C Questions

Note : All the programs are tested under Turbo C/C++ compilers.
It is assumed that,
Programs run under DOS enironment,
The underl!ing machine is an "#$ s!stem,
Program is compiled using Turbo C/C++ compiler.
The program output ma! depend on the in%ormation based on this assumptions
&%or e"ample si'eo%&int( )) * ma! be assumed(.
Predict the output or error&s( %or the %ollo+ing,
1. void main()
{
int const * p=5;
printf("%d",++(*p));
}
Answer:
Compiler error, Cannot modi%! a constant alue.
Explanation,
p is a pointer to a -constant integer-. .ut +e tried to change the alue
o% the -constant integer-.
2. main()
{
char s[ ="man";
int i;
for(i=!;s[ i ;i++)
printf(""n%c%c%c%c",s[ i ,*(s+i),*(i+s),i[s);
}
Answer:
mmmm
aaaa
nnnn
Explanation,
s/i0, 1&i+s(, 1&s+i(, i/s0 are all di%%erent +a!s o% e"pressing the same
idea. 2enerall! arra! name is the base address %or that arra!. 3ere s is the base
address. i is the inde" number/displacement %rom the base address. So, indirecting it
+ith 1 is same as s/i0. i/s0 ma! be surprising. .ut in the case o% C it is same as s/i0.
#. main()
{
f$oat m% = 1.1;
do&'$% (o& = 1.1;
if(m%==(o&)
printf(") $ov% *");
4
%$s%
printf(") hat% *");
}
Answer:
I hate 5
Explanation,
6or %loating point numbers (%loat, double, long double) the alues
cannot be predicted e"actl!. Depending on the number o% b!tes, the precession +ith
o% the alue represented aries. 6loat ta7es 8 b!tes and long double ta7es 49 b!tes.
So %loat stores 9.: +ith less precision than long double.
Rule of Thumb:
;eer compare or at<least be cautious +hen using %loating point
numbers +ith relational operators ()) , =, >, >), =),?) ) .
+. main()
{
static int var = 5;
printf("%d ",var,,);
if(var)
main();
}
Answer:
@ 8 A * 4
Explanation:
Bhen static storage class is gien, it is initiali'ed once. The change in
the alue o% a static ariable is retained een bet+een the %unction calls. Cain is also
treated li7e an! other ordinar! %unction, +hich can be called recursiel!.
5. main()
{
int c[ ={2.-,#.+,+,../,5};
int 0,*p=c,*1=c;
for(0=!;025;0++) {
printf(" %d ",*c);
++1; }
for(0=!;025;0++){
printf(" %d ",*p);
++p; }
}
Answer:
* * * * * * A 8 $ @
Explanation:
Initiall! pointer c is assigned to both p and q. In the %irst loop, since
onl! q is incremented and not c , the alue * +ill be printed @ times. In second loop p
itsel% is incremented. So the alues * A 8 $ @ +ill be printed.
*
.. main()
{
%3t%rn int i;
i=2!;
printf("%d",i);
}
Answer:
4in5%r 6rror , 5nde%ined s!mbol DEiD
Explanation:
e"tern storage class in the %ollo+ing declaration,
extern int i;
speci%ies to the compiler that the memor! %or i is allocated in some other program and
that address +ill be gien to the current program at the time o% lin7ing. .ut lin7er
%inds that no other ariable o% name i is aailable in an! other program +ith memor!
space allocated %or it. 3ence a lin7er error has occurred .
/. main()
{
int i=,1,0=,1,5=!,$=2,m;
m=i++770++775++88$++;
printf("%d %d %d %d %d",i,0,5,$,m);
}
Answer:
9 9 4 A 4
Explanation :
Fogical operations al+a!s gie a result o% 1 or 0 . And also the logical
A;D &GG( operator has higher priorit! oer the logical OH &II( operator. So the
e"pression Ji++ && j++ && k++ is e"ecuted %irst. The result o% this e"pression is 9
&<4 GG <4 GG 9 ) 9(. ;o+ the e"pression is 9 II * +hich ealuates to 4 &because OH
operator al+a!s gies 4 e"cept %or J9 II 9K combination< %or +hich it gies 9(. So the
alue o% m is 4. The alues o% other ariables are also incremented b! 4.
-. main()
{
char *p;
printf("%d %d ",si9%of(*p),si9%of(p));
}
Answer:
4 *
Explanation:
The si'eo%&( operator gies the number o% b!tes ta7en b! its operand. P
is a character pointer, +hich needs one b!te %or storing its alue &a character(. 3ence
si'eo%&1p( gies a alue o% 4. Since it needs t+o b!tes to store the address o% the
character pointer si'eo%&p( gies *.
A
:. main()
{
int i=#;
s;itch(i)
{
d%fa&$t<printf("9%ro");
cas% 1< printf("on%");
'r%a5;
cas% 2<printf("t;o");
'r%a5;
cas% #< printf("thr%%");
'r%a5;
}
}
Answer :
three
Explanation :
The de%ault case can be placed an!+here inside the loop. It is e"ecuted
onl! +hen all other cases doesnDt match.
1!. main()
{
printf("%3",,122+);
}
Answer:
%%%9
Explanation :
<4 is internall! represented as all 4Ds. Bhen le%t shi%ted %our times the
least signi%icant 8 bits are %illed +ith 9Ds.The L" %ormat speci%ier speci%ies that the
integer alue be printed as a he"adecimal alue.
11. main()
{
char strin=[=">%$$o ?or$d";
disp$a((strin=);
}
void disp$a((char *strin=)
{
printf("%s",strin=);
}
Answer:
@ompi$%r 6rror < T!pe mismatch in redeclaration o% %unction displa!
Explanation :
In third line, +hen the %unction displ! is encountered, the compiler
doesnDt 7no+ an!thing about the %unction displa!. It assumes the arguments and return
8
t!pes to be integers, &+hich is the de%ault t!pe(. Bhen it sees the actual %unction
displ!" the arguments and t!pe contradicts +ith +hat it has assumed preiousl!.
3ence a compile time error occurs.
12. main()
{
int c=, ,2;
printf("c=%d",c);
}
Answer:
c)*M
Explanation:
3ere unar! minus &or negation( operator is used t+ice. Same maths
rules applies, ie. minus 1 minus) plus.
#ote:
3o+eer !ou cannot gie li7e <<*. .ecause << operator can onl! be
applied to ariables as a de$rement operator &eg., i<<(. * is a constant and not a
ariable.
1#. Ad%fin% int char
main()
{
int i=.5;
printf("si9%of(i)=%d",si9%of(i));
}
Answer:
si'eo%&i()4
Explanation:
Since the Nde%ine replaces the string int b! the macro $hr
1+. main()
{
int i=1!;
i=BiC1+;
Drintf ("i=%d",i);
}
Answer:
i)9
Explanation:
In the e"pression %i&1' , ;OT &?( operator has more precedence than J
=K s!mbol. % is a unar! logical operator. ?i &?49( is 9 &not o% true is %alse(. 9=48 is
%alse &'ero(.
15. Ainc$&d%2stdio.hC
@
main()
{
char s[={EaE,E'E,EcE,E"nE,EcE,E"!E};
char *p,*str,*str1;
p=7s[#;
str=p;
str1=s;
printf("%d",++*p + ++*str1,#2);
}
Answer:
OO
Explanation:
p is pointing to character DPnD. str4 is pointing to character DaD ++1p. -p is
pointing to DPnD and that is incremented b! one.- the ASCII alue o% DPnD is 49, +hich is
then incremented to 44. The alue o% ++1p is 44. ++1str4, str4 is pointing to DaD that is
incremented b! 4 and it becomes DbD. ASCII alue o% DbD is :#.
;o+ per%orming &44 + :# Q A*(, +e get OO&-C-(M
So +e get the output OO ,, -C- &Ascii is OO(.
1.. Ainc$&d%2stdio.hC
main()
{
int a[2[2[2 = { {1!,2,#,+}, {5,.,/,-} };
int *p,*1;
p=7a[2[2[2;
*1=***a;
printf("%d,,,,%d",*p,*1);
}
Answer:
Some2arbageRalue<<<4
Explanation:
p)Ga/*0/*0/*0 !ou declare onl! t+o *D arra!s, but !ou are tr!ing to
access the third *D&+hich !ou are not declared( it +ill print garbage alues. 1S)111a
starting address o% a is assigned integer pointer. ;o+ S is pointing to starting address
o% a. I% !ou print 1S, it +ill print %irst element o% AD arra!.
1/. Ainc$&d%2stdio.hC
main()
{
str&ct 33
{
int 3=#;
char nam%[="h%$$o";
};
str&ct 33 *s;
printf("%d",s,C3);
$
printf("%s",s,Cnam%);
}
Answer:
Compiler Trror
Explanation:
Uou should not initiali'e ariables in declaration
1-. Ainc$&d%2stdio.hC
main()
{
str&ct 33
{
int 3;
str&ct ((
{
char s;
str&ct 33 *p;
};
str&ct (( *1;
};
}
Answer:
Compiler Trror
Explanation:
The structure !! is nested +ithin structure "". 3ence, the elements are
o% !! are to be accessed through the instance o% structure "", +hich needs an instance
o% !! to be 7no+n. I% the instance is created a%ter de%ining the structure the compiler
+ill not 7no+ about the instance relatie to "". 3ence %or nested structure !! !ou
hae to declare member.
1:. main()
{
printf(""na'");
printf(""'si");
printf(""rha");
}
Answer:
hai
Explanation:
Pn < ne+line
Pb < bac7space
Pr < line%eed
2!. main()
{
int i=5;
O
printf("%d%d%d%d%d%d",i++,i,,,++i,,,i,i);
}
Answer:
8@@8@
Explanation:
The arguments in a %unction call are pushed into the stac7 %rom le%t to
right. The ealuation is b! popping out %rom the stac7. and the ealuation is %rom
right to le%t, hence the result.
21. Ad%fin% s1&ar%(3) 3*3
main()
{
int i;
i = .+Fs1&ar%(+);
printf("%d",i);
}
Answer:
$8
Explanation:
the macro call sSuare&8( +ill substituted b! 818 so the e"pression
becomes i ) $8/818 . Since / and 1 has eSual priorit! the e"pression +ill be ealuated
as &$8/8(18 i.e. 4$18 ) $8

