A

Project Report
on



Grid Integration Of Distributed Energy Resources
(Project Evaluation-IV)









Supervised by: Submitted by:

Mr. V.K. JAIN KRITIKA PANDYA(2010UEE196)
Associate Professor CHETNA GOYAL(2010UEE211)
EKTA CHOUDHARY(2010UEE194)
SAMEEKSHA GUPTA(2010UEE192)




DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

MALAVIYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JAIPUR

APRIL 2014

1



CONTENTS
CHAPTER Page
no.

1. Introduction 2

2. Literature Survey 5

3. Load Flow Analysis in Power System and Genetic Algorithm 10
3.1 Load Flow Analysis 10
3.2 Genetic Algorithm 12

4. Problem Formulation 13

5. Proposed Methodology 15

6. Analysis and Observations 17

7. Results 19

8. Progress made since last evaluation 26

References 27

Appendix (A) 29












2



CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION


The basic objective of an electric power system is to meet the demand imposed on it in an
optimal, secured and efficient manner. Deregulation of Electricity industry has brought in
the culture of competition among multiple players in generation, transmission and
distribution under varied constraints. Within a restructured electricity industry, the trade of
electrical energy is commoditized using an economic model that is an abstraction of the
underlying physical process. The network effects such as network losses and network
congestion, which are subject to important physical realities and limitations, have also
played an important cause for market inefficiencies

Distributedgeneration units (also called decentralized generation, dispersed generation, and
embedded generation) are small generating plants connected directly to the distribution
network or on the customer site of the meter. DG has a lot of resources, which included,
renewable-energy resources, such as the heat and light from the sun, the force of wind,
organic matter (biomass), falling water, ocean energy and geothermal heat; other resources
such as CHP, micro-hydro units, diesel engines, fuel cells and battery storage

In recent years, DG has been one of the most attractive research areas in the field of power
generation. This ever-increasing attention can be related to several important reasons such
as its great potentials and advantages, increasing of electrical demands, technical and
economic constraints in construction of new power plants and new transmission lines.
Main reasons for the increasingly widespread usage of DG can be summed up as follows
It is easier to find sites for small generators.
Latest technology has made available plants ranging in capacities from 10 KW to 15
MW.
Some technology had been perfected and are widely practiced (gas turbines, internal-
combustion engines); others are finding wider applications in recent years (wind,
solar energy), and some particularly promising technologies are currently being
3

experimented or even launched (fuel cell, solar panels integrated into buildings).
DG units are closer to customers so that Transmission and Distribution (T&D) costs
are ignored or reduced.
Combined Heat and Power (CHP) groups do not require large and expensive heat
networks.
Natural gas, often used as fuel in DG stations is distributed almost everywhere, and
stable prices are expected for it.
Usually DG plants require shorter installation times, and the investment risks are not
so high.
DG offers great values as it provides a flexible way to choose wide ranges of
combining cost and reliability.

The DG advantages can be divided into technical, economic and environmental benefits.
Technical advantages include wide ranges of benefit such as efficiency, grid reinforcement,
power loss reduction, reliability, eliminating or deferring the upgrades of the power system,
improving load factors and voltage profile and thus increased power quality. The economic
advantages entail the reducing of transmission and distribution operating cost, saving the
fossil fuel and decreasing in electricity price. Environmental advantages cover the
reductions in emission of greenhouse gases and also sound pollutions.


Moreover, DGs are available in modular units, characterized by ease of finding sites for
smaller generators, shorter construction times, and lower capital costs. Decision about DG
placement is taken depending on site and primary fuel availability or climatic
conditions. Although the installation and exploitation of DGs to solve network problems
has been debated in distribution networks, the fact is that, in most cases, the distribution
system operator (DSO) has no control or influence about DG location and size below a
certain limit. However, DG placement impacts critically the operation of the distribution
network. Inappropriate DG placement may increase system losses and network capital and
operating costs. On the contrary, optimal DG placement (ODGP) can improve network
performance in terms of voltage profile, reduce flows and system losses, and
improve power quality and reliability of supply. The DG placement problem has therefore
attracted the interest of many research efforts in the last fifteen years,hence it can provide
4

DSOs, regulators, and policy makers useful input for the derivation of incentives and
regulatory measures.

