of the
connection point.
In general, the plans related to commissioning are drawn up by the wind power plant supplier or by
a party that has the main responsibility for the technical implementation of the WPP project (both
hereinafter referred to as the Vendor).
2.2 Excepti ons from plans rel ati ng to commissi oning
All changes to and exceptions from the Commissioning Test Plan shall be agreed upon separately
with Fingrid.
Possible test certificates do not justify the omission of tests included in the Commissioning Test
Plan. However, Fingrid may re-evaluate the scope of the Commissioning Test Plan to the extent
that the certificates can be applied to the wind turbine generators installed in the wind power plant
and to the wind power plant.
2.3 Schedule of Commissioni ng Tests and informati on exchange
duri ng the tests
Before the commencement of the Commissioning Tests there shall be a mutual meeting if the
Owner, Vendor, the network operator of the connection point, or Fingrid deems it necessary. The
Owner is responsible for arranging the meeting. The meeting shall review the final Commissioning
Test Plan, schedule, practical arrangements, and the division of responsibilities between the
various parties. If there is no meeting, each of the above parties shall appoint at least one contact
person for commissioning.
The Commissioning Tests shall be carried out in co-operation between the Owner, Vendor, the
network operator of the connection point of the wind power plant, and Fingrid. When agreeing on
the schedules and arrangements of the Commissioning Tests, all the above parties shall be taken
into account wherever possible, and all parties shall be delivered an appropriate advance
notification concerning the timing of the tests. Fingrids representatives have the right to participate
in all Commissioning Tests.
Considering the inherent uncertainties related to the Commissioning Tests (such as wind
conditions, the operational situation of the local network and power system), there may be
changes to the schedule of the Commissioning Tests during the progress of commissioning.
Fingrid shall be informed of all changes relating to the Commissioning Tests or their schedules,
occurring during the tests.
As the transmission system operator, Fingrid has the right to cancel or change the schedule of the
Commissioning Tests if the execution of the tests at the planned time is not possible due to the
operation situation of the transmission grid. The network operator of the connection point has a
corresponding right regarding the operation situation of its own network.
Potential rescheduling shall be agreed in co-operation between the Owner, Vendor, the network
operator of the connection point of the wind power plant, and Fingrid.
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2.4 Recordi ng of Commissioni ng Tests by means of measurements
The VJ V reference point determined for the wind power plant is both the measurement point of the
measurements to be carried out and the point of examination of the operation of the wind power
plant from perspective of the Specifications.
As part of the information relating to the practical arrangements of the Commissioning Tests as
described in section 2.1, Fingrid shall be supplied, as described in section 12.2.2 of Appendix 2, a
description of the measurement equipment and other measurement arrangements used during the
Commissioning Tests as well as a description of the measurement equipment and/or
measurement systems installed in a permanently as part of the control, protection and automation
system of the wind power plant.
At least the following variables shall be measured and recorded in all Commissioning Tests. The
measurement accuracy of the variables shall be agreed upon separately on the basis of the
structure and content of the final Commissioning Test Plan.
active power output of wind power plant
reactive power output of wind power plant
voltage at VJ V reference point
frequency at VJ V reference point
reference signals of the various control systems of the wind power plant.
2.5 Documentati on of Commissioni ng Tests
As prescribed in section 11.2 of Appendix 2 of VJ V 2007, the fulfilment of the Specifications
requires that the results of the Commissioning Tests shall be documented in a commissioning
report, and the results of the tests which are crucial in terms of the verification of the simulation
model shall be delivered to Fingrid in a numeric format.

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3. Exampl e of the content of Commissi oni ng Tests
This chapter presents an example of the content of the Commissioning Tests, based on the
example presented in table 11.1 of Appendix 2 of VJ V 2007 concerning the structure of the
Commissioning Test Plan in terms of the main items of the tests. The example intends to illustrate
the scope of the Commissioning Tests and the quantity and nature of the subtests, on the basis of
which the Commissioning Instructions shall be drawn up.

With regard to the Commissioning Tests, in the cases described in section 3.1 of Appendix 2 of
VJ V 2007, the wind power plant is also required the Commissioning Tests described in Appendix 5
of VJ V 2007 plus the related measures.

