Bonfring International Journal of Data Mining, Vol. 2, No.

1, March 2012 23
ISSN 2277 5048 | 2012 Bonfring
Abstract--- In this paper we introduce the concept of
generalized -continuous mappings in topological
spaces and study its relationship with other mappings.
Further we declare the concepts of - -continuous
mappings and g-continuous mappings which coincide
when the space is - T
1/2
. In addition, we define the
concept of g-irresolute mappings in topological spaces;
also we attain the relationships between g-continuous
and g-irresolute mappings and obtain some of its basic
properties.
Keywords--- g Continuous Mappings, g
Irresolute Mappings

I. INTRODUCTION
O. Njastad [11] introduced -open sets in a topological
space and studied some of its properties. Kasahara [8]
defined the concept of an operation on topological spaces and
introduced -closed graphs of an operation. Ogata [12]
called the operation as operation and introduced the
notion of

which is the collection of all -open sets in a

topological space (X , ). Further he introduced the concept
of - T
i
spaces (i = 0,
2
1
, 1, 2 ) and characterized - T
i

spaces using the notion of - closed set or -open sets.
N.Kalaivani and G.Sai sundara Krishnan [3] introduced
-open sets in topological spaces. They defined
generalized closed sets and studied some properties.
Further they defined -continuous mappings and
-irresolute mappings.
In section 3 the concept of generalized closed
mappings have been introduced and some of its basic
properties are studied.
In section 4 the generalized irresolute

N. Kalaivanie,senior Lecturer, Deaprtment of Mathematics, CIET,
Coimbatore, India, E-mail:kalaivani.rajam@gmail.com
G. Sai sundara Krishnan, Associate Professor,Department of Mathematics
and computer Applicationst,PSG college of Technology , Coinbatore, India,
E-mail:g_ssk@yahoo.com

mappings have been introduced. Further some of their
properties are discussed.
II. PRELIMINARIES
In this section we recall some of the basic Definitions ,
Theorems and Remarks
Definition 2.1: [11] Let ( X, ) be a topological space
and A be a subset of X. Then A is called as an open set if
A int ( cl ( int ( A ) ) ) and an - closed set if cl ( int ( cl
( A ) ) ) A.
Definition 2.2: [12] Let ( X, ) be a topological space,
An operation on the topology is mapping from on to
the power set P ( X ) of X such that V

V for each V
, where

V denotes the value of at V. It is denoted by

: P ( X ).
Definition 2.3: [12] Let ( X, ) be a topological space
and be an operation on . Then a subset A of X is said to
be a -open set if for each x A there exists an open set U
such that x U and A U

denotes set of all - open

sets in ( X, ). A subset B of ( X, ) is said to be - closed
in ( X, ) if X B is -open in ( X, ).
Definition 2.4: [13] Let ( X, ) be a topological space
and be an operation on .Then

- interior of A is defined
as union of all -open sets contained in A and it is denoted

- int(A).
{ } A U and set open a is U U ) A (

= : int U

Definition 2.5: [12] Let ( X, ) be a topological space
and be an operation on . Then

- closure of A is
defined as intersection of all -closed sets containing A and
it is denoted

-cl(A).
{ } F A and set closed a is F F ) A ( cl

= : I
Definition 2.6: [3] Let (X, ) be a topological space and
be an operation on . Then a subset A of X is said to be
On

Generalized

Continuous Mappings in
Topological Spaces
N. Kalaivani and G. Sai Sundara Krishnan


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ISSN 2277 5048 | 2012 Bonfring
-open set if and only if
) ) ) ( int ( ( int A cl A

Definition 2.7: [3] A subset A of X is said to be - -
closed if and only if X A is - - open.
Remark 2.8: [ 3] Let ( X , ) be a topological space
and be an operation on and A be a subset of X . Then
A is - - closed if and only if
( ) ) ) ( ( int A cl cl A

Definition 2.9: [3] Let ( X , ) be a topological space and
be an operation on and A be a subset of X . Then

- interior of A is the union of all - - open sets

contained in A and it is denoted by

- int (A). That is

{ } A U and set open a is U U A

=

: ) ( int U

Definition 2.10: [3] Let ( X , ) be a topological space
and be an operation on and A be a subset of X . Then

closure of A is the intersection of all - - closed

sets containing A and it is denoted by ) ( A cl



.That
is
{ } F A and set closed a is F F A cl

=

: ) ( I
Remark 2.11: [ 3]

