Health (WHO) : a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the

absence of disease or infirmity

Medicine: the science of the healthy as well as of the ill human being (which is what it ought to
be), what other science is better suited to propose laws as the basis of the social structure, in
order to make effective those which are inherent in man
John Snow: leader of medical hygiene in industrial Britain. He tied outbreaks of Cholera to the
unhygienic water supply.
World Health Organization (WHO): under the League of Nations the World Health
Organization, it helps vulnerable populations, provides vaccinations, and addresses other global
health needs
Global Health: an aspect of health that transcends perspectives and concerns of individual
nations, and attends to the needs of vulnerable populations
Human Population growth: population grew from the agricultural to the industrial revolutions
at a more or less linear rate. After the industrial revolution, it began to grow exponentially.
After WWII it remained stable in developed countries but grew quickly in undeveloped
countries.
Population Pyramids: show the rate of growth and age composition of populations.
Population growth: death rates tend to fall before birth rates do, leading to a natural increase
in population
One Child Policy: Chinas policy of only one child per family has left a large portion of their
population in their 40s and 50s, a significant age bulge
Disease burden: diseases like AIDS in Africa greatly affects the age breakdown and size of the
population. AIDS is supposed to have major impacts on the population in Africa for decades.
Economic Impact: as the economics of populations change, their social and health effects also
change. In Brazil, obesity has shifted from the rich to the poor.
Birth Rate: total births per 1,000 people per year
Death Rate: total deaths per 1,000 people per year
Fertility Rate: children born per woman
Infant mortality rate: infant deaths per 1,000 infants born
Natural Increase %: births deaths per 1,000
World Birth Rates: lower in developed countries, China, Latin America. High in Africa and
Southwest Asia.
World Birth Rates: lower in developed countries, China, Latin America. Medium in Europe. High
in Africa
World Fertility Rate: low in developed countries, high in Africa.
Historic Health Burdens: Neolithic revolution, industrial revolution, post WWII all increase
population
Post WWII health burdens: New non-communicable diseases becoming prevalent among
adults, increasing incidence of communicable, preexisting diseases, antibiotic resistant bacteria.
Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY): A measure of overall disease burden, expressed as the
number of years lost due to ill-health, disability, or early death
Money/Health relationship: as GDP per capita increases, life expectancy increases
World Immunizations: children mainly remain unimmunized in Africa and India
World Health Worker Shortages: Health workers are short in South Asia and Africa
Addressing world health inequalities: cost-effective, produces more sustainable outcomes, and
increases the impact of every dollar invested, accelerating progress towards global and national
development goals
Eradicating Diseases: Epidemiologic vulnerability exists, there is an availability of an effective
and practical intervention (vaccine). Demonstrated feasibility of elimination exists for diseases
like polio, small pox, and guinea worm
Alma Ata Declaration: The main goal of Governments and WHO in the coming decades should
be the attainment by all people of the world by the year 2000, a level of health that would
permit them to lead a socially and economically productive life.
Global health security policy: government must protect against the spread of diseases like
SARS into their own countries
Global health and bioterrorism: governments must protect populations against biological
agents like anthrax
Global health and humanitarian relief: government organizations or NGOs can provide aid to
vulnerable populations
Health Brain Drain: nurses and doctors from developing countries are moving to developed
countries
Health Biotechnology: biotechnology advances in chemicals, nanotechnology, infrastructure,
information technology, pharmaceuticals, medical devices, agriculture
Pharmaceuticals: protected by patents because they are costly to develop. Then they are sold
for large amounts of money, usually in developed countries. Major pushback from developing
countries.
Half-way (crude) technology: includes many familiar treatments, e.g., dentistry, heart disease,
cancer chemotherapy, transplant surgery based on understanding of and ability to intervene in
basic biology. Ex. Iron lung vs. polio vaccine. Hence need for basic research.
Pharmaceutical R&D: intensive and high-tech companies. 15-20% of sales spent on R&D.
Basic Health Research: helps develop candidate drugs from small biotech firms that can then
sell then to pharmaceutical companies.
Pharmaceutical tests: pharmaceutical companies pay for extensive testing of potential drugs
and getting the product to market. They advertise effectiveness and gain control of IP.
Ghost writing: an activity performed by pharmaceutical companies where it supports articles in
science publications that supports their drugs
Preferences for pharmaceuticals: pharmaceutical companies prefer to make drugs for chronic
conditions, not for cures. Antibiotic, contraceptive, vaccine research lag.
Humanitarian pharma considerations: force volume sales at low margins to vulnerable
populations
Traditional Pharma Research: targets for antimicrobial drug testing, look for process essential
to growth or virulence (infectivity), metabolic process unique to pathogen (penicillin), Key step
in infection or symptom production
Genomics advances: offers a new approach in understanding action of gene in causing a non-
infectious disease and then seek way to block expression of gene hijacking DNA replication or
cell reproduction
Animal testing: Successful candidate structures are tested in vitro. Medicinal chemistry
improves absorption, changes pharmacokinetics, increases potency, decreases side effects
FDA approval: expensive, must benefit patients, must inform patients. Low dosage->varying
doses, safety->dosing requirements->double blind studies->post market surveillance
Pharma valley of death: death between basic research on toxicology in universities, and
detailed, regulatory-ready data of direct use to FDA ( regulatory science )
Pharma testing dilemma: test of experimental drug isnt supposed to be for the participant s
benefit, since most tested drugs don t work but contradiction exists patients sign up if you have
a hopeless or very serious disease.
Nuremburg code: establishes rules for medical testing after Nazi experiments
IRB approval: required for doing interviews in vulnerable populations
Genome testing: testing a genome is becoming less expensive. People will know what diseases
are likely to happen. Also will revolutionize the insurance industry.
Traditional medicine: the basis for many common medical treatments like aspirin, digitalis,
reserpine, quinine. Many have similar active ingredients to modern medicine, often less
effective but cheaper. Some are placebos.
Convention on biodiversity: conceived as one of a series of treaties addressing global
environmental issues.
Biopiracy: Pharma had long been hiring local botanists and smuggling out
materials without paying.
Next generation of challenges: virus diseases (AIDS, influenza, potential
bioterrorism threats), chronic diseases (cancer, heart), diseases of immune
system (lupus), parasitic diseases (orphan technologies), brain and central
nervous system.

