2 1 2

FPGA I m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f MPPTUsi n g Va ri a bl e
S t e p - S i z e P&OAl go ri t hm fo r PV Ap p l i ca t i o n s
N o p p a d o l K ha e hi n t u n g1 The e ra y o d W i a n gt o n g2 Pha o p ha k S i ri su k 3
' D e p a rt m e n t o f C o n t ro l a n d I n st ru m e n t a t i o n E n gi n e e ri n g
2 D e p a rt m e n t o f E l e ct ro n i cs E n gi n e e ri n g
3
D e p a rt m e n t o f C o m p u t e r E n gi n e e ri n g
Fa cu l t y o f E n gi n e e ri n g, Ma ha n a k o rn Un i v e rsi t y o f Te chn o l o gy
5 1 C he u m - S a m p a n R d . , N o n gcho k , B a n gk o k , Tha i l a n d , 1 0 5 3 0
E m a i l :
n o p p a d o l gm u t . a c. t h, t he e ra y o gm u t . a c. t h
a n d
p ha o p ha k gm u t . a c. t h
Abst ra ct - Thi s p a p e r d e scri be s FPGA i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f a
Ma xi m u m Po we r Po i n t Tra ck i n g (MPPT) fo r Pho t o v o l t a i c (PV)
a p p l i ca t i o n s. B y sl i ght l y m o d i fy i n g t he o ri gi n a l a l go ri t hm , a n
i m p ro v e d v a ri a bl e st e p - si z e P&Oa l go ri t hm i s re a l i z e d a n d
e ffi ci e n t l y i m p l e m e n t e d u si n g a ha rd - wa re d e scri p t i o n l a n gu a ge
(VH D L ). S u bse q u e n t l y , t he n e w MPPTa l go ri t hm i n t e gra t e d
wi t h a so l a r- p o we re d ba t t e ry cha rgi n g sy st e m i s i m p l e m e n t e d o n
t he XC 2 C 3 84 FPGA wi t ho u t e xt e rn a l se n so r u n i t re q u i re m e n t .
E xp e ri m e n t a l re su l t s wi t h a co m m e rci a l PV a rra y sho w t ha t t he
p ro p o se d a l go ri t hm o u t p e rfo rm s t he co n v e n t i o n a l co n t ro l l e r i n
t e rm s o f t ra ck i n g sp e e d a n d m i t i ga t i o n o f fl u ct u a t i o n o u t p u t
p o we r i n st e a d y st a t e o p e ra t i o n . The o v e ra l l sy st e m e ffi ci e n cy i s
we l l a bo v e 96%.
I . I N TR OD UC TI ON
At p re se n t , p ho t o v o l t a i c (PV) ha s re ce i v e d m u ch i n t e re st a s
a se co n d a ry e n e rgy so u rce . Thi s i s be ca u se t he p ro bl e m o f
fo ssi l e n e rgy d e p l e t i o n be co m e s m o re se v e re . The t e rn PV
re fe rs t o t he p he n o m e n o n i n v o l v i n g t he co n v e rsi o n o f su n l i ght
i n t o e l e ct ri ca l e n e rgy v i a a so l a r ce l l [ 1 ] . Pe rfo rm a n ce o f a
PV- ba se d sy st e m st ro n gl y d e p e n d s u p o n t he ca p a bi l i t y t o
d e t e rn i n e a n o p t i m a l o p e ra t i n g p o i n t o f t he PV a rra y a t whi ch
t he m a xi m u m p o we r ca n be d ra wn fo r a n y gi v e n l o a d . Un d e r
ce rt a i n t e m p e ra t u re a n d l i ght i n t e n si t y , t he re i s o n l y si n gl e
m a xi m u m - p o we r p o i n t (MPP) i n a n o rm a l ce l l . The re fo re ,
m a xi m u m p o we r p o i n t t ra ck i n g (MPPT) o f t he PV ce l l i s
e sse n t i a l a s fa r a s t he sy st e m e ffi ci e n cy i s co n ce rn e d .
