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The volume decrease of a soil under stress might be conceivably
attributed to:
1. Compression of the solid grains;
2. Compression of pore water or pore air;
3. Expulsion of pore water or pore air from the voids, thus
decreasing the void ratio or porosity.
Specifically, the compressibility of a soil depends on the
structural arrangement of the soil particles, and in fine-grained
soils, the degree to which adjacent particles are bonded
together.
COMPRESSIBILITY
The process of gradual compression due to the expulsion of pore
water under steady pressure is referred to as Consolidation,
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Consolidation is the gradual reduction in volume of a fully saturated
soil of low permeability due to drainage of some of the pore water,
Theoppositeof : SWELLING
Parameter : - Compressi index(Cc)
- Coefisienof consolidation(c
v
)
Settlement : - immediatesettlement
- consolidationsettlement
- creepssttlement
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Spring analogy
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Consolidation Test
simulation of 1-D field consolidation in lab.
field
GL
lab
undisturbed soil
specimen
Dia = 50-75 mm
Height = 20-30 mm
metal ring
(oedometer)
porous stone
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Consolidation Test
H
1
q
1
e
o
- e
1
) 1 (
1
1 o
o
e
H
H
e +

=
e
o
H
o
q
2
loading in increments
allowing full consolidation before next increment
OEDOMETER TEST
The characteristics of a soil during one-dimensional consolidation or swelling can
be determined by means of the oedometer test.
Deformation dial gauge
p
soil sample
Water keeps sample saturated
ring
porous stone
p
soil sample
Loading head
Piezometer tube
u
floating-ring test
fixed-ring test
the top porous plate along is permitted to move
downwards for compressing the specimen.
both the top and bottom porous plates are
free to move to compress the soil sample.
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TO DETERMINE VOID RATIO
Void ratio can be derived :
* e = 1 + e
o
H H
o
* e
1
= H
1
- H
s
= H
1
- 1
H
s
H
s
SETTLEMENT OF SOIL SAMPLE
Ho
Solid particle
void
laboratory field
Hc
H
1
Hs
e
1
e
o
1 + e
o
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e log
v
plot
log
v

v
o
i
d

r
a
t
i
o
loading

v
increases &
e decreases
unloading

v
decreases &
e increases (swelling)
- from the above data
Conditions applying to compression test sample
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Characteristic of compressibility
Cc = e
0
- e
1
log(
1
/
0
)
Virgin compression (slope Cc)
recompression
rebound
Log
Undisturbed sample
Correlation of void ratio and effective stress
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To determine Cc
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Relationship between compression index and liquid
limit for remouldedclays (After Skempton)
Cc = 0.007 (wL 10)
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Log
e
0
0.42e
0

0

c
Field curve (corected)
Oedometer (lab)
Corection of compression curve due to disturbing of soil
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Normally consolidated (NC) vs Over
consolidated (OC)
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The two basic definitions of clay based on stress history:
1. Normally consolidated, whose present effective overburden
pressure is the maximum pressure that the soil was subjected to in
the past.
2. Overconsolidated, whose present effective overburden pressure is
less than that which the soil experienced in the past. The
maximum effective past pressure is called thepreconsolidation
pressure.
Casagrande(1936) suggested a simple graphic construction to
determine the preconsolidationpressure
c
from the laboratory elog
plot.
The steps in the geometrical construction
are:
1. The point of maximum curvature M
on the curved portion of the e vs. log
plot is located.
2. A horizontal line MS is drawn through
M.
3. A tangent MT to the curved portion is
drawn through M.
4. The angle SMT is bisected, MB being
the bisector.
5. The straight portion DC of the plot is
extended backward to meet MB in E.
6. The pressure corresponding to the
point E, E , is the most probable past
maximum effective stress or the
preconsolidationpressure
METHOD TO DETERMINE
c
Log

c
Approx. in-situ e
0
/2

compare
c
with
0

c
M
S
T
B
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maximum effective stress to which the soil
has been subjected in its stress history (Casagrande)

c

0
normal consolidation

c
>
0
preconsolidation
A quantitative measure of the degree of overconsolidationis what
is known as the OverconsolidationRatio, OCR. It is defined as
follows:
OCR) =
c
/
0

c
=maximum effective stress to which the soil has been subjected in its stress history