-cl ( A ) is a - - closed set

containing A.
Remark 2.12: [ 3] Let ( X , ) be a topological space
and be an operation on and A, B are subsets of X .
Then the following holds good:
(i)

- int (A) is a - - open set contained in

A.
(ii) A is - - open if and only if

- int (A) =
A
Remark 2.13: [14]. Let ( X , ) be a topological space
and be an operation on and A be a subset of X . Then
from the Theorem 3.3 and the Definition 3.7 we have A

-cl (A)

- cl ( A )

Remark 2.14: [14] Let ( X , ) be a topological space
and be an operation on and A of X is - - closed if
and only if

-cl (A) = A.
Theorem 2.15: [14 ] Let ( ) , X be a topological space and
be an operation on . Then a subset A of X is g -
closed if and only if

cl (A) U whenever A U and
U is - -open in ( ) , X .
Theorem 2.16: [7] Let ( ) , X and ( ) , Y are topological
spaces. be an operation on and . A mapping f :
( ) , X ( ) , Y is said to be irresolute if and
only if for any open set V of Y, is open in
X.
Theorem 2.16: [7] Let ( ) , X and ( ) , Y are topological
spaces. Be an operation on and . A mapping f:
( ) , X ( ) , Y is said to be continuous if the
inverse image of every

-open set is open in X.

III. ON g CONTINUOUS MAPPINGS
Definition 3.1: The intersection of all g closed
sets containing a set A is called the g -closure of A and
is denoted by ) ( A cl
g


.
{ } F A and set closed g a is F F A cl
g
=

: ) ( I
Definition 3.2: The union of all


g
open sets
contained in A is called the
g Interior of A and is denoted by
) ( int A
g


.
{ } A U and set open g a is U U A
g
=

: ) ( int U

Remark 3.3: The intersection and union of two g
-closed sets is generally not a g -closed set.
Remark 3.4: If A X, then A ) ( A cl
g

-cl (A) cl(A).

Proof: A closed (

closed ) set is
g



closed.
Definition 3.5: Let ( ) , X and ( ) , Y be topological
spaces and be an operation on , . A mapping f :
( ) , X ( ) , Y is said to be g continuous if, for
every closed set F of y the inverse image ) (
1
F f

is
g closed in X.

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Clearly it is proved that f : ( ) , X ( ) , Y is
g continuous if and only if the inverse image of
every open set in Y is g open in X.
Theorem 3.6: Every continuous

mapping f :
( ) , X ( ) , Y

( in particular, continuous) is g
continuous ,but the converse is not true as may be seen from
the following examples.
Example 3.7: Let X = Y = { } c b a , , ,
{ } { } { } { } { } c a b a c a X , , , , , , , = and
{ } { } { } { } { } c a b a b a Y , , , , , , , = . Define an operation on
, as

=
A b if A
A b if A cl
A
) (

. Define f as f(a) = c, f(b) =

a, f(c) = b. Then the mapping f is g continuous. But
for the

-open set { } c b, , { } { } c b c b f , ) , (
1
=

is not a
open set. Hence f is not continuous.
Example 3.8: Let X = Y = { } c b a , , ,
{ } { } { } { } { } { } c a b a c b a X , , , , , , , , =
{ } { } { } { } { } c b c a c b Y , , , , , , , = . Define an operation on
, as

=
A b if A
A b if A cl
A
) (

. Define f as f(a) = b, f(b) =

c , f(c) = b . Then the mapping f is g continuous.
But f is not continuous.
Remark 3.9: When X is
2
1
T space then the
concepts of continuity and g continuity
coincide.
Proof: Proof follows from the Theorem 6.8 [6]
Theorem 3.10: Let f: ( ) , X ( ) , Y is a mapping from a
topological space X into a topological space Y. be an
operation on , .
(i) The following statements are equivalent.
a) f is
g
continuous .
b) The inverse image open set in Y is g
open in X.

