SYSTEMATIC DERIVATION OF TWO-STATE SWITCHING DC-DC

CONVE3 RTER STRUCTURES

A. Pietkiewicz D. Tollik
Instytut Technologii Elektronicznej
Politechnika Gd auiska
Miajakowskiego 11/12
80-952 Gd atsk, 2oland .
Abstract: The new method of d erivation of
two-state- & c-d c converter structures is pro-
posed . In contrast to the available techniq-
ues this method originates from the set of
general requirements concerning both structu-
re and operation of a switching converter.
These requirements coupled with an ad opted
d efinition of a minimal nurmber of elements,
are converted into the for-m of topological
graph properties and applied in the proposed
synthesis proced ure. As a result, twelve ba-
sic two-state converter structures, includ ing
four new topologies, are obtained .
1. Introd uction
In recent years, owing to the great inte-
rest in a switched -mod e powier conversion, the
family of switching converters has been con-
sid erably increased ,
CUK [ 1] , SEPIC[ 2] , UP and
DO' WN
16 1 and many others. While the most impor-
tant source
for
the new structures is still
the d esigner s intuition' , the extensive sear-
ches for the suitable synthesis techniques
have not remained inefficient. These method s,
which are comprehensively reviewed in [ 3 ] ,
consist in:
1/ Application of the d uality principle
to the existing structures ( 4 ] .
2/ Application of the bilateral inversion
transformation to the existing structures 1. 5]
3 / Combination of the basic converters
/buck or boost/ with the d c transformers
L 3 ] .
4 / Combination of the basic converters
/buck and boost/, paralleling, cascad ing [ 3 ]
5/ Extension of the canonical switching
cell [ 6 ] , [ 7 1,
ie are based on the various transformations
of the existing structures.
In contrast, the new method presented in
this paper consists in generation of all the
possible L I, C and S elements configurations
satisfy ing some d efinite topological rules
d erived from two following sets of require-
mtents ensuring that the obtained structure is:
I-Two-state d c-d c converter,
II-Basic version of this converter ie
built of a minimal number of elements.
It is then assumed that two-state conver-
ter is a circuit that:
1/ Has the general form of that shown in
Fig. 1, ie
a! single-input /V
E/
and single-output
/VO/ load ed by the resistance
R
in pa-
rallel with the smoothing capacitance
C, where both terminals are connected
in the common ground nod e, and
b/ built of the reactance elements /L
and C/ and switches /S/.
2/ Converts one d c input voltage to ano-
ther d c output voltage,
a/ operating on the principle of
switching two topologies of the reac-
tance elements, while
b/ the conversion process is loss less
and
c/ the d c voltage turn-ratio VE /VO is
controllable by the d uty-ratio varia-
tiorns.
VEI
Fig. 1. Assumed general structure
ing d c-d c converter.
vo
of a switch-
The second set of requirements, that is
equally important here, eliminates from the
synthesis proced ure many extend ed versions
of the basic structures. These requirements
are d erived from the ad opted d efinition of
minimal number of L C elements. Moreover, sin-
ce the number of switch elements is assumed
to be minimal, too, the structures containing
two alternatively operated switches are con-
sid ered .
The two above sets of requirements are
jointly transformed into the topological
graph properties in Section 2. On that base
the practical rules d etermining the ad missib-
le arrangements of L , C and S elements are
formulated in Section 3 . Finally, these rules
are d irectly applied in the synthesis proce-
d ure generating the complete class of the
basic two-state d c-d c converters, in Section
4 . The obtained results are briefly sunm. ari-
zed in Section 5.
2. Topologicalgraph properti-es
The structure of any swritching d c-d c con-
verter in each interval of a switching period
can be represented in the form of a topologi-
cal graph where the vertices correspond to
the nod es and the ed ges correspond to the
branches of the initial structure, as exem-
plified in Fig. 2b. Clearly, the ed ges of a
graph can be d ivid ed into five groups, so
that the E, C, CR, L I, S and S
-type ed ges
on Soff-tp d e
correspond to the elerrents of id eal voltage
sources, capacitors, capacitors in parallel
with resistances ind uctors, closed and open
switches, respechively.