D u ri n g t he l a st d e ca d e s, se v e ra l o f MPPTt e chn i q u e s ha v e
be e n p ro p o se d . Ma n y o f t he m we re i m p l e m e n t e d o n d i gi t a l
p ro ce sso r, e sp e ci a l l y , wi t h a so l a r- p o we re d ba t t e ry cha rgi n g
(S PB C ) a p p l i ca t i o n . The y ra n ge fro m co n v e n t i o n a l m e t ho d s,
su ch a s t he Pe rt u rba t i o n a n d Obse rv a t i o n Me t ho d (P&O) [ 2 ]
i m p l e m e n t e d o n D i gi t a l S i gn a l Pro ce sso r (D S P) a n d t he R I S C
m i cro co n t ro l l e r wi t h H i l l - C l i m bi n g Me t ho d [ 3 ] , t o m u ch m o re
so p hi st i ca t e d a rt i fi ci a l i n t e l l i ge n t m e t ho d s bu i l t i n R I S C
m i cro co n t ro l l e r, su ch a s Fu z z y L o gi c C o n t ro l (FL C ) [ 4] ,
n e u ra l n e t wo rk (AN N ) [ 5 ] . C o m p a ra t i v e l y , co n v e n t i o n a l
m e t ho d s gi v e p o o re r p e rfo rm a n ce s, bu t t he y a re e a si e r t o
i m p l e m e n t . Art i fi ci a l I n t e l l i ge n t m e t ho d s, o n t he o t he r ha n d ,
p e rfo rn be t t e r, bu t t he i r st ru ct u re s a re ge n e ra l l y m o re
co m p l i ca t e d a n d re q u i re re l a t i v e l y hi gh p e rfo rm a n ce
p ro ce sso r. Mo st i m p o rt a n t l y , t he y ge n e ra l l y l a ck t he
a d a p t a bi l i t y t o d e a l wi t h t i m e v a ry i n g e n v i ro n m e n t s.
R e ce n t l y , t he i n cre a si n g p e rfo rm a n ce a n d co st re d u ct i o n o f
d i gi t a l ci rcu i t s ha v e m a d e p o ssi bl e t he i r a p p l i ca t i o n s fo r
p o we r co n v e rt e r co n t ro l [ 6] . C o m p a ri so n wi t h o t he r d i gi t a l
si gn a l p ro ce sso rs, Fi e l d Pro gra m m a bl e Ga t e Arra y (FPGA)
ba se d sy st e m s co u l d p ro v i d e a n u m be r o f ru n - t i m e a d v a n t a ge s
o v e r t he se q u e n t i a l m a chi n e s su ch a s a m i cro co n t ro l l e r.
Mo re o v e r, wi t h co n cu rre n t o p e ra t i o n , i t i s e xe cu t e d
co n t i n u o u sl y a n d si m u l t a n e o u sl y whi ch fa st e r t ha n D S P. Thu s
t he FPGA ha s be e n a p p l i e d fo r hi gh sp e e d swi t chi n g ci rcu i t t o
re d u ce e q u i p m e n t - si z i n g [ 7 ] .
I n t hi s p a p e r, we p ro p o se a n i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f a d a p t i v e
MPPTo n FPGA. The a d j u st a bl e a l go ri t hm i s ba se d o n t he
i m p ro v e d P&Om e t ho d . An XC 2 C 3 84 FPGA [ 8] i s e m p l o y e d
fo r t he a l go ri t hm p ro ce ssi n g, a n d i t i s i n t e gra t e d t o a D C /D C
bo o st co n v e rt e r t o fo rm S PB C . The re i s n o e xt e rn a l se n so ry
u n i t re q u i re d t o be a d d e d i n t o t he sy st e m . D e sp i t e o f i t s co st -
e ffe ct i v e n e ss a n d hi gh sp e e d p ro ce ssi n g, we sha l l d e m o n st ra t e
t ha t t he sy st e m p e rfo rn a n ce i s o u t st a n d i n g.