Top down flow of innovation: Innovation financed by the private sector flows from the top down, from
Cadillac to Chevy
Developed to developing world innovation: poor populations can improve developed country
innovations for their own use. Ex. Cell phones
Developed spinoff innovations: accidental or encouraged by NGOs for humanitarian concerns
Leapfrogging: developing countries may accelerate development by skipping [inferior, less efficient,
more expensive, and more polluting] technologies and industries and move directly to more advanced
ones
Appropriate Technologies: small-scale, decentralized, labor-intensive, energy efficient, environmentally-
sound, locally- controlled techs. Small-scale, decentralized, labor-intensive, energy efficient,
environmentally-sound, locally- controlled.
Orphan Technology: if left entirely to the private sector, those who would bear the costs of developing
and providing it must have scant hope of receiving a financial return that is sufficient to justify the
investment and its benefits must outweigh the fully allocated costs of its development, production, and
distribution

Public intervention: In the absence of market pull, socially oriented innovations need government or
NGOs in the form of direct support, research, prizes, or other assistance

Orphan innovation examples: Fluid Adjustable Eyeglasses, Internet Systems for Gathering Information
on Human Rights Abuses, Treadle Pump, Oral Rehydration Therapy for Cholera, malaria or
Schistosomiasis Vaccines,
Health development: Sanitation, Nutritional supplements, Dehydration, Vaccines.
Energy development: improved stoves, solar lanterns, off-grid power
Information and communications technology development: development can help with energy, health,
security, and disaster relief
Fluid Adjustable Eyeglasses : Pump liquid into flexible spherical lens until you see clearly
Treadle Pump: A simple design well suited to irrigation where labor is cheap and commercial energy is
expensive or unavailable
Incaparina: A low-cost, nutritious food supplement based on local farm products to combat protein
malnutrition
Plumpynut: Peanuts (rather than milk) give tasty food suited for long-term storage
The Jaipur Foot: An Artificial Leg, Suited to Village Manufacture, A Working Ankle and a Presentable Foot
HDI and electricity: human development index rises with access of electricity
Millennium development index: energy access reduces gender parity and maternal mortality and
improves education and income
Household Stoves: low rates of electrification in developing households so cooking requires inefficient,
unhealthy burning of solid, biomass fuels. Women are disproportionately affected because they collect
fuels and are exposed to fumes.
Jiko Cooking Stove: a low-cost, commercial alternative to the three-stone stove after many false starts
The Smokeless Chula: efficient cooking stove made of mud-brick and installed by local artisans, reduces
indoor air pollution and helps prevent asthma in women and girls who cook indoors, especially in cold
climates
Off-grid lighting: solar and LED lighting provide lighting in unelectrified populations. Lights are more
efficient than flames. Helps stores and business.
Mobile Phones: easier and faster to put in cellular towers in rural areas. Minutes as currency can
transfer money without formal banking. Spread information about health care
The Mobile Wallet: Kenyas M-Pesa system allows customers and businesses to pay for anything without
needing cash, a bank account, or even a permanent address
Midwives with Mobile Phones Project: 120 midwives were provided with mobile phones to enable
communication between midwives and OBGYNs and to collect data/patient records
Social mini grids: Similar meters being used to monitor electricity theft
Disruptive grid technology: innovative generation technology, new loads, financing, financing ICT
Accessible technology: innovative marketing methods may be the key to successful, socially oriented
innovation
Organizing the market: Public Sector May Help Spread an Orphan Technology by Inducing salt
manufacturers to iodize, Or bread manufacturers with fortify with vitamin A and folic acid, or
Vaccination or public health campaigns.
Removing innovation Obstacles: High tariffs on imported equipment or key raw materials or
components, Subsidies to competing technology, Mafia control of cookstove prices, Intellectual
property protection for proprietary AIDS medicines
Organized aggregate demand: Worked with cities around the globe to aggregate demand for technology
that exists but that is too expensive for most cities to afford.
Simpa Networks: key obstacle to solar PV is upfront cost, based their approach on the success of pre-
paid cell phone minutes and applied this approach to solar PV in India
Barefoot College: India train illiterate grandmothers from rural villages on how to install and maintain
solar PV systems and solar lamps
Personalized health care: Right treatment for the right person at the right time
Disease information: treatment perspective, they are actually different diseases, yet we are barely at
the cusp of being able to identify them accurately and provide the right treatment at the first
encounter. Example asthma and colon cancer
Genomic diversity: human population exhibits a wide range of normal phenotypic variation. Diversity
is influenced by inherited differences in DNA sequence
Pharmacogenomic approach: Drug therapy based on a particular genetic profile. 4 groups-drug toxic
but beneficial, drug not toxic and not beneficial, drug toxic but beneficial, and drug not toxic and
beneficial
Warfarin blood thinner: in patients with CYP2C9 and/or VKORC1 variants can lead to excessive
warfarin exposure, resulting in an exaggerated anticoagulant response and a risk of serious or life-
threatening bleeding complications.