This report provides a powerful approach to find the optimal size and location of
distributed generation units in a distribution system using Genetic Optimization algorithm
(GA). The total active and reactive power losses are minimized and
voltage profile is improved. GA fitness function is introduced including the active power
losses, reactive power losses and the cumulative voltage deviation variables with selecting
weight of each variable. GA fitness function is subjected to voltage
constraints, active and reactive power losses constraints and DG size constraint.























5



CHAPTER - 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
Different researchers have proposed different methods for grid integration of Battery and
Solar photovoltaic systems to overcome the challenges imposed by high penetration of
photovoltaic in distribution grids. Different operating schemes of battery energy storage
systems have been used to address different problems caused by the highly intermittent and
dispersed PV generation. A brief overview of the literature survey is listed here.

1. Cody et al.[1] proposed the application of battery energy storage system in ramp rate
control method, frequency droop response method and power factor control to overcome the
voltage and frequency swing problem due to high penetration of photovoltaic in low voltage
grids. They also devised a method to control power factor at point of coupling by reactive
power control of the inverter.

2. Paulo et al. [2] investigated the effect of large scale integration of DERs within low
voltage networks and the problem of voltage rise. They modeled LV networks as three phase
unbalanced systems and proposed strategies to control the voltage rise by optimal
curtailment of DERs in order to avoid cascading.

3. P. S. Georgilakis and N. D. Hatziargyriou [3] focused on the various optimization
techniques which can be used to find the optimal location and size of the distributed
generation units to be installed into the existing distribution network which are subjected to
various electrical and investment constraints. To minimize the total power loss of the
system, genetic algorithm techniques are employed in this system.

4. N. W. Miller [4] et al. proposed a grid integrated photovoltaic and battery energy storage
system which would continue to supply the critical load in case of outage of the main plant.
The main plant sheds all the non-critical loads as soon as possible after the occurrence of any
fault and all the critical loads are taken up by the BESS. All the loads are transferred back to
6

the utility as soon as power is restored, but this is to be done before the battery is completely
discharged. This is known as re-synchronizing.

5. Md. Anisa Shereen[5]The proposed methodology is so fast and efficient and at the same
time so accurate in determining the size, type, number and location of DG units using a
Genetic Algorithm (GA) based technique. Load flow algorithm is combined appropriately
with GA till access to acceptable results of this operation. The suggested method is
programmed under MATLAB software. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology was
tested on Standard IEEE33 bus system and found maximum loss reduction for each of two
types of optimally placed multi-DGs. The proposed methodology is fast and efficient and at
the same time accurate in determining the size, type, number and location of DG unit(s).

6. B. Venkatesh et al. This paper focuses on the aspects of loss minimization and voltage
enhancement of RDS by artificial intelligence methods. A sample 33-bus system and 69-bus
system are chosen for the study and the results are being compared. Two algorithms namely
FMGA and EP are used. The comparison of results with both the algorithms shows that
FMGA is able to find potentially good switching options. EP has good solution but it takes a
longer time to converge.

7. A. K. Singh and S. K. Parida [7] presented a method to select the load buses for the
placement of DGs based on loss reduction and voltage improvement sensitivity of the system.
Benefits of employing DGs are analyzed using voltage performance index (VPI) and loss
sensitivity factor (LSF) on an IEEE 24 bus system. With the optimal placement of DGs, it has
been observed that the line flows in the system become evenly distributed.
.

8. N. Miller et al. [8] proposed a paper which discusses about the use of energy storage in
smart grid and the advancement of power grid to accommodate the increasing penetration of
the variable distributed energy resources. It provides the basics involved in determining the
power and energy rating of a battery at a defined discharge rate.