The re m a i n d e r o f t he p a p e r i s o rga n i z e d a s fo l l o ws. A
t y p i ca l so l a r p o we r sy st e m a n d a co n v e n t i o n a l MPPTP&O
t e chn i q u e a re re v i e we d i n S e ct i o n I I . The sy st e m
co n fi gu ra t i o n o f t he p ro p o se d S PB C a n d a d a p t i v e MPPT
m e t ho d a re a d d re sse d i n S e ct i o n I I I . I n S e ct i o n I V, t he
d e v e l o p m e n t o f a d a p t i v e MPPTo n FPGA fo r S PB C (FPGA-
S PB C ) i s d i scu sse d . The e xp e ri m e n t a l re su l t s a re sho wn i n
t hi s se ct i o n . Fi n a l l y , co n cl u si o n s a re d ra wn i n S e ct i o n V.
I I . TH E MPPTFOR A PV AR R AY
A. C ha ra ct e ri st i c o fa P V a rra y
Ty p i ca l l y , a PV a rra y co m p ri se s o f a n u m be r o f so l a r ce l l s
co n n e ct e d i n e i t he r se ri e s o r p a ra l l e l . I t s m a t he m a t i ca l m o d e l
m a y be gi v e n a s [ 5 ]
P =
n PI p h1 V- n p I o ! e xp K K o
V(+
I TR sT - 1 )V
- (V/n ,
+
I TR T)V/R hTI (1 )
whe re P d e n o t e s t he o u t p u t p o we r (W ), V d e n o t e s t he o u t p u t
v o l t a ge o f t he PV a rra y (V), I p h d e n o t e s t he cu rre n t o f t he PV
0 - 7 80 3 - 97 40 - X/0 6/$ 2 0 . 0 0 e 2 0 0 6 I E E E W 3 D - 5 I S C I T2 0 0 6
2 1 3
a rra y t ha t i s p ro p o rt i o n a l t o l i ght i n t e n si t y (A), I Td e n o t e s t he
o u t p u t cu rre n t p ro p o rt i o n a l t o t e m p e ra t u re (A),
I ,
d e n o t e s t he
a rra y ' s re v e rse sa t u ra t i o n cu rre n t (A), R S Ta n d R shTa re d e fi n e d
a s t he e q u i v a l e n t se ri e s a n d p a ra l l e l re si st a n ce (Q )
re sp e ct i v e l y , n , i s t he n u m be r o f se ri e s st ri n g i n t he PV a rra y ,
n ' p
i s t he n u m be r o f p a ra l l e l st ri n g i n t he PV a rra y a n d K 0 i s a
co n st a n t .
Ge n e ra l l y , t he cha ra ct e ri st i c o f a PV a rra y ca n be co m -
p re he n si v e l y d e scri be d by i t s o p e ra t i n g cu rv e k n o wn a s I - V
cu rv e . Thi s sp e ci fi c cu rv e i s u su a l l y su p p l i e d by t he
m a n u fa ct u re rs. I t sho ws t he re l a t i o n shi p be t we e n o u t p u t
v o l t a ge a n d cu rre n t o f t he PV a rra y a s d e p i ct e d i n Fi g. 1 . I t
ca n be o bse rv e d t ha t , u n d e r a ce rt a i n l i ght i n t e n si t y a n d
t e m p e ra t u re , t he re i s a u n i q u e p o i n t o n t he I - V cu rv e a t whi ch
t he m a xi m u m p o we r ca n be ge n e ra t e d fro m t he PV a rra y .
Thu s, a m e cha n i sm i s re q u i re d t o t ra ck t hi s sp e ci fi c p o i n t , so
t ha t t he o p t i m a l o p e ra t i o n o f t he o v e ra l l sy st e m ca n be
a chi e v e d . Ta bl e 1 sho ws t he sp e ci fi ca t i o n o f a co m m e rci a l
PV a rra y u se d i n t hi s re se a rch wo rk .