Growth Hormone Receptor Deficiency: Associated with a Major Reduction in Pro-Aging Signaling,
Cancer, and Diabetes in Humans
Human longevity: The same evolutionary genetic advantages that have helped increase human
lifespans also make us uniquely susceptible to diseases of aging such as cancer, heart disease and
dementia
The Millennium Development Goals Report: Advances in sanitation often bypass the poor and those
living in rural areas Over 2.6 billion people still lack access to flush toilets or other forms of improved
sanitation. And where progress has occurred, it has largely bypassed the poor.
Genomics for the world :Medical genomics has focused almost entirely on those of European descent.
Other ethnic groups must be studied to ensure that more people benefit
Working with indigenous communities: 1. consulting with communities2. complexities of consent
(community-based processes and IRBs) 3. training members of local communities in science and
healthcare, and 4. training scientists in how to work with indigenous and developing communities.

Types of intellectual property: Patents, Copyrights, Trade Secrets, Trademarks and Servicemarks,
Breeders Rights
Patent: 20 years of exclusive rights, Must be Novel, Useful, Non-Natural, Not Obvious to One with
Ordinary Skill in the Art
Patent rights: No one Else may Make, Sell, Offer for Sale, Use or Import without Your Permission. It
Costs Money to Establish, Maintain, and Defend Patents and then to File them Abroad. Others Can
Design Around Your Patent
Problems w/ US Patent System: Under-Trained, Overworked Examiners Granted Many Unwarranted
Patents. Patenting in Fast-Moving Fields is Cumbersome and Used Mostly to Provide Material for Cross-
Licensing for Defensive Purposes. Patent Trolls Buy Up Wrongly Granted Patents, and Harass Innovative
Firms into Making Lucrative Settlements.
Copyright: Protection to Authors for Life plus 70 Years. Applies to the Expression of Ideas, not the Ideas
Themselves
Trade Secrets: Information whose Value Derives from the Fact that it is not Readily Ascertainable by
Others. Lose Protection as Soon as they Become Public, No Matter How
Protection Varies with the Business: Pharma Crucial and Well Defended, Electronics Evanescent and
Ignored, Except Cross-Licensing Agreements, Manufacturing Process Hard to Prove Infringement,
Software Strategic Decision
Western Trade-Offs: objective of patent protection is to provide just enough incentive to encourage
disclosure and thus to facilitate additional innovation. Plants and animals are patentable if man-made
IP production in developing countries: Traditional or collective knowledge is unprotected: medicines,
music, design, uses of plants. Rights over this kind of IP are beginning to be asserted
TRIPS: Public health exceptions are written into WTO agreements , Compulsory licensing, Parallel
imports. Many Discrepancies were Successfully Harmonized.
IP trade off: + Get the Technology for Free, Pay Less for Drugs, Music and Books; - Discourage Local
Innovators, Performers, Writers, Composers, Film Makers and Importers of Proprietary Technology;
Need to Withstand US Diplomatic Pressure
Packet Switching: Break Message into Little Pieces, Each with an Address. Each Takes its Own Path and
the Overall Message is Reassembled at the Destination
Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP): Allows Packets to Communicate from
Network to Network
ARPA:Net Supported by Military, In Part as a Nuclear-Survivable Communications Network, but Also as a
Vehicle for Communication among Disparate Networks
NSF:Net Originates as a Communication Tool for Researchers, Parallel to ARPA-Net
Internet of things: TRILLIONS of sensors and devices, not just billions of computers
Uniform Resource Locater (URL): a Globally Unique Address for Each Object on the Web
Hypertext and Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): Formatting Documents
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): Communicate Documents
Search Engine: Find Documents
Voice-Over-Internet Protocol (VOIP): Telephone Calls Using Net Connections
Cloud computing: Data and programs as services on servers anywhere, not on your hard drive
Network Economies: My Participation in the Net Increases the Value of Your Participation (A Positive
Externality, and a Positive Feedback Loop)
economies of Scale: Costs per Unit Decrease with Increasing Volume of Production
Technical Inter-relatedness: Need for Compatibility with a System (e.g., VCR and Tape)
Quasi-Irreversibility: (Switching Costs: as a result of users acquisition of specific skills)
Trap for Investors: if Business Plan is Poorly thought Out As Frequently Happened During the Rush for
Market Share (Eyeballs), Regardless of Profitability, During the Dot-Com Bubble
Tipping: ~60% of the Market Rapidly Becomes 90%
First Mover Advantage : Even if the Product Isnt Optimized Yet
structure of Interaction: Software Writers Can Write to Standard and be Assured of a Market. Hardware
Makers Can Design to a Known Interface. Innovations not Fitting the Standard are Suppressed.