9. W. S. Tan et al. [9] carried out a novel multi population-based genetic algorithm for
optimal location and sizing of distributed generation in a radial distribution system. The
objective is to minimize the total real power losses in the system and improve voltage
7

stability within the voltage constrains. It was proven that the proposed method can save a
huge amount of power and achieve significant improvement in voltage stability. Results of
proposed method were verified by compared to the results from the analytical method

10. Chhabra et al.[10]demonstrated the use of energy storage devices as a solution to reduce
the frequency variations due to the supply fluctuations of renewable energy sources. Also a
simple dispatch strategy is provided, for operation of a wind farm coupled with a utility scale
battery.

11. K. Wang, et al [11] Low proposed a theory to match the uncertain supply and demand by
designing a stochastic network to deal with the fluctuations in both the power supply and
demand.It was motivated by the ability of the calculus to account for high fluctuations in
queuing systems, which are especially characteristic to the power grid when integrating
renewable energy sources.

12. FrancescoMarra et al. [12] proposed a solution to cope with the increased voltage profile
due high penetration of PV and reduced demand. To cope with this problem battery energy
storage system is used and then integrated with solar photovoltaic. The result in improved
voltage profile and reduced power curtailment tendencies.

13. U. EMINOGLU et al. [13] proposed a software package to be used for load flow analysis
using Graphical User Interface capabilities of matlab. This system when implemented on a
transmission and distribution network gives quite accurate results. It facilitates the use of
different algorithms for load flow analysis.

14. SumitPaudyalet. al. [14] proposed a generic and comprehensive distribution appropriate
power ow (DOPF) model that can be used by local distribution companies (LDCs) to
integrate their distribution system feeders into a Smart Grid. The results illustrate the benets
of the proposed DOPF in terms of reducing energy losses while limiting the number of
switching operations.

15. WenpingQinet. al. [15] proposed a technique to evaluate the weakest bus and system
reliability based on system voltage stability under various system contingencies and operation
conditions. The IEEE 30-bus system has been modified and analyzed to illustrate the
8

proposed technique. The results provide system planners and operators very important
information for the weakest points at different contingencies.

16. Al-Mathnaniet. al. [16] proposed a new control algorithm for dynamic voltage restorer
(DVR) that mitigates voltage sag by low active power injection with short time delay. The
difference between the reference and measured voltage is injected to the line by the DVR. It
is shown that the proposed method improves the performance of the DVR.

17. ErhanDemiroket. al. [17] proposed a method which aims to achieve less grid voltage
violations, thus more DG connection on the electricity distribution networks can be allowed.
In case of high penetration of grid connected DGs, voltage support from the inverters near
transformer is almost invisible because the terminal voltage stays in admissible range
although the voltage at the end of feeder exceeds 1.1 p.u. limit.

18. John P. Barton and David G. Infield [18] proposed a probabilistic method has been
developed to predict the ability of intermittent energy sources increase the penetration of
intermittent embedded renewable generation on electricity grids. Different electricity storage
are compared for their suitability for different time periods.

19. Mohamed M. Aly et al. [19] presented a study of the voltage stability problem in
distribution systems with high penetration photovoltaic generations that are equipped with
reactive power support capabilities. A series of case studies is conducted and the calculated
results show that reactive power support can positively contribute to feeder voltage
regulation.

20. QiuyeSunet. al. [20] proposed a system for the voltage profile of the distribution networks
according to two typical load distribution models - uniform and isosceles models. The exact
expressions of voltage along the feeder are established. The simulation proves that DG can
influence the voltage profile and should be well planned to ensure the static voltage of each
node within the permitted range.

21. Kyung-Hee Jung et al [21] proposed a study for determining the installation site and the
optimal capacity of the battery energy storage system (BESS) for load leveling. Using lead-
9

acid batteries calculation of optimal capacity with the charging/discharging loads is also done
in this paper.