B . Va ri a bl e st e p - si z e P&Oa l go ri t hm
As t he n a m e su gge st s, t he P&Oa l go ri t hm o p e ra t e s by
p e ri o d i ca l l y p e rt u rbi n g t he co n t ro l v a ri a bl e a n d co m p a ri n g t he
i n st a n t a n e o u s PV o u t p u t p o we r a ft e r p e rt u rba t i o n wi t h t ha t
be fo re . I n a n o ri gi n a l MPPTco n t ro l l e r u si n g P&Om e t ho d t he
a d j u st m e n t o f t he o p e ra t i n g p o i n t i s a chi e v e d by cha n gi n g t he
re fe re n ce v o l t a ge o f t he co n t ro l l e r [ 2 ] . H o we v e r, t he
a d j u st m e n t ca n be m a d e t hro u gh t he d u t y ra t i o D . The
a l go ri t hm i s su m m a ri z e d i n Ta bl e I I .
N o t e t ha t V(k ) a n d P(k ) a re o u t p u t v o l t a ge a n d t he p o we r o f
PV whi ch i s ca l cu l a t e d fro m V(k )xI (k ) a t t i m e k , re sp e ct i v e l y .
B e si d e s, D a n d AD re sp e ct i v e l y d e n o t e d u t y ra t i o a n d cha n ge
o f d u t y ra t i o . To a chi e v e fa st e r MPPTre sp o n se a n d m o re
a ccu ra t e MPP u n d e r d y n a m i c e n v i ro n m e n t , v a ri a bl e
p e rt u rba t i o n st e p - si z e , i . e . AD ca n be e m p l o y e d . I n fa ct , AD
ca n be se l e ct e d a s fu n ct i o n o f PV p o we r a s:
AD (k ) = a o . 8(P(k )
-
P(k
-
1 )) , (2 )
whe re a i s t he co n st a n t v a l u e t o co n t ro l t he m o v e m e n t t o wa rd
t he MPP a n d t he a ccu ra cy o f co n v e rge n ce fo r MPPT,
4 i s t he
si gn o f st e p d e p e n d e n t o n p e rt u rba t i o n d i re ct i o n .
I I I . TH E PR OPOS E D FPGA- S B C S YS TE M
A. The p ro p o se d ci rcu i t co n fi gu ra t i o n
I n o u r d e si gn , t he co n t ro l l e r p e rfo rm s t wo m a i n fu n ct i o n s.
Fi rst , i t d e t e rm i n e s d u t y ra t i o D fo r t he o p e ra t i o n o f swi t ch S
i n su ch a wa y t ha t t he o p e ra t i n g p o i n t o f t he PV a rra y ca n be
co n t ro l l e d t o wa rd t he m a xi m u m p o we r p o i n t . The co n t ro l l e r
a l so ha s t o co n si st e n t l y d e t e ct t he ba t t e ry v o l t a ge t o a v o i d
ba t t e ry o v e rcha rgi n g. W he n t he ba t t e ry i s fu l l y cha rge d , t he
co n t ro l l e r wi l l swi t ch o ff t he swi t ch S .
The co n fi gu ra t i o n o f FPGA fo r S PB C u se d i n t hi s re se a rch
i s sho wn i n Fi g. 2 , a k e y o f t hi s p ro p o se d sy st e m i s a n a d a p -
t i v e MPPTa l go ri t hm i m p l e m e n t e d o n XC 2 C 3 84 FPGA [ 8]
o
3
u 4
0 4
O2
bo
~ 1 1
D =1
F
Fi g. 1 .
2 4 6 1 0 1 2
The so l a r a rra y ge n e ra t o r v o l t a ge (V) D =O
D u t y ra t i o (D )
I - V a n d Po we r cu rv e u n d e r l i ght i n t e n si t y a n d t e m p e ra t u re .