CH207 3 - 5/84 /0000 - 04 7 3 $ 01. 00
Cc
1984 IEEE 4 7 3
2~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
2 2 L 1 1 2 }
VE
I i f 02
V
ed ges /Cond ition 2/ d oes not violate the high
imped ance paths in the respective circuits,
for example consid er the cutset If-L f2 in
Fig. 3 .
f-f
2
L l 3
Ci
4
. 2
5
2) Sj
- off
S2
-
on
2 3 C1 4 5
E
V2
cR c)
2 3 C1 4 5
1
Fig. 2. Basic CUK converter /a/ represented
by topological grapb /b/ red uced , in
each interval, to ECC S trees /c/
that fall
id entically
?Bto two ECCR
pieces /d /.
2. 1. Definition of the basic converters
Then, using the topological graph d escri-
ption, the d efinition of basic structures,ie
built of minimal number of L C elements, can be
introd uced .
Definition 1.
It is assumed that the basic converter
structures are represented by the graphs that
contain no:
1/ Circuits composed only of the C and /or
E and /or CR-type
ed ges,
2/ Cutsets composed only of the L -type
ed ges,
3 / Circuits composed only of the L -type
ed ges,
4 / Cutsets composed only of the C-type
ed ges,
5/ Cutsets composed only of the C-type
ed ges and one L -type ed ge,
6 / Paths composed only of the L -type ed -
ges and joining two vertices of the
same piece of the
ECCR-subgraph.
To justify the successive cond itions of
the above d efinition it should be realized
that the role of C and L elements can be vie-
wed as the effective shortcircuit or opencir-
cuit, respectively, for the ac currents of
a switching frequency, and therefore their
physical values should be ad equately large.
Hence, a removal of any C-type ed ge from the
circuit composed only of the C and /or E and /
or
CR-type
ed ges /Cond ition 1/ d oes not vio-
late the low imped ance path seen from the ver-
tices of the removed C-type ed ge.
Consequent-
ly, such an ed ge can be eliminated as illus-
trated by example of the circuit C
3 -C4 -C5
in
Fig. 3 .
Similarly, a removal of any l-type ed ge
from thje cutset composed only of the L -type
Fig. 3 . Extend ed version of CUK converter /a/
and its topological graph /b/ illust-
rating d efinition of basic converter.
The Cond itions 3 and 4 are quite obvious
as they eliminate eccessive elements of the
same type connected , for example, in serious
/C/ or in parallel /L /.
The Cond ition 5 results from the observa-
tion that the presence of such a cutsets
would involve zero d c current in the L -type
ed ge, that could be consequently omitted , as
for example in the cutset C1 -C2-L 3 in Fig-3 .
The Cond ition 6 can be justified by noting
that such a path would involve zero d c volta-
ge d ifference between both its terminal ver-
tices. Since both vertices are embraced in
the same piece of the
ECCR-subgraph,
they can
be simply contracted and the eccessive L -type
ed ge eliminated ,see path
L f3
in Fig. 3 for
example.
2,2A
Toyologjcal
con-sequences
of the d efini-
tion of a two-state d c-d c converter
The relevant d efinition consists of two
sets of requirements concerning both: 1/ ge-
neral structure and 2/ operation of a conver-
ter. The first set is d irectly applicable
to
formulate some useful rules influencing
a to-
pology of the synthetized structures. However,
the second set requires an intermed iate trans-
formation into the form of topological graph
properties.
