TMP 4 D33

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Easy Institute
Copyright. All rights reserved 1998
first edition has been developed by an ESL/EFL instructor over the necessity to have a material
that can be effective in the language acquiring skills by any student in a short period of time.
No part of this material may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior
permission of the author and publisher.
Author, Editor, Project Manager and Designer: Anderson Romanhuk

Dedication and Thanks
I would like to dedicate this work to my three children, Camila my little and eternal princess (she
will be forever), to my oldest, Rodrigo, who makes me so proud and my little one Nicholas who
came to change my life in so many ways. I love you all. And say thanks to God who has given me
the strength so many times when I thought about giving up, He has kept me strong to go all the
way.
Welcome to Easy Fluency
, a 4 level English course for adults and young adults. Easy Fluency

builds fluency by exploring a wide range of contents presented in a very easy way. They are
displayed in a manner that it is clear and with attainable language goals, where students can feel a
sense of accomplishment and self-confidence in each class.
Course components
Student Book and Workbook
This student book contains 74 topics including lessons and exercises, in which any instructor can
add on to make it more wide in covering the contents with all four main skills of the language
targeted.
Audio / Video
The audio/video includes tracks for the students to work with pronunciation, comprehension and
listening skills, that can be used for self study in order to improve these habilities of the language.
Unit Contents
Each Unit/Lesson, in Easy Fluency
has an explanation of the rules/structure of the language and

some exercises to practice the skills over the topic presented in that lesson, being also possible for
the instructor to add on extra activities.
Boston MA USA 2004/2007 Miami, FL USA 2008/2010
Goiania GO BRAZIL - 2011

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Order Description Page
1 Alphabet and Numbers 4
2 Alphabet and Numbers Exercises 5
3 Greetings and Introductions 7
4 Greetings and Introductions Exercises 8
5 Verb TO BE 10
6 Verb TO BE Exercises 11
7 Months of the Year 17
8 Months of the Year Exercises 18
9 Days of the Week 20
10 Days of the Week 21
11 Holidays 23
12 Sentences 27
13 Sentences Exercises 28
14 Sample Sentences 30
15 Sample Sentences Exercises 31
16 Nouns 34
17 Nouns Exercises 37
18 Categories of Nouns 40
19 Categories of Nouns Exercises 43
20 Forms of Nouns 45
21 Forms of Nouns Exercises 49
22 Exercises Writing 51
23 Collective Nouns 52
24 Collective Nouns Exercises 54
25 Seasons 59
26 Seasons Exercises 60
27 Pronouns - Personal Pronouns 61
28 Personal Pronouns Exercises 63
29 Demonstrative Pronouns 65
30 Demonstrative Pronouns Exercises 66
31 Relative Pronouns 68
32 Relative Pronouns Exercises 69
33 Indefinite Pronouns 70
34 Indefinite Pronouns Exercises 71
35 Intensive/Reflexive Pronouns 72

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36 Intensive/Reflexive Pronouns Exercises 74
37 Interrogative Pronouns 75
38 Interrogative Pronouns Exercises 76
39 Reciprocal Pronouns 78
40 Reciprocal Pronouns Exercises 78
41 List of Pronouns 79
42 Review Pronouns 80
43 Countries and Nationalities 86
44 Countries and Nationalities Exercises 87
45 Verbs 88
46 Verbs Exercises 92
47 Simple Present 94
48 Simple Present Exercises 97
49 Simple Past 101
50 Simple Past Exercises 105
51 Simple Future 110
52 Simple Future Exercises 114
53 Review Exercises Simple Past / Present / Future 117
54 Idioms Introduction 119
55 Idioms - Exercises 124
56 Job Occupations Exercises 125
57 Present Continuous / Progressive 126
58 Present Continuous / Progressive Exercises 129
59 Past Continuous / Progressive 133
60 Past Continuous / Progressive Exercises 137
61 Future Continuous / Progressive 140
62 Future Continuous / Progressive Exercises 145
63 Exercises Questions - Privacy 147
64 Vocabulary - Clothing 148
65 Exercises Questions Generation Gap 151
66 Vocabulary Fruit / Vegetables 152
67 Vocabulary Body Parts 155
68 Vocabulary Words 156
69

Vocabulary Words Exercises 158
71 Vocabulary Words Exercises 161
73 Vocabulary Words Exercises 164
74 List of Verbs 165

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English Grammar

The English Alphabet

A-ei
B-bi
C-ci
D-di
E-i
F-ef
G-dgi
H-eitch
I-ai
J-diei
K-kei
L-el
M-em
N-en
O-ou
P-pi
Q-kiu
R-ar
S-es
T-ti
U-iu
V-vi
W-doboiu
X-exs
Y-uai
Z

Numbers in English

1 - ONE
2 - TWO
3 - THREE
4 - FOUR
5 - FIVE
6 - SIX
7 - SEVEN
8 - EIGHT
9 - NINE
10 - TEN
11 - ELEVEN
12 - TWELVE
13 - THIRTEEN
14 - FOURTEEN
15 - FIFTEEN
16 - SIXTEEN
17 - SEVENTEEN
18 - EIGHTEEN
19 - NINETEEN
20 - TWENTY
30 - THIRTY
40 - FORTY
50 - FIFTY
60 - SIXTY
70 - SEVENTY
80 - EIGHTY
90 - NINETY
100 ONE
HUNDRED
1.000 ONE
THOUSAND
1.000.000
ONE MILLION

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EXERCISES
Answer the questions.

1. Whats your name? ____________________________
2. Can you spell your name? _______________________
3. Do you brothers and sisters? _____________________
4. What are their names? __________________________
5. Who are your parents? __________________________
6. Where are your parents? __________________________________________________
7. Whats your favorite hobby? ________________________________________________

Write down the numbers.

1. 5: ______________________________________
2. 15: _____________________________________
3. 50: ____________________________________
4. 213: _____________________________________
5. 330: __________________________________________________________________
6. 1,378: _________________________________________________________________
7. R$33,55: _______________________________________________________________
8. (94)9111-1313: __________________________________________________________

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Fill in the crossword with the numbers below.
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

Solve the tasks and write the numbers as English words into the gaps.
Example: 27 + 3 = ______ Answer: 27 + 3 = thirty
1) 12 - 8 = ____________________
2) 4 + 4 = ____________________
3) 8 + 7 = ____________________
4) 14 - 1 = ____________________
5) 30 + 50 = ____________________
6) 2 + 3 = ____________________
7) 24 - 10 = ____________________
8) 70 - 20 = ____________________
9) 20 - 2 = ____________________
10) 38 + 2 = ____________________
ACROSS

1 33
3 90
5 80
7 18
9 24
10 22
11 13
13 15
14 4
15 70

DOWN

1 32
2 8
4 19
6 55
8 44
9 40
12 5

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Greetings and Introductions
Greetings

Hello, / Hi, / Hey / Yo

Good morning - from midnight to noon
Good afternoon - from noon to sunset
Good evening - from sunset to midnight
Good night - from sunset to sunrise

How are you? I am fine, thanks, Ok. Alright. So, so. Not bad. And you?
How have you been? - Very well. And you?
How is it going?
How are you doing?
What is up?
Whats new?
Whats going on?

Ways of Introducing yourself

Can/ May I introduce myself? My names Peter.
Let me introduce myself. My names Peter.
Id like to introduce myself. Im Peter.
I dont think weve met. Im Peter.

Ways of Introducing someone else

May I introduce a good friend of mine? This is Mary.
Have you met Mary?
Id like you to meet Mary.

Ways of Making contact

Excuse me, are you Mr. Smith? Yes, thats right.
Hello, you must be Mrs. Smith.
You are Mr., Smith, arent you?

Good-byes

Good bye/ Bye/ Ill say good bye/ See you later/ See you soon.
I must go now.
I (really) must be going.
Im afraid Ive got to go.
Thank you for coming.
Have a good/ safe trip/ flight. - Thank you (same to you).
Enjoy the rest of your stay. - Same to you.
It was nice meeting you. - I really enjoyed meeting you, too.

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Exercises on Greetings and Introductions
Practice: Socializing - Social Quiz: Choose the best possible response.
A - Hi, how are you?
(i) Fine, thanks. And you? (ii) Im Mike. (iii) Not too bad.
B - Meet my friend Jack.
(i) Nice to meet you. (ii) What time? (iii) How do you do?
C - How was your flight?
(i) The plane was a bit late but it didnt matter. (ii) Yes, of course. (iii) It was all right.
D - Thank you very much.
(i) Here you are. (ii) Dont mention it. (iii) Welcome.

Complete the following conversations with the most appropriate words or phrases.

Peter- Excuse me, ____________ Jenny?
Jenny - Yes, thats ____________.
Peter - May I ____________ myself? Im Peter Smith. How are you?
Jenny - ____________, Mr. Smith.

Rick - Hello, Rick Morg. Mind if I join you?
Mitt - Oh, ____________ not. Mitt Chattan.
Rick - ____________ to meet you, Mitt. So how are
you finding the conference so far?
Mitt - Actually, Ive only arrived this morning.
Rick - All right. I

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Dialogues Exercises
Dialogues How are You

Jenny: Hi Alison. How are you?
Alison: I am fine, thanks. How are you?
Jenny: I feel bad. I think I am sick.
Alison: Hmm, that is not good.
Jenny: Yes, I know.
Alison: Well, I think you should try to relax.
Jenny: Okay.
Alison: I hope you feel better soon.
Jenny: Yeah, I do too!

Dialogues Country Life City Life

Bobby: Hi Dennys! How is life in the country?
Dennys: Hey Bobby. Life in the country is fine. How is life in the city?
Bobby: Its great. I love the trees, flowers, birds, and insects.
Dennys: Insects!? Eww, thats gross.
Bobby: Well, how is life in the city?
Dennys: Its great. I love the buildings, cars,
streets, and bright lights.
Bobby: Bright lights!? I hate bright lights!
Dennys: Yeah, but in the city I can take the
subway to work. I dont even have to drive.
Bobby: Thats nice. But, in the country I work on
a farm near my house so I dont have to
drive either. I walk to work.
Dennys: Doesnt that hurt your feet?
Bobby: Sometimes, but its worth it because I get to eat food that comes straight from the
farm.
Dennys: Mmmm, food from the farm sounds good. I wonder if it is better than the food
you can eat at restaurants in the city!

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Full Forms of the verb to be
I am a student.
He is a teacher.
She is a journalist.
It is a book.
We are mechanics.
You are pilots.
They are policemen.
Contracted forms of the verb to be
I m a student.
He s a teacher.
She s a journalist.
It s a book.
We re mechanics.
You re pilots.
They re policemen.

The verb to be - exercise - Chose the correct form of the verb to be - am/is/are.
1. It _________ cold today.
2. I _________ at home now.
3. They _________ Korean.
4. There _________ a pen on the desk.
5. My name _________ Nikita.
6. We _________ from Ukraine.
7. That _________ right.

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Put the words in the correct order

1 twenty-five years I old. am
___________________________________________________________________
2 Venezuela. We from are
___________________________________________________________________
3 a Anton is name and student. My I'm
___________________________________________________________________
4 my is This book.
___________________________________________________________________
5 It's nice a day today.
___________________________________________________________________
6 is brother's Her Paul. name
___________________________________________________________________
7 is engineer. an John
___________________________________________________________________
8 My Johansson. name husband's is
___________________________________________________________________
9 There my in are students class. twelve
___________________________________________________________________
10 new is My address at the top letter. of the
___________________________________________________________________

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Full negative forms of the verb to be
I am not a singer.
He is not a receptionist.
She is not a nurse.
It is not my book.
We are not not musicians.
You are not a shop assistant.
They are not taxi drivers.
Contracted negative forms of the verb to be
I'm not a singer.
He isn't a receptionist.
She isn't a nurse.
It isn't my book.
We aren't not musicians.
You aren't a shop assistant.
They aren't taxi drivers.

Complete the gaps with the negative forms of the verb to be.

1. This book _________ mine.
2. Jane and Pete_________ married.
3. That _________ right.
4. My brother _________ here at the moment.
5. We _________ in England.
6. It _________ Monday today.
7. Jennie's surname _________ Peters.
8. I _________ a hairdresser.
9. My name _________ Alexander.
10. There _________ many people in this class.

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Make the positive sentences negatives.
1. This exercise is difficult.
________________________________________________________
2. We're from Spain.
________________________________________________________
3. My grandmother's name's Adelaide.
________________________________________________________
4. The kids are in the garden.
________________________________________________________
5. You're English.
________________________________________________________
6. My car is very expensive.
________________________________________________________
7. This is my student's notebook.
________________________________________________________
8. These photographs are very nice.
________________________________________________________
9. Alex is twenty-five years old.
________________________________________________________
10. I'm fine.
________________________________________________________

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The verb to be - yes / no questions
Am I right?
Is he here?
Is she a nurse?
Is it second-hand?
Are we wrong?
Are you Alan Parker?
Are they American?

Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verb to be - am, is, are.

1. ________ Jane and Alice sisters?
2. ________ this car yours?
3. ________ I in your way?
4. ________ Maria John's sister?
5. ________ you twenty-five years old?
6. ________ the Smiths divorced?
7. ________ this your new bicycle?

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Yes / no questions with the verb to be - more practice

1 Are you hot?
___________________________________________________________________
2 Is your book? this
___________________________________________________________________
3 Mr. from the Peters Unites Is States?
___________________________________________________________________
4 they married? Are
___________________________________________________________________
5 or I wrong? right Am
___________________________________________________________________
6 Is your daughter's name Sandra?
___________________________________________________________________
7 Mr. Are and you Jenkins? Mrs.
___________________________________________________________________

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Sample
Hello, my name is Anderson Romanhuk. I am from Boston-MA-
USA. I was born on November 5
th
1968. I live in Goiania-GO. I am
an English teacher, a professor and a Businessman. I have three
children. Their names are Rodrigo, Camila and Nicholas. I like to
watch action and romantic movies, read interesting books, listen
to different kinds of music and play some games to exercise my
body and my mind.

EXERCISES
Write about yourself or someone you know well.

___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________

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Months of the Year
Below there is a table with the months of the year used in English-speaking countries and
many other parts of the world. The list shows the order of the months, starting from January.
There is a list of the abbreviations or short forms that are the most common, but other
abbreviations are possible, for example: Ja./Fe./Ma. or J./F./M.
The column with the days, shows the number of days in the month. All months have 30 or 31
days, except for February which has 28 days (29 in a leap year).
The month of February has 29 days instead of 28 every 4 years. This year is called a "leap
year" and the 29th of February is a "leap day". A leap year has 366 days instead of the normal
365. Any year that can be divided cleanly by 4 is a leap year. 2008, 2012 and 2016 are all leap
years.

Month Short Form Days Season
1 January Jan. 31
Winter
2 February Feb. 28/29
3 March Mar. 31
Spring
4 April Apr. 30
5 May May 31
6 June Jun. 30
Summer
7 July Jul. 31
8 August Aug. 31
9 September Sep. 30
Autumn
10 October Oct. 31
11 November Nov. 30
12 December Dec. 31 Winter
Some parts of the world have only two or three seasons. The seasons shown here are for the
North Temperate Zone (for example United States of America and Canada). In the southern
hemisphere, the seasons are reversed.