22. Pavlos S. Georgilaki and Nikos D. Hatziargyriou,[22] focused on several models and
methods have been suggested for the solution of the ODGP problem. This paper presents an
overview of the state of the art models and methods applied to the ODGP problem, analyzing
and classifying current and future research trends in this field. The most frequently used
techniques for the solution of the ODGP problem are the genetic algorithm and various
practical heuristic algorithms.

23. Gopiya Naik S. et al.[23] presents a method based on analytical approach for real power
loss minimization of distribution networks by injecting power by the Distributed
Generation(DG) operating at a given power factors. This method does not require calculation
of Zbus matrix, inverse of Ybus matrix or Jacobean matrix as well as requires less
computation time. Comparison of results for loss reduction with other reported methods
shows the effectiveness of the proposed method. The proposed method can be extended for
the allocation of multiple DG units having of types and characteristic considering different
load level is the scope for the future work.




















10







CHAPTER - 3

LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS IN POWER SYSTEM & GENETIC
ALGORITHM

3.1. LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS

The power flow equation being non linear must be solved by iterative techniques. Power
flow studies, commonly, referred to as load flow, are the backbone of power system analysis
and design. They are necessary for planning, operation, economic scheduling and exchange
of power between utilities.

The bus admittance matrix of the node voltage equation is formulated, and a MATLAB
function named ybus is developed for the systematic formation of the bus admittance matrix.
Next Newton Raphson method for the solution of nonlinear algebraic equation is discussed.

Hence for an n- bus system the node voltage equation in matrix form is:-



Ibus = YbusVbus


where,Ibus = the vector of the injected bus currents (i.e. external current sources)
Ybus = Bus admittance matrix
Vbus = vector of bus voltages measure from the reference node (i.e. node voltages)
11




Fig 3.1: Flowchart for Newton Raphson Load flow Algorithm
12

3.2. GENETIC ALGORITHM:
Optimization is the selection of a best element (with regard to some criteria) from some set of
available alternatives. In the simplest case, an optimization problem consists of maximizing
or minimizing a real function by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed
set and computing the value of the function. The generalization of optimization theory and
techniques to other formulations comprises a large area of applied mathematics. More
generally, optimization includes finding "best available" values of some objective function
given a defined domain (or a set of constraints), including a variety of different types of
objective functions and different types of domains.

The solving of placement and sizing of DG units problem requires to define the Fitness
Function that can be optimized in the presence of some constraints. The fitness function is
selected for reducing power losses and increasing of voltage stability margin in the system or
reducing cumulative voltage deviation. GA starts the process by automatically proposing
different DG sizes within the proposed DG size limits and internally executes the load flow
program which is properly linked with GA package till the minimum solution is obtained for
the suggested location. This process is repeated for each of the proposed locations. Different
scenarios are proposed to consider multiple of DGs at different suggested locations and to
consider both DG PV and PQ models to determine the best location and size of the DGs. The
suggested algorithm is programmed under MATLAB software. Comparison between the
proposed GA approach and the traditional method is conducted.

A precise evaluation for the Objective Function has been selected. The main goal of the
proposed algorithm is to determine the best locations and size for new Distributed Generation
resources by minimizing different function, related to project aims. Two main goals are taken
into considerations to determine the Objective Formula that is used in point of start: Power
Losses reduction and voltage profile improvement.

The active and reactive power losses are obtained from load flow program. The cumulative
voltage deviation norm is defined as the normalized sum of the deviations of the obtained
value from the desired value at every node on the feeder. The desired value being 1.0 p.u and
the obtained value being the value obtained from the three-phase distribution power flow.

13

CHAPTER - 4
PROBLEM FORMULATION
Considering the different locations on which the storage system can be integrated, it is
possible to calculate the storage power that lowers the nodal voltages below the limit. The
main problem is to identify the minimum storage power Ps that meets the voltage target,
according to the distributed concepts. This can be implemented with the storage participation
in different locations in the grid, or with multiple storage participation.