The description given in this chapter concerning the content of the Commissioning Tests is
indicative, and it should not be considered as a definite or all-inclusive list of the Commissioning
Tests required. Therefore, it is recommended to primarily take advantage of the Commissioning
Test Plan and Commissioning Instructions of the Vendor, with these to be used for verifying the
Specifications.

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3.1 Pl ant start-up and shut-down
The test shall demonstrate the impact of the start-up and shut-down of the wind power plant on the
voltage at the VJ V reference point.
The test shall be carried out when the wind speed is close to:
1) a speed at which the wind power plant starts active power generation (cut-in wind speed)
2) the rated wind speed of the wind power plant.
The test is preferably carried out for example in conjunction with the start-up or shut-down of the
wind power plant. If the operating situation of the network so allows, the test shall be performed at
more than one short-circuit capacity levels of the VJ V reference point.
The test is accepted if the start-up and shut-down sequences of the wind power plant conform to
the Specifications.

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3.2 Operati on at mi nimum load
The test shall demonstrate the operation of the wind power plant in accordance with the
Specifications when the wind power plant is operated at the minimum load.
Operation in accordance with the Specifications imposed on the wind power plant is verified by
operating the wind power plant at the minimum load for at least 15 minutes.
The test can be incorporated into the power limiting test (section 3.5.1) or reactive power capacity
test (section 3.3).
The test is accepted if the wind power plant can operate at its minimum load for at least 15
minutes without a change in its operation point or without a protection function that disconnects the
wind power plant from the network.

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3.3 Reacti ve power capacit y
The test shall demonstrate the capability of the wind power plant to generate reactive power to the
network (the highest possible reactive power at both capacitive and inductive power factor).
The reactive power capacity test shall demonstrate the actual available reactive power capacity
range of the wind power plant (the highest reactive power available from the plant at both
capacitive and inductive power factor). The reactive power capacity of the WPP shall not be
restricted during the test by means of limiters of the used control (constant reactive power control,
constant power factor control or constant voltage control), in other words the restriction of capacity
shall be the result of the functioning of the limiters which guarantee the functional safety of the
components of the WPP, such as overload limiters based on current measurement.
The reactive power capacity test shall demonstrate that the wind power plant can operate for at
least 15 minutes at least in the following operation points (or equivalent operation points):

(underexcited) power factor when the active power generation is over 50% of the

(overexcited) power factor when the active power generation is over 50% of the rated

(underexcited) power factor when the active power generation is 10 to 40% of the

(overexcited) power factor when the active power generation is 10 to 40% of the rated

(underexcited) power factor when the plant operates at the minimum load.

(overexcited) power factor when the plant operates at the minimum load.

The above items 3 to 6 can also be incorporated into the power limiting capability test (section
3.5.1).
The result of the reactive power capacity test is accepted if all of the following requirements are
fulfilled:
1) The reactive power capacity of the wind power plant fulfils the reactive power capacity
requirements imposed on it by the Specifications.

capacity test corresponds broadly to the reactive power capacity given by the
simulation model of the wind power plant. An account of any discrepancies between
the model and the measurements shall be submitted to Fingrid.

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capacity test corresponds to the reactive power capacity specified by the reactive
power capacity calculation.

4) The reactive power capacity test is carried out without a change in the operation point
of the wind power plant or without a protection function that disconnects the plant from
the network.
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3.4 Functi oning of reacti ve power control and voltage control
The test shall demonstrate the functioning, accuracy and properties of the constant reactive power
control of the WPP.
The test shall demonstrate the operation of the following functionalities and properties of constant
reactive power control in accordance with the Specifications:
1) The functioning of the setting range limiters of the reference value of reactive power
corresponds to the actual reactive power capacity of the wind power plant.

2) The smallest step in the reactive power reference value.

3) The response time of reactive power control and, if applicable, the range of setting
values of reactive power ramping rates.

4) The accuracy of the control, which shall be verified both at the higher and lower
range of reactive power generation, and both with the inductive and capacitive power
factor.

The tests of constant reactive power control can be partially incorporated into the reactive power
capacity test (section 3.3).

1) The setting range of the reference value of reactive power corresponds to the actual
reactive power capacity of the wind power plant.

2) Potential ramping rate limiters for reactive power operate in an acceptable manner.

