EEUG Meeting 2000 1

Instability of the Saturable Transformer Component

State Equations Approach
Mustafa Kizilcay Dept. of Electr. Eng. and Computer Sci.
University of Applied Sciences of Osnabrck Albrechtstr. 30,
D-49076 Osnabrck, Germany
E-mail: m.kizilcay@fh-osnabrueck.de
Abstract
The paper illustrates the instability of the Saturable TRANSFORMER Component (STC) in ATP in
case of three-winding transformer modeling with negative winding inductance using state
equations approach. The author has presented in his two contributions at previous EEUG
Meetings that the origin of instability is physical in nature. Because of the star equivalent used
for the STC, negative winding inductance may appear in the model of a three-winding
transformer. Using a simplified star equivalent for the transformer model unstable conditions are
verified by means of state equations. The state equation results are in conformity with the ATP
simulations.
1 Introduction
Previous papers [1,2] of the author have illustrated the conditions resulting in unstable
simulations of Saturable Transformer Component (STC) using data of a three-phase, three-
winding transformer. It was shown that the STC model itself is correct and stable. Unstable
cases originates from a negative winding inductance in combination with the built-in elements
of the STC and external components connected to the terminals.
The negative winding inductance appears in the case of three-winding transformers, if star
equivalent is used to represent the transformer. The STC of ATP is based on the star equivalent
formulation [3]. An efficient method to show the instability conditions originating from negative
inductance is to use state equations approach. To apply state equations, it is convenient to
simplify the equivalent of STC shown in Fig. 1. Unstable conditions can be easily determined
by eigenvalue analysis [4]. ATP simulation of studied cases are in conformity with the state-
variable analysis.
2 Simplified Transformer Model
Although it is theoretically possible to write state equations for the complete model (three-
winding case) of STC given in Fig. 1, it is preferable to reduce it to a fundamental circuit. The
simplifications made are:
only single-phase, three-winding component is analyzed;
The ideal transformers in Fig. 1 are eliminated by referring all secondary winding quantities
to the primary side;
EEUG Meeting 2000 2
Fig. 1 Equivalent circuit of the single-phase STC
Fig. 2 Simplified transformer equivalent with negative winding
inductance and secondary winding loading
The tertiary winding resistance and inductance are neglected assuming nothing is connected
to the terminals;
The nonlinear magnetizing inductance (SATURA) is assumed to be constant;
The secondary winding having negative inductance is terminated by a resistance or
capacitance. As shown later, termination by an inductive load that is greater than winding
inductance makes the system stable. Therefore this latter case has not been studied further.
The resulting simplified transformer circuit is shown in Fig. 2.
3 State Equations
The stability condition of a linear, time-invariant system can be established from the state-
variable approach. For linear and time-invariant systems the state equations using matrix
notations are
(1)
(2)
where x is the state vector, r is the input vector and y is the output vector.
EEUG Meeting 2000 3
Stability is independent of the input. If a system that is subjected to a disturbance of finite
amplitude at t = t
0
under zero input conditions returns to its equilibrium state as t approaches
infinity, it is said to be stable, otherwise, it is unstable. For zero-input conditions (r(t) = 0), the
state-transition equation of the system is
(3)
where the state-transition matrix M M(t) is written [4]
(4)
|sI A| = 0 is the characteristic equation of the system. Eq. (4) implies that the time response of
M M(t) is controlled by the roots (eigenvalues of A) of the characteristic equation. It is required that
the eigenvalues of A must all have negative real parts for a stable system (Re(8
i
) # 0). Eq. (2)
does not need to be written to analyze system stability.
Based on the circuit shown in Fig. 2 six different cases are analyzed by means of state-variable
technique. State equations for these cases are written by the inspection method. The eigenvalues
8
i
of A are determined numerically to simplify matters, although it is theoretically possible to
express 8
i
in terms of circuit elements.
Following data derived from nameplate data of a 220/110/10 kV power transformer [2] are used
referring to Fig. 2:
R
1
= 0.3268 S R
2
= 0.3268 S R
m
= 609 kS
L
1
= 107.57 mH L
2
= 8.224 mH L
m
= 308.23 H
The six studied cases 1-R, 2-R, 3-R, 1-C, 2-C, 3-C are characterized as shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Description of studied six cases
R
m
exists, L
m
omitted L
m
exists, R
m
omitted Both R
m
, L
m
exist
R
L
connected 1-R 2-R 3-R
C
L
connected 1-C 2-C 3-C
Depending on state variables (currents of inductances, voltage of capacitances) , the state-
equations in matrix form have different dimensions:
- cases 1-R, 2-R: 2
- cases 3-R, 1-C, 2-C: 3
- cases 3-C: 4
Hence, the number of eigenvalues of A is varying accordingly.
EEUG Meeting 2000 4
For the inspection method it is suitable to write the Eq. (1) in the following form:
(5)
Comparing Eq. (5) with Eq. (1), matrix A can be obtained as follows:
(6)
As an example, state equations set will be written for the case 3-R that includes both R
m
, L
m
and
the resistance R
L
as load of secondary winding. A is computed numerically. The eigenvalues are
determined using the mathematics software MathCad, version 7.
(7)
A is obtained as follows:
The eigenvalues of A are real and computed as
8
1
= 6.844@10
7
(positive!)
8
2
= 4.031@10
3
8
3
= 1.059@10
3
The case 3-R must be unstable, because real part of one of the eigenvalues is positive.
The above approach has been applied to all six cases and the eigenvalues of A matrix are given
in Table 2. The unstable cases having eigenvalues with positive real part are marked. It can be
seen that the positive real eigenvalue appear in cases, where R
m
exits as part of the magnetizing
branch independent of type of the load (resistive or capacitive) of the secondary winding.
Clearly, open-ended secondary winding having negative inductance forms always a stable
system, because no current flows through the negative inductance in this case. It can be
concluded from the above study that omitting or moving the shunt resistance R
m
to the terminals
of primary or tertiary winding having positive winding inductance would always result in a
stable transformer model, provided magnetizing inductance L
m
is included in the transformer
equivalent.
These results agree absolutely with those of three-phase transformer simulation studies
performed in [2]. Next, single-phase STC simulations will be compared with the simplified
EEUG Meeting 2000 5
equivalent circuit consisting of only R, L, C elements of ATP as shown in Fig. 2.
Table 2 Summary of eigenvalues of A for the six cases studied
case eigenvalues system state
1-R
4.030@10
3
6.844@ @10
7
unstable!
2-R
1.059@10
3
4.034@10
3
stable
3-R
6.844@ @10
7
4.031@10
3
1.059@10
3
unstable!
1-C
6.840@ @10
7
3.853@10
3
+ j2.006@10
5
3.853@10
3
j2.006@10
5
unstable!
2-C
1.060@10
3
3.290 + j2.007@10
5