The proposed solution is a linear problem. This algorithm is implemented in Matlab with load
flow simulations. The algorithm can be summarized as follows:-

1) Enter the LV grid model of IEEE 33 bus system under study
2) Run the load flow grid simulation
3) Identify the critical node/s where the voltage is above Vmax
4) Add storage system at one critical location.
5) Solve the objective function for Ps which is to find the minimum power that keeps the
critical voltage below Vmax
6) If V >Vmax update Ps using Ps = Ps + Ps and go back to step 5
7) Go back to step 4, set another storage configuration, repeat step 5 and 6.

The step 7 is repeated until all possible combinations of storage locations are covered,
including the cases of multiple storages at the different nodes.

The Fitness Function for the application of Genetic Algorithm is determined as following:


P
L
: Active Power Loss
Q
L
: Reactive Power Loss
CVD: Cumulative Voltage Deviation
F: Fitness Function.

14

Where:
N: The total number of nodes
Wp , Wq and Wv : The Objective Function weights (Active, Reactive power losses and
Cumulative Voltage Deviation weights), subjected to:
Wp + Wq + Wv = 1
Where; Wp = 0.35, Wq =0.1, Wv = 0.55

The main constraints in the optimization process in the proposed methodology are:

1. Active and reactive power losses constraint:
The losses after installing DG in power grid should be less than or equal losses before
installing DGs .
P
L
with DG P
L
without DG
Q
L
with DG Q
L
without DG

2. DG Size constraint:
To obtain a reasonable and economic solution, the size of generators should not be so small
or so high with respect to load value. The DG size is considered not more than 20% of the
load as following:

DGZ <= 20%L
where, L : Load value
DGZ : DG size











15


CHAPTER - 5
PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
1. The NRLF program is used for this load flow simulation.





















V>Vmax No No V<Vmin


Yes








2. Genetic Algorithm is used to optimize the location and size of the DG
units in the next flowchart
Start
End
Run Load Flow Simulation
for IEEE 33 bus system
Insert storage on location
Identify storage power Ps
Find critical node with voltage
below Vmin
Ps = Ps + Ps
Vmin<V<Vmax
Ps = Ps - Ps
16


Load Initial system
data
Run Load flow program
Register the base case
Is M<N
Generate Population
Crossover
If minimum of fitness < best value
then store minimum function into
best value else proceed further
Store minimum of
fitness function into best
value
Selection
Set no of iterations = N
Calculate fitness function
Mutation
Set iteration count M=0
M = M+1
Calculate fitness function
STOP
Yes No
17

CHAPTER - 6
ANALYSIS AND OBSERVATIONS
Newton Raphson Load Flow analysis was carried out on IEEE 33 bus test system, .
The load flow program was developed in Matlab.

The IEEE 33 bus test system has one slack bus, five generator buses, and twenty-four
load buses. Accordingly, we obtained the admittance matrix, Jacobian matrix,
mismatch and correction vectors.

Ybus matrix (33x33)
Yik = Negative of total admittance connected between ith&kth bus
Yii = Sum of the admittance directly connected to ith bus
Ybus=G+iB , where G and B are conductance and susceptance matrix.

Jacobian Matrix, J (64x64) given as [J1 J2; J3 J4]

J1 (32x32)
J2 (32x32)
J3 (32x32)
J4 (32x32)

J1 = Pi/j , where i PQ and PV buses, j PQ and PV buses
When i=j
Pi/j = -Qi-(Vi^2)*Bii
When ij
Pi/j = ViVj(Gijsin(i-j)-Bijcos(i-j))

J2=Pi/Vj, where i PQ and PV buses, j PQ buses
When i=j
Pi/Vj= (Vi^2)*Gii+Pi
When ij
Pi/Vj=Vi*(Gijcos(i-j)+Bijsin(i-j))
18


J3=Qi/j, where i PQ buses, j PQ and PV buses
When i=j
Qi/j = Pi-(Vi^2)*Gii
When ij
Qi/j = ViVj(-Gijcos(i-j)-Bijsin(i-j))


J4=Qi/Vj, where i PQ buses, j PQ buses
When i=j
Qi/Vj =Qi-(Vi^2)*Bii
When ij
Qi/Vj = Vi*(Gijsin(i-j)-Bijcos(i-j))

Mismatch vector of dimensions 64x1 was obtained. Tolerance of the system
has been taken to be 0.0001.