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EXERCISES

Answer the questions:

1. What are the months that have 31 days in them?
__________________________________________________________
2. What are the months that have 30 days in them?
__________________________________________________________
3. When is your birthday?
__________________________________________________________
4. When is Christmas?
__________________________________________________________
5. When is Valentines Day?
__________________________________________________________
6. When is Independence Day?
__________________________________________________________
7. When is Easter?
__________________________________________________________
8. When were you born?
__________________________________________________________

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Months of the Year
Crossword Puzzle
2
1 S E P T E M B E R
A 4 5
3 F E B R U A R Y N
C U 6 O
H G D V
7 J U N E E
S C 8 M A Y
T E B
M E
9 O C T O B E R

1
1
E

1
0
J A N U A R Y

P

R
I

1
2
J U L Y

Check
Across:
1. July, August, ________
3. Has 28 days; 29 in a leap year. This
month is hard to spell!
7. May, ________, July
8. Spring flowers begin to grow during
this month.
9. Halloween comes during this month.
10. First month of the year; has 31 days
12. Independence Day is the fourth day
of this month.
Down:
2. The third month of the year
4. Named in honor of Saint Augustus.
5. A month to give thanks.
6. The last month of the year. Hanukkah,
Christmas, and several other religious
ceremonies are celebrated during this
month.
11. Abbreviation: Apr.

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DAYS OF THE WEEK
There are seven days in a week, being them:

1 Sunday
2 Monday
3 Tuesday
4 Wednesday
5 Thursday
6 Friday
7 Saturday
Exercises

1. What day is before Saturday? __________________

2. What day is after Wednesday? __________________

3. What day is after Sunday? _____________________

4. What day is before Tuesday? __________________

5. What day is two days after Thursday? ____________

6. What day is before Monday? ___________________

7. What day is after Monday? _____________________

8. What day is before Thursday? __________________

9. What is the first day of the week? ________________

10. What day does school begin? ____________________

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Have a look at James's last week's diary and answer the questions in complete
sentences. Put the time expression at the end of the sentence.

Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
football shopping meeting ring Jane buy flowers concert sailing

cinema tennis English
Italian
restaurant

1. When was his English course? ___________________
2. When did he go shopping? ___________________
3. When did he buy flowers? ___________________
4. When was his meeting? ___________________
5. When did he play football? ___________________
6. When did he go to the Italian restaurant? ___________________
7. When did he ring Jane? ___________________
8. When did he go to the cinema? ___________________
9. When did he play tennis? ___________________
10. When was the concert? ___________________
11. When did he go sailing? ___________________

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MONTHS, SEASONS AND DAYS OF THE WEEK
Match the Holidays with the pictures

Tell us what these holidays and celebrations are and when you celebrate them.

Bachelor Party ___________________________________________________________
Bachelorette Party ___________________________________________________________
Anniversary ___________________________________________________________
Engagement ___________________________________________________________
Wedding ___________________________________________________________
New Years Day ___________________________________________________________
Labor Day ___________________________________________________________

Easter
Valentines
Thanksgiving
Christmas
Independence

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Federal Holidays
Federal law establishes the following public holidays for federal employees. If the holiday
falls during the weekend, it may be observed on a different day.
Many government offices are closed on federal holidays and some private businesses may
close as well. If you plan to visit a government office on or around a federal holiday, you should
contact them to determine when they will be open.
New Year's Day
New Year's Day is January 1. The celebration of this holiday begins the night before, when
Americans gather to wish each other a happy and prosperous coming year. Many Americans
make New Year's resolutions.
Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr.
Martin Luther King, Jr. Day is celebrated on the third Monday in January. The Reverend
Martin Luther King, Jr. was an African-American clergyman who is recognized for his tireless
efforts to win civil rights for all people through nonviolent means.
Memorial Day
Memorial Day is a observed the last Monday of May. It originally honored the people killed
in the American Civil War, but has become a day on which the American dead of all wars are
remembered.
Independence Day
Independence Day is July 4. This holiday honors the nation's birthday - the adoption of the
Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. It is a day of picnics and patriotic parades, a night of
concerts, and fireworks.
Labor Day
Labor Day is the first Monday of September. This holiday honors the nation's working
people, typically with parades. For most Americans it marks the end of the summer vacation
season and the start of the school year.

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Columbus Day
Columbus Day is a celebrated on the second Monday in October. The day commemorates
October 12, 1492, when Italian navigator Christopher Columbus landed in the New World. The
holiday was first proclaimed in 1937 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Veterans Day
Veterans Day is celebrated on November 11. This holiday was originally called Armistice
Day and established to honor Americans who had served in World War I. It now honors veterans
of all wars in which the U.S. has fought. Veterans' organizations hold parades, and the president
places a wreath on the Tomb of the Unknowns at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia.
Thanksgiving Day
Thanksgiving Day is celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November. In the fall of 1621, the
Pilgrims held a three-day feast to celebrate a bountiful harvest. Many regard this event as the
nation's first Thanksgiving. The Thanksgiving feast became a national tradition and almost always
includes some of the foods served at the first feast: roast turkey, cranberry sauce, potatoes, and
pumpkin pie.
Christmas Day
Christmas Day is a celebrated on December 25. Christmas is a Christian holiday marking
the birth of the Christ Child. Decorating houses and yards with lights, putting up Christmas trees,
giving gifts, and sending greeting cards have become holiday traditions even for many non-
Christian Americans.

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Other Celebrations and Observances
There are many commonly observed celebrations in the United States that are not federal
holidays. Some of these observances honor groups of people, such as National African American
History Month and Women's History Month, or causes, such as National Oceans Month and
National Substance Abuse Prevention Month. Many of these holidays and observances are
proclaimed by the President ever year.
These are some of the most popular American celebrations and observances that occur
every year.
Groundhog Day
Groundhog Day is February 2 and has been celebrated since 1887. On Groundhog Day,
crowds gather in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, to see if groundhog Punxsutawney Phil sees his
shadow after emerging from his burrow, thus predicting six more weeks of winter weather.
Valentine's Day
Valentine's Day is celebrated on February 14. The day was named after an early Christian
martyr, and on Valentine's Day, Americans give presents like candy or flowers to the ones they
love. The first mass-produced valentine cards were sold in the 1840s.
Earth Day
Earth Day is observed on April 22. First celebrated in 1970 in the United States, it inspired
national legislation such as the Clean Air and Clean Water Acts. Earth Day is designed to promote
ecology, encourage respect for life on earth, and highlight concern over pollution of the soil, air,
and water.
Mother's Day
Mother's Day is the second Sunday of May. President Woodrow Wilson issued a
proclamation in 1914 that started the holiday. He asked Americans to give a public expression of
reverence to mothers on this day. Carnations have come to represent Mother's Day, following
President William McKinley's habit of always wearing a white carnation, his mother's favorite
flower.

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Flag Day
Flag Day, celebrated June 14, has been a presidentially proclaimed observance since 1916.
Although Flag Day is not a federal holiday, Americans are encouraged to display the flag outside
their homes and businesses on this day to honor the history and heritage the American flag
represents.
Father's Day
Father's Day celebrates fathers every third Sunday of June. Father's Day began in 1909 in
Spokane, Washington, when a daughter requested a special day to honor her father, a Civil War
veteran who raised his children after his wife died. The first presidential proclamation honoring
fathers was issued in 1966 by President Lyndon Johnson.
Patriot Day
September 11, 2001, was a defining moment in American history. On that day, terrorists
hijacked four commercial airliners to strike targets in the United States. Nearly 3,000 people died
as a consequence of the attacks. Patriot Day and National Day of Service and Remembrance is
observed on September 11 in honor of the victims of these attacks.

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English Sentence Structure
The Sentences in academic writing are usually syntactically "complete" units with full
subjects and predicates. On the other hand, conversational speech proceeds with little bits and
pieces of language, few people speak in full sentences. Some grammarians and linguists use the
term utterance to refer to the units of spoken conversation. They've invented this term as a way to
clarify the unit being studied and as a recognition that while both speech and writing use the same
basic grammar they are not completely alike in how they use that grammar.
The English Language, unlike other languages, requires that each sentence have a
subject. The exception to this rule is commands; in these sentences, the subject you is understood
and hidden (Turn right. Dont smoke.).

Basic Sentence Structure

Here you will see the five basic patterns around which most English sentences are built.

Paul sleeps.
S-V Subject-Verb
Anne is eating.

Jen will arrive next week.

I like beans.
S-V-O Subject-Verb-Object
She likes her job.

He's eating a peach.

He is awesome.
S-V-Adj Subject-Verb-Adjective
The workers are strong.

Karen seems hungry.

Jimmy is here.
S-V-Adv Subject-Verb-Adverb
I speak English well.

No one was here.

She is my aunt.
S-V-N Subject-Verb-Noun
The men are teachers.

Mr. Johnny is the boss.

The main part of the English sentence is the Subject-Verb relationship. Other elements
can be added to make a sentence more interesting, but they are not essential to its formation.

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EXERCISES
Put the following words into a sentence

1. good I student am a
_____________________________________________________________
2. and John store the Paul in are
_____________________________________________________________
3. beautiful and Betty sister are her
_____________________________________________________________
4. the My garage car in is
_____________________________________________________________
5. is the When she house? in
_____________________________________________________________
6. you are Where from?
_____________________________________________________________
7. do What for a do you living?
_____________________________________________________________
8. afraid? What you of are
_____________________________________________________________
9. runs She in park the
_____________________________________________________________
10. new expensive.dress My is
_____________________________________________________________

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Simple and Compound Sentences

A sentence that expresses only one complete thought is a simple sentence.
A compound sentence is made up of two more simple sentences joined by a conjuntion.

1. David did not expect a victory, but he flashed a victory sign anyway. (1 point)
Simple sentence Compound sentence

2. Cheyenne's speech was very funny. (1 point)

3. Eisenhower was born in Texas, but he soon moved to Kansas. (1 point)

4. Practice every day, and you will be ready for the concert. (1 point)

5. Jessie felt a little nervous. (1 point)

6. Shawn stepped to the front of the room, and he tripped over the microphone cord. (1 point)

7. William won, and the other candidates congratulated him. (1 point)

8. That baseball glove is my dad's, but he said I could use it. (1 point)

9. Jared talked about his plan for the school. (1 point)

10. If you hear the cat purring, you will know that he likes you. (1 point)

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Samples of Sentences in English

AFFIRMATIVE
Verb TO BE (Present and Past) Subject + Verb + ____.
Simple Present and Past Subject + Verb + ____.
Other verbs and Tenses Subject + Auxiliar + Verb (Infinitive, Gerund, Participle) + ____.
I am a great student at Brians High.
They work hard every morning.
We will go home after class.
NEGATIVE
Verb TO BE (pres. & Past) Subject + Verb + not + ___.
Other Verbs Subject + Auxiliar + not + Verb + ___.
He is not a very good student.
We dont have a lot of junk to be thrown out.
YES/NO QUESTION
Verb TO BE (present and past) Verb + Subject + ____?
Other Verbs Auxiliar + Subject + Verb + ____?
Are you an English Instructor?
Does she like him as he is?
WH QUESTION
Verb TO BE WH + Verb + Subject + _____?
Other Verbs WH + Auxiliar + Subject + Verb + _____?
Who is that guy standing next to Phill?
Why does she wear these long dresses?
IMPERATIVE
Verb + _____.
Go away and dont come back.
Be quiet and dont say a word.

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EXERCISES
Circle or Underline the SUBJECTS in the sentences below

1. I am a good student at Phills High.
2. We work hard every morning.
3. Are you a Chinese Instructor?
4. Does she like them as they are?
5. Who are we going to meet later this afternoon?
6. Why does he wear these long shirts?
Circle or Underline the VERBS in the sentences below.

1. I am a great student at Phills High.
2. We work hard every morning.
3. Are you a Chinese Instructor?
4. Does she like them as they are?
5. Who are we going to meet later this afternoon?
6. Why does he wear these long shirts?

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Word Order in Positive Sentences
For the beginning, remember this simple rule:
subject verb(s) object
I speak English
I can speak English
Exercises on English Word Order
Arrange the words to make affirmative sentences.

1. like / I / you ____________________________
2. French / I / speak ____________________________
3. hates / pigeons / he ____________________________
4. they / song / a / sing ____________________________
5. sell / flowers / we ____________________________
6. you / see / me / can ____________________________
7. buy / milk / he / wants to ____________________________
8. feed / you / my / cat / can ____________________________
9. sister / has / my / got / a dog ____________________________
10. must / the book / read / you ____________________________

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Unscramble the Sentences

1. male you female Are or ? _________________________________________________
2. are color What eyes your ? ________________________________________________
3. your doctor the of What's name ? ___________________________________________
4. you much weigh How do ? ________________________________________________
5. of the school What's name your ? ___________________________________________
6. your is address What ? ___________________________________________________
7. name your first What's ? __________________________________________________
8. your What's name last ? __________________________________________________
9. are from you Where ? ____________________________________________________
10. code your What's postal ? _________________________________________________
11. family many in are people How your ? ________________________________________
12. are tall How you ? _______________________________________________________
13. of teacher your What's name the ? __________________________________________
14. address your What's ? ____________________________________________________
15. are How you old ? _______________________________________________________
16. color hair What your is ? __________________________________________________
17. school you do to How come ? ______________________________________________
18. number your What's phone ? _______________________________________________

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Nouns

Definition

A noun is the name of a person,
place, thing, or idea. Whatever exists, we
assume, can be named, and that name
is a noun. A proper noun, which names
a specific person, place, or thing (Carlos,
Queen Marguerite, Middle East,
Jerusalem, Malaysia, Presbyterianism,
God, Spanish, Buddhism, the
Republican Party), is almost always
capitalized. A proper noun used as an
addressed person's name is called a
noun of address. Common nouns name
everything else, things that usually are
not capitalized.

A group of related words can act as a single noun-like entity within a sentence. A Noun
Clause contains a subject and verb and can do anything that a noun can do:
What he does for this town is a blessing.
A Noun Phrase, frequently a noun accompanied by modifiers, is a group of related words
acting as a noun:
the oil depletion allowance; the abnormal, hideously enlarged nose.
There is a separate section on word combinations that become Compound Nouns such
as daughter-in-law, half-moon, and stick-in-the-mud.

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COMPOUND NOUNS Formation

Words can be combined to form compound nouns. These are very common, and new
combinations are invented almost daily. They normally have two parts. The second part identifies
the object or person in question (man, friend, tank, table, room). The first part tells us what kind of
object or person it is, or what its purpose is (police, boy, water, dining, bed):

What type / what purpose What or who
police man
boy friend
water tank
dining table
bed room

The two parts may be written in a number of ways :

1. as one word.
Example: policeman, boyfriend

2. as two words joined with a hyphen.
Example: dining-table

3. as two separate words.
Example: fish tank.

There are no clear rules about
this - so write the common
compounds that you know well as one
word, and the others as two words.

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The two parts may be: Examples:
noun + noun
bedroom
water tank
motorcycle
printer cartridge
noun + verb
rainfall
haircut
train-spotting
noun + adverb
hanger-on
passer-by
verb + noun
washing machine
driving licence
swimming pool
verb + adverb*
lookout
take-off
drawback
adjective + noun
greenhouse
software
redhead
adjective + verb
dry-cleaning
public speaking
adverb + noun
onlooker
bystander
adverb + verb*
output
overthrow
upturn
input

Compound nouns often have a meaning that is different from the two separate words.
Stress is important in pronunciation, as it distinguishes between a compound noun (e.g.
greenhouse) and an adjective with a noun (e.g. green house).
In compound nouns, the stress usually falls on the first syllable:

a 'greenhouse = place where we grow plants (compound noun)
a green 'house = house painted green (adjective and noun)
a 'bluebird = type of bird (compound noun)
a blue 'bird = any bird with blue feathers (adjective and noun)

* Many common compound nouns are formed from phrasal verbs (verb + adverb or adverb
+ verb).

Examples: breakdown, outbreak, outcome, cutback, drive-in, drop-out, feedback, flyover,
hold-up, hangover, outlay, outlet, inlet, makeup, output, set-back, stand-in, takeaway, walkover.