(ii) If f : ( ) , X ( ) , Y is g continuous , then f
( ) ( A cl
g


) cl ( f (A ) ) ) for every subset A
of X.
(iii) The following statements are equivalent.
a) For each point x in X and each open set V in Y with
f(x) V, there is a g open set U in X
such that x U, f( U ) V.
b) For every subset A of X, f (
) ( A cl
g

cl (f ( A ) ) holds
c) For each subset B of Y,
) ) ( (
1
B f cl
g

) ) ( (
1
B cl f

.
Proof:
(i) (a) (b), using Definition 3.5.
(ii) Since A ) (
1
A f f

, we have A ) ) ) ( ( (
1
A f cl f

.
Cl (f ( A) ) is a closed set in Y and hence
) ) ) ( ( (
1
A f cl f

is a g closed set containing
A. consequently ) ( A cl
g



) ) ) ( ( (
1
A f cl f

. Therefore f ( ) ( A cl
g


) f
) ) ) ( ( (
1
A f cl f

cl ( f ( A) ).

(iii) (a) (b) Suppose that (a) holds and let y f (
) ( A cl
g


) and let V be any open neighbourhood
of y. Then there exists a point x X and a g
open set U such that y = f ( x), x U, x
) ( A cl
g


and f( U) V. Since x
) ( A cl
g


, U A holds and hence f( A)
V . Therefore we have y = f( x) cl ( f (A) ).
Conversely, if (b) holds and let x X and let V be any open
set containing
f (x) . Let A =
1
f ( X V ), then x A. Since f (
) ( A cl
g


)
cl ( f ( A ) ) X V, it is shown that ) ( A cl
g


= A.
Then, since x ) ( A cl
g


, there exists a g
open set U containing x such that
UA = and hence f ( U ) V.

(b) (c) Suppose that (b) holds and let B be any subset of
Y. Replacing A by
1
f ( B) we get from (b) f (
) ) ( (
1
B f cl
g

) cl ( f
1
f ( B ) ) cl (B).
Hence ) ) ( (
1
B f cl
g

1
f ( cl ( B ) ).

Conversely, suppose that (c) holds, let B = f(A) where a is a
subset of X. Then ) ( A cl
g



) ) ( (
1
B f cl
g

1
f (cl (f (A))). Therefore
f ( ) ( A cl
g


) cl( f ( A ) ). This completes the
proof.
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IV. RELATION BETWEEN g CONTINUOUS
MAPPINGS AND g IRRESOLUTE
MAPPINGS
We introduce the class of all generalized
irresolute mappings ( g irresolute) mappings which
is included in the class of all g continuous
mappings. In this section we investigate the basic properties of
g irresolute mappings.
Definition 4.1: A mapping f: ( ) , X ( ) , Y is called
g irresolute if the inverse image of every
g closed set in Y is g closed in X.
Theorem 4.2: A mapping f: ( ) , X ( ) , Y is
g irresolute if and only if, for every g
open set A of Y,
1
f (A) is g open set in X.
Proof: (Necessity) If f: ( ) , X ( ) , Y is g
irresolute, then for every g closed set B of Y,
1
f
(B) is g closed in X. If A is any g open
subset of Y, then Y A is g closed. Thus
1
f (Y
A) is g closed, but
1
f (Y A) = X -
1
f (A) so
that
1
f (A) is g open set.
(Sufficiency) If for all g open subsets A of Y,
1
f (A) is g open in X, and if B is any
g closed subset of Y, then Y B is g
open. Also
1
f (Y B) = X -
1
f (B) is g open
set. Thus
1
f (B) is g closed set.
Theorem 4.3: If a mapping f: ( ) , X ( ) , Y

is
g irresolute, then it is g continuous.
Proof: Since every closed set is g closed, it is
proved that f is g continuous.
The converse of the above theorem need not be true. This
can be shown by the following example.
Example 4.4: Let X = Y ={ } c b a , , ,
{ } { } { } { } { } c a b a b a X , , , , , , , =
{ } { } { } { } { } c a b a b a Y , , , , , , , = . Define an operation on
, as

=
A b if A
A b if A cl
A
) (

. Define f as f(a) = a, f(b)