After NRLF,various combinations of equal sized DG are tried out and the best
possible DG location is determined first by traditional method, then by using
optimization technique.

The optimization technique used is genetic algorithm where the total sum of
DG sizes is 20% and hence the voltage profile is improved in addition to
reducing the losses.








19

CHAPTER - 7
RESULTS

7.1 Base Case (When DG is not used)



Fig.7.1: Bus Voltage Variation in per unit when DG is not used.

There are 21 buses with voltage less than .95 pu. The real power loss is 202.7 kW and
reactive power loss is 135.2 kW. The minimum voltage is .9131 per unit and it is
obtained at bus no. 18

The fitness function in this case is 0.9200


7.2 Traditional Method

We assume certain combinations of DG to be placed at the points where voltage is
the least. Performance of the system in terms of fitness function, voltage profile,
real and reactive power loss is studied. An approximate idea about the optimal
location of DG is obtained.

The total DG penetration in the system is kept at 20% of system load.
IEEE 33 bus system has total system load of 3715 kW. Hence sum of all
individual DG units should not exceed 20% of 3715 kW i.e. 743 kW. In
traditional method, we assume the size of all DG sources to be equal..

A. When two equal DG sources are placed in the system.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1
Bus No
P
e
r

U
n
i
t

V
o
l
t
a
g
e
Per Unit Voltage Variation when DG is not used
20

We do not place one single DG as in that case its size would be too large to be
realistic. Hence we directly study the cases of putting 2 equal sized DG in the
system.

The best most critical buses are identified as 18,17,16,33,32. Out of these the
best result is obtained when two DG of 371.5 kW are put at buses 18 and 33.



B. When three equal DG sources are placed in the system

The best most critical buses are identified as 18,17,16,33,32. Out of these the
best result is obtained when three equal DG of 247.6 kW are put at buses
18,17 and 16.




1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1
Bus No.
P
e
r

U
n
i
t

V
o
l
t
a
g
e
Per unit voltage variation when two equal DG are used at two most critical locations at 18th and 33rd bus (Traditional Method)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1
Bus No.
P
e
r

U
n
i
t

V
o
l
t
a
g
e
Per Unit Voltage variation when three equal DG are used at 18,17,16th bus (Traditional Case)
21



C. When four equal DG sources are placed in the system

The best most critical buses are identified as 18,17,16,33,32. Out of these the
best result is obtained when three equal DG of 185.7 kW are put at buses
18,17 ,16 and 33.




D. When four equal DG sources are placed in the system

Here equally sized DG of 148.6 kW are placed at buses 32,33,18,17,16





1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1
Bus No.
P
e
r

U
n
i
t

V
o
l
t
a
g
e
Per Unit Voltage variation when four equaL DG are used at four most critical points (Traditional Case)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1
Per Unit Voltage variation when five equal DG are used at buses 18,17,16,32,33 (Traditional Method)
Bus No.
P
e
r

U
n
i
t

V
o
l
t
a
g
e
22


Comparision of all traditional methods is done in table below. It shows that the most
appropriate case is to apply is that of four DG of equal size at bus numbers
18,17,16,33.




No. of
DG
placed
Bus No. DG
size
(kW)
Fitness
function
value
Ploss
(kW)
Qloss
(kVAr)
Min
Voltage
(pu)
0 -

- .9200 202.7 135.2 .9131
2 18,33

371.5 0.5114 128.2 84.7 .9391
3 18,17,16

247.6 0.2780 140.7 94.1 .9281
4 18,17,16,33

185.8 0.2600 130.8 86.3 .9339
5 17,18,16,32,33

148.6 0.5049 127.8 84 .9371






7.3 Using Genetic Algorithm

The traditional method gave best results when DG was used at four positions.
Hence we apply genetic algorithm technique to find the best DG sizing and
location when at most four DG sources are used and sum of their capacity should
not exceed 20% of load i.e. 743 kW.