First, the necessary cond itions elimina-
ting possible power lossess in the switching
converters composed of lossless L C elements
are examined . Assuming that:
1/ Power lossess can arise only in the
switch elements d uring switching
act-
ions,
2/ Switch resistances in the on-state
Rson 0 and in the off-state RsofT,
it is evid ent that the above hssumptions
ex-
4 7 4
b)
1)
Si
-on
S2-off
2 3 C14 5
E
Si
R
2 3 C1 4 5
E~ ~ ~
I
1w
clud e both the infinite current pulses in the
closed switches and the infinite voltage pul-
ses in the open switches. Thus,
it can be con-
clud ed that a topological graph representing
any converter structure in each interval of a
switching period may contain no:
/i/ Circuits composed only of the
Son-ty-
pe ed ges together with E and /or C
and /or CR-type ed ges /otherwise
infi-
nite current pulses would occur d uring
closing a switchb
/ii/ Cuteets composed only of the
Soff-ty-
pe and L -type ed ges /otherwise infi-
nite voltage pulses would occur d uring
opening a switch.
Furthermore, assuming that Cond itions 1
and 2 of Definition 1 are satisfied it can be
stated also that these topological grapbs con-
tain no:
/ii/ Circuits composed only of the C and /
or E and /or CR-type ed ges,
/iiii/ Cuteets composed only of the L -ty-pe
ed ges.
Removing all the L and
Soff-type
ed ges
from the graph representing the converter
structure in each interval of a switching per-
iod and satisfying cond itions /i/-/iii/, the
subgraphs containing only the E, C, CR and
s -type ed ges are obtained /Fig 2b/. These
sRigraphs in virtue of /i/ and /iii/ d o not
contain any circuits and in virtue of /ii/
and /iiii/ are connected /one piece graphs/.
Thus,
Property 1.
The ECCB
Sn-
subgraphs of a given conver-
ter, for all the intervals of a swi tching
period , constitute the trees of the initial
g8raphs
whereas the remaining L and S
-ff
type
ed ges are the chord s of these trees.
In ord er to proceed with the formulation
of another essential graph property that re-
sults from the requirement of the output vol-
tage controllability, it is ad visable to note
some interesting consequence of Property 1.
Namely, it can be seen that the removal of
the
Son-type
ed ges from the
ECCBRSon-subgraphs
causes these subgraphs to fall into two ECCR
pieces /Fig. 2c/. In the initial graphs both
pieces are connected by
Son' Soff
and L -type
ed ges, where the averaged over the whole per-
iod value of all the L -type ed ge voltages are
zero. So, if any L -type ed ge voltage in either
interval were forced to zero, it would remain
zero also in another interval. Moreover, ta-
king into account the fact that the potentials
correspond ing to the vertices of both ECCB
pieces are kept approximately constant, it
can be conclud ed that the voltages of all the
remaining 1-type ed ges in both intervals would
be zero, too. As a result two ECC pieces
would be permanently connected mating the
controllof the tree-ed ges voltages by d uty-
ratio variations impossible.
Similarly, it can be shown that if any
C-type ed ge current in either interval were
forced to zero, it would remain zero also in
another interval. Hence, the averaged current
of all the L -type ed ges would be zero, causing
the tree-ed ge voltages
be ind epend ent
on the
d uty-ratio variations. Summarizing, the above
d isscussion proves that:
Property 2.
The topological graphs of a two-state
switching converter contain no:
/1/ circuits composed only of L and
Son-
type ed ges and
/2/ cutsets composed only
of C and
Soff-
type ed ges.
3 . The rules of ad missible L CS configurations
The d efinition of the basic converters
and the properties d erived from the ad opted
d efinition of a two-state switching d c-d c
converter can be easily used to formulate
the set of rules d etermining all ad missible
configurations of the E, C,
CR,
L ,
Son
and
Soff-type
ed ges.
From the d efinition of a switching con-
verter /Sec. 1,item la and b/ it is obvious
that:
Rule A.
The graphs of the switching converters
are composed in general of the E, C, Ca,
L o
Son
and
Soff-type
ed ges
where the E and
CR-
type ed ges are single and connected in the
common vertex.
From Property 1 it can be conclud ed that:
Rule B.