22. main()
{
char *p="hai fri%nds",*p1;
p1=p;
;hi$%(*pB=E"!E) ++*p++;
printf("%s %s",p,p1);
}
Answer:
ibV?gsV%oet
Explanation:
++1p++ +ill be parse in the gien order
1p that is alue at the location currentl! pointed b! p +ill be ta7en
++1p the retrieed alue +ill be incremented
+hen M is encountered the location +ill be incremented that is p++ +ill be
e"ecuted
3ence, in the +hile loop initial alue pointed b! p is JhK, +hich is changed to JiK b!
e"ecuting ++1p and pointer moes to point, JaK +hich is similarl! changed to JbK and
so on. Similarl! blan7 space is conerted to J?K. Thus, +e obtain alue in p becomes
WibV?gsV%oetX and since p reaches JP9K and p4 points to p thus p4doesnot print an!thing.
2#. Ainc$&d% 2stdio.hC
Ad%fin% a 1!
main()
#
{
Ad%fin% a 5!
printf("%d",a);
}
Answer:
@9
Explanation:
The preprocessor directies can be rede%ined an!+here in the program.
So the most recentl! assigned alue +ill be ta7en.
2+. Ad%fin% c$rscr() 1!!
main()
{
c$rscr();
printf("%d"n",c$rscr());
}
Answer:
499
Explanation:
Preprocessor e"ecutes as a seperate pass be%ore the e"ecution o% the
compiler. So te"tual replacement o% clrscr&( to 499 occurs.The input program to
compiler loo7s li7e this ,
main&(
Y
499M
print%&-LdPn-,499(M
Z
#ote:
499M is an e"ecutable statement but +ith no action. So it doesnDt gie
an! problem
25. main()
{
printf("%p",main);
}
Answer:
Some address +ill be printed.
Explanation:
6unction names are Vust addresses &Vust li7e arra! names are
addresses(.
main&( is also a %unction. So the address o% %unction main +ill be printed. Lp in print%
speci%ies that the argument is an address. The! are printed as he"adecimal numbers.
*O( main&(
Y
clrscr&(M
:
Z
clrscr&(M
Answer:
;o output/error
Explanation:
The %irst clrscr&( occurs inside a %unction. So it becomes a %unction
call. In the second clrscr&(M is a %unction declaration &because it is not
inside an! %unction(.
*#( enum colors Y.FAC[,.F5T,2HTT;Z
main&(
Y

print%&-Ld..Ld..Ld-,.FAC[,.F5T,2HTT;(M

return&4(M
Z
Answer:
9..4..*
Explanation:
enum assigns numbers starting %rom 9, i% not e"plicitl! de%ined.
*:( oid main&(
Y
char %ar 1%arther,1%arthestM

print%&-Ld..Ld-,si'eo%&%arther(,si'eo%&%arthest((M

Z
Answer:
8..*
Explanation:
the second pointer is o% char t!pe and not a %ar pointer
A9( main&(
Y
int i)899,V)A99M
print%&-Ld..Ld-(M
Z
Answer:
899..A99
Explanation:
print% ta7es the alues o% the %irst t+o assignments o% the program. An!
number o% print%Ds ma! be gien. All o% them ta7e onl! the %irst t+o
49
alues. I% more number o% assignments gien in the program,then
print% +ill ta7e garbage alues.
A4( main&(
Y
char 1pM
p)-3ello-M
print%&-LcPn-,1G1p(M
Z
Answer:
3
Explanation:
1 is a dere%erence operator G is a re%erence operator. The! can be
applied an! number o% times proided it is meaning%ul. 3ere p points
to the %irst character in the string -3ello-. 1p dere%erences it and so its
alue is 3. Again G re%erences it to an address and 1 dere%erences it to
the alue 3.
A*( main&(
Y
int i)4M
+hile &i>)@(
Y
print%&-Ld-,i(M
i% &i=*(
goto hereM
i++M
Z
Z
%un&(
Y
here,
print%&-PP-(M
Z
Answer:
Compiler error, 5nde%ined label DhereD in %unction main
Explanation:
Fabels hae %unctions scope, in other +ords The scope o% the labels is
limited to %unctions . The label DhereD is aailable in %unction %un&(
3ence it is not isible in %unction main.
AA( main&(
Y
static char names/@0/*90)Y-pascal-,-ada-,-cobol-,-%ortran-,-perl-ZM
int iM
char 1tM
44
t)names/A0M
names/A0)names/80M
names/80)tM
%or &i)9Mi>)8Mi++(
print%&-Ls-,names/i0(M
Z
Answer:
Compiler error, Falue reSuired in %unction main
Explanation:
Arra! names are pointer constants. So it cannot be modi%ied.
A8( oid main&(
Y
int i)@M
print%&-Ld-,i++ + ++i(M
Z
Answer:
Output Cannot be predicted e"actl!.
Explanation:
Side e%%ects are inoled in the ealuation o% i
A@( oid main&(
Y
int i)@M
print%&-Ld-,i+++++i(M
Z
Answer:
Compiler Trror
Explanation:
The e"pression i+++++i is parsed as i ++ ++ + i +hich is an illegal
combination o% operators.

A$( Ninclude>stdio.h=
main&(
Y
int i)4,V)*M
s+itch&i(
Y
case 4, print%&-2OOD-(M
brea7M
case V, print%&-.AD-(M
brea7M
Z
Z
Answer:
Compiler Trror, Constant e"pression reSuired in %unction main.
4*
Explanation:
The case statement can hae onl! constant e"pressions &this implies
that +e cannot use ariable names directl! so an error(.
#ote:
Tnumerated t!pes can be used in case statements.
AO( main&(
Y
int iM
print%&-Ld-,scan%&-Ld-,Gi((M // alue 49 is gien as input here
Z
Answer:
4
Explanation:
Scan% returns number o% items success%ull! read and not 4/9. 3ere 49
is gien as input +hich should hae been scanned success%ull!. So
number o% items read is 4.
A#( Nde%ine %&g,g*( gNNg*
main&(
Y
int ar4*)499M
print%&-Ld-,%&ar,4*((M
Z
Answer:
499
A:( main&(
Y
int i)9M

%or&Mi++Mprint%&-Ld-,i(( M
print%&-Ld-,i(M
Z
Answer:
4
Explanation:
be%ore entering into the %or loop the chec7ing condition is -ealuated-.
3ere it ealuates to 9 &%alse( and comes out o% the loop, and i is
incremented &note the semicolon a%ter the %or loop(.
89( Ninclude>stdio.h=
main&(
Y
char s/0)YDaD,DbD,DcD,DPnD,DcD,DP9DZM
char 1p,1str,1str4M
4A
p)Gs/A0M
str)pM
str4)sM
print%&-Ld-,++1p + ++1str4<A*(M
Z
Answer:
C
Explanation:
p is pointing to character DPnD.str4 is pointing to character DaD ++1p
meAns+er,-p is pointing to DPnD and that is incremented b! one.- the
ASCII alue o% DPnD is 49. then it is incremented to 44. the alue o% +
+1p is 44. ++1str4 meAns+er,-str4 is pointing to DaD that is incremented
b! 4 and it becomes DbD. ASCII alue o% DbD is :#. both 44 and :# is
added and result is subtracted %rom A*.
i.e. &44+:#<A*()OO&-C-(M
84( Ninclude>stdio.h=
main&(
Y
struct ""
Y
int ")AM
char name/0)-hello-M
ZM
struct "" 1s)malloc&si'eo%&struct ""((M
print%&-Ld-,s<="(M
print%&-Ls-,s<=name(M
Z
Answer:
Compiler Trror
Explanation:
Initiali'ation should not be done %or structure members inside the
structure declaration
8*( Ninclude>stdio.h=
main&(
Y
struct ""
Y
int "M
struct !!
Y
char sM
struct "" 1pM
ZM
struct !! 1SM
48
ZM
Z
Answer:
Compiler Trror
Explanation:
in the end o% nested structure !! a member hae to be declared.
8A( main&(
Y
e"tern int iM
i)*9M
print%&-Ld-,si'eo%&i((M
Z
Answer:
Fin7er error, unde%ined s!mbol DEiD.
Explanation:
e"tern declaration speci%ies that the ariable i is de%ined some+here
else. The compiler passes the e"ternal ariable to be resoled b! the
lin7er. So compiler doesnDt %ind an error. During lin7ing the lin7er
searches %or the de%inition o% i. Since it is not %ound the lin7er %lags an
error.
88( main&(
Y
print%&-Ld-, out(M
Z
int out)499M
Answer:
Compiler error, unde%ined s!mbol out in %unction main.
Explanation:
The rule is that a ariable is aailable %or use %rom the point o%
declaration. Ten though a is a global ariable, it is not aailable %or
main. 3ence an error.
8@( main&(
Y
e"tern outM
print%&-Ld-, out(M
Z
int out)499M
Answer:
499
Explanation:
This is the correct +a! o% +riting the preious program.

8$( main&(
4@
Y
sho+&(M
Z
oid sho+&(
Y
print%&-IDm the greatest-(M
Z
Answer:
Compier error, T!pe mismatch in redeclaration o% sho+.
Explanation:
Bhen the compiler sees the %unction sho+ it doesnDt 7no+ an!thing
about it. So the de%ault return t!pe &ie, int( is assumed. .ut +hen
compiler sees the actual de%inition o% sho+ mismatch occurs since it is
declared as oid. 3ence the error.
The solutions are as %ollo+s,
4. declare oid sho+&( in main&( .
*. de%ine sho+&( be%ore main&(.
A. declare e"tern oid sho+&( be%ore the use o% sho+&(.

8O( main& (
Y
int a/*0/A0/*0 ) YYY*,8Z,YO,#Z,YA,8ZZ,YY*,*Z,Y*,AZ,YA,8ZZZM
print%&WLu Lu Lu Ld PnX,a,1a,11a,111a(M
print%&WLu Lu Lu Ld PnX,a+4,1a+4,11a+4,111a+4(M
Z
Answer:
499, 499, 499, *
448, 498, 49*, A
Explanation:
The gien arra! is a A<D one. It can also be ie+ed as a 4<D arra!.