Economics of Information: Up-Front Cost is High, but Marginal Cost is Practically Zero
Higher production from networked enterprise: Flatter Communications Hierarchy, Genuinely Multi-
National Corporations, Facilitates Lean Production, Facilitates Integration of Design, Marketing, Order
Fulfillment, Shipping, Inventory, Production, Purchasing, Accounting, After-Sales Service
Artificial Intelligence: Makes it Possible to Reduce Tacit knowledge to Explicit Software that Can be
Executed Offshore, Allowing Firms to
Dot-Com Boom: Expectation of Continued Rapid Growth Led to Huge Price/Earnings Ratios and Rapid
Expansion of Investment in Capacity in Net Services and Infrastructure. Investment Bubble as Venture
Capitalists Rush to Get on Board to Gain First Mover Advantage
Dot-com crash: Shake-Out of Unviable Firms Plus Broader Economic Slowdown Makes High Multiples
Unsustainable


Internet as a Tool for Revolution: allow citizens to report news, expose wrongdoing, express opinions,
mobilize protest, monitor elections, scrutinize government, deepen participation, and expand the
horizons of freedom
Social networking: People of similar interests or ideologies can link up wherever they are. Groups form
and dissolve rapidly. Initial enthusiasm had been kindled by social media, demonstrations grew by
traditional channels
Channels of Communication: Non-political networks (e.g., soccer fans) organize via their own
communication channels, Al-Jazeera coverage, Word of mouth, coffee houses, Taxicabs
We are all Khaled Said: Facebook brings issue to everyones attention and provides a channel of
communication between the political and the non-political social networks
Battle of disinformation: Mubarak tried to manipulate mobs via Facebook
The Great Firewall (Golden Shield Project): a complex structure of monitoring and censorship. Internet
contact with China and the outside world is routed through a small number of fiber optic chokepoints,
allowing for easier monitoring of traffic in/out of the country
Illusion of Free Access: Unpredictability depending whether NYTimes.com covered Tibet that day-more
subtle than just blocking it all the time
Weibo : Chinas version of twitter. People use it to spread information about everything, but notably
food safety, corruption, accidents, Homonyms, puns and wordplay, as well as photos, to trick the
sensors
Jasmine Revolution: government stopped them cold. Its methods were subtler than they had been at
Tiananmen Square, and more insidious. Random arrests. Scrutiny of ethnic minorities. Lots of tea for
foreign journalists
Huawei: telecommunications equipment designed to allow unauthorized access by the Chinese
government and Peoples Liberation Army (PLA). National Security Agency (NSA) was creating its own
back doors directly into Huaweis networks
Wikileaks: internet made it possible for all to see raised the impact of whistleblowers
Questions about intelligence practices: We spy on our friends? We need to protect credibility in Iraq and
Afghanistan (revelations about civilian causalities) we spy at the climate negotiations?
Snowden: Revealed widespread internet surveillance programs and the bulk collection of telephone
metadata
2001 Patriot Act: permitted wiretaps, search of business records, and surveillance of lone wolves
Stryker: Wheeled intermediate weight, more deployable than tank, heavier and more armed than a
Humvee
Abrams Tank: Terrific for repelling Soviet tank invasion, but heavy, heat signature, lots of
maintenance
Predator: Unmanned aerial vehicle (not technically a drone). System includes a controller in McLean and
a communications link