3) After being subjected to a change in the reactive power reference value, reactive
power control reaches the target value within a specified period of time (in less than
60 seconds or other agreed maximum period). The response of reactive power
control shall be non-oscillatory.

4) Constant reactive power control keeps the reactive power control of the wind power
plant at the reference value with an accuracy given in the Specifications.

5) The reactive power control of the wind power plant can control the reactive power
generation by the plant from one extreme of the reactive power capacity range (or
close to it) to the other extreme using the fastest ramping rate of reactive power. The
functioning of the potential ramping rate limiters of reactive power at the WPP shall
be verified when shifting from the capacitive power factor to the inductive power
factor.

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The test shall demonstrate the functioning, accuracy and properties of the constant power factor
control of the wind power plant.
The test shall demonstrate the functioning of the following functionalities and properties of
constant power factor control in accordance with the Specifications:

1) The setting range limiters of the reference value of the power factor operate in

2) The tolerance and sensitivity of the reference value of the power factor.

3) The step response of constant power factor control.

4) The accuracy of constant power factor control at the higher and lower range of
reactive power generation, and both with the capacitive and inductive power factor.

1) The reference value of the power factor can be set with the accuracy and within the
power factor range required by the Specifications.

2) The response time of constant power factor control has been demonstrated in an
acceptable manner, and the response of the control is non-oscillatory.

3) Constant power factor control keeps the reactive power control of the wind power plant
at the reference value with an accuracy given in the Specifications.

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The test shall demonstrate the functioning, accuracy and properties of the constant voltage control
of the wind power plant.
The test shall demonstrate the functioning of at least the following properties of constant voltage
control in accordance with the Specifications:
1) Demonstration of both the available range of droop setting values and the correct
functioning of droop of constant voltage control in accordance with the Specifications using
two different droop values.
2) Demonstration of the tolerances and sensitivity of the reference value of constant voltage
control using step-wise (such as 0.01 p.u., 0.03 p.u., 0.05 p.u.) changes in voltage
reference value.
3) Demonstration of the available setting range of potential dead-band used as part of
constant voltage control and the functioning of dead-band in accordance with the
Specifications using two different values for dead-band.
4) Demonstration of the response time and response characteristics of constant voltage
control to step-wise changes in voltage (such as under item 2).
5) Demonstration of the accuracy of constant voltage control.
6) Demonstration of the response of constant voltage control to normal changes in the voltage
reference value (e.g. changes done via the SCADA system).
The tests related to the response of constant voltage control to step-wise changes shall be
conducted either by generating step-wise generic changes to the voltage reference value or by
applying step-wise changes to the voltage at the VJ V reference point e.g. by switching reactive
power compensation equipment or on-line tap changers (OLTC).
1) The voltage reference value of constant voltage control and the droop of control can be set
in accordance with the Specifications.
2) The minimum step in the voltage reference value of constant voltage control (smallest
change in the reference value) is in accordance with the Specifications.
3) The rise time and exceeding of the step response of constant voltage control are in
4) Constant voltage control is not sensitive to continuous rapid variations in voltage, and
voltage variations in the network do not cause sustained or poorly damped oscillations in
the response of the control.

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Specifications during a transition between control modes related to the reactive power control of
the plant.
The test is accepted if the transitions between the control modes take place in accordance with the
Specifications.

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3.5 Functi oning of acti ve power control and frequency control
3.5.1 Power l imiti ng capabi lit y
The test shall demonstrate the capability of the wind power plant to limit active power generation to
certain power levels.
The test shall demonstrate the capability of the wind power plant to limit active power generation at
least to the following power levels:
1) To a level that corresponds to the minimum power of the available wind turbine generators.
generators.
generators.
The limited power level shall be maintained for a minimum period of 15 minutes.
(section 3.3) or frequency control test (section 3.5.4).
The test is accepted if the wind power plant can limit its active power generation at the VJ V
reference point for 15 minutes in accordance with the Specifications without a change in the
operation point of the WPP or without a protection function that disconnects the WPP from the
network.