0
= existing effective stress in the soil
Thus, the maximum OCR of normally consolidated soil equals 1
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SOME EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIPSare available to predict the
preconsolidationpressure. Some examples are .
Nagaraj and Murty(1985):
where e
o
= in situ void ratio
e
L
= void ratio at liquid limit = (LL%/100)x Gs
Gs = specific gravity of soil solids
= in situ effective overburden pressure
Stasand Kulhawy(1984):
Hansbo(1957) :
where pa atmospheric pressure (100 kN/m2)
LI liquidity index
where (
VST)
an empirical coefficient =222/LL%
Cu(
VST)
undrained shear strength obtained from vane shear test
In any case, these above relationships may change from soil to soil. They may be
taken as an initial approximation.
The following compression readings were obtained in an oedometer test on a
specimen of saturated clay (Gs =2.73):
Pressure (kN/m2) 0 54 107 214 429 858 1716 3432 0
Dial gauge
after 24 h (mm) 5.000 4.747 4.493 4.108 3.449 2.608 1.676 0.737 1.480
The initial thickness of the specimen was 19.0 mm and at the end of the test the
water content was 19.8%. Plot the e-log curve and determine the
preconsolidationpressure. Determine the values of m
v
for the stress increments
100200 and 10001500 kN/m2. What is the value of Cc for the latter increment?
Example
Void ratio at end of test =e
1
=w
1
Gs =0.198 2.73 =0.541
Void ratio at start of test =e
0
= e
1
+ e
Now


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e
Pressure (kN/m2) 0 54 107 214 429 858 1716 3432 0
Dial gauge after 24 h (mm) 5.000 4.747 4.493 4.108 3.449 2.608 1.676 0.737 1.480
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Virgin Consolidation Line
log
v

v
o
i
d

r
a
t
i
o
virgin consolidation line

vo

e
o
e
o
,
vo

original
state
Overconsolidation ratio (OCR)
log
v

v
o
i
d

r
a
t
i
o
virgin consolidation line

vo

e
o
original
state
Field

vo

'
'
vo
p
OCR

=
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Overconsolidation ratio (OCR)
log
v

v
o
i
d

r
a
t
i
o
OCR=1
OCR=2
OCR=2
OCR=13
OCR=13
~current state
VCL
Normally
consolidated
clay
Slightly
overconsolidated clay
Heavily
overconsolidated clay
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Immediate setllement (s
i
)
Consolidation settlement (s
c
)
Creeps settlement (s
s
)
s = s
i
+ s
c
+ s
s
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- lateral strain 0
- Undrained condition
- Estimation from elastic theory
s
i
=
0

1
qB/E
(Giroud & Burland 1972)
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A foundation 4 x 2 m, carrying a uniform pressure of 150 kN/m2, is located at a depth of 1m in a layer of
clay 5m thick for which the value of Euis 40MN/m2. The layer is underlain by a second clay layer 8m thick
for which the value of Euis 75MN/m2. A hard stratum lies below the second layer. Determine the average
immediate settlement under the foundation.
Now, D/B = 0:5, and therefore from Figure 5.15
0
=0.94.
Hard stratum
Eu=40 kN/m2
Eu=75 kN/m2
8.0m
4.0m
1.0 m
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Parameters required :
- modulus of volume change
- compression index

s
c
H
z
dz
e
0
e
1

0

1
s
c
= m
v
H
= e
0
-e
1
H
1 + e
0
= Cc log (
1
/
0
) H
1 + e
0
Clay with normally consolidated
At constant depth
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GRAPHICAL PROCEDURE
If m
v
and/or increased with depth :
H

0

m
v
m
v

Area = s
c
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If lateral strain ignoring :
s
c
= s
oed
= m
v
H
depend on coefisient of void pressure (A) and type and a
dimension of fondation (H/B)
Nilai berkisar antara :
lempung lunak dan sensitif 1.0 - 1.2
lempung terkonsolidasi normal 0.6 - 1.0
lempung sedikit terkonsolidasi 0.4 - 0.7
berlebih
lempung terkonsolidasi sangat 0.25 - 0.4
berlebih
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MENDAPATKAN KOEFISIEN PENURUNAN ()
Reproduced from R.F Scott (1963) Principles of Soil Mechanics
Pondasi telapak
lingkaran
Pondasi telapak
jalur
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
1.0
1.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2

0.25
0.25
0.5
0.5
1
4
4
1
A
H/B
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Bangkok Clay :
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