Ta bl e I
PV a rra y sp e ci fi ca t i o n (2 5 C , I OOm W /cm 2 )
Pa ra m e t e rs D e fi n i t i o n s
Ma xi m u m p o we r, Pm a x
Vo l t a ge a t Ma xi m u m p o we r p o i n t , V, ,
C u rre n t a t Ma xi m u m p o we r p o i n t , I , ,
Ta bl e I I
MPPTUsi n g Mo d i fi e d P&OMe t ho d
i f((P(k )
-
P(k - 1 ))> O)
i f((V(k )
-
V(k - 1 ))> O
D =D - AD ;
e l se D =D +AD ;
e n d
e l se
i f((V(k )
-
V(k - 1 ))> O
D =D +AD ;
e l se D =D - AD ;
e n d
e n d
a )
bo
I t )1
E v
l O. OW
l O. OV
l . OA
o p e ra t e d a t 2 5 MH z cl o ck sp e e d . The bo o st co n v e rt e r ci rcu i t
u se d i n t he ba t t e ry cha rgi n g m e cha n i sm co m p ri se s o f t wo
ca p a ci t o rs
(C l
=
1 0 0 , u F, C 2 =l OO, F),
a n d t wo S cho t t k y d i o d e s
D 1 a n d D 2 . A p o we r MOS FE TB UZ 1 I o p e ra t i n g a t 97 . 65 k H z
i s u se d a s a swi t chi n g d e v i ce S , so , o n e sm a l l i n d u ct o r
(L =l 5 OH ) ca n be sa t i sfi e d fo r t hi s re se a rch wo rk . A
co m m e rci a l - gra d e ba t t e ry ba n k wi t h ra t e d a t 1 2 V, 5 Ahr i s
u se d fo r t he p o we r st o ra ge .
I n Fi g. 2 , t he PV i n p u t v o l t a ge a n d cu rre n t a re se n se d a n d
i n p u t t o A/D co n v e rt e r. The PW Msi gn a l wi t h t he ca l cu l a t e d
a n d ge n e ra t e d t he d u t y ra t i o D se n t t o t he swi t ch S t hro u gh a
ga t e d ri v e r ci rcu i t . N o t e t ha t VH D L i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t he
p ro p o se d MPPTi s d e p i ct e d i n Fi g. 3 .
I V. E XPE R I ME N TAL R E S UL TS
Fo r p e rfo rm a n ce e v a l u a t i o n , t he a d a p t i v e MPPTso ft wa re
wa s d e v e l o p e d u si n g VH D L l a n gu a ge fo r XC 2 C 3 84 FPGA[ 8] .
Usi n g t he PV a rra y who se cha ra ct e ri st i cs d e scri be d a bo v e ,
t ra ck i n g p e rfo rm a n ce o f MPPTo bt a i n e d fro m t he p ro p o se d
MPPTa n d t he co n v e n t i o n a l P&Oa l go ri t hm [ 2 ] wa s e xa m i n e d .
I t sho u l d be n o t e d t ha t a sa m p l i n g t i m e fo r bo t h a l go ri t hm s
2 1 4
Ta bl e I I I
FPGA R e so u rce s su m m a ry
Ma cro ce l l s Pt e rm s R e gi st e rs Pi n s Fu n ct i o n B l o ck
Use d Use d Use d Use d I n p u t s Use d
1 0 6/3 84 1 96/1 3 44 96/3 84 7 4/1 1 8 1 97 /960
(2 80 %) (1 5 0 %) (2 5 0 %) (63 0 %) (2 1 0 %)
M- I
1 4
Fi g. 2 . The p ro p o se d AN N - S PB C sy st e m .
C l o ck 2 5 N Mz C o u t e
8bi t
C o m p a ra t o r _PW Mo u t
Archi e ct u re fo r t he
8bi t _
p ro p o se d MPPT
D (k )
>
Fi g. 3 . The VH D L fo r t he p ro p o se d MPPT
wa s se l e ct e d t o be I m s. Ta bl e I I I d e p i ct s t he FPGA re so u rce s
su m m a ry fo r o u r p ro p o se d co n t ro l l e r.