* 8 O # A 8 * * * A A 8
499 49* 498 49$ 49# 449 44* 448 44$ 44# 4*9 4**
thus, %or the %irst print% statement a, 1a, 11a gie address o% %irst
element . since the indirection 111a gies the alue. 3ence, the %irst
line o% the output.
%or the second print% a+4 increases in the third dimension thus points to
alue at 448, 1a+4 increments in second dimension thus points to 498,
11a +4 increments the %irst dimension thus points to 49* and 111a+4
%irst gets the alue at %irst location and then increments it b! 4. 3ence,
the output.
8#( main& (
Y
4$
int a/ 0 ) Y49,*9,A9,89,@9Z,V,1pM
%or&V)9M V>@M V++(
Y
print%&WLdX ,1a(M
a++M
Z
p ) aM
%or&V)9M V>@M V++(
Y
print%&WLd X ,1p(M
p++M
Z
Z
Answer:
Compiler error, lalue reSuired.
Explanation:
Trror is in line +ith statement a++. The operand must be an lalue and
ma! be o% an! o% scalar t!pe %or the an! operator, arra! name onl!
+hen subscripted is an lalue. Simpl! arra! name is a non<modi%iable
lalue.
8:( main& (
Y
static int a/ 0 ) Y9,4,*,A,8ZM
int 1p/ 0 ) Ya,a+4,a+*,a+A,a+8ZM
int 11ptr ) pM
ptr++M
print%&WPn Ld Ld LdX, ptr<p, 1ptr<a, 11ptr(M
1ptr++M
print%&WPn Ld Ld LdX, ptr<p, 1ptr<a, 11ptr(M
1++ptrM
print%&WPn Ld Ld LdX, ptr<p, 1ptr<a, 11ptr(M
++1ptrM
print%&WPn Ld Ld LdX, ptr<p, 1ptr<a, 11ptr(M
Z
Answer:
111
222
###
#++
Explanation:
Fet us consider the arra! and the t+o pointers +ith some address

9 4 * A 8
499 49* 498 49$ 49#
4O
p
499 49* 498 49$ 49#
4999 499* 4998 499$ 499#
ptr
4999
*999
A%ter e"ecution o% the instruction ptr++ alue in ptr becomes 499*, i%
scaling %actor %or integer is * b!tes. ;o+ ptr Q p is alue in ptr Q
starting location o% arra! p, &499* Q 4999( / &scaling %actor( ) 4, 1ptr Q
a ) alue at address pointed b! ptr Q starting alue o% arra! a, 499* has
a alue 49* so the alue is &49* Q 499(/&scaling %actor( ) 4, 11ptr is
the alue stored in the location pointed b! the pointer o% ptr ) alue
pointed b! alue pointed b! 499* ) alue pointed b! 49* ) 4. 3ence
the output o% the %irs print% is 4, 4, 4.
A%ter e"ecution o% 1ptr++ increments alue o% the alue in ptr b!
scaling %actor, so it becomes4998. 3ence, the outputs %or the second
print% are ptr Q p ) *, 1ptr Q a ) *, 11ptr ) *.
A%ter e"ecution o% 1++ptr increments alue o% the alue in ptr b!
scaling %actor, so it becomes4998. 3ence, the outputs %or the third
print% are ptr Q p ) A, 1ptr Q a ) A, 11ptr ) A.
A%ter e"ecution o% ++1ptr alue in ptr remains the same, the alue
pointed b! the alue is incremented b! the scaling %actor. So the alue
in arra! p at location 499$ changes %rom 49$ 49 49#,. 3ence, the
outputs %or the %ourth print% are ptr Q p ) 499$ Q 4999 ) A, 1ptr Q a )
49# Q 499 ) 8, 11ptr ) 8.
@9( main& (
Y
char 1SM
int VM
%or &V)9M V>AM V++( scan%&WLsX ,&S+V((M
%or &V)9M V>AM V++( print%&WLcX ,1&S+V((M
%or &V)9M V>AM V++( print%&WLsX ,&S+V((M
Z
Explanation:
3ere +e hae onl! one pointer to t!pe char and since +e ta7e input in
the same pointer thus +e 7eep +riting oer in the same location, each
time shi%ting the pointer alue b! 4. Suppose the inputs are CO5ST,
THAC[ and RIHT5AF. Then %or the %irst input suppose the pointer
starts at location 499 then the input one is stored as
C O 5 S T P9
Bhen the second input is gien the pointer is incremented as V alue
becomes 4, so the input is %illed in memor! starting %rom 494.
C T H A C [ P9
The third input starts %illing %rom the location 49*
4#
C T R I H T 5 A F P9
This is the %inal alue stored .
The %irst print% prints the alues at the position S, S+4 and S+* ) C T
R
The second print% prints three strings starting %rom locations S, S+4,
S+*
i.e CTRIHT5AF, TRIHT5AF and RIHT5AF.

@4( main& (
Y
oid 1pM
char ch ) JgK, 1cp ) Wgoo%!XM
int V ) *9M
p ) GchM
print%&WLcX, 1&char 1(p(M
p ) GVM
print%&WLdX,1&int 1(p(M
p ) cpM
print%&WLsX,&char 1(p + A(M
Z
Answer:
g*9%!
Explanation:
Since a oid pointer is used it can be t!pe casted to an! other t!pe
pointer. p ) Gch stores address o% char ch and the ne"t statement
prints the alue stored in p a%ter t!pe casting it to the proper data t!pe
pointer. the output is JgK. Similarl! the output %rom second print% is
J*9K. The third print% statement t!pe casts it to print the string %rom the
8
th
alue hence the output is J%!K.
@*( main & (
Y
static char 1s/ 0 ) YWblac7X, W+hiteX, W!ello+X, WioletXZM
char 11ptr/ 0 ) Ys+A, s+*, s+4, sZ, 111pM
p ) ptrM
11++pM
print%&WLsX,1<<1++p + A(M
Z
Answer:
c7
Explanation:
In this problem +e hae an arra! o% char pointers pointing to start o% 8
strings. Then +e hae ptr +hich is a pointer to a pointer o% t!pe char
and a ariable p +hich is a pointer to a pointer to a pointer o% t!pe
char. p hold the initial alue o% ptr, i.e. p ) s+A. The ne"t statement
increment alue in p b! 4 , thus no+ alue o% p ) s+*. In the print%
4:
statement the e"pression is ealuated 1++p causes gets alue s+4 then
the pre decrement is e"ecuted and +e get s+4 Q 4 ) s . the indirection
operator no+ gets the alue %rom the arra! o% s and adds A to the
starting address. The string is printed starting %rom this position. Thus,
the output is Jc7K.
@A( main&(
Y
int i, nM
char 1" ) WgirlXM
n ) strlen&"(M
1" ) "/n0M
%or&i)9M i>nM ++i(
Y
print%&WLsPnX,"(M
"++M
Z
Z
Answer:
&blan7 space(
irl
rl
l
Explanation:
3ere a string &a pointer to char( is initiali'ed +ith a alue WgirlX. The
strlen %unction returns the length o% the string, thus n has a alue 8. The
ne"t statement assigns alue at the nth location &JP9K( to the %irst
location. ;o+ the string becomes WP9irlX . ;o+ the print% statement
prints the string a%ter each iteration it increments it starting position.
Foop starts %rom 9 to 8. The %irst time "/90 ) JP9K hence it prints
nothing and pointer alue is incremented. The second time it prints
%rom "/40 i.e WirlX and the third time it prints WrlX and the last time it
prints WlX and the loop terminates.
@8( int i,VM
%or&i)9Mi>)49Mi++(
Y
V+)@M
assert&i>@(M
Z
Answer:
Huntime error, Abnormal program termination.
assert %ailed &i>@(, >%ile name=,>line number=
Explanation:
*9
asserts are used during debugging to ma7e sure that certain conditions
are satis%ied. I% assertion %ails, the program +ill terminate reporting the
same. A%ter debugging use,
Nunde% ;DT.52
and this +ill disable all the assertions %rom the source code. Assertion
is a good debugging tool to ma7e use o%.

@@( main&(
Y
int i)<4M
+iM
print%&-i ) Ld, +i ) Ld Pn-,i,+i(M
Z
Answer:
i ) <4, +i ) <4
Explanation:
5nar! + is the onl! dumm! operator in C. Bhere<eer it comes !ou
can Vust ignore it Vust because it has no e%%ect in the e"pressions &hence
the name dumm! operator(.
@$( Bhat are the %iles +hich are automaticall! opened +hen a C %ile is e"ecuted\
Answer:
stdin, stdout, stderr &standard input,standard output,standard error(.
@O( +hat +ill be the position o% the %ile mar7er\
a, %see7&ptr,9,STT[ESTT(M
b, %see7&ptr,9,STT[EC5H(M
Answer :
a, The STT[ESTT sets the %ile position mar7er to the starting o% the
%ile.
b, The STT[EC5H sets the %ile position mar7er to the current position
o% the %ile.
@#( main&(
Y
char name/490,s/4*0M
scan%&- P-L/]P-0P--,s(M
Z
3o+ scan% +ill e"ecute\
Answer:
6irst it chec7s %or the leading +hite space and discards it.Then it
matches +ith a Suotation mar7 and then it reads all character upto
another Suotation mar7.
@:( Bhat is the problem +ith the %ollo+ing code segment\
*4
+hile &&%gets&receiing arra!,@9,%ileEptr(( ?) TO6(
M
Answer & Explanation:
%gets returns a pointer. So the correct end o% %ile chec7 is chec7ing %or ?
) ;5FF.
$9( main&(
Y
main&(M
Z
Answer:
Huntime error , Stac7 oer%lo+.
Explanation:
main %unction calls itsel% again and again. Tach time the %unction is
called its return address is stored in the call stac7. Since there is no
condition to terminate the %unction call, the call stac7 oer%lo+s at
runtime. So it terminates the program and results in an error.
$4( main&(
Y
char 1cptr,cM
oid 1ptr,M
c)49M )9M
cptr)GcM ptr)GM
print%&-LcL-,c,(M
Z
Answer:
Compiler error &at line number 8(, si'e o% is 5n7no+n.
Explanation:
Uou can create a ariable o% t!pe oid 1 but not o% t!pe oid, since
oid is an empt! t!pe. In the second line !ou are creating ariable ptr
o% t!pe oid 1 and o% t!pe oid hence an error.
$*( main&(
Y
char 1str4)-abcd-M
char str*/0)-abcd-M
print%&-Ld Ld Ld-,si'eo%&str4(,si'eo%&str*(,si'eo%&-abcd-((M
Z
Answer:
* @ @
Explanation:
In %irst si'eo%, str4 is a character pointer so it gies !ou the si'e o% the
pointer ariable. In second si'eo% the name str* indicates the name o%
the arra! +hose si'e is @ &including the DP9D termination character(. The
third si'eo% is similar to the second one.
**
$A( main&(
Y
char notM
not)?*M
print%&-Ld-,not(M
Z
Answer:
9
Explanation:
? is a logical operator. In C the alue 9 is considered to be the boolean
alue 6AFST, and an! non<'ero alue is considered to be the boolean
alue TH5T. 3ere * is a non<'ero alue so TH5T. ?TH5T is 6AFST
&9( so it prints 9.
$8( Nde%ine 6AFST <4
Nde%ine TH5T 4
Nde%ine ;5FF 9
main&( Y
i%&;5FF(
puts&-;5FF-(M
else i%&6AFST(
puts&-TH5T-(M
else
puts&-6AFST-(M
Z
Answer:
TH5T
Explanation,
The input program to the compiler a%ter processing b! the preprocessor
is,
main&(Y
i%&9(
puts&-;5FF-(M
else i%&<4(
puts&-TH5T-(M
else
puts&-6AFST-(M
Z
Preprocessor doesnDt replace the alues gien inside the double Suotes.
The chec7 b! i% condition is boolean alue %alse so it goes to else. In
second i% <4 is boolean alue true hence -TH5T- is printed.
$@( main&(
Y
int 7)4M
*A
print%&-Ld))4 is --Ls-,7,7))4\-TH5T-,-6AFST-(M
Z
Answer:
4))4 is TH5T
Explanation:
Bhen t+o strings are placed together &or separated b! +hite<space(
the! are concatenated &this is called as -stringi'ation- operation(. So
the string is as i% it is gien as -Ld))4 is Ls-. The conditional
operator& \, ( ealuates to -TH5T-.
$$( main&(
Y
int !M
scan%&-Ld-,G!(M // input gien is *999
i%& &!L8))9 GG !L499 ?) 9( II !L499 )) 9 (
print%&-Ld is a leap !ear-(M
else
print%&-Ld is not a leap !ear-(M
Z
Answer:
*999 is a leap !ear
Explanation:
An ordinar! program to chec7 i% leap !ear or not.
$O( Nde%ine ma" @
Nde%ine int arr4/ma"0
main&(
Y
t!pede% char arr*/ma"0M
arr4 list)Y9,4,*,A,8ZM
arr* name)-name-M
print%&-Ld Ls-,list/90,name(M
Z
Answer:
Compiler error &in the line arr4 list ) Y9,4,*,A,8Z(
Explanation:
arr* is declared o% t!pe arra! o% si'e @ o% characters. So it can be used
to declare the ariable name o% the t!pe arr*. .ut it is not the case o%
arr4. 3ence an error.
Rule of Thumb:
Nde%ines are used %or te"tual replacement +hereas t!pede%s are used
%or declaring ne+ t!pes.
$#( int i)49M
main&(
Y
*8
e"tern int iM
Y
int i)*9M
Y
const olatile unsigned i)A9M
print%&-Ld-,i(M
Z
print%&-Ld-,i(M
Z
print%&-Ld-,i(M
Z
Answer:
A9,*9,49
Explanation:
DYD introduces ne+ bloc7 and thus ne+ scope. In the innermost bloc7 i
is declared as,
const olatile unsigned
+hich is a alid declaration. i is assumed o% t!pe int. So print% prints
A9. In the ne"t bloc7, i has alue *9 and so print% prints *9. In the
outermost bloc7, i is declared as e"tern, so no storage space is
allocated %or it. A%ter compilation is oer the lin7er resoles it to global
ariable i &since it is the onl! ariable isible there(. So it prints iDs
alue as 49.
$:( main&(
Y
int 1VM
Y
int i)49M
V)GiM
Z
print%&-Ld-,1V(M
Z
Answer:
49
Explanation,
The ariable i is a bloc7 leel ariable and the isibilit! is inside that
bloc7 onl!. .ut the li%etime o% i is li%etime o% the %unction so it lies
upto the e"it o% main %unction. Since the i is still allocated space, 1V
prints the alue stored in i since V points i.
O9( main&(
Y
int i)<4M
<iM
print%&-i ) Ld, <i ) Ld Pn-,i,<i(M
*@
Z
Answer:
i ) <4, <i ) 4
Explanation:
<i is e"ecuted and this e"ecution doesnDt a%%ect the alue o% i. In print%
%irst !ou Vust print the alue o% i. A%ter that the alue o% the e"pression
<i ) <&<4( is printed.
O4( Ninclude>stdio.h=
main&(
Y
const int i)8M
%loat VM
V ) ++iM
print%&-Ld L%-, i,++V(M
Z
Answer,
Compiler error
Explanation,
i is a constant. !ou cannot change the alue o% constant
O*( Ninclude>stdio.h=
main&(
Y
int a/*0/*0/*0 ) Y Y49,*,A,8Z, Y@,$,O,#Z ZM
int 1p,1SM
p)Ga/*0/*0/*0M
1S)111aM
print%&-Ld..Ld-,1p,1S(M
Z
Answer:
garbagealue..4
Explanation:
p)Ga/*0/*0/*0 !ou declare onl! t+o *D arra!s. but !ou are tr!ing to
access the third *D&+hich !ou are not declared( it +ill print garbage
alues. 1S)111a starting address o% a is assigned integer pointer. no+ S
is pointing to starting address o% a.i% !ou print 1S meAns+er,it +ill
print %irst element o% AD arra!.
OA( Ninclude>stdio.h=
main&(
Y
register i)@M
char V/0) -hello-M
print%&-Ls Ld-,V,i(M
Z
*$
Answer:
hello @
Explanation,
i% !ou declare i as register compiler +ill treat it as ordinar! integer and
it +ill ta7e integer alue. i alue ma! be stored either in register or in
memor!.
O8( main&(
Y
int i)@,V)$,'M
print%&-Ld-,i+++V(M
Z
Answer:
44
Explanation:
the e"pression i+++V is treated as &i++ + V(