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Compound nouns
A compound noun is a noun made up of two words.
For example, black and smith together make up blacksmith
Under and ground together make up underground
From the panel, choose the correct word to complete each of these compound nouns. A clue is
given to help you. Put a tick after the word in the panel when you have used it.

1. after___________ (from midday to evening) ball
2. ash____________ (a receptacle for tobacco ash) box
3. bag____________ (a Scottish musical instrument) break
4. band___________ (a covered outdoor platform) cup
5. base___________ (a game popular in America) down
6. battle__________ (a large war vessel) groom
7. book___________ (one who reads a good deal) hog
8. bride___________ (a newly-married man) hopper
9. butter__________ (a yellow flower of the fields) house
10. chair___________ (one who is in charge of a meeting) man
11. chatter_________ (one who talks a lot) noon
12. chop___________ (used by the Chinese at mealtimes) note
13. clock___________ (spring-driven machinery) pipes
14. country_________ (in a country district) pot
15. day____________ (dawn) ship
16. dock___________ (a place where ships are repaired) shoe
17. eider__________ (a bed covering stuffed with feathers) side
18. eye___________ (one who has seen the incident) stand
19. flower_________ (contains soil in which a plant grows) sticks
20. foot__________ (added at the bottom of a page) tray
21. gang__________ (a bridge between dockside and ship) way
22. grass__________ (a small jumping insect) witness
23. horse_________ (fitted by a blacksmith or farrier) work
24. hedge_________ (a small animal with quills) worm
25. light__________ (a tower for guiding ships) yard

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COMPOUND NOUNS EXERCISES
You need to construct compound nouns from these words in the box below to fill in the
gaps in the sentences. Some of the words are used twice, but in a different order! All answers
should be entered as two separate words.

window
reading
seat
pub
day
phone
child
light
fishing
card
table
food
frame
work
boat

1. I only have coins on me and that's a ____________________ . I will have to see if there
is a public phone in here.
2. I want to put a ____________________ in the car as they say it really makes toddlers
safer while driving.
3. John was furious with the airline company. He sat on that plane for 14 hours and his
________ ____________ didn't work. He couldn't even finish that novel he was reading during the
flight. He had to try and sleep.
4. "What type of credit card is that?" "That's not a credit card. That's a
____________________ . I use it once a week to call my mum back home in New Zealand."
5. All the ____________________ in this house have to be repainted. Otherwise, they will
rot over the winter and then we may not be able to open the windows in the spring.
6. English restaurants have a terrible reputation, but the ____________________ is very
tasty.
7. I worked at night for so long that when I finally started to do some
____________________, I found it really strange.
8. A ____________________ sank off the Spanish coast last night. Both fishermen were
saved by the coast guard.
9. I know that Monday is a holiday for everyone else, but for us it's a normal
________________. We have to get this project finished by Wednesday!
10. Why do you have a ____________________ in the middle of your lounge? I keep
feeling tempted to go up to the bar to order drinks!!
table food / pub table / child seat / reading light / fishing boat / phone card / day work
/ window frame / workday / card phone

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NOUNS EXERCISES
Identify the Common Nouns in the following sentences and underline or circle them.

They arrived early at the mall.
There are different species of birds.
The guy was trying to steal his bike.
They have gone to the bar.
The girl is shouting.
My father is in the bedroom.
He threw some candies to the kids.
The boys are playing in the yard.
That church was built before Christmas.
He has borrowed a lot of money.
My brother likes to camp.
He won a trophy in a competition.
I love to ride on a horse.
Do fish eat vegetables?
She went to visit her aunt.
My brothers want to go with me.
Let me have a peak at the party.
The cab broke down.
The boys are crying loud.
She is washing the clothes.
Use capital letters for Proper Nouns in the following sentences.
london is the capital of england.
william shakespeare is a famous english author.
war and peace' was written by leo tolstoy.
The universities of boston and harvard offer degree courses at the highest level.
pauls two cats are named big and small.
peter will travel to spain to do a degree course on the american revolution.
suez canal joins the red sea and the mediterranean sea.
republic of south korea is in asia.
mick jagger is the lead singer of rolling stones
mount kilimanjaro is the highest mountain in africa.

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Categories of Nouns
Nouns can be classified further as count nouns, which name anything that can be counted
(four books, two continents, a few dishes, a dozen buildings); mass nouns (or non-count nouns),
which name something that can't be counted (water, air, energy, blood); and collective nouns,
which can take a singular form but are composed of more than one individual person or items
(jury, team, class, committee, herd). We should note that some words can be either a count noun
or a non-count noun depending on how they're being used in a sentence:
a. He got into trouble. (non-count) b. He had many troubles. (countable)
Whether these words are count or non-count will determine whether they can be used with
articles and determiners or not. (We would not write "He got into the troubles," but we could write
about "The troubles of Ireland."
Some texts will include the category of abstract nouns, by which we mean the kind of word
that is not tangible, such as warmth, justice, grief, and peace. Abstract nouns are sometimes
troublesome for non-native writers because they can appear with determiners or without: "Peace
settled over the countryside." "The skirmish disrupted the peace that had settled over the
countryside."
Concrete Nouns vs. Abstract Nouns

Let's look at another way we can classify nouns - concrete and abstract!
Concrete nouns are words that represent objects you can experience in the real world with
your five senses - what you see, hear, touch, smell or taste.
Abstract nouns is something intangible. You can't really see, hear, touch, smell or taste it.
An abstract noun can be an aspect, concept, idea, experience, state of being, trait, quality, feeling,
or other entity that cannot be experienced with your five senses.

How do I recognize an abstract noun?

To make sure something abstract is noun, check to see if you can place "a" or "the"
before.
For example, you can say "I love my wife" - but in this case "love" is not a noun, it's a verb.
If you say "This is a love that will last forever", then love is an abstract noun.

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Common abstract nouns

Emotions/feelings: love, hate, anger, peace, pride, sympathy
States/attributes: bravery, honesty, loyalty, integrity, compassion, courage, courage,
deceit, beauty, skill, misery
Ideas/concepts: dreams, justice, liberty, freedom, life, truth, knowledge, information,
culture, trust
Movements/events: education, hospitality, friendships.

Another great tip

Abstract nouns are very common. A lot of abstract nouns are derived from alterations of
the root word, or from adding a suffix. For example, "child" is a concrete noun (a person is an
idiot), while "childhood" is an abstract noun (because it's an intangible state). Here are some
suffixes usually used in abstract nouns:
-tion
-ism
-ity
-ment
-ness
-age
-ance
-ence
-ship
-ability
-acy

Count Nouns, Mass Nouns, and Collective Nouns

This concept is a bit more tricky! Check out our explanations below.

Count Nouns
Count nouns refer to any types of nouns that can be counted. They have singular and
plural forms. They are the most common types of nouns you will encounter.

e.g. cars, apples, buses, bananas

Mass Nouns

Mass nouns refer to things that cannot be counted. You don't really refer to these plural
objects as separate entities. Rather, you think of it as one. For example, how exactly do describe a
lot of money? You cannot say "moneys"! They do not usually have a plural form.

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Examples:
advice, air, blood, equipment, food, garbage, graffiti
grass, homework, housework, information, knowledge, luggage
mathematics, meat, milk, money, music, pollution
research, sand, soap, software, sugar, time, traffic
transportation, travel, trash, water

Exceptions:

Some nouns may permit treatment as either count or mass nouns - that is, sometimes
there are situations where you may add plural form to these mass nouns.

One example is salad: you can say "much salad", "a lot of salad" - this is using salad as a
mass noun. Or you can use it as a count noun, "many salads", "kinds of salads".

Collective Nouns

Collective nouns defines groups of objects. Collective nouns can be counted; therefore,
they have plural forms.

Examples of Collective Nouns:

A herd of sheep
A rainbow of butterflies
A swarm of flies
A gang of thugs
A cast of actors
A company of soldiers
A fleet of ships
A pack of wolves

Note that in all of these above instances, these words are describing groups of things.

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EXERCISES

Classify the sentence by saying if it talks about Count or Non-Count Noun.
There is so much smoke coming out of the chimney. __________
There are many fish in the pond. _______________
A few minutes is all it takes for him to shave. _______________
The postman put many letters into the bag. _______________
She uses only corn cooking oil in her cooking. _______________
My hens lay many eggs very day. _______________
A lot of dust has collected on the desk. _______________
For each sentence, fill in the blank with the correct response.

1. I went to the tourist office to get _____ information.
a) a few b) a little
2. Kids today spend so _____ time on the internet!
a) much b) many
3. He has a good job and makes a large _____ of money.
a) amount b) number
4. OK, let's do it! But hurry up I don't have _____ time!
a) much b) many
5. I only know _____ people in this city.
a) a little b) a few

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6. Mary always tells me that she wants to have _____ children.
a) much b) many
7. There are _____ things that I want to say to you.
a) so many b) so much
8. I would like _____ time to think about this.
a) a little b) a few
9. I would like _____ hamburger.
a) some b) a
10. I have to buy _____ furniture for my new apartment .
a) some b) a

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Forms of Nouns

Nouns can be in the subjective, possessive, and objective case. The word case defines the
role of the noun in the sentence. Is it a subject, an object, or does it show possession?
The English professor [subject] is tall.
He chose the English professor [object].
The English professor's [possessive] car is green.
Nouns in the subject and object role are identical in form; nouns that show the possessive,
however, take a different form. Usually an apostrophe is added followed by the letter s (except for
plurals, which take the plural "-s" ending first, and then add the apostrophe).
Almost all nouns change form when they become plural, usually with the simple addition of
an -s or -es. Unfortunately, it's not always that easy, and a separate section on Plurals offers
advice on the formation of plural noun forms.
Plural Noun Forms

The plural form of most nouns is created simply by adding the letter s.
more than one snake = snakes
more than one ski = skis
more than one Barrymore = Barrymores
Words that end in -ch, sh, o, x, ss, s or s-like sounds, however, will require an -es for the plural:
more than one witch = witches
more than one box = boxes
more than one gas = gases
more than one bus = buses
more than one kiss = kisses
more than one Jones = Joneses
more than one pass = passes
more than one bush = bushes

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Note that some dictionaries list "busses" as an acceptable plural for "bus." Presumably, this
is because the plural "buses" looks like it ought to rhyme with the plural of "fuse," which is "fuses."
"Buses" is still listed as the preferable plural form. "Busses" is the plural, of course, for "buss," a
seldom used word for "kiss."
There are several nouns that have irregular plural forms. Plurals formed in this way are
sometimes called mutated (or mutating) plurals.
more than one child = children
more than one woman = women
more than one man = men
more than one person = people
more than one goose = geese
more than one mouse = mice
And, finally, there are nouns that maintain their Latin or Greek form in the plural. (See media
and data and alumni, below.)
more than one syllabus = syllabi
more than one thesis = theses
more than one crisis = crises*
more than one phenomenon = phenomena
more than one index = indices (indexes is acceptable)
more than one appendix = appendices (appendixes is acceptable)
A handful of nouns appear to be plural in form but take a singular verb:
The news is bad.
Gymnastics is fun to watch.
Economics/mathematics/statistics is said to be difficult.
Numerical expressions are usually singular, but can be plural if the individuals within a
numerical group are acting individually:
Fifty thousand dollars is a lot of money.
One-half of the faculty is retiring this summer.
Fifty percent of the students have voted already.

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And another handful of nouns might seem to be singular in nature but take a plural form and
always use a plural verb:
My pants are torn. (Nowadays you will sometimes see this word as a singular "pant"
[meaning one pair of pants]
Her scissors were stolen.
The glasses have slipped down his nose again.
When a noun names the title of something or is a word being used as a word, it is singular
whether the word takes a singular form or not.
Faces is the name of the new restaurant downtown.
Okies, which most people regard as a disparaging word, was first used to describe the
residents of Oklahoma during the 1930s.
Chelmsley Brothers is the best moving company in town.
Postcards is my favorite novel.
The term Okies was used to describe the residents of Oklahoma during the 1930s. (In
this sentence, the word Okies is actually an appositive for the singular subject, "term.")
Plural Compound Nouns
Compound words create special problems when we need to pluralize them. As a general
rule, the element within the compound that word that is pluralized will receive the plural -s, but it's
not always that simple. Daughters-in-law follows the general rule, but cupfuls does not.
Problem Children
Many careful writers insist that the words data and media are Latin plurals and must,
therefore, be used as plural words. The singular Latin forms of these words, however, are seldom
used: datum as a single bit of information or medium as a single means of communication. Many
authorities nowadays approve sentences like My data is lost and The media is out to get the
President. Even textbooks in computer science are beginning to use "data" as a singular.
Alumni and alumnae remain problematic. The plural of masculine singular alumnus is
alumni; the plural of feminine singular alumna is alumnae. In traditional Latin, the masculine plural
form, alumni, could include both genders. This does not go over well with some female students.
We note, furthermore, that Vassar College, which now has both, has lists of alumni and alumnae.
Hartford College for Women, we assume, has only alumnae. In its publication style manual,

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Wesleyan University approves of alumni/ae. The genderless graduate and the truncated and
informal alum have much to commend them.
Special Cases
With words that end in a consonant and a y, you'll need to change the y to an i and add es.
more than one baby = babies
more than one gallery = galleries
more than one reality = realities
This rule does not apply to proper nouns:
more than one Kennedy = Kennedys
Words that end in o create special problems.
more than one potato = potatoes
more than one hero = heroes
. . . however . . .
more than one memo = memos
. . . and for words where another vowel comes before the o . . .
more than one stereo = stereos
Plurals of words that end in -f or -fe usually change the f sound to a v sound and add s or -es.
more than one knife = knives
more than one leaf = leaves
more than one life = lives
more than one self = selves
There are, however, exceptions:
more than one dwarf = dwarfs
more than one roof = roofs
When in doubt, as always, consult a dictionary. Some dictionaries, for instance, will list both
wharfs and wharves as acceptable plural forms of wharf. It makes for good arguments when you're
playing Scrabble.

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EXERCISES
Give the plural for these Nouns:

butterfly: ____________________
chimney: ____________________
watch: _____________________
wolf: _______________________
roof: _______________________
zero: _______________________
wrench: ____________________
cherry: _____________________
peach: _____________________
witch: ____________________
judge: ____________________
video: ____________________
potato: ___________________
knife: _____________________
loaf: ______________________
hero: _____________________
wish: _____________________
key: ______________________

Change the sentences from singular to plural

1. The baby is sleeping ___________________________________________________
2. The bus is late ________________________________________________________
3. The man in the car is wearing glasses ______________________________________
4. The child always plays in the park _________________________________________
5. The knife is on the table _________________________________________________
6. The sheep is eating some grass ___________________________________________
7. The match starts at _____________________________________________________
8. Is your T-shirt clean? ____________________________________________________?
9. My foot is all white _____________________________________________________
10. The potato is in your plate _______________________________________________

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Regular Plurals of Nouns

1. The plural of "baby" is
A. babys
B. babies
C. babyes
D. babyses

2. The plural of "church" is
A. churchs
B. churchies
C. churches
D. churies

3. The plural of "wish" is
A. wish
B. wishies
C. wishs
D. wishes

4. The plural of "line" is
A. lines
B. linies
C. lins
D. linses

5. The plural of "box" is
A. boxs
B. boxies
C. box
D. boxes

6. The plural of "key" is
A. keys
B. keyies
C. keies
D. keyes

7. The plural of "show" is
A. showes
B. showies
C. showers
D. shows

8. The plural of "enemy" is
A. enemys
B. enemies
C. enemyes
D. enemes

9. The plural of "loss" is
A. loss
B. lossies
C. losses
D. lossys

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EXERCISES
Describe your daily activities on a normal day

My son wakes up at 7AM. He washes his face, brushes his teeth and gets
dressed. He has his breakfast at around 8AM and leaves for school. He starts school at
8:30AM and finishes at 12:30PM. He comes home and has lunch. After lunch, he takes
a shower again and takes a nap. He then watches some TV and goes to his part-time
job. He finishes working at 7PM and goes home again. He takes his last shower of the
day, has dinner, watches some TV and goes to bed at 10:30PM. He has a very busy
life.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

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Collective Nouns, Company Names, Family Names, Sports Teams

There are, further, so called collective
nouns, which are singular when we think of them as
groups and plural when we think of the individuals
acting within the whole (which happens sometimes,
but not often).
audience
band
class
committee
crowd
dozen
family
flock
group
heap
herd
jury
kind
lot
[the]
number
public
staff
team
Thus, if we're talking about eggs, we could say "A dozen is probably not enough." But if
we're talking partying with our friends, we could say, "A dozen are coming over this afternoon."
The jury delivers its verdict. [But] The jury came in and took their seats. We could say the Tokyo
String Quartet is one of the best string ensembles in the world, but we could say the Beatles were
some of the most famous singers in history. Generally, band names and musical groups take
singular or plural verbs depending on the form of their names.
Note that "the number" is a singular collective noun. "The number of applicants is steadily
increasing." "A number," on the other hand, is a plural form: "There are several students in the
lobby. A number are here to see the president."
Collective nouns are count nouns, which mean they, themselves, can be pluralized: a
university has several athletic teams and classes. And the immigrant families kept watching over
their herds and flocks.
The word following the phrase one of the (as an object of the preposition of) will always be plural.
One of the reasons we do this is that it rains a lot in spring.
One of the students in this room is responsible.