For a population size of 500 individuals, and for 500 iterations or number of
generations, the least fitness function value is obtained as 0.2560 when DG of size
.209kW, 61.6 kW, 230.8 kW and 240.3 kW are placed at buses 33,18,14 and 17
respectively.

In this case the real power loss is 128.4 kW and reactive power loss is 84.5 kW.
There are six buses with voltage below 0.95 per unit and the least bus per unit
voltage is 0.9348. This is a considerable improvement wrt the voltage profile in
base case when 21 buses had voltage lesser than 1 per unit. The curve below
shows the comparison between voltage in base case and the voltage profile
obtained in most optimal case.



23



Table 1: Bus Voltage Comparison in base case and optimal DG placement case

Bus
No.
Voltage in absence of
DG

Voltage in optimal DG placement
case
1 1 1
2 0.997032244 0.997516427
3 0.982936497 0.986011381
4 0.975453378 0.980445568
5 0.968056148 0.975045011
6 0.949654948 0.961016641
7 0.946169312 0.958283774
8 0.941324503 0.956047979
9 0.935055797 0.953566105
10 0.929240751 0.951579963
11 0.928380175 0.951433858
12 0.926870722 0.951281625
13 0.920757681 0.950510612
14 0.918490892 0.950218226
15 0.917078742 0.950028421
16 0.915711 0.950189809
17 0.913683858 0.950794154
18 0.913076809 0.950507003
19 0.99650388 0.996988321
20 0.992926207 0.993412404
21 0.992221704 0.992708245
22 0.991584285 0.992071139
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1
Bus No.
P
e
r

u
n
i
t

v
o
l
t
a
g
e
Per unit volatge variation in base case and with DG used at optimal locations as per genetic algorithm results


When optimal size and location of DG is
decided by GA
When DG is absent
24

23 0.979350457 0.982436789
24 0.97267925 0.975786912
25 0.969346763 0.972465113
26 0.947725048 0.959400044
27 0.945161291 0.957273361
28 0.933721593 0.947503278
29 0.925502951 0.940549554
30 0.921945936 0.937764357
31 0.917784604 0.935043963
32 0.916869178 0.934579749
33 0.916585492 0.934778128


Over the 500 generations, the variation of minimum value fitness function for
every generation is as shown :











0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
0.255
0.256
0.257
0.258
0.259
0.26
0.261
0.262
0.263
0.264
0.265
0.266
0.267
0.268
0.269
0.27
0.271
0.272
0.273
0.274
0.275
0.276
0.277
0.278
0.279
0.28
Generation No.
F
i
t
n
e
s
s

F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n

V
a
l
u
e
Fitness Function variation over the generations
25

The real and reactive power loss in base case and optimal DG placement case is
analysed as under :




Table 2: Comparison of losses between base case and optimal DG placement
case

Real Power Loss

Reactive Power Loss
Power Loss without DG (kW) 202.7

135.2
Power Loss with optimal DG
Placement (kVar)

128.9 84.8
Percentage Reduction

36.4% 37.55%














0
50
100
150
200
250
Real Power
Loss (kW)
Reactive
Power Loss
(kVAr)
P
o
w
e
r

L
o
s
s

Comparison between Power Loss
Without DG Placement
With DG Placement
26

CHAPTER 8
Progress made since last Evaluation:

1. We have continued with our literature survey.

2. After applying Newton Raphson load flow analysis on IEEE 33 bus system we
have devised a program to find out the optimum positions to install 4 distributed
generators in the bus system subject to various constraints.

3. The optimization method used for the above analysis is genetic optimization
algorithm(GA). This is done using programming in MATLAB.
































27

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29


APPENDIX (A)

I. LINE DIAGRAM OF IEEE 33 BUS SYSTEM













30


II. SYSTEM DATA FOR IEEE 30 BUS SYSTEM


Bus Data













31

Branch Data