O$( struct aaaY
struct aaa 1preM
int iM
struct aaa 1ne"tM
ZM
main&(
Y
struct aaa abc,de%,ghi,V7lM
int ")499M
abc.i)9Mabc.pre)GV7lM
abc.ne"t)Gde%M
de%.i)4Mde%.pre)GabcMde%.ne"t)GghiM
ghi.i)*Mghi.pre)Gde%M
ghi.ne"t)GV7lM
V7l.i)AMV7l.pre)GghiMV7l.ne"t)GabcM
")abc.ne"t<=ne"t<=pre<=ne"t<=iM
print%&-Ld-,"(M
Z
Answer:
*
Explanation:
aboe all statements %orm a double circular lin7ed listM
abc.ne"t<=ne"t<=pre<=ne"t<=i
this one points to -ghi- node the alue o% at particular node is *.
OO( struct point
Y
int "M
int !M
*O
ZM
struct point origin,1ppM
main&(
Y
pp)GoriginM
print%&-origin is&LdLd(Pn-,&1pp(.",&1pp(.!(M
print%&-origin is &LdLd(Pn-,pp<=",pp<=!(M
Z
Answer:
origin is&9,9(
origin is&9,9(
Explanation,
pp is a pointer to structure. +e can access the elements o% the structure
either +ith arro+ mar7 or +ith indirection operator.
#ote:
Since structure point is globall! declared " G ! are initiali'ed as
'eroes
O#( main&(
Y
int i)ElEabc&49(M
print%&-LdPn-,<<i(M
Z
int ElEabc&int i(
Y
return&i++(M
Z
Answer:
:
Explanation:
return&i++( it +ill %irst return i and then increments. i.e. 49 +ill be
returned.
O:( main&(
Y
char 1pM
int 1SM
long 1rM
p)S)r)9M
p++M
S++M
r++M
print%&-Lp...Lp...Lp-,p,S,r(M
Z
Answer:
*#
9994...999*...9998
Explanation:
++ operator +hen applied to pointers increments address according to
their corresponding data<t!pes.
#9( main&(
Y
char c)D D,",conert&'(M
getc&c(M
i%&&c=)DaD( GG &c>)D'D((
")conert&c(M
print%&-Lc-,"(M
Z
conert&'(
Y
return '<A*M
Z
Answer:
Compiler error
Explanation:
declaration o% conert and %ormat o% getc&( are +rong.
#4( main&int argc, char 11arg(
Y
print%&-enter the character-(M
getchar&(M
sum&arg/40,arg/*0(M
Z
sum&num4,num*(
int num4,num*M
Y
return num4+num*M
Z
Answer:
Compiler error.
Explanation:
arg/40 G arg/*0 are strings. The! are passed to the %unction sum
+ithout conerting it to integer alues.
#*( N include >stdio.h=
int oneEd/0)Y4,*,AZM
main&(
Y
int 1ptrM
ptr)oneEdM
ptr+)AM
*:
print%&-Ld-,1ptr(M
Z
Answer,
garbage alue
Explanation:
ptr pointer is pointing to out o% the arra! range o% oneEd.
#A( N include>stdio.h=
aaa&( Y
print%&-hi-(M
Z
bbb&(Y
print%&-hello-(M
Z
ccc&(Y
print%&-b!e-(M
Z
main&(
Y
int &1ptr/A0(&(M
ptr/90)aaaM
ptr/40)bbbM
ptr/*0)cccM
ptr/*0&(M
Z
Answer,
b!e
Explanation:
ptr is arra! o% pointers to %unctions o% return t!pe int.ptr/90 is assigned
to address o% the %unction aaa. Similarl! ptr/40 and ptr/*0 %or bbb and
ccc respectiel!. ptr/*0&( is in e%%ect o% +riting ccc&(, since ptr/*0 points
to ccc.
#@( Ninclude>stdio.h=
main&(
Y
6IFT 1ptrM
char iM
ptr)%open&-'''.c-,-r-(M
+hile&&i)%getch&ptr((?)TO6(
print%&-Lc-,i(M
Z
Answer:
contents o% '''.c %ollo+ed b! an in%inite loop
Explanation:
A9
The condition is chec7ed against TO6, it should be chec7ed against
;5FF.
#$( main&(
Y
int i )9MV)9M
i%&i GG V++(
print%&-Ld..Ld-,i++,V(M
print%&-Ld..Ld,i,V(M
Z
Answer:
9..9
Explanation:
The alue o% i is 9. Since this in%ormation is enough to determine the
truth alue o% the boolean e"pression. So the statement %ollo+ing the i%
statement is not e"ecuted. The alues o% i and V remain unchanged and
get printed.

#O( main&(
Y
int iM
i ) abc&(M
print%&-Ld-,i(M
Z
abc&(
Y
EA^ ) 4999M
Z
Answer:
4999
Explanation:
;ormall! the return alue %rom the %unction is through the in%ormation
%rom the accumulator. 3ere EA3 is the pseudo global ariable
denoting the accumulator. 3ence, the alue o% the accumulator is set
4999 so the %unction returns alue 4999.
##( int iM
main&(Y
int tM
%or & t)8Mscan%&-Ld-,Gi(<tMprint%&-LdPn-,i((
print%&-Ld<<-,t<<(M
Z
// I% the inputs are 9,4,*,A %ind the o/p
Answer:
8<<9
A<<4
A4
*<<*
Explanation:
Fet us assume some ") scan%&-Ld-,Gi(<t the alues during e"ecution
+ill be,
t i "
8 9 <8
A 4 <*
* * 9

#:( main&(Y
int a) 9Mint b ) *9Mchar " )4Mchar ! )49M
i%&a,b,",!(
print%&-hello-(M
Z
Answer:
hello
Explanation:
The comma operator has associatiit! %rom le%t to right. Onl! the
rightmost alue is returned and the other alues are ealuated and
ignored. Thus the alue o% last ariable ! is returned to chec7 in i%.
Since it is a non 'ero alue i% becomes true so, -hello- +ill be printed.
:9( main&(Y
unsigned int iM
%or&i)4Mi=<*Mi<<(
print%&-c aptitude-(M
Z
Explanation:
i is an unsigned integer. It is compared +ith a signed alue. Since the
both t!pes doesnDt match, signed is promoted to unsigned alue. The
unsigned eSuialent o% <* is a huge alue so condition becomes %alse
and control comes out o% the loop.
:4( In the %ollo+ing pgm add a stmt in the %unction %un such that the address o%
DaD gets stored in DVD.
main&(Y
int 1 VM
oid %un&int 11(M
%un&GV(M
Z
oid %un&int 117( Y
int a )9M
/1 add a stmt here1/
Z
Answer:
17 ) Ga
A*
Explanation:
The argument o% the %unction is a pointer to a pointer.