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Notice, though, that the verb ("is") agrees with one, which is singular, and not with the object
of the preposition, which is always plural.
When a family name (a proper noun) is pluralized, we almost always simply add an "s." So
we go to visit the Smiths, the Kennedys, the Grays, etc. When a family name ends in s, x, ch, sh,
or z, however, we form the plural by added -es, as in the Marches, the Joneses, the Maddoxes.
The names of companies and other organizations are usually regarded as singular,
regardless of their ending: "General Motors has announced its fall lineup of new vehicles." Try to
avoid the inconsistency that is almost inevitable when you think of corporate entities as a group of
individuals: "General Motors has announced their fall lineup of new vehicles." But note that some
inconsistency is acceptable in all but the most formal writing: "Ford has announced its breakup
with Firestone Tires. Their cars will no longer use tires
built by Firestone." Some writers will use a
plural verb when a plural construction such as
"Associates" is part of the company's title or
when the title consists of a series of names:
"Upton, Vernon, and Gridley are moving to new
law offices next week" or "Shadrach, Meshach,
Abednego & Associates have won all their cases
this year." Singular verbs and pronouns would be
correct in those sentences, also.
The names of sports teams, on the other
hand, are treated as plurals, regardless of the form of that name. We would write that "The
Yankees have signed a new third baseman" and "The Yankees are a great organization", and that
"For two years in a row, the Utah Jazz have attempted to draft a big man." When we refer to a
team by the city in which it resides, however, we use the singular, as in "Dallas has attempted to
secure the services of two assistant coaches that Green Bay hopes to keep."

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Compound Noun Exercises
Collective nouns are words used to describe a group of nouns. For example, 52 cards
would be known as a deck of cards. Complete each sentence by choosing the correct collective
noun from the box at the bottom of the page.

1. Swimming in the shallow water was a ______________ of herrings.
2. A ___________ of sheep was happily grazing in the field.
3. All night we could hear the _____________ of wolves howling.
4. Looking out to sea, we noticed a ___________ of dolphins swimming.
5. The _____________ of lions slept all day on the African plains.
6. A long ______________ of steps led to the top of the tower.
7. Our cat has just had a _______________ of seven kittens.
8. We each picked a _______________ of juicy grapes from the vine.
9. The hen waddled by with her _______________ of chicks.
10. A ______________ of thieves stole the precious diamonds.
11. In the jungle, we could see a __________ of monkeys swinging in the trees.
12. An enormous ______________ of locusts ate all the crops.
13. The ______________ of elephants stomped through the water hole.
14. The __________________ of geese made a terrible squawking sound.
15. We were in awe as we watched the ______________ of whales swimming.
pod swarm pride flight school
herd litter gaggle band brood
pack troop flock bunch shoal

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EXERCISES
Write about a sports team or a group of people (business, arts or politics) you admire.
I love to watch American Football. Some people say it is very complicated to
understand this sport, but it is not. My favorite football team is the New England
Patriots, they are the best in the league, even when they do not win. A few years
ago, they had what everybody called as the dream team and won 3 Super Bowls.
For me, the best player is Tom Brady, he is the quarterback (the one responsible
for throwing the ball to the receiver), and is married to a very famous Brazilian
model, Giselle Bundchen. They live in Boston, Massachusetts where he plays. If
you have the chance, do some research on the internet to get some more
information not only on American Football but also on the New England Patriots.
__________________________________________________ _____________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

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Nouns Activities
EXERCISE - ABSTRACT NOUNS

Form Abstract Nouns from the following.

man _______________ scholar _______________ king _______________
know _______________ sell _______________ think _______________
long _______________ strong _______________ wise _______________
brother _______________ lose _______________ great _______________

EXERCISE - COLLECTIVE NOUNS

Fill in the blanks with suitable collective nouns.

1. A __________ of birds flew high in the sky.
2. They saw a __________ of lions at the zoo.
3. Police have arrested a __________ of thieves.
4. He ate a __________ of grapes today.
5. Our friend shows us a __________ of stamps.
6. We saw a __________ of sheep on our way home.
7. The farmer has a __________ of cattle on his farm.
8. You can put the __________ of tools in that box.
9. She bought a __________ of bananas from the market.
10. The __________ of pupils are listening attentively to their teacher.

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EXERCISE - GENDER

Change the nouns in bold from the feminine to the masculine or vice versa.

1. My aunt visits her niece every week-end.
______________________________________________________________________
2. The lady has several mares on her farm.
______________________________________________________________________
3. The daughter is more talkative than her mother.
______________________________________________________________________
4. Does any actress like to play the role of the princess?
______________________________________________________________________
5. Their queen is a widow.
______________________________________________________________________
6. The manageress is still a spinster.
______________________________________________________________________
7. In the movie, the tigress was killed by the heroine.
______________________________________________________________________
8. His daughter-in-law is a postmistress.
______________________________________________________________________
9. The countess has one sister.
______________________________________________________________________
10. The authoress is writing a book about the empress.
______________________________________________________________________
11. The bridegroom thanked the priest.
______________________________________________________________________
12. His brother works as a waiter.
______________________________________________________________________

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13. The dog barked at the milkman.
______________________________________________________________________
14. He was a postman before he became a postmaster.
______________________________________________________________________
15. The manservant has worked many years for the duke.
______________________________________________________________________
16. Her husband is a conductor.
______________________________________________________________________
17. A cock was killed by a fox.
______________________________________________________________________
18. The lad wants to be a monk.
______________________________________________________________________
19. The sultan owns a stallion.
______________________________________________________________________
20. Her father-in-law is a landlord.
______________________________________________________________________
EXERCISE - FORMING NOUNS FROM NOUNS
Fill in the blanks with abstract nouns from the nouns in brackets.
1. I had a very happy ___________ (child).
2. I forgot to renew my ___________ (member) in the sailing club.
3. We formed a deep and lasting ___________ (friend).
4. He hopes to take over the ___________ (leader) of the party.
5. There are lots of nice people in the ___________ (neighbour).
6. In the ___________ (king) of Thailand, the king commands the respect of every citizen.
7. She seems to be enjoying ___________ (mother).
8. He had barely reached ___________ (man) when he married.

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SEASONS
A Season is a time of the year. A year has four seasons. The season are:
Spring- Its the season where the sun warms things up, with a lot more sunlight and the days
get warmer.
Summer its the warmest season of the year. The sun rises earlier and sets later, making
the days longer.
Fall/Autumn It starts to get colder, the daylight is smaller and the trees change colors.
Winter Its the coldest time of the year. The sun rises up later and sets earlier. It has the
smallest daylight of the year.
Fill in the blanks below with words from this box:

sprouts
buds
weather
tulips
build
season
wakes
warm
crops
cherry
countryside
hatch
seeds
eggs

melts
showers
flowers
return

sunshine
bears
frogs
hibernation

white
pink
birth
worms

Spring Weather
Spring is the _______________ when the whole world ______________ up. The cold days of
winter turn into the __________________ days of spring. In March, the snow ________________
in the mountains. In April, _______________ soak the ground and the ___________________ of
May brings new growth everywhere. People say that April showers bring May
_________________.
Spring Plants
One of the earliest signs of spring is the new ___________ growing on the trees and new
__________ emerging from the ground. The ___________ blossom tree is one of the first to
bloom with blossoms of ____________ and ____________. Spring is also the season of
__________ and daffodils. In the ____________, farmers sow their ______________ into the
ground and hope for good ___________. With luck, they will have good __________ to harvest in
fall.
Spring Animals
As the weather gets warm, ____________ and ___________ come out of their long winter sleep
called _______________. Many animals in the forest give ____________ to babies. Birds
___________ from the south. They ___________ nests to lay ___________ in. When the eggs
_____________, the mother bird busies herself finding ____________ to feed her young.

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EXERCISES
Describe what you like the most about each season of the year.
I like summer because we can go to the beach and have fun with all my friends and family.
I like fall because of after the hot months of summer, we start to cool down a little bit and
get ready for winter. This is the time to go to the parks and enjoy the beautiful nature with all its
colors.
I like winter because this is the time to go to the mountains and have fun skiing and
snowboarding. This is the time of the year where we have the most movies in theaters and we can
cuddle a little bit more with everybody closer to us.
I love spring because this is the season where all the beauty of nature blossoms all around
us. Animals come out of their stand and play around, the flowers pop-up with their wonderful colors
and we start getting ready for summer again.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

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Pronouns

Definition
Generally (but not always) pronouns stand for (pro +
noun) or refer to a noun, an individual or individuals or
thing or things (the pronoun's antecedent) whose identity is
made clear earlier in the text. For instance, we are
bewildered by writers who claim something like
They say that eating beef is bad for you.
They is a pronoun referring to someone, but who are
they? Cows? whom do they represent? Sloppy use of
pronouns is unfair.
Not all pronouns will refer to an antecedent,
however.
Everyone here earns over a thousand dollars a day.
Someone has said that before.
Anyone could do that better than you could.
The words "everyone", "someone" and "anyone" have no antecedent.
This section will list and briefly describe the several kinds of pronouns.
Traditionally defined as "words that can take the place of nouns and noun phrases,"
pronouns are a subclass of the noun, one of the eight parts of speech, that fall into four categories:
subject pronouns, object pronouns, possessive pronouns, and reflexive pronouns. Pronouns are
considered to belong to a closed class, meaning new pronouns cannot easily be created and
current pronouns cannot easily be changed or deleted. Pronouns can perform almost all the same
functions as other nouns and noun phrases including subject, subject complement, direct object,
indirect object, and prepositional complement.

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KINDS OF PRONOUNS
Personal || Demonstrative || Indefinite || Relative || Reflexive || Intensive || Interrogative || Reciprocal

Personal Pronouns
Unlike English nouns, which usually do not
change form except for the addition of an -s ending to
create the plural or the apostrophe + s to create the
possessive, personal pronouns (which stand for persons
or things) change form according to their various uses
within a sentence. Thus I is used as the subject of a
sentence (I am happy.), me is used as an object in
various ways (He hit me. He gave me a book. Do this
for me.), and my is used as the possessive form (That's
my car.) The same is true of the other personal
pronouns: the singular you and he/she/it and the plural
we, you, and they. These forms are called cases.
Personal pronouns can also be characterized or distinguished by person. First person
refers to the speaker(s) or writer(s) ("I" for singular, "we" for plural). Second person refers to the
person or people being spoken or written to ("you" for both singular and plural). Third person refers
to the person or people being spoken or written about ("he," "she," and "it" for singular, "they" for
plural).
When a personal pronoun is connected by a conjunction to another noun or pronoun, its
case does not change. We would write "I am taking a course in Asian history"; if Talitha is also
taking that course, we would write "Talitha and I are taking a course in Asian history." (Notice that
Talitha gets listed before "I" does. This is one of the few ways in which English is "polite". The
same is true when the object form is called for: "Professor Vendetti gave all her books to me"; if
Talitha also received some books, we'd write "Professor Vendetti gave all her books to Talitha and
me."
When a pronoun and a noun are combined (which will happen with the plural first- and
second-person pronouns), choose the case of the pronoun that would be appropriate if the noun
were not there.

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We students are demanding that the administration give us two hours for lunch.
The administration has managed to put us students in a bad situation.
With the second person, we don't really have a problem because the subject form is the
same as the object form, "you":
"You students are demanding too much."
"We expect you students to behave like adults."
Among the possessive pronoun forms, there is also what is
called the nominative possessive: mine, yours, ours, theirs.
Look at those cars. Theirs is really ugly; ours is beautiful.
This new car is mine.
Mine is newer than yours.

Use the correct personal pronouns. Watch the words in brackets.

Example: ___ often reads books. (Lisa) Answer: She often reads books.

1. ______ is dreaming. (George)
2. ______ is green. (the blackboard)
3. ______ are on the wall. (the posters)
4. ______ is running. (the dog)
5. ______ are watching TV. (my mother and I)
6. ______ are in the garden. (the flowers)
7. ______ is riding his bike. (Tom)
8. ______ is from Bristol. (Victoria)
9. ______ has got a brother. (Diana)
10. Have ______ got a computer, Mandy?

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Select the correct pronoun (we, you [plural], they) for the following:

1. (Mary and I) __________ are happy.
2. (Ted, Rick and I) __________ are students.
3. (Mr. and Mrs. Thatcher) __________ are teachers.
4. (Bob and Ted) __________ are young.
5. (Tara, Abdul and Tommy) __________ are French.
6. (The dogs) __________ are brown.
7. (The president and vice-president) __________ work in Washington.
8. (The pets) __________ are sad.
9. (Daniel and you) __________ are bowlers.
10. (You and Jenny) __________ are my best friends.

Select the correct pronoun for the following

1. __________ am a student.
2. __________ walks to work. (3rd person, male)
3. __________ walks to work. (3rd person, female)
4. __________ walk to work. (3rd person, plural)
5. __________ walk to school. (2nd person, plural)
6. __________ walks to work. (3rd person, neutral)
7. __________ am a teacher.
8. __________ walk to the classroom. (1st person, plural)
9. __________ walk to the school. (1st person, singular)
10. __________ talk to the teacher. (2nd person, singular)

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Demonstrative Pronouns

The family of demonstratives (this / that /
these / those / such) can behave either as pronouns
or as determiners.
As pronouns, they identify or point to nouns.
That is incredible! (referring to
something you just saw)
I will never forget this. (referring to a
recent experience)
Such is my belief. (referring to an
explanation just made)
As determiners, the demonstratives adjectivally
modify a noun that follows. A sense of relative distance (in time and space) can be conveyed
through the choice of these pronouns/determiners:
These [pancakes sitting here now on my plate] are delicious.
Those [pancakes that I had yesterday morning] were even better.
This [book in my hand] is well written;
that [book that I'm pointing to, over there, on the table] is trash.
A sense of emotional distance or even disdain can be conveyed with the demonstrative
pronouns:
You're going to wear these?
This is the best you can do?
Pronouns used in this way would receive special stress in a spoken sentence.
When used as subjects, the demonstratives, in
either singular or plural form, can be used to refer to
objects as well as persons.
This is my father. That is my book.

