DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR ADRENAL CANCER

CT SCAN (Computed tomography)

Computed tomography (CT) scan (also known as a computed axial tomography scan, or CAT scan) is one
of the most commonly used tools for the screening, diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
A CT scan may be used to pinpoint the location of a tumor, evaluate the extent of cancer in the body,
and assess whether the disease is responding to treatment.
CT can be used to see if there is cancer in your adrenal glands or other areas of your body, such as your
liver. CT can also help doctors decide if surgery is a viable treatment option. Typically, CT scans take 10
to 15 minutes to perform.
PET/CT SCAN
This advanced nuclear imaging technique combines positron emission tomography (PET) and computed
tomography (CT) into once machine. A PET/CT scan reveals information about both the structure and
function of cells and tissues in the body during a single imaging session.
The PET/CT scanner is then able to "see" damaged or cancerous cells where the glucose is being taken
up (cancer cells often use more glucose than normal cells) and the rate at which the tumor is using
the glucose (which can help determine the tumor grade). The procedure is painless and varies in length,
depending on the part of the body that is being evaluated.
Doctors use PET/CT to determine if an adrenal tumor is likely to be benign or cancerous. They can also
determine if cancer has spread to other areas.
BIOPSY
A biopsy can help determine whether the cancer began at the site of the biopsy sample, or if it
started somewhere else in the body and spread to the site of the biopsy sample.
Tissue samples (biopsies) of adrenal tumors are generally not taken before surgery. This is
particularly the case with adrenocortical carcinoma, as a needle biopsy of this type of adrenal
cancer can spread tumor cells. More often, doctors determine the likelihood that an adrenal
tumor is cancerous based on the tumors size and features, as depicted in various diagnostic
imaging tests.



ULTRASOUND
Ultrasound can also be used to precisely locate the position of a tumor in order to guide a biopsy or
aspiration procedure. For example, ultrasound may be used to mark out the boundaries of a tumor prior
to its removal. It can also be used to administer cancer treatments.
In cases where a CT scan cannot be performed, ultrasound may be used to look at the adrenal glands
and check for tumors. It can also be used to see if there are masses in the liver, an area of the body to
which adrenal cancer can spread.

MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an imaging tool that creates detailed, cross-sectional
pictures of the inside of the body. Using radiofrequency waves, powerful magnets and a
computer, MRI systems are able to distinguish between normal and diseased tissue.
MRI plays an important role in cancer diagnosis, staging and treatment planning. With MRI, we
can distinguish between normal and diseased tissue to precisely pinpoint cancerous cells within
the body. It is also useful for revealing metastases.
MRI shows greater soft tissue contrast than CT. It can help doctors evaluate adrenal tumors to
decide if they are likely to be benign or cancerous. Doctors may also use MRI to examine your
brain. The pituitary gland, which is located at the base of the brain, can cause similar symptoms
as those triggered by adrenal tumors. MRIs may be taken with or without contrast dye, and
take approximately an hour to perform.









SCREENING TEST FOR ADRENAL CANCER
INTERVENTIONAL THERAPY

Interventional Therapy is a new substitute of traditional chemotherapy, which means that a
physician introduces instruments such as needles or catheters (long, thin tubes) into the body
through tiny(1-2 mm) incisions in the skin. The instruments are then guided by an imaging
technique called fluoroscopy to the cancer tumor. In this way, the physician can deliver cancer
medicine directly to the tumor.

PARTICLE KNIFE
Particle Knife is a new substitute of traditional radiation therapy. With the help of computer
Treatment Planning System (TPS), radioactive particles will be implanted into tumors. The
particles which release -rays can continuously kill tumor and cause destruction targeting
tumor cells. With time, the radiation amount would accumulate to be large enough to destroy
the DNA double strands of tumor cells.
PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a treatment that uses a drug, called a photosensitizer or
photosensitizing agent, and a particular type of light. When photosensitizers are exposed to a
specific wavelength of light, they produce a form of oxygen that kills nearby cells. Each
photosensitizer is activated by light of a specific wavelengthwhich determines how far the
light can travel into the body
RADIATION THERAPY
Radiation therapy is one of the most common treatments for cancer. Its often part of the
treatment for certain types of cancer, such as cancers of the head and neck, bladder, lung, and
Hodgkin disease. Many other cancers are also treated with radiation therapy.






DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR UREHRAL CANCER
URETEROSCOPY
A procedure to look inside the ureter and renal pelvis to check for abnormal areas. A
ureteroscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. The
ureteroscope is inserted through the urethra into the bladder, ureter, and renal pelvis. A tool
may be inserted through the ureteroscope to take tissue samples to be checked under a
microscope for signs of disease.
BIOPSY

The removal of cell or tissue samples from the urethra, bladder, and, sometimes, the prostate
gland. The samples are viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer.

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
A procedure that uses a magnet, radio waves, and a computer to make a series of detailed
pictures of the urethra, nearby lymph nodes, and other soft tissue and bones in the pelvis. A
substance called gadolinium is injected into the patient through a vein. The gadolinium collects
around the cancer cells so they show up brighter in the picture. This procedure is also called
nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).
URETHOGRAPHY
A series of x-rays of the urethra. An x-ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body
and onto film, making a picture of areas inside the body. A dye is injected through the urethra
into the bladder. The dye coats the bladder and urethra and x-rays are taken to see if the
urethra is blocked and if cancer has spread to nearby tissue.

CYSTOSCOPY
The cystoscope is inserted into your urethra and slowly advanced into the bladder. Cystoscopy
allows your doctor to look at areas of your bladder and urethra that usually do not show up
well on X-rays. Tiny surgical instruments can be inserted through the cystoscope that allow your
doctor to remove samples of tissue (biopsy) or samples of urine.



ULTRASOUND
This test uses sound waves to look for abnormalities in the abdominal organs (liver, spleen,
kidneys). The sound waves bounce off body parts and send back an image, like sonar on a
submarine. A computer then looks at the signals sent back by the sound waves and creates an
image of the body using those signals. In women, a special form of ultrasound, called
transvaginal ultrasound, can be helpful in knowing the extent of the urethral cancer.
URINE CYTOLOGY - A urine sample is collected and examined for abnormal cells.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY(CT) scan.
A CT scan uses x-rays. In this test, an x-ray beam moves around the body and takes a series of
pictures of the body from many angles. These different pictures are then combined by a
computer, giving the doctor a very detailed cross section of the body. This test can help to show
whether the tumor has spread to organs such as lungs, liver, or lymph nodes in the pelvis or in
the abdomen.














SCREENING TEST IN URETHRAL CANCER
RADIATION THERAPY
Radiation therapy is one of the most common treatments for cancer. Its often part of the
treatment for certain types of cancer, such as cancers of the head and neck, bladder, lung, and
Hodgkin disease. Many other cancers are also treated with radiation therapy.
INTERVENTIONAL THERAPY

Interventional Therapy is a new substitute of traditional chemotherapy, which means that a
physician introduces instruments such as needles or catheters (long, thin tubes) into the body
through tiny(1-2 mm) incisions in the skin. The instruments are then guided by an imaging
technique called fluoroscopy to the cancer tumor. In this way, the physician can deliver cancer
medicine directly to the tumor.

PARTICLE KNIFE
Particle Knife is a new substitute of traditional radiation therapy. With the help of computer
Treatment Planning System (TPS), radioactive particles will be implanted into tumors. The
particles which release -rays can continuously kill tumor and cause destruction targeting
tumor cells. With time, the radiation amount would accumulate to be large enough to destroy
the DNA double strands of tumor cells.
PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a treatment that uses a drug, called a photosensitizer or
photosensitizing agent, and a particular type of light. When photosensitizers are exposed to a
specific wavelength of light, they produce a form of oxygen that kills nearby cells. Each
photosensitizer is activated by light of a specific wavelengthwhich determines how far the
light can travel into the body