:*( Bhat are the %ollo+ing notations o% de%ining %unctions 7no+n as\
i. int abc&int a,%loat b(
Y
/1 some code 1/
Z
ii. int abc&a,b(
int aM %loat bM
Y
/1 some code1/
Z
Answer:
i. A;SI C notation
ii. [ernighan G Hitche notation
:A( main&(
Y
char 1pM
p)-LdPn-M
p++M
p++M
print%&p<*,A99(M
Z
Answer:
A99
Explanation:
The pointer points to L since it is incremented t+ice and again
decremented b! *, it points to DLdPnD and A99 is printed.
:8( main&(Y
char a/4990M
a/90)DaDMa/400)DbDMa/*0)DcDMa/80)DdDM
abc&a(M
Z
abc&char a/0(Y
a++M
print%&-Lc-,1a(M
a++M
print%&-Lc-,1a(M
Z
Explanation:
The base address is modi%ied onl! in %unction and as a result a points
to DbD then a%ter incrementing to DcD so bc +ill be printed.

AA
:@( %unc&a,b(
int a,bM
Y
return& a) &a))b( (M
Z
main&(
Y
int process&(,%unc&(M
print%&-The alue o% process is Ld ?Pn -,process&%unc,A,$((M
Z
process&p%,al4,al*(
int &1p%( &(M
int al4,al*M
Y
return&&1p%( &al4,al*((M
Z
Answer:
The alue i% process is 9 ?
Explanation:
The %unction DprocessD has A parameters < 4, a pointer to another
%unction * and A, integers. Bhen this %unction is ino7ed %rom main,
the %ollo+ing substitutions %or %ormal parameters ta7e place, %unc %or
p%, A %or al4 and $ %or al*. This %unction returns the result o% the
operation per%ormed b! the %unction D%uncD. The %unction %unc has t+o
integer parameters. The %ormal parameters are substituted as A %or a
and $ %or b. since A is not eSual to $, a))b returns 9. there%ore the
%unction returns 9 +hich in turn is returned b! the %unction DprocessD.
:$( oid main&(
Y
static int i)@M
i%&<<i(Y
main&(M
print%&-Ld -,i(M
Z
Z
Answer:
9 9 9 9
Explanation:
The ariable -I- is declared as static, hence memor! %or I +ill be
allocated %or onl! once, as it encounters the statement. The %unction main&(
+ill be called recursiel! unless I becomes eSual to 9, and since main&( is
recursiel! called, so the alue o% static I ie., 9 +ill be printed eer! time the
control is returned.
:O( oid main&(
A8
Y
int 7)ret&si'eo%&%loat((M
print%&-Pn here alue is Ld-,++7(M
Z
int ret&int ret(
Y
ret +) *.@M
return&ret(M
Z
Answer:
3ere alue is O
Explanation:
The int ret&int ret(, ie., the %unction name and the argument name can
be the same.
6irstl!, the %unction ret&( is called in +hich the si'eo%&%loat( ie., 8 is
passed, a%ter the %irst e"pression the alue in ret +ill be $, as ret is integer
hence the alue stored in ret +ill hae implicit t!pe conersion %rom %loat to
int. The ret is returned in main&( it is printed a%ter and preincrement.

:#( oid main&(
Y
char a/0)-4*A8@P9-M
int i)strlen&a(M
print%&-here in A LdPn-,++i(M
Z
Answer:
here in A $
Explanation:
The char arra! DaD +ill hold the initiali'ed string, +hose length +ill be
counted %rom 9 till the null character. 3ence the DID +ill hold the alue eSual to
@, a%ter the pre<increment in the print% statement, the $ +ill be printed.
::( oid main&(
Y
unsigned gieit)<4M
int gotitM
print%&-Lu -,++gieit(M
print%&-Lu Pn-,gotit)<<gieit(M
Z
Answer:
9 $@@A@
Explanation:
499( oid main&(
Y
int iM
A@
char a/0)-P9-M
i%&print%&-LsPn-,a((
print%&-O7 here Pn-(M
else
print%&-6orget itPn-(M
Z
Answer:
O7 here
Explanation:
Print% +ill return ho+ man! characters does it print. 3ence
printing a null character returns 4 +hich ma7es the i% statement
true, thus -O7 here- is printed.

494( oid main&(
Y
oid 1M
int integer)*M
int 1i)GintegerM
)iM
print%&-Ld-,&int1(1(M
Z
Answer:
Compiler Trror. Be cannot appl! indirection on t!pe oid1.
Explanation:
Roid pointer is a generic pointer t!pe. ;o pointer arithmetic can be
done on it. Roid pointers are normall! used %or,
4. Passing generic pointers to %unctions and returning such
pointers.
*. As a intermediate pointer t!pe.
A. 5sed +hen the e"act pointer t!pe +ill be 7no+n at a later point
o% time.
49*( oid main&(
Y
int i)i++,V)V++,7)7++M
print%&WLdLdLdX,i,V,7(M
Z
Answer:
2arbage alues.
Explanation:
Gn id%ntifi%r is avai$a'$% to &s% in pro=ram cod% from th% point of its
d%c$aration.
So e"pressions such as i ) i++ are alid statements. The i, V and 7 are
automatic ariables and so the! contain some garbage alue. Har'a=%
in is =ar'a=% o&t (H)HI).
A$
49A( oid main&(
Y
static int i)i++, V)V++, 7)7++M
print%&Wi ) Ld V ) Ld 7 ) LdX, i, V, 7(M
Z
Answer:
i ) 4 V ) 4 7 ) 4
Explanation:
Since static ariables are initiali'ed to 'ero b! de%ault.
498( oid main&(
Y
+hile&4(Y
i%&print%&-Ld-,print%&-Ld-(((
brea7M
else
continueM
Z
Z
Answer:
2arbage alues
Explanation:
The inner print% e"ecutes %irst to print some garbage alue. The print%
returns no o% characters printed and this alue also cannot be predicted.
Still the outer print% prints something and so returns a non<'ero alue.
So it encounters the brea7 statement and comes out o% the +hile
statement.
498( main&(
Y
unsigned int i)49M
+hile&i<<=)9(
print%&-Lu -,i(M
Z
Answer:
49 : # O $ @ 8 A * 4 9 $@@A@ $@@A8_..
Explanation:
Since i is an unsigned integer it can neer become negatie. So the
e"pression i<< =)9 +ill al+a!s be true, leading to an in%inite loop.
49@( Ninclude>conio.h=
main&(
Y
int ",!)*,',aM
AO
i%&")!L*( ')*M
a)*M
print%&-Ld Ld -,',"(M
Z
Answer:
2arbage<alue 9
Explanation:
The alue o% !L* is 9. This alue is assigned to ". The condition
reduces to i% &"( or in other +ords i%&9( and so ' goes uninitiali'ed.
Thumb Rule: (hec7 all control paths to +rite bug %ree code.
49$( main&(
Y
int a/490M
print%&-Ld-,1a+4<1a+A(M
Z
Answer:
8
Explanation:
1a and <1a cancels out. The result is as simple as 4 + A ) 8 ?
49O( Nde%ine prod&a,b( a1b
main&(
Y
int ")A,!)8M
print%&-Ld-,prod&"+*,!<4((M
Z
Answer:
49
Explanation:
The macro e"pands and ealuates to as,
"+*1!<4 )= "+&*1!(<4 )= 49
49#( main&(
Y
unsigned int i)$@999M
+hile&i++?)9(M
print%&-Ld-,i(M
Z
Answer:
4
Explanation:
;ote the semicolon a%ter the +hile statement. Bhen the alue o% i
becomes 9 it comes out o% +hile loop. Due to post<increment on i the
alue o% i +hile printing is 4.

A#
49:( main&(
Y
int i)9M
+hile&+&+i<<(?)9(
i<)i++M
print%&-Ld-,i(M
Z
Answer:
<4
Explanation:
*nar( + is th% on$( d&mm( op%rator in @. So it has no e%%ect on the
e"pression and no+ the +hile loop is, +hile&i<<?)9( +hich is
%alse and so brea7s out o% +hile loop. The alue Q4 is printed due to
the post<decrement operator.

44A( main&(
Y
%loat %)@,g)49M
enumYi)49,V)*9,7)@9ZM
print%&-LdPn-,++7(M
print%&-L%Pn-,%>>*(M
print%&-Ll%Pn-,%Lg(M
print%&-Ll%Pn-,%mod&%,g((M
Z
Answer:
Fine no @, Trror, Falue reSuired
Fine no $, Cannot appl! le%tshi%t to %loat
Fine no O, Cannot appl! mod to %loat
Explanation:
Tnumeration constants cannot be modi%ied, so !ou cannot appl! ++.
.it<+ise operators and L operators cannot be applied on %loat alues.
%mod&( is to %ind the modulus alues %or %loats as L operator is %or ints.
449( main&(
Y
int i)49M
oid pascal %&int,int,int(M
%&i++,i++,i++(M
print%&- Ld-,i(M
Z
oid pascal %&integer ,i,integer,V,integer ,7(
Y
+rite&i,V,7(M
Z
Answer:
Compiler error, un7no+n t!pe integer
A:
Compiler error, undeclared %unction +rite
Explanation:
Pascal 7e!+ord doesnKt mean that pascal code can be used. It means
that the %unction %ollo+s Pascal argument passing mechanism in calling the
%unctions.
444( oid pascal %&int i,int V,int 7(
Y
print%&WLd Ld LdX,i, V, 7(M
Z
oid cdecl %&int i,int V,int 7(
Y
print%&WLd Ld LdX,i, V, 7(M
Z
main&(
Y
int i)49M
%&i++,i++,i++(M
print%&- LdPn-,i(M
i)49M
%&i++,i++,i++(M
print%&- Ld-,i(M
Z
Answer:
49 44 4* 4A
4* 44 49 4A
Explanation:
Pascal argument passing mechanism %orces the arguments to be called
%rom le%t to right. cdecl is the normal C argument passing mechanism +here
the arguments are passed %rom right to le%t.

44*(. Bhat is the output o% the program gien belo+
main&(
Y
signed char i)9M
%or&Mi=)9Mi++( M
print%&-LdPn-,i(M
Z
Answer
<4*#
Explanation
;otice the semicolon at the end o% the %or loop. T3e initial
alue o% the i is set to 9. The inner loop e"ecutes to increment
the alue %rom 9 to 4*O &the positie range o% char( and then it
rotates to the negatie alue o% <4*#. The condition in the %or
89
loop %ails and so comes out o% the %or loop. It prints the current
alue o% i that is <4*#.