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In other roles, however, the reference of
demonstratives is non-personal. In other words,
when referring to students, say, we could write
"Those were loitering near the entrance during the
fire drill" (as long as it is perfectly clear in context
what "those" refers to).
But we would not write "The principal
suspended those for two days"; instead, we would
have to use "those" as a determiner and write "The
principal suspended those students for two days."

EXERCISES

Complete with This, That, These or Those.

1. _______ money in my pocket is for my
daughters gift.
2. Can you throw the it in ________ bin across
the street?
3. Would you help me with _________ dishes
over there?
4. I want to buy _________ cap over here.
5. ________ air conditioner on the corner is
broken.
6. My car is _______ one parked at the end of
the garage.

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EXERCISES
Complete with This, That, These or Those.

1. Anna: Could you give me ________ pencil on the table over there?
2. Li: Do you mean ________ pencil here?
3. Anna: Yes, _______ pencil.
4. Li: Here you are. Oh, could you give me _______ pens on the table over there?
5. Anna: _________ ones here? Sure, here you are.
6. Felix: Is there a hammer on ________ table over there?
7. Marco: Yes, there is. Here it is.
8. Felix: Great, are there any nails on _______ table there?
9. Marco: No, there aren't.
10. Felix: Oh, here they are, next to me on _______ table
Complete the sentences with one of the pronouns given

11. (these this those) _____________ beach was quite empty last year.
12. (this those these) _____________ exhibition will be open until the end of May.
13. (these that this) _____________ people come from that hotel over there.
14. What does (that those these) _____________ notice say?
15. (these that those) _____________ exhibition closed a month ago.
16. He was dismissed on the 13th. (that these those) _____________ night the factory
closed.
17. Do you see (that those this) _____________ birds at the top of the tree?
18. (these those that) _____________ are the old classrooms. Those are the new ones.
19. (those this that) _____________ is my cousin, Jessica.
20. Wasn't (this those that) _____________ a horrible thing to say?

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Relative Pronouns

The relative pronouns (who/whoever/which/that)
relate groups of words to nouns or other pronouns (The
student who studies hardest usually does the best.).
Generally, we use "which" to introduce clauses that are
parenthetical in nature (that can be removed from the
sentence without changing meaning of the sentence).
For that reason, a "which clause" is often set off with
a comma or a pair of commas. "That clauses" on the other
hand, are usually deemed indispensable for the meaning of
a sentence and are not set off with commas. The pronoun which refers to things; who (and its
forms) refers to people; that usually refers to things, but it can also refer to people in a general kind
of way.
These are the indefinite relative pronouns: whoever, whomever, whatever.
He said whatever came to mind. Whoever crosses this line first will win the race.
What is often an indefinite relative pronoun:
She will tell you what you need to know.
EXERCISES

Combine the sentences using defining relative pronouns.

1. That's the girl. She spoke to me yesterday.
_____________________________________________________________ .
2. What's the name of the book? You want me to read it.
_____________________________________________________________ .
3. We stayed in a hotel. The hotel was very expensive.
_____________________________________________________________ .
4. That's the boy. His mother works in the post office.
_____________________________________________________________ .

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Choose one of the following relative pronouns who, which or whose

1) I talked to the girl _____________ car had broken down in front of the shop.
2) Mr Richards, _____________ is a taxi driver, lives on the corner.
3) We often visit our aunt in Norwich _____________ is in East Anglia.
4) This is the girl _____________ comes from Spain.
5) That's Peter, the boy _____________ has just arrived at the airport.
6) Thank you very much for your e-mail _____________ was very interesting.
7) The man, _____________ father is a professor, forgot his umbrella.
8) The children, _____________ shouted in the street, are not from our school.
9) The car, _____________ driver is a young man, is from Ireland.
10) What did you do with the money _____________ your mother lent you?

Put in the relative who, which or whose where necessary.

1) This is the boy __________ had an accident.
2) Yesterday I saw a car __________ was really old.
3) Mandy is the girl __________ I met on Friday.
4) I haven't seen Frank, __________ brother is five, for a long time now.
5) The robber stole the car __________ the lady parked next to the bar.
6) This is the man __________ house is on fire.
7) Can I talk to the girl __________ is sitting on
the bench?
8) The book __________ you gave me is great.
9) She likes hamburgers __________ are hot.
10) Bill Clinton, __________ was President of the
USA, has only one daughter.

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Indefinite Pronouns

The indefinite pronouns (everybody / anybody /
somebody / all / each / every / some / none / one) do not
substitute for specific nouns but function themselves as
nouns (Everyone is wondering if any is left.)
One of the chief difficulties we have with the
indefinite pronouns lies in the fact that "everybody" feels as
though it refers to more than one person, but it takes a singular verb. (Everybody is accounted for.)
If you think of this word as meaning "every single body," the confusion usually disappears. The
indefinite pronoun none can be either singular or plural, depending on its context. None is nearly
always plural (meaning "not any") except when something else in the sentence makes us regard it
as a singular (meaning "not one"), as in "None of the food is fresh." Some can be singular or plural
depending on whether it refers to something countable or noncountable.
There are other indefinite pronouns, words that double as Determiners: enough, few, fewer,
less, little, many, much, several, more, most, all, both, every, each, any, either, neither, none,
some
Few will be chosen; fewer will finish.
Little is expected.

EXERCISES

Fill in the gaps with somebody, anybody, nobody, something,
anything, nothing, somewhere, anywhere or nowhere.

1. I know __________ about this issue that you may find interesting, but if I tell you, you must
promise to keep it (a) secret.
2. __________ lives here. There is no water.
3. I spent the night __________ near the beach.
4. __________ could have jumped over this wall, and stole your rake. It's very low.

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5. __________ scares him. He's very brave.
6. There is __________ to park here. Let's go __________ else to park.
7. Would you like __________ to wash your hands?.
8. May I have __________ for dessert, please?
9. They took him __________ in London, and he never returned.
10. Please don't leave __________ behind at home. We'll be away for a fortnight.
11. She needs __________ to love. She's very lonely.
12. They will not sing __________ in this city. They said that they would never come back.
13. There isn't __________ you can do to help them. __________ can help them.
14. We do not need __________ else to run this department. We can do it ourselves.
15. __________ is ringing the bell. Go and see who it is.
16. __________ phoned while we were out, but they did not leave a message.
17. __________ tells me that there is __________ fishy going on .
18. They are looking for __________ to settle down and have children. They want to find a quiet
place to lead a quiet life.
19. "Where would you like to stay?"
"__________ will do provided it is a clean place."
20. "Is there __________ at home?"

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Intensive Pronouns
The intensive pronouns (such as myself,
yourself, herself, ourselves, themselves) consist of a
personal pronoun plus self or selves and emphasize a
noun. (I myself don't know the answer.) It is possible
(but rather unusual) for an intensive pronoun to
precede the noun it refers to. (Myself, I don't believe a
word he says.)
Notice that all the reflexive pronouns can also act
as intensive pronouns, but the function and usage are different. An intensive pronoun emphasizes
its antecedent. Look at these examples:
I made it myself. OR I myself made it.
Have you yourself seen it? OR Have
you seen it yourself?
The President himself promised to
stop the war.
She spoke to me herself. OR She
herself spoke to me.
The exam itself wasn't difficult, but
exam room was horrible.
Never mind. We'll do it ourselves.
You yourselves asked us to do it.
They recommend this book even
though they themselves have never read it.
OR
They recommend this book even though they have never read it themselves.

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Reflexive Pronouns
The reflexive pronouns (which have the same forms as the intensive pronouns) indicate that
the sentence subject also receives the action of the verb. (Students who cheat on this quiz are
only hurting themselves. You paid yourself a million dollars? She encouraged herself to do well.)
What this means is that whenever there is a reflexive pronoun in a sentence there must be a
person to whom that pronoun can "reflect." In other words, the sentence "Please hand that book to
myself" would be incorrect because there is no "I" in that sentence for the "myself" to reflect to
(and we would use "me" instead of "myself"). A sentence such as "I gave that book to myself for
Christmas" might be silly, but it would be correct.
Be alert to a tendency to use reflexive pronoun forms (ending in -self) where they are neither
appropriate nor necessary. The inappropriate reflexive form has a wonderful name: the untriggered
reflexive. "Myself" tends to sound weightier, more formal, than little ol' me or I, so it has a way of
sneaking into sentences where it doesn't belong.
Bob and myself I are responsible for this decision.
These decisions will be made by myself me.
If you have any questions, please contact myself me or Bob Jones.
When pronouns are combined, the reflexive will take either the first person
Juanita, Carlos, and I have deceived ourselves
into believing in my uncle.
or, when there is no first person, the second person:
You and Carlos have deceived yourselves.
The indefinite pronoun (see above) one has its own
reflexive form ("One must have faith in oneself."),
but the other indefinite pronouns use either himself or
themselves as reflexives. It is probably better to pluralize
and avoid the clumsy himself or herself construction.
No one here can blame himself or herself.
The people here cannot blame themselves.

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EXERCISES
Complete the sentences with an Intensive or Reflexive Pronoun
1. One person who made __________ a career based on the sea was the authoress Rachel
Carson.

2. Deep-sea divers wear wetsuits to protect __________ under the water.

3. If you were a diver, you would buy __________ a JIM suit or helmet.

4. Divers use external air supplies to enable __________ to breathe under water.

5. Decompression sickness manifests __________ with joint
pain and can be fatal.

6. Rachel Carson's first book, Under the Sea-Wind, described
struggles sea creatures find __________ facing.

7. Rachel Carson's life was marked with conservation efforts
that we __________ can learn from.

8. Rachel put on a diver's helmet and explored the reefs of
the Florida Keys by__________

Choose the correct reflexive pronouns.

1) Robert made this T-shirt ______________ .
2) Lisa did the homework ______________.
3) We helped ______________ to some cola at the party.
4) Emma, did you take the photo all by ______________ ?
5) I wrote this poem ______________.
6) He cut ______________ with the knife while he was doing the dishes.
7) The lion can defend ______________.
8) My mother often talks to ______________.
9) Tim and Gerry, if you want more milk, help ______________.
10) Alice and Doris collected the stickers ______________ .

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Interrogative Pronouns

The interrogative pronouns (who/whom/which/what) introduce
questions. (What is that? Who will help me? Which do you prefer?)
Which is generally used with more specific reference than what. If
we're taking a quiz and I ask "Which questions give you the most
trouble?", I am referring to specific questions on that quiz. If I ask
"What questions give you most trouble"? I could be asking what kind
of questions on that quiz (or what kind of question,
generically, in general) gives you trouble. The interrogative
pronouns also act as Determiners: It doesn't matter which beer
you buy. He doesn't know whose car he hit. In this determiner role, they are sometimes called
interrogative adjectives.
Like the relative pronouns, the interrogative pronouns introduce noun clauses, and like the
relative pronouns, the interrogative pronouns play a subject role in the clauses they introduce:
We know who is guilty of this crime.
I already told the detective what I know about it.

EXERCISES

1. __________ is the girl in the blue dress?
2. __________ is the name of the team in red?
3. __________ likes to play pinball at the arcade?
4. For __________ did Sheila make these cookies?
5. __________ of the names did you choose for the puppy?
6. __________ completed the assignment?
7. __________ the highest ranking official in the United States?
8. To __________ should the check be made payable to ?

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Interrogative Pronouns Exercise

Fill in the blanks with suitable interrogative pronouns
1. - did you invite to preside over the meeting?
a) Who b) Whom c) What d) Whose
2. She asked - I preferred, tea or coffee?
a) Who b) That c) Which d) Whom
3. Of - are you speaking?
a) Who b) Whom c) Whose d) None of these
4. - do you want to do?
a) What b) Which c) That d) Whom
5. - shall I give this to?
a) Whom b) What c) Whose d) Which
6. - of these books will you take?
a) Which b) Whom c) That d) Whose
7. I dont know of them will actually get it?
a) Whom b) What c) Which d) Whose
8. - said these words?
a) Who b) Whom c) What d) Which
9. Of boy are you speaking?
a) Whom b) Who c) Which d) That

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10. do you want to see?
a) Who b) Whom c) Which d) Whose
11. did he come here for?
a) Why b) What c) Whom d) Who
12. -, do you think, is the correct answer to this question?
a) What b) Which c) Who d) Whom
13. To - did she give her necklace?
a) Whom b) Whose c) What d) Which
14. do you think he is?
a) What b) That which c) Who d) Which
15. With were you exchanging pleasantries?
a) Whom b) What c) Which d) Who
16. is better, honor or riches?
a) Which b) Who c) That d) Whom
17. of them wants to see me?
a) Which b) What c) That d) Whom
18. To - do you pass on the notes?
a) Who b) Whom c) What d) Which

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Reciprocal Pronouns

The reciprocal pronouns are each other and one
another. They are convenient forms for combining ideas. If
Bob gave Alicia a book for Christmas and Alicia gave Bob a
book for Christmas, we can say that they gave each other
books (or that they gave books to each other).
My mother and I give each other a hard time.
If more than two people are involved (let's say a
whole book club), we would say that they gave one another
books. This rule (if it is one) should be applied circumspectly. It's quite possible for the exchange
of books within this book club, for example, to be between individuals, making "each other" just as
appropriate as "one another."
Reciprocal pronouns can also take possessive forms:
They borrowed each other's ideas.
The scientists in this lab often use one another's equipment.

Use Each other or One another

1. Bob and Mandy love _______________.
2. Peterson and Dan hate _______________.
3. The few prisoners were all blaming ____________.
4. Both teams played hard against _______________.
5. We gave _______________ gifts.
6. Why don't you believe _______________?
7. They can't see _______________.
8. The gangsters were fighting _______________.
9. The boats were bumping against _______________ in the storm.

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List of Pronouns
Quick Refresher: A pronoun is a word that takes the place of one or more nouns.