Precision bombs, torpedoes, anti-sniper weapons: One bomb knocks out bridge, instead of hundreds of
sorties with 1000m cep bombs, lots of collateral damage
Battlefield integration for situational awareness: longtime dream of cutting through fog of war. Hard.
40-0 data bases to be integrated. Software would be vulnerable to viruses.
Technology revolutionary effects on battlefield: rifles in civil war, tanks, machine guns, organized
power
Counteracting advances: an advance in offense leads to advance in defense and conversely, i.e.,
technology is not decisive
Induced innovation in military: concentrate on technical superiority to counter superiority of
Warsaw Pact in numbers. Unquestioning backing of public opinion and politicians for big increase in
military r&d
Asymmetric warfare: Terrorist weapons become more sophisticated as defenses evolve to combat
them, ditto IEDs, intelligence devices
Innovation theory: Military is both an innovation-resistant CELS and a system that can accomplish radical
innovation. Services often backward-looking, fighting last war
Politics and military innovation: he military version of induced innovation, in which strategy is
determined by external politics. Much US technology emphasis on development of drones
Economics and military innovation: US spends more on military than the rest of the world
combined. In fact, even before Iraq war, military spending exceeded height of the Cold War
Cost vs. performance curve: Military wants performance, even if it drives costs way up. When
technology frontier advances, military will pay extra to push performance to stay ahead of potential
enemies
Production lacks economies of scale: Hence $600 toilet seats, pressure to export hardware and
production technology, despite geopolitical complications
Military procurement: requires special paperwork, so much so that companies form special
divisions even if the product is the same.
Congressional politics: Military expenditures have major Keynesian effects, generate many jobs.
Congress insures they are spread around.
Cybersecurity: Still a major US vulnerability. Private firms which own most of our critical
infrastructure, e.g., financial would rather accept losses than publicly admit vulnerability.
International legal question: assuming they can be definitely attributed, at what point do these
become acts of war, rather than espionage
chain nuclear reaction: a single unstable U235 nucleus is split and neutrons are released. These
resulting neutrons then react with the surrounding U235 nuclei, splitting them in turn. As more
nuclei are split, they split in more U235 atoms, releasing energy along the way.
gun type atomic weapon: At each end of a metal tube, is highly enriched U235 material is at
each end of the barrel. One mass is a bullet and the other is a target. Behind the bullet is
conventional explosive. When this explosive is ignited, it effectively shoots the U235 bullet
down the barrel and it impacts the U235 target and together the U235 reaches critical mass
implosion type weapon: has a core of highly enriched U235 material surrounded by
conventional explosives. The conventional explosives are then set off at exactly the same time
such that it pressurizes the U235 core, it reaches critical mass
Radioactive material: gives off high energy waves called radiation. It is material often made of
unstable atoms, like U235
Radiation: the high energy rays given off by radioactive material.
Dirty bomb: a double effect, both of which are harmful. First is an initial explosion that causes
injuries and casualties quickly. In addition to this, a dirty bomb releases large amounts of high
level radiation causing.
atomic fission bomb: atoms are split in a chain reaction that releases lots of energy at once.
hydrogen bomb: energy released comes from combining deuterium atoms together to make a
helium atom.
once-through reactor: processed and enriched uranium from mines is used to produce fuel in
nuclear reactors
U235: used for bombs. Separated using a system of energy intensive centrifuges that accelerate
molecules such that the isotopes are separated because of their differing mass. a .7
concentration
Reprocessing: used to recover fissionable nuclear material from spent fuel from nuclear
reactors
Moderator: in a nuclear reactor is a medium of some material, like graphite or heavy water that
reduces the speed of neutrons
Influence of IR on nuclear tech: Absent German challenge and World War II, would there have been a
Manhattan Project
Expected vs actual proliferation: Less serious than expected. In 1960s, 80 or 90 nuclear powers
expected by now. Expectation of nuclear war in 1980s. Bomb shelters, duck and cover drills.
peaceful applications of nuclear technology: nuclear as great new technology. Atoms for Peace
program spreads nuclear technology around world. Iranian students of nuclear technology at MIT
Test ban treaties: 1963 ban on atmospheric, ocean and land testing. Non-nuclear powers suck it up
for the greater good, and for the promise of improved access to and great power help with civilian
nuclear technology
Cuban missile crisis: came close to war. US and Russia establish hotline. Castro tells McNamara he
would have nuked us if we had bombed him
IAEA inspection powers: unannounced inspections of declared facilities. War shows importance of
nukes for small countries
Terrorist nuclear capabilities: Old technology. Gun-type bomb doesnt need testing. Terrorists use
conservative methods, fear failure.
Nuclear forensics: techniques to trace origin of weapons grade material on interdiction or post-
event