I n t he e xp e ri m e n t , t he l i ght so u rce wa s t u rn e d o n a t t
=
Os
u n d e r l i ght i n t e n si t y o f 85 m W /cm 2 a n d t e m p e ra t u re o f 40 0 C .
The m a xi m u m p o we r p o i n t a t t hi s e n v i ro n m e n t i s 8. 0 W . Fi g.
4 (a ) a n d (b) sho w t he p o we r t ra ck i n g re su l t s o bt a i n e d fro m
t he P&Om e t ho d wi t h t he fi xe d cha n ge i n d u t y ra t i o , AD , o f
2 /2 5 6 a n d 5 /2 5 6, re sp e ct i v e l y . I t ca n be se e n t ha t t he se t t l i n g
t i m e (t 5 ) whe n AD
=
2 /2 5 6 i s 2 0 0 m s whe re a s i t t a k e s o n l y
l OOm s whe n AD
=
5 /2 5 6. The l a rge r AD , ho we v e r, gi v e s
l a rge r fl u ct u a t i o n s i n o u t p u t p o we r a s sho w i n Fi g. 4 (b).
Fi g. 5 sho ws t he re su l t s o bt a i n e d fro m t he p ro p o se d
v a ri a bl e st e p - si z e P&Oa l go ri t hm . W e ca n o bv i o u sl y se e t ha t
t he se t t l i n g t i m e i s su bst a n t i a l l y re d u ce d , o n l y 85 m s, a n d t he
p o we r fl u ct u a t i o n s a re v e ry sm a l l t hro u gho u t t he co u rse .
The se sy st e m p e rfo rm a n ce s ha v e be e n t e st e d u n d e r m o re
p ra ct i ca l sce n a ri o s. The l i ght i n t e n si t y i s se t t o be v a ry i n g
wi t h t he v a l u e s o f 85 , 45 a n d 7 5 m W /cm 2 a t 0 t o 2 s, 2 t o 4s,
a n d 4s o n wa rd , re sp e ct i v e l y . Thi s e n v i ro n m e n t re su l t s i n t hre e
m a xi m u m p o we r p o i n t s o f a bo u t 8. 0 , 4. 0 a n d 6. 4W ,
re sp e ct i v e l y . The re su l t s o bt a i n e d fro m fi xe d AD
=
2 /2 5 6,
5 /2 5 6 a n d o u r p ro p o se d sy st e m a re co m p a re d a s d e p i ct e d i n
Fi g. 6 (a ), (b) a n d (c), re ce p t i v e l y . Aga i n , t he m a xi m u m
p o we r p o i n t ca n be t ra ck e d re l a t i v e l y fa st a n d wi t h sm a l l
fl u ct u a t i o n s, e v e n u n d e r su ch d y n a m i c e n v i ro n m e n t .
The D C - l i n k cu rre n t fl o wi n g t hro u gh t he ba t t e ry a t st e a d y
st a t e i s sho wn i n Fi g. 7 i n o rd e r t o v e ri fy t he e ffi ci e n cy o f t he
o v e ra l l sy st e m . The st e a d y st a t e p o we r re ce i v e d by t he ba t t e ry
ha s be e n m e a su re d . I t i s o bse rv e d t ha t t he ba t t e ry v o l t a ge ,
Un ] l 5 a m
Ma t h 2 0 W
Ma t h 2 0 V
P=4W !
D I V
V=5 V/
D I V
I =40 0 m A/
D I V
)1 l u u m s C hl J
(a )
P=4W !