List of Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
take the place of common and proper nouns.
Singular Plural
First Person: the person or people speaking or writing
I
me
we
us
Second Person: the person or people being spoken or
written to
you you
Third Person: the person, people, or things
being spoken or written about
she, her
he, him
it
they
them

Relative Pronouns
relate a subordinate clause to the rest of the sentence.
that, which, who, whom, whose,
whichever, whoever, whomever

Demonstrative Pronouns
represent a thing or things.
Singular Plural
Refers to things that are nearby this these
Refers to things that are far away that those

Indefinite
Pronouns
Singular Plural
Singular or
Plural
refer to something
that is unspecified.
anybody, anyone, anything,
each, either, everybody,
everyone, everything, neither,
nobody, no one, nothing, one,
somebody, someone,
something
both, few,
many, several
all, any, most,
none, some

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Reflexive Pronouns
end in self or selves.
Singular Plural
First Person: the person or people speaking or writing myself ourselves
Second Person: the person or people being spoken or
written to
yourself yourselves
Third Person: the person, people, or things being spoken
or written about
himself, herself,
itself
themselves

Interrogative Pronouns
are used to ask questions.
what, who, which, whom, whose

Possessive Pronouns
are used to show ownership.
Singular Plural
Used Before Nouns
my
your
his, her, its
our
your
their
Used Alone
mine
yours
his, hers
ours
yours
theirs

Subject and Object Pronouns
are used as either the subject or the object in a sentence.
Singular Plural
Subject: whom or what the sentence is about
I
you
she, he, it
we
you
they
Object: direct objects, indirect objects, objects of prepositions
me
you
her, him, it
us
you
them

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REVIEW PRONOUNS
Fill ou the blanks in the chart below
Personal Pronouns Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
Reflexive
Pronouns
subject form object form possessive adjective possessive pronoun
I me my mine myself
you

he

she

it

we

you

they

Rewrite the sentences replacing the underlined words with pronouns

1. I saw Julie and Jill at the shopping mall.
_____________________________________________
2. Max smashed his car into the tree.
_____________________________________________
3. You cannot take your pets to the movies.
_____________________________________________
4. Mary beat the boy up for his lunch money.
_____________________________________________
5. Max saw John in the store.
_____________________________________________
6. You and your family should take the bus.
_____________________________________________

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Pronouns Exercises
Choose the Pronouns that fits better in the sentences

1. Be sure that everyone brings ____________ own book.
HIS OR HER THEIR

2. If anyone calls, tell ____________ that I'll be back in half an hour.
HIM OR HER THEM

3. Joe and ____________ have been close friends for many years.
ME I

4. Did you see Derek and ____________ at the game?
HER SHE

5. Between you and ____________ , this politician cannot be trusted.
ME I

6. Each person in the room turned ____________ head to the front when the teacher entered.
THEIR HIS

7. We know that we can count on James, Anne, and ____________ .
HER SHE

8. Rhonda explained that ____________ and her sister had often eaten at that restaurant.
HER SHE

9. Most of the workers were wearing ____________ hard hats.
HIS OR HER THEIR

10. It's always best for a student to ask questions when ____________ doesn't understand a
problem.
SHE THEY

11. The children in that neighborhood often ride ____________ bikes through the park.
HIS OR HER THEIR

12. The local government plans to cut ____________ budget for recreation.
ITS THEIR

13. When I meet new people, I'm usually curious about ____________ occupations.
THEIR HIS OR HER

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14. Everyone who purchased one of the paintings ____________ pleased.
WERE WAS

15. Few of the suggestions ____________ reasonable to me.
SOUND SOUNDS

16. Christopher and ____________ want to travel to the Far East some day.
I ME

17. The cost of the repairs shocked both my brother and ____________ .
I ME

18. Most of the congestion on the highway ____________ caused by an overturned truck.
WERE WAS

19. To Maria and ____________ , the movie seemed very silly.
HER SHE

20. Both of the bicycles in the garage ____________ broken.
IS ARE

USE THE APPROPRIATE PRONOUN

1. This is __________ jacket, but these shoes are not __________
2. __________ can't do my Maths homework. Could you help __________
3. Where's mum? I want to talk to __________
4. __________ are going for a walk in the park. Do you want to come with __________ ?
5. No, that's not __________ ball. It's __________
6. Joe's cat is very cute. _______ got a black body and _________ ears and paws are white.
7. This bat can't be __________ . __________ bat is in my room.
8. Look, there she is! Do you feel like dancing with __________ ?

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FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. Where's my bike? I can't find ________ .
2. Where's Nora? I've got a book for ________.
3. My best friend is Charles. I like ________ a lot.
4. Give ________ my cassettes. I want ________ back.
5. ________ teacher is nice. ________ doesn't give ________ a lot of homework.
6. Jimmie can't put the tins on the shelf. Can you help ________?
7. Simon, here's some orange juice for ________ .
8. Where are Pam and Rick? I've got a letter for ________.
9. Where are ________ glasses? I need ________.
10. I've got a brother. Everybody calls ________ "Richie".
11. Don't call ________ Rich! ________ don't like it.
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING PRONOUNS.

1. I want to buy a present for _______ (Wendy) It's _______ (Wendy's) birthday, today.
_______ (Wendy) is having a party on Saturday.
2. I gave _______ (Bob) a comic.
3. I eat _______ (baked beans) every day.
4. What can I give _______ (the children) to drink?
5. I want to fry _______ (the sausages) for dinner.
6. I invited _______ (Caroline) to my party.
7. They are watching tv with _______ (uncle George)
8. What is _______ (this word) in English?
9. There's a rainbow in the sky. Can you see _______? (the rainbow)
10. Feed _______ (the fish) and give some water to _______ (the guinea pig)

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EXERCISES
Answer these questions to the best of your hability.
1. What is adoption?
____________________________________________________________________
2. What are some of the reasons people choose to adopt?
____________________________________________________________________
3. Would you want to adopt a boy or a girl? Why?
____________________________________________________________________
4. Should you tell the child that he or she was adopted? If so at what age? Or when?
____________________________________________________________________
5. Should adopted children have the right to know their biological parents?
____________________________________________________________________
6. Should adoptions be between children and families of the same race and or culture?
____________________________________________________________________
7. Should a gay or lesbian couple be allowed to adopt a child?
____________________________________________________________________
8. Should there be an age restriction for the adoptive parents?
____________________________________________________________________
9. Should a single man or woman be able to adopt a child?
____________________________________________________________________
10. Are there different expectations for sons and daughters?
____________________________________________________________________
11. What jobs/habits/behaviors are seen as appropriate for (wo)men but inappropriate for(wo)
men?
____________________________________________________________________
12. Are men and women equal in ability and intelligence?
____________________________________________________________________
13. Are there more male or female managers and executives? Why do you think this is?
____________________________________________________________________
14. Can a man and a woman be only friends?
____________________________________________________________________
15. Who do you think has life easier, girls or guys? Why?
____________________________________________________________________

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Countries and Nationalities
This chart shows the Country, Language and Nationality of many major countries from
around the world.
Country Language Nationality

France French French
Greece Greek Greek
Britain English British
Denmark Danish Danish
Finland Finnish Finnish
Poland Polish Polish
Spain Spanish Spanish
Sweden Swedish Swedish
Turkey Turkish Turkish
Germany German German
Mexico Spanish Mexican
United States English American
Australia English Australian
Brazil Portuguese Brazilian
Egypt Arabic Egyptian
Italy Italian Italian
Russia Russian Russian
China Chinese Chinese
Japan Japanese Japanese
Portugal Portuguese Portuguese

He is from France. Hes _______________. He speaks ____________________.
Shes Greek. Shes from ______________. She speaks ___________________.
He is American. Hes from _____________. He speaks ____________________.
She is German. Shes from ____________. She speaks ___________________.
Theyre from Japan. Theyre ___________. They speak ___________________.

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EXERCISES
Do the same as in the example

This is the Empire State Building.
Its located in the USA.
Its an American attraction
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________

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Verbs

Before you begin the verb tense lessons,
it is extremely important to understand that NOT
all English verbs are the same. English verbs
are divided into three groups: Normal Verbs,
Non-Continuous Verbs, and Mixed Verbs.
Group I Normal Verbs
Most verbs are "Normal Verbs." These
verbs are usually physical actions which you can
see somebody doing. These verbs can be used in
all tenses.
Normal Verbs
to run, to walk, to eat, to fly, to go, to say, to touch, etc.
Examples:
I eat dinner every day. I am eating dinner now.

Group II Non-Continuous Verbs
The second group, called "Non-Continuous Verbs," is smaller. These verbs are usually
things you cannot see somebody doing. These verbs are rarely used in continuous tenses. They
include:
Abstract Verbs
to be, to want, to cost, to seem, to need, to care, to
contain, to owe, to exist...
Possession Verbs
to possess, to own, to belong...

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Emotion Verbs
to like, to love, to hate, to dislike, to fear, to envy, to mind...
Examples:
He is needing help now. Not Correct
He needs help now. Correct
He is wanting a drink now. Not Correct
He wants a drink now. Correct
Group III Mixed Verbs
The third group, called "Mixed Verbs," is the smallest group. These verbs have more than
one meaning. In a way, each meaning is a unique verb. Some meanings behave like "Non-
Continuous Verbs," while other meanings behave like "Normal Verbs."
Mixed Verbs
to appear, to feel, to have, to hear, to look, to see, to weigh...
List of Mixed Verbs with Examples and Definitions:
to appear:
Donna appears confused. Non-Continuous Verb
DONNA SEEMS CONFUSED.
My favorite singer is appearing at the jazz
club tonight. Normal Verb
MY FAVORITE SINGER IS GIVING A
PERFORMANCE AT THE JAZZ CLUB TONIGHT.
to have:
I have a dollar now. Non-Continuous Verb
I POSSESS A DOLLAR.
I am having fun now. Normal Verb
I AM EXPERIENCING FUN NOW.

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to hear:
She hears the music. Non-Continuous Verb
SHE HEARS THE MUSIC WITH HER EARS.
She is hearing voices. Normal Verb
SHE HEARS SOMETHING OTHERS CANNOT HEAR.
SHE IS HEARING VOICES IN HER MIND.
to look:
Nancy looks tired. Non-Continuous Verb
SHE SEEMS TIRED.
Farah is looking at the pictures. Normal Verb
SHE IS LOOKING WITH HER EYES.
to miss:
John misses Sally. Non-Continuous Verb
HE IS SAD BECAUSE SHE IS NOT THERE.
Debbie is missing her favorite TV program. Normal Verb
SHE IS NOT THERE TO SEE HER FAVORITE PROGRAM.
to see:
I see her. Non-Continuous Verb
I SEE HER WITH MY EYES.
I am seeing the doctor. Normal Verb
I AM VISITING OR CONSULTING WITH A DOCTOR. (ALSO USED WITH DENTIST AND LAWYER.)
I am seeing her. Normal Verb
I AM HAVING A RELATIONSHIP WITH HER.
He is seeing ghosts at night. Normal Verb
HE SEES SOMETHING OTHERS CANNOT SEE. FOR
EXAMPLE GHOSTS, AURA, A VISION OF THE
FUTURE, ETC.

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to smell:
The coffee smells good. Non-Continuous Verb
THE COFFEE HAS A GOOD SMELL.
I am smelling the flowers. Normal Verb I
AM SNIFFING THE FLOWERS TO SEE WHAT THEIR
SMELL IS LIKE.
to taste:
The coffee tastes good. Non-Continuous Verb
THE COFFEE HAS A GOOD TASTE.
I am tasting the cake. Normal Verb
I AM TRYING THE CAKE TO SEE WHAT IT TASTES LIKE.
to think:
He thinks the test is easy. Non-Continuous Verb
HE CONSIDERS THE TEST TO BE EASY.
She is thinking about the question. Normal Verb
SHE IS PONDERING THE QUESTION, GOING OVER IT IN HER MIND.
Some Verbs Can Be Especially Confusing:
to be:
Joe is American. Non-Continuous
Verb
JOE IS AN AMERICAN CITIZEN.
Joe is being very American. Normal
Verb
JOE IS BEHAVING LIKE A STEREOTYPICAL
AMERICAN.
Joe is being very rude. Normal Verb
JOE IS BEHAVING VERY RUDELY.
USUALLY HE IS NOT RUDE.
NOTICE: Only rarely is "to be" used in a continuous
form. This is most commonly done when a person is
temporarily behaving badly or stereotypically. It can also be
used when someone's behavior is noticeably different.

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to feel:
The massage feels great. Non-Continuous Verb
THE MASSAGE HAS A PLEASING FEELING.
I don't feel well today. Sometimes used as Non-Continuous Verb
I AM A LITTLE SICK.
I am not feeling well today. Sometimes used as Normal Verb
I AM A LITTLE SICK.
NOTICE: The second meaning of "feel" is very flexible and there is no real difference in
meaning between "I don't feel well today" and "I am not feeling well today."
Verb tenses are tools that English speakers use to express time in their language. You may
find that many English tenses do not have direct translations in your language. That is not a
problem.
Verb Tense Overview with Examples
Simple Present Simple Past Simple Future
I study English every day.
Two years ago, I studied
English in England.
If you are having problems, I will help
you study English.

I am going to study English next year.
Present Continuous Past Continuous Future Continuous
I am studying English now.
I was studying English when
you called yesterday.
I will be studying English when you
arrive tonight.

I am going to be studying English
when you arrive tonight.
Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect
I have studied English in
several different countries.
I had studied a little English
before I moved to the U.S.
I will have studied every tense by the
time I finish this course.

I am going to have studied every
tense by the time I finish this course.
Present Perfect
Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous Future Perfect Continuous
I have been studying English
for five years.
I had been studying English
for five years before I moved
to the U.S.
I will have been studying English for
over two hours by the time you arrive.

I am going to have been studying
English for over two hours by the time
you arrive.

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EXERCISES
Give examples of: (include a sentence for each verb)

Action
Normal Verbs:
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Non Action Verbs:
Abstract:
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Possession:
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Emotion:
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Mixed Verbs:
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________

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Simple Present

[VERB] + s/es in third person
Examples:
You speak English.
Do you speak English?
You do not speak English.
Repeated Actions

Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action
can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can
also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.
Examples:
I play tennis.
She does not play tennis.
Does he play tennis?
The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.
The train does not leave at 9 AM.
When does the train usually leave?
She always forgets her purse.
He never forgets his wallet.
Every twelve months, the Earth circles
the Sun.
Does the Sun circle the Earth?
Past Present Future

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Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker
believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will
be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is
correct about the fact. It is also used to make
generalizations about people or things.
Examples:
Cats like milk.
Birds do not like milk.
Do pigs like milk?
California is in America.
California is not in the United Kingdom.
Windows are made of glass.
Windows are not made of wood.
New York is a small city. IT IS NOT
IMPORTANT THAT THIS FACT IS UNTRUE.

Scheduled Events in the Near Future

Speakers occasionally use Simple
Present to talk about scheduled events in
the near future. This is most commonly
done when talking about public
transportation, but it can be used with
other scheduled events as well.

Past Present Future
Past Present Future

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Examples:
The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.
The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it
arrives at 11 PM.
When do we board the plane?
The party starts at 8 o'clock.
When does class begin tomorrow?

Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

Speakers sometimes use the Simple
Present to express the idea that an action is
happening or is not happening now. This can
only be done with Non-Continuous Verbs and
certain Mixed Verbs.
Examples:
I am here now.
She is not here now.
He needs help right now.
He does not need help now.
He has his passport in his hand.
Do you have your passport with you?

Past Present Future

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EXERCISES
Choose the right verb to complete the sentences

1. She ___ four languages.
a. speak b. speaks

2. Jane is a teacher. She ___ French.
a. teach b. teaches

3. When the kettle ___, will you make some tea?
a. boil b. boils

4. I always ___ the window at night because it is cold.
a. close b. closes

5. Those shoes ___ too much.
a. cost b. costs

6. The food in Japan is expensive. It ___ a lot to live there.
a. cost b. costs

7. His job is great because he ___ a lot of people.
a. meet b. meets

8. He always ___ his car on Sundays.
a. wash b. washes

9. My watch is broken and it ___ to be fixed again.
a. need b. needs

10. I ___ to watch movies.
a. love b. loves

11. I ___ to the cinema at least once a week.
a. go b. goes

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12. They never ___ tea in the morning.
a. drink b. drinks

13. We both ___ to the radio in the morning.
a. listen b. listens

14. He ___ a big wedding.
a. want b. wants

15. George ___ too much so he's getting fat.
a. eat b. eats

16. The earth ___ round the sun, doesn't it?
a. go b. goes

17. The shops in England ___ at 9:00 in the morning.
a. open b. opens

18. The post office ___ at 5:30 pm.
a. close b. closes

19. Jackie ___ two children now.
a. has b. have

20. Mr. Smith ___ too much. He always has a cigarette in his mouth.
a. smoke
b. smokes

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Put in the correct verb forms into the gaps. Use Simple Present.

Example: ___ they ______ their friends? (to phone) Answer: Do they phone their friends?

1. ____you________mineral water? (to drink)
2. ____Sarah and Linda__________their pets? (to
feed)
3. ____your teacher__________your homework? (to
check)
4. _____they__________in the old house? (to live)
5. _____the cat__________on the wall in the
mornings? (to sit)
6. _____Nina________computer games? (to play)
7. _____your parents__________TV in the
afternoon? (to watch)
8. _____your grandmother__________the phone? (to answer)
9. _____Andy__________the shopping? (to do)
10. _____Garry and Ken___________a cup of tea in the afternoon? (to have)

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Write down the missing sentences.