The
ECCR-subgraphs
are composed of two
d isjoint pieces, each of them having the forrm
of the subtree /single vertex in the simplest
case/,
and
Rule C.
The
Son
-type ed ges occur only between
the vertices embraced in two d ifferent pie-
ces of the
ECC. -subg; raph.
From Definition 1 /Sec. 1,item 6 / it can
be obtained that:
Rule D.
The L -type ed ges occur only between the
vertices embraced in two d ifferent pieces
of the
ECC. -subgraph
and at most one L -type
ed ge is connected with each vertex.
To formulate the remaining rules all the
vertices of the
ECCR-subgraph
are d ivid ed
into two following types:
Type I- Vertices connected with the E-
and /or CR-type
ed ge.
Type II- Vertices connected only with the
C-type ed ges or, in the simplest
case, isolated /no E, C or
CR-
type ed ge incid ent/.
Then, to ensure a power transfer it is
required that:
Rule E.
Eacb of Type I vertex is connected at
least with one L or S-type ed ge.
Taking into account Definition
1
/Sec. 2,
item 5/, Property 2 and ad d itionally IRule D
it can be conclud ed that:
Rule P.
Each of Type II vertex is connected with
at least one S-type ed ge together with exac-
tly one L -type ed ge.
Finally,,
using Property 2 it can be
noted thats
4 7 5
Rule G.
The L -type ed ges d o not occur in parallel
with the S O-type ed ges.
4 -. - Z nthesis
proced ure of basic two-state
converter topologies
Basing on the above rules of ad missible
topological configurations in this section the
systematic proced ure of d erivation of basic
two-state converter structures is d eveloped .
The proced ure is outlined in the flow chart
of Fig. 4 .
Step 1. In the first step minimal number
of switches required in two-state switching
converters is d etermined . Accord ing to Sect-
ion 1 two switches are ind ispensable.
Step 2. In the second step number of
ECC -subtrees /pieces of ECC -subgraph/ is
d etirnined . Accord ing to Rulg B two such a
subtrees are to be consid ered .
Step 3 . In the third step numbers and
types of vertices in each particular subtree
are d etermined . From Rule A it results that
all three Type I vertices are grouped in one
common EBC -subtree called henceforth the
main subtrAe. Consequently, the second subtree
called henceforth the subsid iary subtree con-
tains only Type II vertices. Ad d itionally,
accounting for Rule F it is evid ent that in
the case of two S-type ed ges the subsid iary
subtree contains one or two vertices. These
vertices are connected totally with three or
four L and S-type ed ges, respectively. This
in turn, together with Rule F, lead s to the
conclusion that the main subtree besid e the
aforementioned three vertices of Type I can-
not contain any other vertices /to generate
one extra Type II vertex at least tjive I and
S-type ed ges are required /.
Fig. 4 . The flow chart of the
thesis proced ure.
proposed syn-
i _ i
type
I vertex
Input,' 1
a) n y r- type II vertex
output
t
11'
AI\
I I I
c) B BCOS
BUC K BOOST BUCK /B00ST
o' l
main
A
1X-% subsid iary
subtree
I
I,0Hsubtree
I I I
I
I
II
UP CUK DOWN DL J AL -SEPIC NEW1 SEPIC NEW2 NEW3 NEW4
Fig. 5. Subsequent steps of tOhe proced ure: possible vertices d istributions /& /, two-switch
configurations /b/, ad missible L S structures /c/ and final two-state converters /d /.
4 7 6
Summarizing, there are two possible d is-
tributions of vertices in the ECC2-subgraph,
shown in Fig. 5a:
/i/ L ain subtree-three Type I vertices,
subsid iary subtree-one Type II vertex
/i/ Miain subtree-three Type I vertices,
subsid iary subtree-two Type II ver-
tices.
Step 4 . In the fourth step, consid ering
both intervals at the same time, all the po-
ssible configurations of the S-type ed ges are
generated , Fig. 5b. As a result, nine configu-
rations are obtained .