3.290 j2.007@10
5
stable
3-C
6.840@ @10
7
3.853@10
3
+ j2.006@10
5
3.853@10
3
j2.006@10
5
1.060@10
3
unstable!
4 ATP Simulations
The purpose of ATP simulations is to show that single-phase STC (Fig. 1) behaves correctly and
produces the same results of the simplified equivalent circuit without ideal transformers as given
in Fig. 2. As simulation examples the two cases 3-R and 2-C out of six are chosen. The single-
phase, three-winding transformer is represented using STC as given below for the case 3-R:
C --- Transformer:
C 220 / 110 / 10 kV, 200 MVA, Yyd
C <REFB> < I ><Flux><BUST><Rmag> |
TRANSFORMER 1.855 571.77TRINT 609.E3
C Current >< Flux >
1.855 571.77
9999
C < n 1>< n 2> <R_1T><L_1T><Vrat> |
1HV_TR 0.3267107.57127.02 1
2MV_TR 0.0817-2.05663.509
3LV_TR 0.034 1.4788 10.0
The corresponding R, L, C circuit with all impedances referred to the primary winding (220 kV)
is modeled using following data:
C --- Transformer:
C 220 / 110 / 10 kV, 200 MVA, Yyd
C Uncoupled, lumped series RLC branch, type 0, Rule Book, IV.A
EEUG Meeting 2000 6
Fig. 3 Waveforms of node voltages at BUSTOP and STARP for case 3-R
Fig. 4 Waveforms of node voltages at BUSTOP and STARP for case 2-C
C < n 1>< n 2><ref1><ref2>< R >< L >< C > |
HV_EQ STARP 0.3267107.57 1
STARP MV_EQ 0.3268-8.224
STARP LV_EQ 5.4856238.59
C iron-core losses, Rm:
STARP 609.E3
C magnetizing reactance:
$VINTAGE, 1
c < n 1>< n2> < L >
STARP 308231.8
$VINTAGE, 0
The shunt resistance R
m
(609 kS) corresponding to RMAG of Fig. 1 is omitted for the case 2-C
in both representations. The circuit is excited from the primary winding terminals by a step
voltage of 100 kV. The waveforms of voltages at nodes BUSTOP (Fig. 1) and STARP (Fig. 2)
are plotted in the same diagram. The simulation results are shown in Figs. 3 and 4. In both
simulations the voltage waveforms computed using two different circuit structures are identical.
Case 3-R is verified to be unstable (Fig. 3) in conformity with the results in Table 2, whereas
case 2-C is a stable one.
EEUG Meeting 2000 7
5 Conclusion
This paper completes the investigations of instability of the Saturable TRANSFORMER Component
(STC) of ATP for three-winding transformers having a negative winding inductance as
continuation of [1,2]. The model of a single-phase transformer has been reduced to a simple
basic circuit consisting of only R, L, C elements. The unstable conditions are verified by the
state-variable approach. The roots of the characteristic equation (eigenvalues of A matrix) are
computed for various cases. According to system theory eigenvalues must have negative real
parts to ensure a stable, i.e. passive system.
The instability of STC is only expected, if one of the winding inductances is negative. This may
occur in case of three-winding transformers. It has been observed that under some circuit
configurations with one winding inductance having a negative value, the STC model of ATP and
its equivalent circuit consisting of R, L, C elements without ideal transformers show unstable
behavior. It is verified that the instability is physical in nature and is not due to an internal
modeling error of STC.
One of the solutions to avoid unstable simulations is to omit the resistive magnetizing branch
(RMAG in Fig. 1) or to connect it to the terminals of a winding having a positive inductance.
The magnetizing inductance (SATURA in Fig. 1) must be included in the transformer model in
any case. It can happen in case of heavy saturation that the transformer model may still become
unstable.
Simulation results of STC and its equivalent circuit built using R, L, C elements without ideal
transformers all impedances are referred to the primary winding are physically identical and
in conformity with the state-variable analysis of instability.
6 References
[1] Kizilcay, M.: Remarks on Modeling of Three-Winding Transformers using Saturable
Transformer Component, EEUG Meeting 1998, 9.-10.11.1998, Prague, Czech Republic.
[2] Kizilcay, M.: Remarks on modelling of a three-winding using Saturable Transformer
Component, Part 2, EEUG Meeting 1999, 8-10.11.1999, Gizzeria Lido, Calabria/Italy.
[3] EMTP Theory Book, Chapter 6, Bonneville Power Administration, June 1987,
Portland/Oregon, U.S.A.
[4] Kuo, B. C.: Linear networks and systems, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1967.