44A( main&(
Y
unsigned char i)9M
%or&Mi=)9Mi++( M
print%&-LdPn-,i(M
Z
Answer
in%inite loop
Explanation
The di%%erence bet+een the preious Suestion and this one is that the
char is declared to be unsigned. So the i++ can neer !ield negatie alue and
i=)9 neer becomes %alse so that it can come out o% the %or loop.
448( main&(
Y
char i)9M
%or&Mi=)9Mi++( M
print%&-LdPn-,i(M

Z
Answer:
.ehaior is implementation dependent.
Explanation:
The detail i% the char is signed/unsigned b! de%ault is
implementation dependent. I% the implementation treats the char to be
signed b! de%ault the program +ill print Q4*# and terminate. On the
other hand i% it considers char to be unsigned b! de%ault, it goes to
in%inite loop.
Rule:
Uou can +rite programs that hae implementation dependent
behaior. .ut dont +rite programs that depend on such behaior.
44@( Is the %ollo+ing statement a declaration/de%inition. 6ind +hat does it
mean\
int &1"(/490M
Answer
De%inition.
" is a pointer to arra! o%&si'e 49( integers.
Appl! cloc7<+ise rule to %ind the meaning o% this de%inition.
44$(. Bhat is the output %or the program gien belo+
84
t!pede% enum errorT!peY+arning, error, e"ception,ZerrorM
main&(
Y
error g4M
g4)4M
print%&-Ld-,g4(M
Z
Answer
Compiler error, Cultiple declaration %or error
Explanation
The name error is used in the t+o meanings. One means that it
is a enumerator constant +ith alue 4. The another use is that it is a
t!pe name &due to t!pede%( %or enum errorT!pe. 2ien a situation the
compiler cannot distinguish the meaning o% error to 7no+ in +hat
sense the error is used,
error g4M
g4)errorM
// +hich error it re%ers in each case\
Bhen the compiler can distinguish bet+een usages then it +ill
not issue error &in pure technical terms, names can onl! be oerloaded
in di%%erent namespaces(.
Note, the e"tra comma in the declaration,
enum errorT!peY+arning, error, e"ception,Z
is not an error. An e"tra comma is alid and is proided Vust %or
programmerKs conenience.


44O( t!pede% struct errorYint +arning, error, e"ceptionMZerrorM
main&(
Y
error g4M
g4.error )4M
print%&-Ld-,g4.error(M
Z
Answer
4
Explanation
The three usages o% name errors can be distinguishable b! the compiler
at an! instance, so alid &the! are in di%%erent namespaces(.
T!pede% struct errorYint +arning, error, e"ceptionMZerrorM
This error can be used onl! b! preceding the error b! struct 7a!+ord as in,
struct error someTrrorM
t!pede% struct errorYint +arning, error, e"ceptionMZerrorM
8*
This can be used onl! a%ter . &dot( or <= &arro+( operator preceded b! the
ariable name as in ,
g4.error )4M
print%&-Ld-,g4.error(M
t!pede% struct errorYint +arning, error, e"ceptionMZerrorM
This can be used to de%ine ariables +ithout using the preceding struct
7e!+ord as in,
error g4M
Since the compiler can per%ectl! distinguish bet+een these three usages, it is
per%ectl! legal and alid.
#ote
This code is gien here to Vust e"plain the concept behind. In real
programming donKt use such oerloading o% names. It reduces the readabilit!
o% the code. Possible doesnKt mean that +e should use it?

44#( Ni%de% something
int some)9M
Nendi%
main&(
Y
int thing ) 9M
print%&-Ld LdPn-, some ,thing(M
Z
Answer:
Compiler error , unde%ined s!mbol some
Explanation:
This is a er! simple e"ample %or conditional compilation. The
name something is not alread! 7no+n to the compiler ma7ing
the declaration
int some ) 9M
e%%ectiel! remoed %rom the source code.
44:( Ni% something )) 9
int some)9M
Nendi%
main&(
Y
int thing ) 9M
print%&-Ld LdPn-, some ,thing(M
Z
Answer
8A
9 9
Explanation
This code is to sho+ that preprocessor e"pressions are not the
same as the ordinar! e"pressions. I% a name is not 7no+n the
preprocessor treats it to be eSual to 'ero.
4*9(. Bhat is the output %or the %ollo+ing program
main&(
Y
int arr*D/A0/A0M
print%&-LdPn-, &&arr*D))1 arr*D(GG&1 arr*D )) arr*D/90(( (M
Z
Answer
4
Explanation
This is due to the close relation bet+een the arra!s and
pointers. ; dimensional arra!s are made up o% &;<4(
dimensional arra!s.
arr*D is made up o% a A single arra!s that contains A integers
each .
The name arr*D re%ers to the beginning o% all the A arra!s.
1arr*D re%ers to the start o% the %irst 4D arra! &o% A integers(
that is the same address as arr*D. So the e"pression &arr*D ))
1arr*D( is true &4(.
Similarl!, 1arr*D is nothing but 1&arr*D + 9(, adding a 'ero
doesnKt change the alue/meaning. Again arr*D/90 is the
another +a! o% telling 1&arr*D + 9(. So the e"pression &1&arr*D
+ 9( )) arr*D/90( is true &4(.
Since both parts o% the e"pression ealuates to true the result is
true&4( and the same is printed.
4*4( oid main&(
Y
i%&`9 )) &unsigned int(<4(
print%&WUou can ans+er this i% !ou 7no+ ho+ alues are represented in
memor!X(M
Z
88
arr*D
arr*D/40
arr*D/*0
arr*D/A0
Ans+er
Uou can ans+er this i% !ou 7no+ ho+ alues are represented in
memor!
T"planation
` &tilde operator or bit<+ise negation operator( operates on 9 to
produce all ones to %ill the space %or an integer. Q4 is
represented in unsigned alue as all 4Ks and so both are eSual.
4**( int s+ap&int 1a,int 1b(
Y
1a)1a+1bM1b)1a<1bM1a)1a<1bM
Z
main&(
Y
int ")49,!)*9M
s+ap&G",G!(M
print%&-") Ld ! ) LdPn-,",!(M
Z
Ans+er
" ) *9 ! ) 49
T"planation
This is one +a! o% s+apping t+o alues. Simple chec7ing +ill help
understand this.
4*A( main&(
Y
char 1p ) Wa!SmXM
print%&WLcX,++1&p++((M
Z
Ans+er,
b
4*8( main&(
Y
int i)@M
print%&-Ld-,++i++(M
Z
Answer:
Compiler error, Falue reSuired in %unction main
Explanation:
++i !ields an ralue. 6or post%i" ++ to operate an lalue is
reSuired.
4*@( main&(
Y
char 1p ) Wa!SmXM
8@
char cM
c ) ++1p++M
print%&WLcX,c(M
Z
Answer:
b
Explanation:
There is no di%%erence bet+een the e"pression ++1&p++( and +
+1p++. Parenthesis Vust +or7s as a isual clue %or the reader to
see +hich e"pression is %irst ealuated.
4*$(
int aaa&( Yprint%&W3iX(MZ
int bbb&(Yprint%&WhelloX(MZ
in! ccc&(Yprint%&Wb!eX(MZ
main&(
Y
int & 1 ptr/A0( &(M
ptr/90 ) aaaM
ptr/40 ) bbbM
ptr/*0 )cccM
ptr/*0&(M
Z
Ans+er,
b!e
T"planation,
int &1 ptr/A0(&( sa!s that ptr is an arra! o% pointers to %unctions that
ta7es no arguments and returns the t!pe int. .! the assignment ptr/90 )
aaaM it means that the %irst %unction pointer in the arra! is initiali'ed
+ith the address o% the %unction aaa. Similarl!, the other t+o arra!
elements also get initiali'ed +ith the addresses o% the %unctions bbb
and ccc. Since ptr/*0 contains the address o% the %unction ccc, the call
to the %unction ptr/*0&( is same as calling ccc&(. So it results in printing
-b!e-.
4*O(
main&(
Y
int i)@M
print%&WLdX,i)++i ))$(M
Z
Answer:
1
Explanation:
8$
The e"pression can be treated as i ) &++i))$(, because )) is o% higher
precedence than ) operator. In the inner e"pression, ++i is eSual to $
!ielding true&4(. 3ence the result.
4*#( main&(
Y
char p/ 0)-LdPn-M
p/40 ) DcDM
print%&p,$@(M
Z
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Due to the assignment p/40 ) JcK the string becomes, WLcPnX. Since this
string becomes the %ormat string %or print% and ASCII alue o% $@ is
JAK, the same gets printed.

4*:( oid & 1 abc& int, oid & 1de%( &( ( ( &(M
Ans+er,,
abc is a ptr to a %unction +hich ta7es * parameters .&a(. an integer
ariable.&b(. a ptrto a %untion +hich returns oid. the return t!pe o%
the %unction is oid.
Explanation:
Appl! the cloc7<+ise rule to %ind the result.
4A9( main&(
Y
+hile &strcmp&WsomeX,XsomeP9X((
print%&WStrings are not eSualPnX(M
Z
Answer:
;o output
Explanation:
Tnding the string constant +ith P9 e"plicitl! ma7es no di%%erence. So
WsomeX and WsomeP9X are eSuialent. So, strcmp returns 9 &%alse(
hence brea7ing out o% the +hile loop.
4A4( main&(
Y
char str4/0 ) YJsK,KoK,KmK,KeKZM
char str*/0 ) YJsK,KoK,KmK,KeK,KP9KZM
+hile &strcmp&str4,str*((
print%&WStrings are not eSualPnX(M
Z
8O
Answer:
WStrings are not eSualX
WStrings are not eSualX
_.
Explanation:
I% a string constant is initiali'ed e"plicitl! +ith characters, JP9K is not
appended automaticall! to the string. Since str4 doesnKt hae null
termination, it treats +hateer the alues that are in the %ollo+ing
positions as part o% the string until it randoml! reaches a JP9K. So str4
and str* are not the same, hence the result.

4A*( main&(
Y
int i ) AM
%or &Mi++)9M( print%&WLdX,i(M
Z
Answer:
Compiler Trror, Falue reSuired.
Explanation:
As +e 7no+ that increment operators return ralues and hence
it cannot appear on the le%t hand side o% an assignment
operation.