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3.5.2 Functioni ng of rate-of-change of power l imiters
The test shall demonstrate the functioning of the rate-of-change of active power limiters of the
wind power plant in accordance with the Specifications.
The functioning of the rate-of-change of the power limiters of the wind power plant in accordance
with the Specifications shall be demonstrated using different rate limits (both positive and
negative) including at least the following alternatives:
1) The maximum rate-of-change.
2) The rate-of-change that corresponds to a change from the rated power of the wind power
plant to zero power in one minute.
3) Slow rate-of-change, e.g. 3 MW/min.
(section 3.3), power limiting capability test (section 3.5.1) or frequency control test (section 3.5.4).
The test is accepted if the functioning, settability and accuracy of the rate-of-change limiting
capability of active power fulfil the Specifications.

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3.5.3 Controll ed high wind shut-down
The test shall demonstrate that the high wind shut-down sequence of the wind power plant is
controlled and takes place using control sequences which work in accordance with the technical
documentation of the wind power plant when the wind speed exceeds a certain known limit value.
The test can be omitted if suitable wind conditions do not occur during commissioning period and
generic tests are not possible through reasonable arrangements (e.g. due to the fact that no
generic signal can be fed to the wind speed measurement arrangement of a single wind turbine
generators in a reasonably synchronized manner).
The test is accepted if the high wind shut-down sequence of the wind power plant is controlled and
takes place using control sequences which work in accordance with the technical documentation
of the WPP when the wind speed exceeds a certain known limit value.
If the test is not carried out in conjunction with the commissioning of the wind power plant, the
fulfilment of the requirement shall be monitored by means of continuous measurements conducted
during the operation of the wind power plant.

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3.5.4 Frequency control
The test shall demonstrate the capability of the wind power plant to contribute to frequency control
in the power system both in connection with normal ambient variation of system frequency and in
connection with large step-wise and ramp-wise changes in frequency.
The tests for the verification of the functioning of frequency control are divided into two parts:
1) Demonstration of the functioning of frequency control during normal ambient variation of
system frequency.
2) Demonstration of the functioning of frequency control in connection with large and rapid
generic frequency variations (ramp-wise and/or sinusoidal modulation) that are large
enough to activate the whole available frequency control range.
The maximum available active power generation of the wind power plant during the tests shall be
at least 30% of the respective total rated active power of the wind turbine generators, and the
control range of frequency control shall be correspondingly at least 10% of the respective total
rated active power of the WTGs.
Performance of frequency control during normal ambient variation of system frequency
1) Demonstrating that frequency control without active dead-band setting (i.e. dead-band set
to value 0 mHz) is capable of following continuously the normal ambient variations of
system frequency.
2) Demonstrating that frequency control with active dead-band setting (i.e. dead-band set e.g.
to value 25 mHz) is capable of following the normal ambient variations of system frequency.
Performance of frequency control in connection with generic large frequency variations
1) The fast response (within a period of a few seconds or less) characteristics over the whole
over-frequency signals). The fast response characteristics shall be demonstrated using at
least the fastest available rate-of-change of active power and the rate that is applied under
typical operation.
2) The slow response (within a range of tens of seconds) characteristics over the whole
over-frequency signals). The slow response characteristics shall be demonstrated using at
least one typical slow rate-of-change of active power.
3) Demonstration that the droop of frequency control has been implemented in accordance
with the Specifications, and that both the droop and dead-band of the control can be set in
4) At least the fast response characteristics shall be demonstrated using at least two dead-
band and droop settings.
The test is accepted if the frequency control of the wind power plant successfully demonstrates the
following performance characteristics:
1) Frequency control is capable of following the normal ambient frequency variations in
accordance with the Specifications both with and without the dead-band being active.
2) The setting ranges and sensitivity of the droop and dead-band settings of frequency control
fulfil the Specifications.
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3) Frequency control can control the active power generation of the wind power plant
throughout the available frequency control range at both fast and slow response times as
well as absolute and relative frequency control range settings.

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Specifications during a transition between control modes related to active power control of the
plant.
The test is accepted if at least four different transitions in the mode of the active power control of
the wind power plant are successfully demonstrated without a change in the operation point of the
plant or without a protection function disconnecting the WPP from the network. The transition shall
be finalised within a predetermined period after the mode transition is requested.