9/11 change of threat: threat came to be thought of in existential terms
Perceptions of terrorist threat: Increased vulnerability of modern societies, America is no longer
immune to terrorism, Our enemies are home-grown and foreign, Religious as well as political groups
Terrorism technology: Vast technological advances in military weaponry are not matched by terrorism.
Technological vacuum characterizes terrorism
economic warfare: Devices cost less than 5 to produce, Yet caused more than $15 million in
Terrorism and Non-kinetic technology: Technology has enhanced their communications capabilities,
thousands of terrorist & insurgent web sites today damages
The National Innovation Environment: National Innovation Context + National Innovation System
National Innovation Context: Broad Factors that Guide, Facilitate or Hinder Innovation (Business
climate, labor laws, financial system, etc.)
National Innovation System: Institutions and Policies that Provide Direct support to Innovation (labs,
universities, funding)
Enabling Environment: intellectual property protection, venture capital, etc.
US Innovation Context: Culture Glorifies Individualism, Welcomes Novelty, Accepts Failure, Doesnt
Defer to Elders, Worlds Largest Common Market, Relatively Free Labor Markets, Immigrant Scientists
Pre-Civil War innovation: Technological Skill as Part of the American Self-Image
1860-1940 innovation: Confederate secession ends debate over internal improvements
(infrastructure), and makes possible the establishment of trans-continental railroad, land-grant
colleges, But US is not a leading scientific power, 1930s: US as haven for European scientists
Post WII++WI innovation: Science: The Endless Frontier sees basic research as the key to innovation
and economic growth
Sectorial Succession: Manufacturing supplants agriculture, Services supplant manufacturing, MNCs
and start-ups send manufacturing offshore
Makeup of R&D spending: Innovation and Commercialization are Left Mostly to Private Industry
without Special Incentives
DARPA: in Defense Department: Translational Research that Links Breakthrough Ideas to Practical
Application, NO Peer Review
In-Q-Tel: CIAs Venture Catalyst, Now mostly second tier finance, stamp of approval for investors
DARPA-E: for energy innovation, was Funded by the Stimulus Package, Received 3500 Applications in
its First Competition
Land grant colleges: agricultural research, extension
Science and Engineering Education: Universities are centers of research, Strong connection to industry
and graduate education, Emphasis on teaching students to think rather than learning facts, basic
research
Health research support: NIH budget doubles in 1990s, but then stagnates, stranding young
researchers by funding only a small % of good proposals
Strong links between universities and industry: Top universities seek income from patents and
licenses, upsetting long-standing relationships with corporate funders of research, Threats of delay in
publication
US Innovation facilitation: Military, Aerospace, Agriculture, Pharma and Biotech, Derived from Basic
Research, Components in Established Systems, Attract Participatory Innovation
US Innovation holes: Derived from Traditional Knowledge, Cannot be Converted into Commercial
Products, Require Basic Change in Complex Entrenched Legacy Systems
Scientific Adviser to the President: Part of a Team, not a Representative of the Scientific Community,
Truth May be Uncertain, and Policy Decisions Involve Values and Politics
White House Office of Science and Technology Policy: Directed by Science Adviser, Aided by the IDA
Science and Technology Policy Institute, White House Chief Technology Officer alongside Science
Adviser
National Academy of Sciences: a Quango: Quasi-Governmental Non-Governmental Organization
Federal R&D budget: comes from discretionary spending, Its amount varies with overall discretionary
budget, Except for basic research in the national science foundation, the US R&D budget is the
aggregate of the budgets of the mission-oriented agencies
Federal S&T Budget: Federal Money Spent for Basic Research or to Develop New Knowledge or New
Technology
Political Issues Affecting S&T Policy: Energy: nuclear and fossil fuels vs. Renewable, Industrial policy
vs. Corporate welfare, Social attitudes affect research on animals, reproduction, HIV, Evolution
controversy

global technological revolution: focused on green and life science technologies
New wave in china: n clean energy, life sciences, advanced manufacturing, new materials, and next
generation IT
China's R&D Expenditures : At the current rates of growth and investment, Chinas total funding of R&D
is expected to surpass that of the U.S. by about 2022
Scientists and engineers per capita: high in developed countries, low in under developed ones
Old pillar industries in China: national defense, telecoms, electricity, oil, coal, airlines, marine shipping
New strategic pillars in China: energy saving and environmental protection, next gen information
technology, high-end manufacturing, new energy, new materials, clean energy vehicles.
Challenges for S&T: more and more globalized, and all humankind are faced with the same problems in
energy and resources, ecological environments, climate change, natural disasters, food security, public
health, and so on
National Science Conference: held in March 1978 was an event of historical significance during Chinas
S&T development
China-U.S. Science and Technology Agreement: in 1979 marked the beginning of Chinas official
cooperation with the Western world, followed by cooperation agreements with Japan and some
European countries.
Chinas IP regime improved: It standardized its intellectual property (IP) protection in international S&T
cooperation and exchanges and strengthened its IP protection.
The Internationalization of Chinas S&T Development: S&T cooperative relations with 154 nations and
regions, 107 intergovernmental S&T cooperation agreements, 150 S&T diplomats in 70 diplomatic
missions in 46 countries
Indigenous innovation: Chinese S&T policy has become focused on the strategy
drivers behind Chinese innovation: Growing concerns about viability of current economic model,
Growing pressures from global competition, e.g. Vietnam, Growing concerns about revenue loss/high
fees, e.g. licensing, Growing concerns about loss of political leverage, Growing perception of global tech
protectionism, Growing concerns about national security
China as a battleground: winning in China for MNCs is now strategic imperative in terms of talent,
innovation and markets
Chinas innovation gains: expanding its numbers of patents, percentage of global science literature and
high tech exports
Chinas IPR Deficit: According to IMF data (2009), China had a $10 billion deficit in its overall IPR balance
of payments (royalties, license fees paid/received)
utility-model patents: do not require inventions to be novel and last only 10 years, is a problem in
terms of patent monetization.
New Mechanisms of S&T Cooperation in China: International Innovation Parks, International Joint
Research Centers, International Technology Transfer Centers, International S&T Cooperation Bases (500
goal), International R&D Outsourcing Services Center, International Business Incubators
European Attitudes to Innovation: Strong adherence to Precautionary Principle, e.g., for genetically
modified foods
less flexible labor markets : in part due to non-transferable pensions
EU Environmental Regulation: Government and industry work things out, close relation between
governments and environmental NGOs, which are often analytically strong
German Innovation System: research largely in government institutes
German manufacturing: Globally competitive in niche markets in capital goods despite high wage,
Family businesses w/ long time horizon,
German Education: Early tracking of students into vocational and academic programs via exam,
Universities hampered by large enrollments, Strong unions
German Environmental standards : Overseen by engineer-dominated advisory boards and agencies,
Elaborate and intrusive inspection system, Major subsidies and policies to stimulate renewable energy
and conservation
French Innovation Context: Strongly centralized government, Inflexible labor laws and other regulations
protect the way of life of people who are already inside the system
French education: elitist educational system, resources concentrated on grand ecoles, Research takes
place mostly in government laboratories, not in educational institutions
National champions in France: Strategic industries (aviation, nuclear power, telecoms, computers) were
often chosen for prestige, contribution to great power status, rather than their prospective economic
competitiveness. When policy changed in 1980s, these industries managed to maintain their
prominence.
Japanese Innovation System: Historic fostering of industry by government, dating from Meiji
Restoration, Systematic world surveys to identify best sources of technology for specific sectors and
bring them to Japan, Strong prefectural laboratories providing direct practical support to industry,
Followed U.S. up the ladder, taking up industries and absorbing technologies in which the United States
was no longer competitive
Labour in Japan: Labor as fixed cost (overhead), Encourages investment in training, Allows unions to
accept flexible job descriptions, cross-training, But system breaks down as firms get in trouble in the
current prolonged recession
Japanese manufacturing: Recall lean manufacturing, just-in-time, five whys Outstanding, market-
oriented innovation, especially in cars and consumer electronics
Japan Challenges America: Manufacturing superiority, Japan as number one, Drives US out of
consumer electronics, challenges in automobiles
Keiretsu (Industrial Conglomerates): Many unrelated lines of business under Common management,
excessive horizontal integration
Japanese Environmental Regulation: Industry, local community, local government work out local
standards, Enforcement is by shame: no one will do business with a gross polluter, Little litigation