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE QUESTIONS

I I play. _____________________ _____________________
You You help. _____________________ _____________________
He _____________________ He does not answer. _____________________
She _____________________ _____________________ Does she sing?
It It rains. _____________________ _____________________
We _____________________ _____________________ Do we dream?
You _____________________ You do not read. _____________________
They _____________________ _____________________ Do they work?

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Simple Past

[VERB+ed] or irregular verbs
Examples:
You called Debbie.
Did you call Debbie?
You did not call Debbie.

Completed Action in the Past

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific
time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do
have one specific time in mind.
Examples:
I saw a movie yesterday.
I didn't see a play yesterday.
Last year, I traveled to Japan.
Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.
Did you have dinner last night?
She washed her car.
He didn't wash his car.

Past Present Future

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A Series of Completed Actions

We use the Simple Past to list a series of
completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st,
2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.
Examples:
I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice
place to swim.
He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked in the hotel at 9:00, and met them at 10:00.
Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?

Duration in Past

The Simple Past can be used with a
duration which starts and stops in the past. A
duration is a longer action often indicated by
expressions such as: for two years, for five
minutes, all day, all year, etc.
Examples:
I lived in Brazil for two years.
Shauna studied Japanese for five
years.
They sat at the beach all day.
They did not stay at the party the
entire time.
We talked on the phone for thirty
minutes.
A: How long did you wait for them?
B: We waited for one hour.
Past Present Future
Past Present Future

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Habits in the Past

The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit
which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as
"used to." To make it clear that we are talking about a habit,
we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually,
never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.
Examples:
I studied French when I was a child.
He played the violin.
He didn't play the piano.
Did you play a musical instrument when you were a
kid?
She worked at the movie theater after school.
They never went to school, they always skipped class.
Past Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Past can also be used to
describe past facts or generalizations which are
no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this
use of the Simple Past is quite
similar to the expression "used to."

Past Present Future
Past Present Future

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Examples:
She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.
He didn't like tomatoes before.
Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?
People paid much more to make cell
phone calls in the past.
IMPORTANT When-Clauses Happen First
Clauses are groups of words which have
meaning but are often not complete sentences.
Some clauses begin with the word "when" such
as "when I dropped my pen..." or "when class
began..." These clauses are called when-
clauses, and they are very important. The
examples below contain when-clauses.
Examples:
When I paid her one dollar, she answered my
question.
She answered my question when I paid her one
dollar.
When-clauses are important because they always
happen first when both clauses are in the Simple Past. Both
of the examples above mean the same thing: first, I paid her
one dollar, and then, she answered my question. It is not
important whether "when I paid her one dollar" is at the
beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence.
However, the example below has a different meaning. First,
she answered my question, and then, I paid her one dollar.
Example:
I paid her one dollar when she answered my question

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EXERCISES

Complete the sentences with the Past Tense

1. Tom __________ (buy) a new house last month.
2. When ____________________(they/arrive) last
week?
3. She __________________(not/understand) the
question yesterday.
4. Fred __________(take) a lot of pictures on his
holiday last summer.
5. What ____________________(you/get) for your
birthday?
6. They __________(remember) to get the bread
this morning!
7. Alice __________(play) tennis this morning.
8. Where ____________________(you/go) last
weekend?
9. I __________(want) to buy that computer, but it
was too expensive.
10. Why ____________________(they/not/come)?

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Match the question to the answer.

1. What time did the meeting finish?
a) Only ten minutes. He was in a hurry.
b) About ten minutes ago. It was dreadful, endless arguments.
c) He didn't say exactly but he said it would be late afternoon.
d) I'm sorry. I didn't realize that it was confidential.

2. Where did you stay the last time you were in London?
b) At the Novotel. It was excellent value for London.
c) At least fifteen minutes.
d) Tuesday, I think.

3. Who asked a 'Bill Smith' to call them back?
a) I'm sorry. I didn't realise that it was confidential.
b) I did. Can you put him though on my phone?
d) He didn't say exactly but he said it would be late
afternoon.

4. Why didn't you tell me that Harry had
called?
b) Sorry. it completely slipped my mind.
c) He didn't say exactly but he said it
would be late afternoon.
d) I'm sorry. I didn't realise that it was
confidential.

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5. Where did we buy that last computer?
b) Some small independent shop, I think.

6. Which day did he say he was coming?
a) I'm sorry. I didn't realize that it was confidential.
b) At least fifteen minutes.
c) About ten minutes ago. It was dreadful, endless
arguments.

7. What time did he say he was coming.
a) I did. Can you put him though on my phone?
b) Only ten minutes. He was in a hurry.
c) He didn't say exactly but he said it would be late afternoon.
d) At least fifteen minutes.

8. Why did you tell him that?
a) I'm sorry. I didn't realise that it was confidential.
b) Only ten minutes. He was in a hurry.
c) About ten minutes ago. It was dreadful, endless arguments.
d) At least fifteen minutes.

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OXFORD UNIVERSITY

Oxford is a
beautiful university town
that is famous all over
the world. The University
of Oxford is the oldest
university in Great
Britain; it already existed
in the 12th century. In
the town centre there are
many old buildings.
There is also a museum
where you can learn
more about Oxfords
history.

Grammar Exercise on the Text - Simple Past

We use the simple past for situations and actions in the past.

1. The University of Oxford (be) __________ the first British university.
2. The lecturers of the colleges (speak) __________ a very clear English.
3. That's why Oxford English (become) __________ known as the English of educated
people.
4. In the 19th century, Lewis Carroll (write) __________ 'Alice's Adventures in Wonderland' in
Oxford.
5. Rowan Atkinson (Mr Bean) (study) __________ electrical engineering at Oxford.

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CHICAGO

The third largest city in the
United States (after New York and
Los Angeles) lies on the of Lake
Michigan. The Potawatomi once
lived in this area and the citys
name from the Potawatomi word
Checagou (meaning wild onions).
The name because the place like
onions.
The Sears Tower was built
between 1970 and 1973 and is the
highest building in the United States. It is 442 meters from bottom to the top floor, and reaches a
total height of 527 meters (including its television antennas).

We use the simple past for situations and actions in the past.

1. The first settlers (be) ____________ the Potawatomi.
2. They (call) ____________ this place Checagou (wild onion) because it (smell)
____________ like onions.
3. Constructions on the Sears Tower (begin) ____________ in 1970.
4. Until 1997, the Sears Tower (be) ____________ the highest building in the world.

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Simple Future
Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two
forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings.
These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the
differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.

FORM Will
[will + verb]
Examples:
You will help him later.
Will you help him later?
You will not help him later.

FORM Be Going To
[am/is/are + going to + verb]
Examples:
You are going to meet Jane tonight.
Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
You are not going to meet Jane tonight.
Past Present Future

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"Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one
the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's
complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or
volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to
voluntarily do something.
Examples:
I will send you the information when I
get it.
I will translate the email, so Mr.
Smith can read it.
Will you help me move this heavy
table?
Will you make dinner?
I will not do your homework for you.
I won't do all the housework myself!
A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.
A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
B: I'll get you some coffee.
A: The phone is ringing.
B: I'll get it.

"Will" to Express a Promise
"Will" is usually used in promises.
Examples:
I will call you when I arrive.
If I am elected President of the United
States, I will make sure everyone has
access to inexpensive health insurance.
I promise I will not tell him about the
surprise party.
Don't worry, I'll be careful.
I won't tell anyone your secret.

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"Be going to" to Express a Plan
"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person
intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.
Examples:
He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.
She is not going to spend her vacation in
Hawaii.
A: When are we going to meet each other
tonight?
B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
Michelle is going to begin medical school
next year.
They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
Who are you going to invite to the party?
A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake?
B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.

"Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction
Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future.
Predictions are guesses about what might
happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the
subject usually has little control over the future and
therefore USES 1-3 do not apply.
In the following examples, there is no
difference in meaning.

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Examples:
The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.
The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.
John Smith will be the next President.
John Smith is going to be the next President.
The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.
The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.
IMPORTANT
In the Simple Future, it is not always clear
which USE the speaker has in mind. Often, there is
more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.
No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot
be used in clauses beginning with time expressions
such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as
soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future,
Simple Present is used.
Examples:
When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct
When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct

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EXERCISES
Put the verbs into the correct form. Use WILL.

Jim asked a fortune teller about his future. Here is what she
told him:
1. You (earn)_______________ a lot of money.
2. You (travel) _______________ around the world.
3. You (meet) ______________ lots of interesting people.
4. Everybody (adore) _______________ you.
5. You (not / have) _______________ any problems.
6. Many people (serve) _______________ you.
7. They (anticipate) _______________ your
wishes.
8. There (not / be) _______________ anything left to wish
for.
9. Everything (be) _______________
perfect.
10. But all these things (happen / only)______________ if you marry me.

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Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below
with the appropriate tenses.

1. A: Why are you holding a piece of paper?
2. B: I (write) _______________ a letter to my friends back home in Texas.
3. A: I'm about to fall asleep. I need to wake up!
4. B: I (get) _______________ you a cup of coffee. That will wake you up.
5. A: I can't hear the television!
6. B: I (turn) _______________ it up so you can hear it.
7. We are so excited about our trip next month to France. We (visit) _______________
Paris, Nice and Grenoble.
8. Sarah (come) _____________ to the party. Oliver (be) _______________ there as well.
9. Ted: It is so hot in here!
10. Sarah: I (turn) _______________ the air-conditioning on.
11. I think he (be) _______________ the next President of the United States.
12. After I graduate, I (attend) _______________ medical school and become a doctor. I
have wanted to be a doctor all my life.
13. A: Excuse me, I need to talk to someone about our hotel room. I am afraid it is simply too
small for four people.
14. B: That man at the service counter (help) _______________ you.

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THE OREGON WEATHER FORECAST

Weather Forecaster: Good afternoon and welcome to the
weather forecast. Let's take a look at the weather outside now.
What's it like? Well, it's currently raining and cloudy in southern
Oregon while northern Oregon is cold and clear. The sun is
shining, but it's rather cold up here in the North! The temperature
is currently 45 degrees in the southern Oregon and only 30
degrees in the North.
Shall we see what the weather will be like tomorrow? Well,
it will be rainy in the morning in southern Oregon and windy in
northern Oregon. In the afternoon, The South will see cloudy
weather with some rain later in the day. Northern Oregon will also see rain turning to snow and
quite windy, with winds coming from the North-East.
That's the weather forecast for this afternoon. Have a good day!

1. What time of day is it?
morning afternoon evening

2. What's the weather like in southern Oregon at the moment?
rainy and cloudy sunny and windy sunny and cold

3. What's the weather like in northern Oregon at the moment?
rainy and cloudy sunny and windy sunny and cold

4. What is the temperature in southern Oregon at the moment?
30 degrees 45 degrees 13 degrees

5. What is the temperature in northern Oregon at the moment?
30 degrees 45 degrees 13 degrees

6. What will the weather be like in southern Oregon tomorrow morning?
rainy sunny windy

7. What will the weather be like in northern Oregon tomorrow morning?
snowy sunny windy

8. What will it do later in the day in southern Oregon?
rain snow be clear

9. Where will it be windy tomorrow?
southern Oregon northern Oregon Seattle

10. What direction will the wind come from?
North-East North-West South-East

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EXERCISES PRESENT, PAST AND FUTURE TENSES

Read these sentences:
Past: Sofia talked loudly. Present: Sofia talks loudly. Future: Sofia will talk loudly.

Try for yourself. Fill in the gaps:
Past: ______________________________
Present: Ahmed opens his book.
Future: ______________________________

Past: Bob ran quickly.
Present: ______________________________
Future: ______________________________

Past: ______________________________
Present: ______________________________
Future: I will go to school.

Now write these sentences in the past tense:
1. The bus is late. ________________________________________________
2. The student smiles at the funny story. ____________________________________________
3. We will eat dinner on Friday. ________________________________________________
4. The car stops at the traffic light. ________________________________________________

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Now write these sentences in the present tense:
1. The school was very cold. ________________________________________________
2. The students will come to the lesson on time. _______________________________________
3. Sofia smiled at the joke. ________________________________________________
4. When will the students finish the book? ___________________________________________
5. John and Sarah ran for the bus but missed it. _______________________________________

Write these sentences in the future tense:
1. I finish school on Friday. ________________________________________________
2. The student talks loudly. ________________________________________________
3. We eat dinner at eight oclock. ________________________________________________
4. They go to the cinema. ________________________________________________
5. You looked at the picture in the magazine. ________________________________________
Complete the sentences with the best tense for the given
verbs

1. Daryl always __________ (come) to work on time.
2. I __________ (come) to work on the bus this morning.
3. The telephone __________ (ring) when as I was leaving(leave) my house.
4. Our class __________ (begin) every morning at 8:30 and ends(end) at 10:10.
5. We occasionally __________ (go) to the movies on Sunday.
6. Ruth __________ (study) French for a few months last year. The newspaper says that the
police in New Orleans finally __________ (catch) the bank robber.

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Introduction to Idioms
Idioms Found in the News!

Idioms are everywhere in American life. Here's a collection of idioms (with definitions)
found in popular newspapers & magazines. Next time you're reading a magazine or newspaper,
keep a pen handy and write down interesting idioms and expressions you find. Keep a journal of
such expressions. You'll be surprised how quickly you can fill it
______________________________________________________________

Venture capitalist David Cowan is a professed chess-playing nerd who studied math and
computer science at Harvard. Last year, though, he decided he needed a crash course in getting
hip.
The Wall Street Journal
crash course - a quick lesson
(Note: a nerd is somebody who's very
interested in technology and who's usually very
smart but who has limited social skills. It's similar
to a geek. You may also hear the phrase
"computer nerd").
______________________________________________________________

Many older tech investors, eager not to miss
out, are going to great lengths to shed fuddy-
duddy images and ingratiate themselves with the
younger generation.
(to) miss out - to miss an opportunity; to fail to
make use of an opportunity
(to) go to great lengths - to do a lot; to do a
lot to achieve a certain goal
fuddy-duddy - out of fashion; not modern; an
old-fashioned person who doesn't want to change
______________________________________________________________

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As she pushed her shopping cart down an aisle of the
Super Stop & Shop near her hometown of Warren, R.I., recently,
Ms. Cabrera, a retired schoolteacher, offered her thoughts on why
she steers clear of high-fructose corn syrup: "It's been linked to
obesity, and it's just not something that's natural or good for you."
- The New York Times
to steer clear (of something) - to avoid something; to stay
away from something. (Note that "to steer" means to guide with a
wheel or a similar device. When there's something in the road, you may need to steer your car
around it).
______________________________________________________________

No one is predicting that the iPod economy will be slowing soon. Mr. Baker said: "We've
barely scratched the surface with the video iPod."
In some communities, efforts are being made to
increase the amount of affordable housing. Celebrity-
heavy Aspen, for example, has created 2,600 low-cost
units over the past 30 years. But such measures only
scratch the surface of the problem.
- Financial Times
to (barely or only) scratch the surface - to
only begin to explore or understand something; to deal
with something only superficially
______________________________________________________________

Rap-metal, once all the rage in the '90s thanks to bands like Limp Bizkit, now seems as
relevant as Beavis and Butt- head. - People Magazine
"Condos are all the rage right now," Hodgett said.
"People like to be close to downtown and walk to restaurants
and shopping. They can come home in the evening and not
worry about mowing the lawn."
- Contra Costa Times
all the rage - very popular, trendy
______________________________________________________________

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Weber, the grill maker founded in Mount Prospect, Ill., in 1952, is refining its most
expensive grill, the $2,200 Summit Platinum D6, in response to
buyers who want more bells and whistles, said Brooke Jones, a
Weber product manager. "They are looking for stainless steel
grills and more accessories like rotisseries, warmer drawers, side
burners and hand lights," she said.
bells and whistles - fancy features; product features that
make a product more premium or expensive but that are not
usually necessary; extras
______________________________________________________________