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3.6 Power qual ity

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3.7 Faul t ride-through

Page 1/5


Additional requirements for wind power plants
with rated power in excess of 100 MVA and for
plants connected to the transmission network
in Lapland

December 2011

Page 2/5

1 Special characteri sti cs of Finnish power system
1.1 Dynamics and transmi ssi on capabili ty of power system
The restricted transmission capability of the power system as a result of dynamic stability
phenomena is typical for a power system having long transmission distances. The dynamic
stability phenomena of the power system which restrict the transmission capacity in Finland in the
400 kV main transmission grid and in the 220 kV network in Lapland involve voltage stability,
frequency stability and angle stability. Because the joint operation of the power system and of the
power plants connected to it is in a key position in terms of the dynamic stability phenomena, the
design of power power plants and in particular the design of their control systems shall take into
account the impact of the power plant on the dynamics and transmission capability of the power
system.
In order to ensure the capability of the power system to both transmit the power connected to the
system and to maintain the existing transmission capability, measures described in chapter 3 shall
be carried out in conjunction with the validation of the design of the control of a power plant and its
operation as part of power plant projects referred to in section 2.1.
1.2 Potential impact of series compensation i n the 400 kV
transmission network on the operati on of the power pl ant
The 400 kV main transmission network in Finland is series compensated in the north-south
direction and on the transmission connections between Northern Finland and Northern Sweden.
Series compensation reduces the electric length of the transmission line, which enhances the
transmission capability of the power system over long transmission distances. When connecting a
power plant with rated power in excess of 100 MVA to the power system, it is likely that the power
plant is located near a 400 kV network and at the same time near a series-compensated part of
the transmission grid. In this case, so-called subsynchronous interaction phenomena may occur
between the power plant and the series compensated power system. In certain cases, the
subsynchronous interaction phenomena may lead to sustained or poorly damped subsynchronous
oscillations between the power plant and the series-compensated grid. In extreme cases, the self-
sustained oscillations may lead to equipment failures if the possibility of subsynchronous
interaction has not been taken into account in the design of the control, protection and automation
systems of the power plant and power plant components.
In order to consider the risks caused by subsynchronous oscillations and interaction phenomena,
measures described in chapter 4 shall be assessed and, if necessary, carried out with regard to
the control, protection and automation systems of the power plant as part of power plant projects
referred to in section 2.2.
2 Power pl ants covered by the additional requirements
2.1 Power plants that may have an impact on the transmissi on
capabili ty of the power system
1) Power plants with rated power in excess of 10 MVA which are connected to the network in
Lapland, to the part of the network located beyond the Isoniemi and Kokkosniva feeder
bays of the Valajaskoski and Pirttikoski 220 kV substations, correspondingly.
2) Power plants with rated power in excess of 100 MVA which are connected to the Finnish
electricity network.
Page 3/5

2.2 Power pl ants potentiall y contri buti ng to subsynchronous
interacti on phenomena
1) Power plants with rated power in excess of 100 MVA which are connected to the Finnish
electricity network.
3 Additi onal requirements related to the transmi ssi on capabilit y of the
power system
3.1 Control system of power plant and its dynamics simul ati on
model
The dynamics simulation model of the power plant shall be delivered to Fingrid at the earliest
possible stage of the power plant project; however, no later than after the selection of the power
plant vendor. The dynamics simulation model is subject to the following requirements:
1) The dynamics simulation model shall replicate accurately the response of the power plant
and its subsystems to electromechanical oscillations, i.e. changes taking place in voltage
amplitude and angle in the frequency range of 0.2 to 2 Hz.
In the 400 kV main transmission grid, the electromechanical inter-area oscillations
take place, as a rule, in the range of 0.3 to 0.4 Hz.
In the 220 kV transmission network in Lapland, the electromechanical inter-area
oscillations take place, as a rule, in the range of 0.6 to 0.9 Hz.
2) It shall be possible to freely set the parameters of the dynamics simulation model within the
limits allowed by the practical implementation of the power plant so that the response of the
controller can be changed either by changing the control parameters or by changing the
parameters of higher-level controllers, such as power system stabilisers or damping
controllers.
3) The details related to controller tuning shall be either documented extensively or Fingrids
representative shall be arranged appropriate training concerning controller tuning. On the
basis of the documentation or training, Fingrids representative shall be able to
independently carry out control performance analysis related to transmission capability
with regard to the power plant project and, at a later stage of development of the network,
e.g. with regard to other generator, SVC or HVDC projects.
4) The analysis of the response of the controller shall be carried out in close co-operation with
the owner of the power plant, the plant vendor and the network operator so that any
adverse impacts caused by the power plant on the transmission capability of the system
can be avoided.
3.2 Commissioni ng tests
As part of the commissioning tests laid down in section 11.2 of Appendix 2 of VJ V 2007, for power
plants referred to in section 2.1 shall be performed tests where the response of the controller to
electromechanical oscillations and the validity of the dynamics simulation model are validated
thoroughly. The content and the scope of the commissioning tests shall be separately agreed with
Fingrid and with the network operator of the connection point. The following issues shall be taken
into account in the commissioning tests:
1) The response of the controllers of the power plant within the frequency range of
electromechanical inter-area oscillations shall be validated in the commissioning tests. This
Page 4/5