Innovative Capabilities and Income: as income increases, innovation increase
Innovation capabilities index: 60 factors that are seen to have a bearing on a countrys ability to
create an environment that encourages innovation, such as a nations institutional environment,
human capital endowment, the presence of social inclusion, the regulatory and legal framework, the
infrastructure for research and development, and the adoption and use of information and
communication technologies
STI applications in developing countries: improving productivity in manufacturing, agriculture and
services, preventing food crises (starvation), increasing value added, diversifying production,
mitigating/adapting to climate change, developing new energy sources renewable energy, water
management
Stages of STI Development : Distant technological laggard countries (early stage), Technological
laggard countries (later stage), Near technological frontier countries, At the technological frontier
countries
Technology imports: Small number of developed countries provide most of the technological
innovations, Most of the developing countries are neither innovating nor adopting, Many lack the
capability to create globally competitive technologies, Many lack access to information on new
technologies and innovations
Technology infrastructure: R&D institutes and testing facilities in developing countries fall short of
quality when compared to industrialized countries, Lack of collaborative research, Isolation of
universities and R&D from industry
Pace of technological change: SMEs lack the capability to constantly upgrade technologies in view of
rapidly changing technologies in developed countries
Technology acquisition: Unit level technology absorption is low, Lack of incentive, direction and
capability to update existing technologies, Lack of ready access to capital, Relatively high transaction
cost
Unit Level Interventions: Smaller firms find difficult to finance and coordinate the requisite level of
technological activity, Low participation in network of organizations and institutions involved in
diffusing information on technologies
Skilled Manpower in developing countries: Shortage of trained personnel, Lack of continuous
capability development of manpower in technical dimensions, New technologies are not adopted due
to lack of skilled people thus widening the technology gap.
National innovation system approach: strong accumulated knowledge base, stable and well
functioning market system, developed institutional and infrastructure support of innovation activities
Innovation Path-dependency: In previously state-controlled command economies, which has
influenced the whole logic of building up their national innovation system
Absorptive Capacity Concept: the capacity to absorb the new technology into the human capital stock
is critical. Active learning policies are needed
social capability : capabilities that the developing countries have to acquire in order to catch up,
especially the improvement of education and business infrastructure
collective capabilities : what organizations in private and public sector are able to do and how it is
supported (or hampered) by broader social and cultural factors
Advantages of showing up late: Imitation, scale economies, access to the modern technology at lower
costs, access to already established markets
Direct tech diffusion: FDI, technology purchases (importing, licensing)
Indirect tech diffusion: knowledge spillovers (imitation, reverse engineering, transfer of know-how by
movement of employees etc.
Regional Catch-up: East Asia active model of technology diffusion management, South America and
other parts of the world, this hasnt worked as well
Latecomer strategy: to catch up with the advanced firms and to move as quickly as possible from
imitation to innovation.
Leverage: capacity to secure more from a relationship than the firm puts in
Linkage : the global value chains as suppliers. Through linkage latecomer firm could acquire from more
advanced firms knowledge, technology, and market access
industrial learning: linkage and leverage can be repeated over again until firm or group of firms
enhance their capabilities and become, potentially, advanced players
Technology Leverage Institution (TLI): is to identify technologies of interest to a developing country,
fashion strategies for acquiring technologies, adopting, adapting and diffusing them to the firms in the
country, where they can be used to build new businesses and industrial sectors. Doesnt engage in
fundamental scientific research
Taiwans Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI): a nonprofit to create economic value through
R&D, to speahead high tech development,to enhancecompetitiveness.
Open lab: a conducive environment for industries to access R&D resources
Taiwan technology transfer: from academia from research insititutions to industry clusters
Historical Industrial Development of Taiwan: labor development, export promotion, capital
andtechnoloy development, development of biotech industries
Indias Strengths: Large domestic market, Young and growing population, Critical mass of educated
and skilled English speaking knowledge workers, Strong public and private R&D infrastructure
Indias Challenges: Large and rapidly growing population, Low average educational attainment, Low
per capita income. Over regulated economy Poor physical infrastructure
Decade of Innovations: Decade of Innovations, Designing and developing a National Innovation
Ecosystem, stimulate the engagement of the private sector into R& D, International S&T cooperation
Indian focus on education: Establishment of large number of new institutions of excellence, Allocation
of 19.8% of Gross Budgetary Support to Education, Expanding the educational infrastructure at all
levels, Enunciation of Right to Education Bill
Trends in indian innovation: indian number of publications has grown
Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research: in India, has included three components. They
are i) Scheme for Early Attraction of Talents for Science (SEATS), b) Scholarship for Higher Education
(SHE) and c) Assured Opportunity for Research Careers (AORC).
Millennium Indian Technology Leadership Initiative: Largest PPP model for R&D in India; focus on
biotech, pharmaceuticals, energy, ICT, etc.
Venture fund support system: Technology Development Board using equity participation model
Grass Root Innovation: National Innovation Foundation India (NIF) includes Micro Venture Innovation
Fund
Examples from the Indian innovation: nano car, Jaipur foot, cotton stripper, hepatitis vaccines
Technology Mission on Winning, Augmentation and Renovation (WAR): for water is mounted and
ongoing for demonstrating convergent technology solutions for 26 different types of water challenges
in different locations in the country
PAN India initiative based on Pubic-Private-People-Partnership (PPPP): model involving carefully
developed strategic alliances for affordable quality innovations under S&T partnerships
Global Technology and Innovation Alliance (GITA): is the planned step forward for building strategic
alliances and partnerships where Indias strength in cost optimization while partners strength in
quality of innovations could provide a win-win formula
Indo-US Joint Center for Clean Energy Research and Development: Four way Partnership DoE/ US,
MoST/India, US Industry, Indian Industry (modeled after US-China CERC)
Indo-EU engagement in STI: 5 million Euro/ year on computational materials science, solar energy and
water technologies