= b , f(c) = c . Then the mapping f is g continuous.
But f is not g irresolute.
Theorem 4.5: If f: ( ) , X ( ) , Y and h: ( ) , Y
) , ( Z are both g irresolute, then
) , ( ) , ( : Z X f h o is g irresolute.
Proof: If A Z is g open set, then
1
h (A) is
g open set and
1
f (
1
h ( A ) ) is g
open since h and f are g irresolute. Thus
) ( ) (
1
A f h

o = ) ) ( (
1 1
A h f

is g open, and
f h o is g irresolute.
Theorem 4.6: Let ( ) , X
,
( ) , Y and ) , ( Z be any
topological spaces. For any g irresolute mapping f
: ( ) , X ( ) , Y and any g continuous mapping
h: ( ) , Y ) , ( Z , the composition f h o is g
continuous.
Proof: The Proof follows from the Definitions 3.5 and
4.1.
Theorem 4.7: Let ( ) , Y be a topological space where
every - closed subset is closed. If f: ( ) , X ( ) , Y is
bijective, -pre-open and continuous, then f is
g irresolute.
Proof: Let A be a g closed set in ( ) , Y . Let
) (
1
A f

O where O

. Therefore, A f(O)
holds. Since f(O) is -open in Y and A is g
closed in Y,

) ( A cl

f(O) holds and hence
1
f (
) ( A cl

)
1
f f(O) = O. Since f is g
continuous, and ) ( A cl

is closed in Y,
1
f (
) ( A cl

) is g closed. Therefore cl

(
1
f ( cl

(A ) ) ) O and so cl

(
1
f
( A) ) O. Hence
1
f ( A) is g closed in X.
Then f is g irresolute.
Theorem 4.8: If a mapping f: ( ) , X ( ) , Y is
g irresolute, then, for every subset A of X, f (
cl
g


( A) ) cl

( f ( A ) ).
Proof: If A X, then consider cl

( f ( A ) )
which is g closed in Y. by definition 4.1.
1
f (
cl

(f ( A ) ) ) is g closed in X. Further , A

1
f ( f ( A ) )
1
f ( cl

(f ( A ) ) ) ).
Therefore cl
g


( A)
1
f ( cl

( f (A ) ) )
Bonfring International Journal of Data Mining, Vol. 2, No. 1, March 2012 27
ISSN 2277 5048 | 2012 Bonfring
), and f ( cl
g


(A) ) f (
1
f ( cl

( f(A) ) )
) cl

( f ( A) ).
The following examples show that the concept of
irresolute maps, - irresolute maps and g
irresolute maps are independent of each other.
Example 4.9: Let X = Y ={ } c b a , , ,
{ } { } { } { } { } c b c a c b X , , , , , , , = and
{ } { } { } { } { } c a b a b a Y , , , , , , , = . Define an operation on
, as

=
A b if A
A b if A cl
A
) (

Define f as f(a) = b, f(b) = c,

f(c) = a. Then the mapping f is irresolute, but not
g irresolute.
Example 4.10: Let X = Y = { } c b a , , ,
{ } { } { } { } { } c a b a b a X , , , , , , , = and
{ } { } { } { } b a b a Y , , , , , = . Define an operation on ,
as

=
A b if A
A b if A cl
A
) (

Define f as f(a) = a, f(b) = c , f(c)

= a. Then the mapping f is irresolute, but not g
irresolute.
V. CONCLUSION
General topology has shown its fruitfulness in pure and
applied directions. The concepts of closedness and continuity
are fundamental with respect to the investigation of general
topological spaces. With -g-continuous mappings for the
topological spaces defined in the new way, that is, inverse
image of every closed set is -g-closed. I then theoretically
investigated the forms of -g-continuous motion that are
possible when space and mapping are as variously typed as
T
1/2
spaces, --continuous spaces, -g-irresolute spaces or
some continuous of these.
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N. Kalaivani born in India (Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore). She received her
undergraduate, Post graduate and Master of Philosophy degrees from
Bharathiar University, Coimbatore. She is doing her research in the field-
Operation Topology and Digital Topology. She is working as senior Lecturer
in the Department of Mathematics, Coimbatore institute of Engineering and
technology, Coimbatore, India. She is life member of ISTE.

G. Sai Sundara Krishnan born in India (Tamil Nadu, Madurai). He received
his Ph.D. from Bharathiar University, Coimbatore. He has more that 15 years
of teaching experience and guiding 4 research scholars in the field of
Topology. His areas of interest are Operation Topology and Digital Topology.
He is working as associate Professor in the Department of Mathematics and
Computer Applications, PSG college of Technology, Coimbatore, India. He
has several publications in the Journals and Conferences.