can be done by changing the system switching situations or by feeding a separate signal,
which emulates the oscillation, to the power plant controllers (so-called test signal
injection).
2) If the commissioning tests or the validation of the dynamics simulation model fail on the
basis of the test results, the tests shall be continued until the correspondence between the
power plant and its dynamic simulation model can be demonstrated.
3) During the commissioning tests, the operation of the power plant and its controller shall be
recorded extensively using measurement equipment with a sufficient sampling frequency
for the detailed analysis of the response of the controller.
3.3 Conti nuous moni toring of power plant
Equipment that enables the monitoring of the power plant and the monitoring of the response of its
controllers during changes and oscillations in the power system shall be installed in the power
plant. In addition, a transient fault recorder and a swing recording system shall be installed in the
power plant.
1) The recording system shall save extensively the behaviour of the power plant and its
controller within a sampling rate that is sufficient for the analysis of the power plant and
controller response.
2) The sampling rate of the transient fault recorder shall be high (1 kHz or higher). The
recording period shall be a few seconds.
3) The sampling rate of the swing recording system can be low (50 Hz or higher). The
recording period shall be of order of few dozen seconds.
4) All recording systems shall be implemented so that Fingrid has fast access to the stored
data, either through a direct telecommunications connection or through the assistance of
the operator of the power plant.
5) The triggering values of the recording systems shall be set in co-operation with Fingrid.
4 Additional requirements related to subsynchronous oscillations
The assessments related to the possibility of poorly damped subsynchronous oscillations between
the series-compensated transmission grid and power plants shall be analysed at the earliest
possible stage of the power plant project.
1) The target of the analysis is to evaluate the potential need for countermeasures against
adverse subsynchronous interactions. The countermeasures may be in the form of special
controls or protection schemes.
2) If preliminary analyses show that the subsynchronous interaction phenomena can lead to
poorly damped subsynchronous oscillations between the power plant and the series-
compensated transmission grid, Fingrid shall be delivered more detailed information to be
specified separately, concerning the characteristics related to the subsynchronous
response of the power plant and, if necessary, a simulation model applicable to the
analysis of subsynchronous oscillations, to be used in the PSCAD EMT calculation
software. The details related to the simulation model to be delivered for the PSCAD EMT
software shall be agreed upon separately with Fingrid.
3) The details of the analysis shall be agreed upon with Fingrid, and the analyses shall be
carried out in close co-operation with the owner of the power plant, the plant vendor and
Page 5/5

Fingrid so that any adverse impacts of the plant on the damping of subsynchronous
oscillations can be avoided as early as at the planning stage.

Page 1/2


Information on the software versions of the
simulation models and technical information on
the simulations

December 2011

Page 2/2

The simulation models of wind power plants referred to in Appendix 2 of the Specifications for the
operational performance of power plants (VJ V 2007) must fulfil the following version requirements
of calculation software:

1) Power flow, fault current and dynamics simulation models: PSS/E 32

2) EMT simulation models: PSCAD X4 (version 4.3)

The dynamics simulation models to be delivered for the PSS/E software must work at any
simulation time step within a range of 5 ms to 10 ms. The documentation of vendor-specific
dynamics simulation models must indicate the programming and development environment,
compiler and calculation software versions verified for the dynamics simulation model.

The numeric requirements of the EMT simulation models to be delivered for the PSCAD software
must be agreed upon separately with Fingrid. The simulation models to be delivered must be
applicable to the analysis of subsynchronous oscillations.

Specifications Powerplants

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