4AA( oid main&(
Y
int 1mptr, 1cptrM
mptr ) &int1(malloc&si'eo%&int((M
print%&WLdX,1mptr(M
int 1cptr ) &int1(calloc&si'eo%&int(,4(M
print%&WLdX,1cptr(M
Z
Answer:
garbage<alue 9
Explanation:
The memor! space allocated b! malloc is uninitiali'ed, +hereas calloc
returns the allocated memor! space initiali'ed to 'eros.
4A8( oid main&(
Y
static int iM
+hile&i>)49(
&i=*(\i++,i<<M
print%&WLdX, i(M
Z
Answer:
8#
A*O$O
Explanation:
Since i is static it is initiali'ed to 9. Inside the +hile loop the
conditional operator ealuates to %alse, e"ecuting i<<. This continues till
the integer alue rotates to positie alue &A*O$O(. The +hile condition
becomes %alse and hence, comes out o% the +hile loop, printing the i
alue.
4A@( main&(
Y
int i)49,V)*9M
V ) i, V\&i,V(\i,V,VM
print%&-Ld Ld-,i,V(M
Z
Answer:
49 49
Explanation:
The Ternar! operator & \ , ( is eSuialent %or i%<then<else statement. So
the Suestion can be +ritten as,
i%&i,V(
Y
i%&i,V(
V ) iM
else
V ) VM
Z
else
V ) VM
4A$( 4. const char 1aM
*. char1 const aM
A. char const 1aM
<Di%%erentiate the aboe declarations.
Answer:
4. DconstD applies to char 1 rather than DaD & pointer to a constant char (
1a)D6D , illegal
a)-3i- , legal
*. DconstD applies to DaD rather than to the alue o% a &constant pointer to
char (
1a)D6D , legal
a)-3i- , illegal
8:
A. Same as 4.
4AO( main&(
Y
int i)@,V)49M
i)iG)VGG49M
print%&-Ld Ld-,i,V(M
Z
Answer:
4 49
Explanation:
The e"pression can be +ritten as i)&iG)&VGG49((M The inner
e"pression &VGG49( ealuates to 4 because V))49. i is @. i ) @G4 is 4.
3ence the result.
4A#( main&(
Y
int i)8,V)OM
V ) V II i++ GG print%&-UO5 CA;-(M
print%&-Ld Ld-, i, V(M
Z
Answer:
8 4
Explanation:
Jh% 'oo$%an %3pr%ssion n%%ds to '% %va$&at%d on$( ti$$ th% tr&th va$&%
of th% %3pr%ssion is not 5no;n. V is not eSual to 'ero itsel% means that
the e"pressionKs truth alue is 4. .ecause it is %ollo+ed b! II and tr&% 88
(an(thin=) =C tr&% ;h%r% (an(thin=) ;i$$ not '% %va$&at%d. So the
remaining e"pression is not ealuated and so the alue o% i remains the
same.
Similarl! +hen GG operator is inoled in an e"pression, +hen an! o%
the operands become %alse, the +hole e"pressionKs truth alue becomes
%alse and hence the remaining e"pression +ill not be ealuated.
fa$s% 77 (an(thin=) =C fa$s% ;h%r% (an(thin=) ;i$$ not '% %va$&at%d.
4A:( main&(
Y
register int a)*M
print%&-Address o% a ) Ld-,Ga(M
print%&-Ralue o% a ) Ld-,a(M
Z
Answer:
Compier Trror, DGD on register ariable
Rule to Remember:
@9
& (address of ) operator cannot be applied on register variables
489( main&(
Y
%loat i)4.@M
s+itch&i(
Y
case 4, print%&-4-(M
case *, print%&-*-(M
de%ault , print%&-9-(M
Z
Z
Answer:
Compiler Trror, s+itch e"pression not integral
Explanation:
K;itch stat%m%nts can '% app$i%d on$( to int%=ra$ t(p%s.
484( main&(
Y
e"tern iM
print%&-LdPn-,i(M
Y
int i)*9M
print%&-LdPn-,i(M
Z
Z
Answer:
Fin7er Trror , 5nresoled e"ternal s!mbol i
Explanation:
The identi%ier i is aailable in the inner bloc7 and so using e"tern has
no use in resoling it.
48*( main&(
Y
int a)*,1%4,1%*M
%4)%*)GaM
1%*+)1%*+)a+)*.@M
print%&-PnLd Ld Ld-,a,1%4,1%*(M
Z
Answer:
4$ 4$ 4$
Explanation:
%4 and %* both re%er to the same memor! location a. So changes
through %4 and %* ultimatel! a%%ects onl! the alue o% a.
48A( main&(
@4
Y
char 1p)-2OOD-M
char a/ 0)-2OOD-M
print%&-Pn si'eo%&p( ) Ld, si'eo%&1p( ) Ld, strlen&p( ) Ld-, si'eo%&p(,
si'eo%&1p(, strlen&p((M
print%&-Pn si'eo%&a( ) Ld, strlen&a( ) Ld-, si'eo%&a(, strlen&a((M
Z
Answer:
si'eo%&p( ) *, si'eo%&1p( ) 4, strlen&p( ) 8
si'eo%&a( ) @, strlen&a( ) 8
Explanation:
si'eo%&p( )= si'eo%&char1( )= *
si'eo%&1p( )= si'eo%&char( )= 4
Similarl!,
si'eo%&a( )= si'e o% the character arra! )= @
?h%n si9%of op%rator is app$i%d to an arra( it r%t&rns th% si9%of th%
arra( and it is not the same as the si'eo% the pointer ariable. 3ere the
si'eo%&a( +here a is the character arra! and the si'e o% the arra! is @
because the space necessar! %or the terminating ;5FF character
should also be ta7en into account.
488( Nde%ine DIC& arra!, t!pe( si'eo%&arra!(/si'eo%&t!pe(
main&(
Y
int arr/490M
print%&WThe dimension o% the arra! is LdX, DIC&arr, int((M
Z
Answer:
49
Explanation:
The si'e o% integer arra! o% 49 elements is 49 1 si'eo%&int(. The macro
e"pands to si'eo%&arr(/si'eo%&int( )= 49 1 si'eo%&int( / si'eo%&int( )=
49.
48@( int DIC&int arra!/0(
Y
return si'eo%&arra!(/si'eo%&int (M
Z
main&(
Y
int arr/490M
print%&WThe dimension o% the arra! is LdX, DIC&arr((M
Z
Answer:
4
Explanation:
@*
Grra(s cannot '% pass%d to f&nctions as ar=&m%nts and on$( th%
point%rs can '% pass%d. So the argument is eSuialent to int 1 arra!
&this is one o% the er! %e+ places +here /0 and 1 usage are eSuialent(.
The return statement becomes, si'eo%&int 1(/ si'eo%&int( that happens to
be eSual in this case.
48$( main&(
Y
static int a/A0/A0)Y4,*,A,8,@,$,O,#,:ZM
int i,VM
static 1p/0)Ya,a+4,a+*ZM
%or&i)9Mi>AMi++(
Y
%or&V)9MV>AMV++(
print%&-LdPtLdPtLdPtLdPn-,1&1&p+i(+V(,
1&1&V+p(+i(,1&1&i+p(+V(,1&1&p+V(+i((M
Z
Z
Answer:
4 4 4 4
* 8 * 8
A O A O
8 * 8 *
@ @ @ @
$ # $ #
O A O A
# $ # $
: : : :
Explanation:
1&1&p+i(+V( is eSuialent to p/i0/V0.
48O( main&(
Y
oid s+ap&(M
int ")49,!)#M
s+ap&G",G!(M
print%&-")Ld !)Ld-,",!(M
Z
oid s+ap&int 1a, int 1b(
Y
1a ]) 1b, 1b ]) 1a, 1a ]) 1bM
Z
Answer:
")49 !)#
Explanation:
@A
5sing ] li7e this is a +a! to s+ap t+o ariables +ithout using a
temporar! ariable and that too in a single statement.
Inside main&(, oid s+ap&(M means that s+ap is a %unction that ma!
ta7e an! number o% arguments &not no arguments( and returns nothing.
So this doesnKt issue a compiler error b! the call s+ap&G",G!(M that
has t+o arguments.
This conention is historicall! due to pre<A;SI st!le &re%erred to as
[ernighan and Hitchie st!le( st!le o% %unction declaration. In that st!le,
the s+ap %unction +ill be de%ined as %ollo+s,
oid s+ap&(
int 1a, int 1b
Y
1a ]) 1b, 1b ]) 1a, 1a ]) 1bM
Z
+here the arguments %ollo+ the &(. So naturall! the declaration %or
s+ap +ill loo7 li7e, oid s+ap&( +hich means the s+ap can ta7e an!
number o% arguments.
48#( main&(
Y
int i ) *@OM
int 1iPtr ) GiM
print%&-Ld Ld-, 1&&char1(iPtr(, 1&&char1(iPtr+4( (M
Z
Answer:
4 4
Explanation:
The integer alue *@O is stored in the memor! as, 99999994 99999994,
so the indiidual b!tes are ta7en b! casting it to char 1 and get printed.
48:( main&(
Y
int i ) *@#M
int 1iPtr ) GiM
print%&-Ld Ld-, 1&&char1(iPtr(, 1&&char1(iPtr+4( (M
Z
Answer:
* 4
Explanation:
The integer alue *@O can be represented in binar! as, 99999994
99999994. Hemember that the I;TTF machines are Jsmall<endianK
machines. Kma$$,%ndian m%ans that th% $o;%r ord%r '(t%s ar% stor%d in
th% hi=h%r m%mor( addr%ss%s and th% hi=h%r ord%r '(t%s ar% stor%d in
$o;%r addr%ss%s. The integer alue *@# is stored in memor! as,
99999994 99999949.
@8
4@9( main&(
Y
int i)A99M
char 1ptr ) GiM
1++ptr)*M
print%&-Ld-,i(M
Z
Answer:
@@$
Explanation:
The integer alue A99 in binar! notation is, 99999994 99494499. It is
stored in memor! &small<endian( as, 99494499 99999994. Hesult o%
the e"pression 1++ptr ) * ma7es the memor! representation as,
99494499 99999949. So the integer corresponding to it is 99999949
99494499 )= @@$.
4@4( Ninclude >stdio.h=
main&(
Y
char 1 str ) -hello-M
char 1 ptr ) strM
char least ) 4*OM
+hile &1ptr++(
least ) &1ptr>least ( \1ptr ,leastM
print%&-Ld-,least(M
Z
Answer:
9
Explanation:
A%ter JptrK reaches the end o% the string the alue pointed b! JstrK is
JP9K. So the alue o% JstrK is less than that o% JleastK. So the alue o%
JleastK %inall! is 9.
4@*( Declare an arra! o% ; pointers to %unctions returning pointers to %unctions
returning pointers to characters\
Answer:
&char1&1(& (( &1ptr/;0(& (M
4@A( main&(
Y
struct student
Y
char name/A90M
struct date dobM
ZstudM
struct date
@@
Y
int da!,month,!earM
ZM
scan%&-LsLdLdLd-, stud.rollno, Gstudent.dob.da!,
Gstudent.dob.month, Gstudent.dob.!ear(M
Z
Answer:
Compiler Trror, 5nde%ined structure date
Explanation:
Inside the struct de%inition o% JstudentK the member o% t!pe struct date
is gien. The compiler doesnKt hae the de%inition o% date structure
&%or+ard re%erence is not allo+ed in C in this case( so it issues an
error.
4@8( main&(
Y
struct dateM
struct student
Y
char name/A90M
struct date dobM
ZstudM
struct date
Y
int da!,month,!earM
ZM
scan%&-LsLdLdLd-, stud.rollno, Gstudent.dob.da!,
Gstudent.dob.month, Gstudent.dob.!ear(M
Z
Answer:
Compiler Trror, 5nde%ined structure date
Explanation:
Onl! declaration o% struct date is aailable inside the structure
de%inition o% JstudentK but to hae a ariable o% t!pe struct date the
de%inition o% the structure is reSuired.
4@@( There +ere 49 records stored in Wsome%ile.datX but the %ollo+ing program
printed 44 names. Bhat +ent +rong\
oid main&(
Y
struct student
Y
char name/A90, rollno/$0M
ZstudM
6IFT 1%p ) %open&Wsome%ile.datX,XrX(M
+hile&?%eo%&%p((
@$
Y
%read&Gstud, si'eo%&stud(, 4 , %p(M
puts&stud.name(M
Z
Z
Explanation:
%read reads 49 records and prints the names success%ull!. It +ill
return TO6 onl! +hen %read tries to read another record and
%ails reading TO6 &and returning TO6(. So it prints the last
record again. A%ter this onl! the condition %eo%&%p( becomes
%alse, hence comes out o% the +hile loop.
4@$( Is there an! di%%erence bet+een the t+o declarations,
4. int %oo&int 1arr/0( and
*. int %oo&int 1arr/*0(
Answer:
;o
Explanation:
6unctions can onl! pass pointers and not arra!s. The numbers that are
allo+ed inside the /0 is Vust %or more readabilit!. So there is no
di%%erence bet+een the t+o declarations.
4@O( Bhat is the subtle error in the %ollo+ing code segment\
oid %un&int n, int arr/0(
Y
int 1p)9M
int i)9M
+hile&i++>n(
p ) Garr/i0M
1p ) 9M
Z
Answer & Explanation:
I% the bod! o% the loop neer e"ecutes p is assigned no address.
So p remains ;5FF +here 1p )9 ma! result in problem &ma!
rise to runtime error W;5FF pointer assignmentX and terminate
the program(.
4@#( Bhat is +rong +ith the %ollo+ing code\
int 1%oo&(
Y
int 1s ) malloc&si'eo%&int(499(M
assert&s ?) ;5FF(M
return sM
Z
Answer & Explanation:
@O
assert macro should be used %or debugging and %inding out bugs. The
chec7 s ?) ;5FF is %or error/e"ception handling and %or that assert
shouldnKt be used. A plain i% and the corresponding remed! statement
has to be gien.
4@:( Bhat is the hidden bug +ith the %ollo+ing statement\
assert&al++ ?) 9(M
Answer & Explanation:
Assert macro is used %or debugging and remoed in release ersion. In
assert, the e"perssion inoles side<e%%ects. So the behaior o% the code
becomes di%%erent in case o% debug ersion and the release ersion thus
leading to a subtle bug.
Rule to Remember:
LonMt &s% %3pr%ssions that hav% sid%,%ff%cts in ass%rt stat%m%nts.
4$9( oid main&(
Y
int 1i ) 9"899M // i points to the address 899
1i ) 9M // set the alue o% memor! location pointed b! iM
Z
Answer:
5nde%ined behaior
Explanation:
The second statement results in unde%ined behaior because it points to
some location +hose alue ma! not be aailable %or modi%ication.
Jhis t(p% of point%r in ;hich th% non,avai$a'i$it( of th%
imp$%m%ntation of th% r%f%r%nc%d $ocation is 5no;n as Eincomp$%t%
t(p%E.
4$4( Nde%ine assert&cond( i%&?&cond(( P
&%print%&stderr, -assertion %ailed, Ls, %ile Ls, line Ld Pn-,Ncond,P
EE6IFTEE,EEFI;TEE(, abort&((
oid main&(
Y
int i ) 49M
i%&i))9(
assert&i > 499(M
else
print%&-This statement becomes else %or i% in assert macro-(M
Z
Ans+er,
;o output
Explanation:
The else part in +hich the print% is there becomes the else %or i% in the assert
macro. 3ence nothing is printed.
@#
The solution is to use conditional operator instead o% i% statement,
Nde%ine assert&cond( &&cond(\&9(, &%print% &stderr, -assertion %ailed, P Ls, %ile
Ls, line Ld Pn-,Ncond, EE6IFTEE,EEFI;TEE(, abort&(((
;ote,
3o+eer this problem o% Wmatching +ith nearest elseX cannot be
soled b! the usual method o% placing the i% statement inside a bloc7
li7e this,
Nde%ine assert&cond( Y P
i%&?&cond(( P
&%print%&stderr, -assertion %ailed, Ls, %ile Ls, line Ld Pn-,Ncond,P
EE6IFTEE,EEFI;TEE(, abort&(( P
Z
4$*( Is the %ollo+ing code legal\
struct a
Y
int "M
struct a bM
Z
Ans+er,
;o
Explanation:
Is it not legal %or a structure to contain a member that is o% the same
t!pe as in this case. .ecause this +ill cause the structure declaration to
be recursie +ithout end.
4$A( Is the %ollo+ing code legal\
struct a
Y
int "M
struct a 1bM
Z
Answer:
Ues.
Explanation:
1b is a pointer to t!pe struct a and so is legal. The compiler 7no+s, the
si'e o% the pointer to a structure een be%ore the si'e o% the structure
is determined&as !ou 7no+ the pointer to an! t!pe is o% same si'e(.
This t!pe o% structures is 7no+n as Jsel%<re%erencingK structure.
4$8( Is the %ollo+ing code legal\
t!pede% struct a
Y
int "M
aT!pe 1bM
@:
ZaT!pe
Answer:
;o
Explanation:
The t!pename aT!pe is not 7no+n at the point o% declaring the
structure &%or+ard re%erences are not made %or t!pede%s(.
4$@( Is the %ollo+ing code legal\
t!pede% struct a aT!peM
struct a
Y
int "M
aT!pe 1bM
ZM
Answer:
Ues
Explanation:
The t!pename aT!pe is 7no+n at the point o% declaring the structure,
because it is alread! t!pede%ined.
4$$( Is the %ollo+ing code legal\
oid main&(
Y
t!pede% struct a aT!peM
aT!pe someRariableM
struct a
Y
int "M
aT!pe 1bM
ZM
Z
Answer:
;o
Explanation:
Bhen the declaration,
t!pede% struct a aT!peM
is encountered bod! o% struct a is not 7no+n. This is 7no+n as
Jincomplete t!pesK.