D I V
V=5 V/
D I V
I =40 0 m A/
D I V
(b)
Fi g. 4. Tra ck e d p o we r fro m P&Om e t ho d u n d e r a l i ght i n t e n si t y o f
85 m W /cm 2 a n d t e m p e ra t u re o f 40 C (a ) fi xe d AD a t 2 /2 5 6 a n d (b) fi xe d
AD a t 5 /2 5 6
Ma t h 2 VV
Fi g. 5 . Tra ck e d p o we r fro m t he p ro p o se d MPPTu n d e r a l i ght i n t e n si t y o f
85 m W /cm 2 a n d t e m p e ra t u re o f 40 C
2 0 0 1 n c I W W ; . . 1 4.
X/XS ' V
1
* - - i - 4- - i - - ! - - - , - ! - 4- - - ! - - 4 - - , - - H . - - i - - , - - - > - ! - 4- - - ! - - - , - - > - 4- - i - - ! - - - , * - ! - - > - ! - - 4- - - , - - 4 - - i - - 4- - i - - , - - - i - - ! - - > - ! - - - , - - - ! - - 4 - - i - - 4- - - - ! - - - > - - ! - # * , , s, . . . . .
w . .
. . . , . . . . . . . .
S . . . . . . . . . . . | . T
. . . , } . . . . . . . . . ; I
s 1
/_____L E
1
2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . W
. / . . . .
J . ' .
. . . . .
. . .
: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : o _ 1 e 5 r rs _1 n L S s r n ^ n e 5 r
2 1 5
1 - 41
(a )
(b)
(c)
Fi g. 6. Tra ck e d p o we r u n d e r d y n a m i c e n v i ro n m e n t (a ) fi xe d AD a t
2 /2 5 6 (b) fi xe d AD a t 5 /2 5 6 a n d (c) t he p ro p o se d MPPT
Vba t , m e a su re d a ft e r t he bo o st co n v e rt e r i s 1 2 . 2 V, a n d t he
ba t t e ry
cu rre n t i s 0 . 63 A. H e n ce , t he
o u t p u t p o we r
fe d i n t o t he
ba t t e ry be co m e s 7 . 7 W . Thi s m e a n s t he o v e ra l l
e ffi ci e n cy
o f
t he
p ro p o se d sy st e m
i s m o re t ha n 960 o
gi v e n
t ha t t he
o u t p u t
p o we r
PV
a rra y
i s 8. 0 W .
V. C ON C L US I ON S
I n t hi s
p a p e r,
t he
d e v e l o p m e n t
o f a n
a d a p t i v e
fo r a v a ri a bl e
p e rt u rba t i o n st e p
si z e o n fi e l d
p ro gra m m a bl e ga t e a rra y
fo r
I b=2 5 Om A
/D I V
3 v ME 2 0 0 MV M~ 3 I C n l xr 3 . V
Fi g. 7 . B a t t e ry cu rre n t a n d co n t ro l l e d swi t ch si gn a l a t 8. 0 W p o we r fro m
PV a rra y
m a xi m u m
p o we r p o i n t t ra ck i n g
fu r
p ho t o v o l t a i c sy st e m s ha s
be e n
p re se n t e d .
The
e xp e ri m e n t a l
re su l t s
o bv i o u sl y
sho w t ha t
t he
p ro p o se d a l go ri t hm
ca n
gi v e si gn i fi ca n t l y fa st e r
t ra ck i n g
sp e e d
t ha n t he co n v e n t i o n a l P&Om e t ho d . Fu rt he rm o re , t he
p o we r
fl u ct u a t i o n i n
st e a d y
st a t e co n d i t i o n i s
su bst a n t i a l l y
m i t i ga t e d .
The
p ro p o se d a l go ri t hm
ca n be
e a si l y i m p l e m e n t e d
o n a XC 2 C 3 84 FPGA- ba se d
sy st e m
t o fo rm a
hi gh
p e rfo rm a n ce
wi t h
sm a l l - si z i n g co m p o n e n t so l a r- p o we re d
ba t t e ry cha rgi n g sy st e m .