Step 5. In the fifth step, for each of
the S-type ed ges configurations, the possible
L type ed ges positions are generated . This
process accounts for Rule
D,
E, F and G and
lead s to twelve d ifferent L S structures as
shown in Fig. 5c.
Step 6 . In the sixth step the obtained
L S structures are completed by C-type ed ges
which in this case can occur only in the sub-
sid iary subtree of nine structures of Fig. 5d .
L l-0
VEE
L
2
c
vo
NEW I
L i
l
i
VEt D02 v
NEW 4
FOR
NEW 1 AND 4 :
VQ
- 1-2D
VE 1-D
11
t
Vo
iVo
NEW 2
NEW 3
FOR 1
NEW 2 AND 3 :
VO 1-D
VE 1-2D
---!
0. 1 _
I
I0
Fig. 6 . Pour new two-state d c-d c converters
with their id eal static characteristics.
As a result, at the output of the proce-
d ure overall twelve basic two-state converter
structures are d erived , where eight of them
are alread y known while four, most
likely,
still unknown. These four new structures, as
can be easily proved , have the static chara-
cteristics V /V being the non-constant fun-
ctions of th8 d gty-ratio D. Thus, the rules
formulated in Section 3 constitute the set of
both necessary and sufficient cond itions equi-
valent to the ad opted d efinition of basic
two-state converter.
In Fig. 6 four new converter structures
with their static characteristics are red rawn
in a more stand ard form. As
seen,
these con-
verters prove the possibility
of obtaining
both inversed and non-inversed polarity
of
the output voltage.
Virtually, in ord er to
exploit this feature two id eal symmetrical
switches would be involved . However, the im-
plementation of uni-d irectional switches
/transistors and d iod es/
would require
an
interchange of their positions
at D= 0. 5.
5. Conclusions
The systematic method of topological syn-
thesis of basic two-state d c-d c converters
allowed to achieve the complete
class of the-
se circuits, includ ing four new structures.
The d erived structures are basic in that sense
that each element is absolutely
essential
from the viewpoint
of their static
properties.
Such a basic structure can be, accord ing
to
some optional requirements,
mod ified by
ad d i-
tion of filters /at input and /or output/,
tapped ind uctors, transformers and parallel
or series L C arrangements.
It can be
pointed
out that in a number of structures /CUK ,
UP,
DUAL -SEPIC and NEW 1/, by
removal of the C-
type ed ge parallel
to the load resistance ri,
the output imped ance can be changed fromr the
high to the low level.
6 . References
[ 1]
S. Cuk and R-. D. Sid d lebrook, " ' A new optimum
topology switching
d c-d c converter" , in
197 7 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists
Conference Record , pp. 16 0-17 9.
[ 2] R. P. Mgassey and E. C. Ryd er, " High voltage
single-end ed d c-d c converter" , in 197 7
IEEE rower Electronics Specialist
Conferen-
ce Record , pp. 156 -159.
[ 3 ] R. Severns, " Switchmiiod e converter topologies
make them work for yout" , Intersil, Inc. ,
Application Bulletin A03 5, 1980.
[ 4 ] S. Cuk, " General topological properties of
switching structures" , in 197 9 IE2r' Power
Electronics Specialist Conference Record ,
pp. 109-129.
[ 51 G. Card well and W. Neel, " Bilateral power
cond itioner" , in 197 3 IEEE Power Electro-
nics Opecialist Confereuice Record , pp. 214 -
221.
[ 6 ] E. E. L and smann,
" A unifying d erivation of
switching d c-d c converter topologies" ,
in
197 9
I22' tvcwer Electronics Specialists
Conference R2ecord , pp. 23 9-24 3 .
[ 7 ] N. R. M. Rao, " Aunifying principle behind
switching converters and some new basic
configurations" ,,
IEEE Transactions on
ron-
sumer Electronics, vol. CE-26 , rp. 14 2-14 3 ,
Feb. 1980.
4 7 7