Australia-India Strategic Research Fund: Fund at AUS $ 100 million is the single largest bilateral
engagement for both countries mutually
Strengths of Brazilian Innovation System: A vibrant Entrepreneurship culture, Availability of
Universities, Extremely resilient private sector, expansion of the research system, global Champions
Weaknesses of Brazilian Innovation System: Research institutions & Universities lack capacities to
interact with firms, commitment to innovation is still weak, mostly of adaptive nature, Government
R&D financing scope is limited, barriers linked to the high cost of innovation
Opportunities for Brazilian Innovation: Brazilian diaspora is gradually coming back, Recent legislation,
Inclusive Innovation / Social Policies, New innovation players in Brazil
smart specialization: a special focus shall be set on enhancing innovation in certain sectors
Africa innovation challenges: Rapid Change in Markets and Technology, Chinese Competition, Slower
Growth in World Economy, Reduced Development Assistance, Heavy Subsidies to European and US
Agricultural Exports
Building S&T Capacity: Providing special exceptions for IPR transfer and protections, Linking LDCs to
information, IP
Technology Transfer Incentives to Least-Developed Countries: Developed country Members shall
provide incentives to enterprises and institutions in their territories for the purpose of promoting and
encouraging technology transfer to least-developed country Members
PAN-African E-Network: Information and Communications Technology (ICT) project between India
and the African Union that seeks to connect the 53 member states of the Union through a satellite
and fibre optic network to India


1963 paradigms: Computers Had 32K, Arms Control, New Jersey Turnpike, Structure of DNA, Silent
Spring, Phones were Heavy, Black, Clunky, (LPs), Atomic Energy, Inevitable Nuclear War, Jet Air Travel
was New
Brave New World: Expensive Entertainment, Soma to Soothe the Masses, Industrialized, Sexless
Reproduction.
1984: Telescreens, Pneumatic Tubes Whoosh Paper Records to Memory Holes
Technological Revolutions are Tough to Predict: Technological Revolutions are Tough to Predict, Single
Key Invention Sets Off a Revolution, Confluence of Many Unrelated Discoveries and Inventions, Others
may be Stymied
Political and socially dependent outcomes : Loss of privacy via crowd-surveillance, monitoring of
communications, Autonomic killing drones, Fossil fuels vs. renewable energy sources, Safety of
infrastructure, finance, energy, Nuclear war??