W i t ho u t
a n y e xt e rn a l - m e a su ri n g
u n i t , t he m a xi m u m
p o we r p o i n t
o f t he PV ce l l ca n be
e ffi ci e n t l y
t ra ck e d wi t h fa st a n d sm o o t h re a ct i o n t o t he
e n v i ro n m e n t
cha n gi n g,
The
e ffi ci e n cy
o f t he who l e
sy st e m i s
we l l a bo v e 960 0 .
R E - FE R E N C E S
[ 1 ] T. Ma rk v a rt , S o l a r
E l e ct ri ci t y ,
Jo hn
W i l e y
&S o n s, 1 994.
[ 2 ] H .
C hi hchi a n g
a n d S .
C hi hm i n g, "S t u d y
o f Ma xi m u m
Po we r
Tra ck i n g Te chn i q u e s
a n d C o n t ro l o f D C /D C
C o n v e rt e r fo r Pho t o v o t a i c Po we r
S y st e m , "
Pro c. I E E E
PE S C Po we r E l e ct ro n i cs
S p e ci a l i st s C o n f,
v o l . 1 , p p .
86-
93 , 1 998.
[ 3 ] M. G. S i m o e s a n d N . N . Fra n ce sche t t i , "A R I S C -
m i cro co n t ro l l e r ba se d Pho t o v o l t a i c
S y st e m fo r
I l l u m i n a t i o n
Ap p l i ca t i o n , "
Pro c.
o f
I E E E - APE C
C o n f,
v o l . 2 , p p .
1 1 5 1 - 1 1 5 6, 2 0 0 0 .
[ 4] N .
K ha e hi n t u n g,
a n d P. S i ri su k , "I m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f
Ma xi m u m Po we r Po i n t
Tra ck i n g Usi n g Fu z z y L o gi c
C o n t ro l l e r fo r S o l a r- Po we re d
L i ght - Fl a she r Ap p l i ca -
t i o n s, " Pro c.
o f M4W S C AS 2 0 0 4
C o n f, p p . 1 1 1 - 1 7 1 - 1 7 4,
2 0 0 4.
[ 5 ] P. Pe t chj a t u p o rn , W . N ga m k ha m , N . K ha e hi n t u n g. P. S i ri su k
a n d W . K i ra n o n , "A S o l a r- p o we re d B a t t e ry C ha rge r wi t h
N e u ra l N e t wo rk Ma xi m u m Po we r Po i n t Tra ck i n g I m p l e m e n t e d
o n a L o w- C o st PI G- m i cro co n t ro l l e r, " Pro c. I E E E FE D S ' 2 0 0 5 ,
p p . 5 0 7 - 5 1 0 , 2 0 0 5 .
[ 6] A. Pro d i c, D . Ma k si m o v i c, a n d R . W . E ri ck so n , "D e si gn
a n d
i m p l e m e n t a t i o n
o f a
d i gi t a l
PW Mco n t ro l l e r fo r a
hi gh- fre q u e n cy swi t chi n g
d c- d c
p o we r co n v e rt e r, " Pro c.
I E E E I n d E l e ct ro n . S o c.
C o n f, v o l . 2 , p p . 893 - 898, 2 0 0 1 .
[ 7 ] A. d e C a st ro , P. Zu m e l , 0 . Ga rci a , T.
R i e sgo
a n d J.
Uce d a , "C o n cu rre n t a n d
si m p l e d i gi t a l
co n t ro l l e r o f a n
AC /D C co n v e rt e r wi t h
p o we r
fa ct o r co rre ct i o n ba se d o n
a n FPGA, " I E E E Tra n s. Po we r E l e ct ro n i cs, v o l . 1 8, n o .
p p . 3 3 4- 3 43 , Ja n . 2 0 0 3 .
[ 8] ht t p : //www. xi l i n x. co m /
f97 . 65 H PW
I
, . 1 . I . 1 . 2 ; . , Pi &- . ' . . I . ' . - 1 I I I 1 1