4$O( oid main&(
Y
print%&Wsi'eo% &oid 1( ) Ld PnW, si'eo%& oid 1((M
print%&Wsi'eo% &int 1( ) Ld PnX, si'eo%&int 1((M
print%&Wsi'eo% &double 1( ) Ld PnX, si'eo%&double 1((M
print%&Wsi'eo%&struct un7no+n 1( ) Ld PnX, si'eo%&struct un7no+n 1((M
Z
$9
Answer :
si'eo% &oid 1( ) *
si'eo% &int 1( ) *
si'eo% &double 1( ) *
si'eo%&struct un7no+n 1( ) *
Explanation:
The pointer to an! t!pe is o% same si'e.
4$#( char inputString/4990 ) Y9ZM
To get string input %rom the 7e!board +hich one o% the %ollo+ing is better\
4( gets&inputString(
*( %gets&inputString, si'eo%&inputString(, %p(
Answer & Explanation:
The second one is better because gets&inputString( doesnDt 7no+ the
si'e o% the string passed and so, i% a er! big input &here, more than
499 chars( the charactes +ill be +ritten past the input string. Bhen
%gets is used +ith stdin per%orms the same operation as gets but is sa%e.
4$:( Bhich ersion do !ou pre%er o% the %ollo+ing t+o,
4( print%&WLsX,str(M // or the more curt one
*( print%&str(M
Answer & Explanation:
Pre%er the %irst one. I% the str contains an! %ormat characters li7e Ld
then it +ill result in a subtle bug.
4O9( oid main&(
Y
int i)49, V)*M
int 1ip) Gi, 1Vp ) GVM
int 7 ) 1ip/1VpM
print%&WLdX,7(M
Z
Answer:
Compiler Trror, W5ne"pected end o% %ile in comment started in line @X.
Explanation:
The programmer intended to diide t+o integers, but b! the
Wma"imum munchX rule, the compiler treats the operator
seSuence / and 1 as /1 +hich happens to be the starting o%
comment. To %orce +hat is intended b! the programmer,
int 7 ) 1ip/ 1VpM
// gie space e"plicit! separating / and 1
//or
int 7 ) 1ip/&1Vp(M
// put braces to %orce the intention
+ill sole the problem.
$4
4O4( oid main&(
Y
char chM
%or&ch)9Mch>)4*OMch++(
print%&WLc Ld PnW, ch, ch(M
Z
Answer:
Implementaion dependent
Explanation:
The char t!pe ma! be signed or unsigned b! de%ault. I% it is signed then
ch++ is e"ecuted a%ter ch reaches 4*O and rotates bac7 to <4*#. Thus
ch is al+a!s smaller than 4*O.
4O*( Is this code legal\
int 1ptrM
ptr ) &int 1( 9"899M
Answer:
Ues
Explanation:
The pointer ptr +ill point at the integer in the memor! location 9"899.
4OA( main&(
Y
char a/80)-3TFFO-M
print%&-Ls-,a(M
Z
Answer:
Compiler error, Too man! initiali'ers
Explanation:
The arra! a is o% si'e 8 but the string constant reSuires $ b!tes to get
stored.
4O8( main&(
Y
char a/80)-3TFF-M
print%&-Ls-,a(M
Z
Answer:
3TFFLa?`a?a\\\a``?
Explanation:
The character arra! has the memor! Vust enough to hold the string
W3TFFX and doesnt hae enough space to store the terminating null
character. So it prints the 3TFF correctl! and continues to print
garbage alues till it accidentall! comes across a ;5FF character.
4O@( main&(
$*
Y
int a)49,1VM
oid 17M
V)7)GaM
V++M
7++M
print%&-Pn Lu Lu -,V,7(M
Z
Answer:
Compiler error, Cannot increment a oid pointer
Explanation:
Roid pointers are generic pointers and the! can be used onl! +hen the
t!pe is not 7no+n and as an intermediate address storage t!pe. ;o
pointer arithmetic can be done on it and !ou cannot appl! indirection
operator &1( on oid pointers.
4O$( main&(
Y
e"tern int iM
Y int i)*9M
Y
const olatile unsigned i)A9M print%&-Ld-,i(M
Z
print%&-Ld-,i(M
Z
print%&-Ld-,i(M
Z
int iM
4OO( Print% can be implemented b! using EEEEEEEEEE list.
Answer:
Rariable length argument lists
4O#( char 1some6un&(
Y
char 1temp ) Wstring constant-M
return tempM
Z
int main&(
Y
puts&some6un&((M
Z
Ans+er,
string constant
Explanation,
$A
The program su%%ers no problem and gies the output correctl! because the
character constants are stored in code/data area and not allocated in stac7, so this
doesnKt lead to dangling pointers.
4O:( char 1some6un4&(
Y
char temp/ 0 ) Wstring-M
return tempM
Z
char 1some6un*&(
Y
char temp/ 0 ) YJsK, JtK,KrK,KiK,KnK,KgKZM
return tempM
Z
int main&(
Y
puts&some6un4&((M
puts&some6un*&((M
Z
Ans+er,
2arbage alues.
Explanation,
.oth the %unctions su%%er %rom the problem o% dangling pointers. In
some6un4&( temp is a character arra! and so the space %or it is allocated in heap and is
initiali'ed +ith character string WstringX. This is created d!namicall! as the %unction is
called, so is also deleted d!namicall! on e"iting the %unction so the string data is not
aailable in the calling %unction main&( leading to print some garbage alues. The
%unction some6un*&( also su%%ers %rom the same problem but the problem can be
easil! identi%ied in this case.
$8