Just seven months after the city's bid to host the 2012 Olympics
fell flat, a key booster of the effort has opened the door to a scramble
for the 2016 games - statements that fly in the face of previous
comments by Mayor Bloomberg and other city officials.
- New York Post
fly in the face - contradict; go against
______________________________________________________________

It took Carolyn Fellwock and Charlie Watson only 11
months to tie the knot after meeting on Yahoo Personals and
three years more to call it quits.
Wall Street Journal
to tie the knot to get married
to call it quits to end something (such as a relationship,
a job, a project, etc)
______________________________________________________________

Some people who met a spouse online and later divorced arent
losing heart. Some even say they would date online again.
to lose heart to give up hope; to get discouraged

______________________________________________________________

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Diana Leal, a Woodland Hills paralegal, said that when she was working in Dallas, she
immediately lost respect for her attorney boss when he
asked her out for dinner. I couldn't believe it. I think he just
fell for my beauty or something. And then when I said `no,'
he fired me," Leal said. "Bottom line, you can't be friends
with your boss. It complicates things."
Los Angeles Daily News
bottom line the main point is; the conclusion is
______________________________________________________________

You can "kiss up" to both teachers and bosses, so here's one example of each:
Kids too into school have lost their love of learning (if they ever had any). They cram and
forget. They're stressed. They're sleep-deprived. They compete with their "friends" and kiss up to
their teachers.
The Oakland Tribune
Have a good relations hip with you boss. That
does not mean kiss up to your boss. If it gets too far
along a bad path, it means you don't get the good
assignments, don't get the promotions and don't have
a chance to advance your career. Plus, you may just
be miserable. Make sure your relationship with your
boss is open and honest, casual yet also professional.
The News & Observer
to kiss up to flatter; try to gain favor with; behave in a way to make people like you more
______________________________________________________________

But Vladimir Nuzhny, a toxicologist, said up to half of imported wine has not corresponded
to the required quality since the fall of the Soviet Union . "It never killed anyone and Russian
leadership used to turn a blind eye, but now relations are worsening with the Georgian and
Moldovan leaders they don't see a need to ignore it any more," he said.
- The Guardian
to turn a blind eye - to ignore; to pretend that something is not
happening; to let something illegal or wrong happen without saying
anything
______________________________________________________________

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George W. Bush can be sure of one thing when he next visits China
on official business. Chinese president Hu Jintao won't try to emulate the
Texas charm the US president dishes out at his Crawford ranch, dressing
down to shoot the breeze over pork dumplings at a village restaurant.
- Financial Times
shoot the breeze - to talk; to chat; to make conversation
______________________________________________________________

Steve Girdler, director of services at Kelly UK, agrees
that Sugar's methods are impressive. "Sometimes I think we
can be too soft in our assessment of graduates. But what's the
point when we know that in reality, business can be a dog-
eat-dog world?"
- The Guardian
dog-eat-dog world - a cruel world; a challenging
environment in which people just look out for themselves
______________________________________________________________

"Helping hand" can take either "a" or "the" before it. Here's an example of each since we're
so eager to lend a helping hand!
As the cost of living for young people rises, the helping hand from parents is extending well
past college years.
The New York Times
There was a table for the folks from Alcoholics
Anonymous, another where people could sign up for food
stamps and another where homeless veterans could find
a helping hand.
-The San Francisco Chronicle
(the or a) helping hand assistance; help

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Idioms Exercises
Make sentences with the given IDIOMS below
crash course ______________________________________________________
(to) miss out - ______________________________________________________
(to) go to great lengths - ______________________________________________________
fuddy-duddy - ______________________________________________________
to steer clear - ______________________________________________________
scratch the surface - ______________________________________________________
all the rage - ______________________________________________________
bells and whistles - ______________________________________________________
fly in the face - ______________________________________________________
to tie the knot ______________________________________________________
to call it quits ______________________________________________________
to lose heart ______________________________________________________
bottom line ______________________________________________________
to kiss up ______________________________________________________
to turn a blind eye - ______________________________________________________
shoot the breeze - ______________________________________________________
dog-eat-dog world - ______________________________________________________
(the or a) helping hand ______________________________________________________

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Job Ocupations
The traditional concept of career (Job or Occupation) has been concerned with progression
up an ordered hierarchy within an organization or profession.
Career refers to an individuals work and life roles over their lifespan. This version of a career
makes it clear that people can progress through their career horizontally as well as vertically.
By the late 20th century a plethora of choices (especially in the range of potential
professions) and more widespread education had allowed it to become possible to plan (or design)
a career: in this respect the careers of the career counselor and of the career advisor have grown
up. It is also not uncommon for adults in the late 20th/early 21st centuries to have dual or multiple
careers, either sequentially or concurrently. Thus, professional identities have become hyphenated
or hybridized to reflect this shift in work ethic.
Match the jobs on the left to their definitions on the right.

_____ Journalist 1) person who drives a bus.
_____ Teacher 2) He/she works in a school and teaches students.
_____ Police officer 3) rescues people from burning buildings and helps put out fires.
_____ Accountant 4) works in hospital and helps doctors.
_____ Business person 5) defends people's rights in court.
_____ Doctor 6) flies an airplane.
_____ Nurse 7) takes people's orders in a restaurant and serves them food.
_____ Pilot 8) works in a police station and maintains public security.
_____ Taxi driver 9) works in a bank and keeps records of money.
_____ Bus driver 10) works in a hospital and treats patients.
_____ Manager 11) answers phone calls and does office work for his/her boss.
_____ Chef 12) drives a taxi.
_____ Actor 13) person who reports news on TV, radio or Newspaper.
_____ Actress 14) does the cooking in a restaurant or hotel.
_____ Firefighter 15) a woman who plays a role in a movie.
_____ Waiter 16) manages the affairs of a company or business.
_____ Lawyer 17) one who does business.
_____ Secretary 18) a man who acts in a movie.

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Present Continuous

FORM
[am/is/are + present participle]
Examples:
You are watching TV. Are you watching
TV?
You are not watching
TV.

Now

Use the Present Continuous with Normal Verbs to
express the idea that something is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to
show that something is not happening now.
Examples:
You are learning English now.
You are not swimming now.
Are you sleeping?
I am sitting.
I am not standing.
Is he sitting or standing?
They are reading their books.
They are not watching television.
What are you doing?
Why aren't you doing your
homework?

Past Present Future

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Longer Actions in Progress Now

In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so
on. Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer
action which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at this exact second.
Examples: (All of these sentences can be said while eating dinner in a restaurant.)
I am studying to become a doctor.
I am not studying to become a dentist.
I am reading the book Tom Sawyer.
I am not reading any books right now.
Are you working on any special projects
at work?
Aren't you teaching at the university
now?

Near Future

Sometimes, speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will not
happen in the near future.
Examples:
I am meeting some friends after work.
I am not going to the party tonight.
Is he visiting his parents next
weekend?
Isn't he coming with us tonight?
Past Present Future
Past Present Future

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Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

The Present Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea
that something irritating or shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is like Simple Present,
but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and
"verb+ing."
Examples:
She is always coming to class late.
He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up.
I don't like them because they are always complaining.
REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs
It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous
tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous
tenses. Instead of using Present Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Present.
Examples:
She is loving this chocolate ice cream. Not Correct
She loves this chocolate ice cream. Correct

Past Present Future

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EXERCISES
Present Continuous affirmative

1. homework / do / Mike / his
___________________________________________________________________
2. Mike / clean / the house /
___________________________________________________________________
3. He / cook / an omelet / for dinner
___________________________________________________________________
4. Mike / smile at / me
___________________________________________________________________
5. He / run / to catch / the bus
___________________________________________________________________
6. He / laugh at / you
___________________________________________________________________
7. He / wait for / the / bus
___________________________________________________________________
8. He / play / the guitar
___________________________________________________________________

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9. He / drink/ water
___________________________________________________________________
10. He / write / a / novel /
___________________________________________________________________
11. Mike / think / about / his / problems
___________________________________________________________________

Put in the correct verb forms and the nouns into the gaps. Use Present Progressive.

Example: ___________ the newspaper? (he/to read)
Answer: Is he reading the newspaper?

1. ____________________ in the lake? (Lisa/to swim)
2. ____________________ your brother? (you/to help)
3. ____________________ a museum? (he/to visit)
4. _________________ her T-shirt? (Doris/to wash)
5. ____________________ home? (they/to run)
6. ____________________ to the radio? (Henry/to listen)
7. ____________________ the buckets? (the boys/to carry)
8. ____________________ the string of the kite? (she/to hold)
9. ____________________ breakfast? (we/to make)
10. ____________________ the computer? (Ron and Fred/to check)

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Read this conversation between friends and fill in the spaces.
Be careful - there are a couple of present simple verbs!

1. Rosanna: Hi, John. Nice to see you. What (do) __________________ these days?

2. John: Hi, Rosanna. I (work) __________________ in a hotel near the beach.

3. I (like) __________________ it a lot because it's so interesting.

4. And you? (still study) __________________ French at the college?

5. Rosanna: Yes. I (not like) ___________ it very much because we have to work too much.

6. But one good thing is that I (write) _____________ to a French boy who lives in Marseilles.

7. It helps with my French. (go) __________________ to work now?

8. John: No, I (go) __________________ to the supermarket to do some shopping. Do you
want to come with me?

9. Rosanna: I can't, sorry. I (go) __________________ to a cafe to meet my friend Melissa.

10. She (help) __________________ me with my thesis. I will telephone you tomorrow. Bye.

Dear Mary

How are you. I (1) ________________ (receive) your letter last week. Thank you for the
recipe for the cake I (2) _____________ (ask) for. I made it last week and it (3) _____________
(be) very nice. I now (4) __________________ (have) a new job in a supermarket in the city
centre.I go there every day at 3 o'clock in the afternoon and (5) ________________ (work)
there till 10 o'clock in the evening. I am very happy because my sister (6) ________________
(work) there too so we travel to and from work together. I (7) __________________ (get) my
first wages last week and I went shopping immediately! I (8) __________________ (buy) a new
stereo for my bedroom. It is gold and black and (9) __________________ (look) very nice. My
brother (10) _______________ (come) to stay with me for a few days next week. He (11)
_______________ (arrive) on Saturday so I am going to collect him from the station. After I
collect him, we are going to that Mexican restaurant near the park. (12) __________________
(you/want?) to come with us? You can (13) __________________ (call) me to tell me if you
want to come or not. John told me that you (14) __________________ (pass) your Spanish
exam last month. Congratulations. (15) __________________ (be?) difficult? You know that I
(16) __________________ (be) terrible at languages but you are better. (17)
__________________ (you/go?) to visit Spain for your next holiday so you can practice it?
Please write to me soon with all your news, Mary.

All the Best

Sara.

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EXERCISES
Beauty and Physical Attractiveness

1. Does beauty affect one's success in life? Why?
______________________________________________________________________
2. Is it better to be physically attractive, intelligent or wealthy? Why?
______________________________________________________________________
3. Is beauty related to power? How?
______________________________________________________________________
4. Do people spend too much time and money on beauty?
______________________________________________________________________
5. Do you think people should have cosmetic surgery to enhance their looks? If so what is the
minimum age when someone should have plastic surgery?
______________________________________________________________________
6. How important is beauty in your daily life?
______________________________________________________________________
7. Do you think people with many tattoos can be beautiful?
______________________________________________________________________
8. Do you think people with many piercings can be beautiful? What kind of body piercing, if
any, do you feel are acceptable / unacceptable?
______________________________________________________________________
9. Do you think skin color affects whether a person is regarded as beautiful or not? Why?
______________________________________________________________________

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Past Continuous
FORM
[was/were + present participle]
Examples:
You were studying when she called.
Were you studying when she called?
You were not studying when she called.

Interrupted Action in the Past

Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer
action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually
a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a
real interruption or just an interruption in time.
Examples:
I was watching TV when she called.
When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.
While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.
What were you doing when the earthquake started?
Past Present Future

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I was listening to my iPod, so I didn't hear the fire alarm.
You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the
oven off.
While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car.
Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plane.
While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went
off.
A: What were you doing when you broke your leg?
B: I was snowboarding.
Specific Time as an Interruption

In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted
by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an
interruption.
Examples:
Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
At midnight, we were still driving through the desert.
Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work.
IMPORTANT
In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the
Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action.
Examples:
Last night at 6 PM, I ate dinner.
I STARTED EATING AT 6 PM.
Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
I STARTED EARLIER; AND AT 6 PM, I WAS IN THE
PROCESS OF EATING DINNER.
Past Present Future

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Parallel Actions

When you use the Past Continuous with two
actions in the same sentence, it expresses the
idea that both actions were happening at the same
time. The actions are parallel.
Examples:
I was studying while he was making dinner.
While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television.
Were you listening while he was talking?
I wasn't paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I made several mistakes.
What were you doing while you were waiting?
Thomas wasn't working, and I wasn't working either.
They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.
Atmosphere
In English, we often use a series of
parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a
particular time in the past.
Example:
When I walked into the office, several
people were busily typing, some were
talking on the phones, the boss was
yelling directions, and customers were
waiting to be helped. One customer was
yelling at a secretary and waving his
hands. Others were complaining to each
other about the bad service.
Past Present Future

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Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" between "be" and
"verb+ing, expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The
concept is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion.
Examples:
She was always coming to class late.
He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone.
I didn't like them because they were always
complaining.
While vs. When
Clauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often not complete sentences.
Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when she called" or "when it bit me." Other
clauses begin with "while" such as "while she was sleeping" and "while he was surfing." When you
talk about things in the past, "when" is most often followed by the verb tense Simple Past, whereas
"while" is usually followed by Past Continuous. "While" expresses the idea of "during that time."
Study the examples below. They have similar meanings, but they emphasize different parts of the
sentence.
Examples:
I was studying when she called. While I was studying, she called.

REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs
tenses. Instead of using Past Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Past.
Jane was being at my house when you arrived. Not Correct
Jane was at my house when you arrived. Correct
Past Present Future

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EXERCISES
Put the verbs into the correct form (past progressive).

1. When I phoned my friends, they ____________________ (play) monopoly.
2. Yesterday at six I____________________ (prepare) dinner.
3. I ______________ (practise) the guitar when he came home.
4. We ____________________ (not / cycle) all day.
5. What ____________________ (you / do) yesterday?
6. Most of the time we ____________________ (sit) in the park.
Write sentences in past progressive.

1. the snowman / melt / in the sun _________________________________
2. we / explore / a new territory ___________________________________
3. the secretary / print out / a document _____________________________
4. the girls / not / concentrate / on the task ___________________________
Write questions in past progressive.

1. Jill / dance _________________________________
2. your cousins / swim / in the lake _____________________________
3. the student / answer / a question ______________________________
4. William / play / the guitar _________________________________
Ask for the information in the underlined part of the sentence.

1. _______________________________? At a quarter past six, Phil was translating it.
2. _______________________________? Sheila was waiting in the park.
3. _______________________________? The pupils were talking about the United States.

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PAST CONTINUOUS- READING COMPREHENSION

Read the following story. Then answer questions about it.

Hannah met Jamie in the summer of 2004. It was Hannahs 21st birthday and she and her
friends went to a club. They wanted to dance, but they didnt like the music so Hannah went to
speak to the DJ. This music is awful, she said. Could you play
something else? The DJ looked at her and said Dont worry;
I have the perfect song for you.
Two minutes later he said: The next song is by
Coldplay. Its called Yellow and its for a beautiful girl
who is dancing over there. Hannah knew that the
song was for her because she was wearing a yellow
dress. When Hannah and her friends left the club the
DJ was waiting at the door. Hi, Im Jamie, he said to
Hannah. Can I see you again? So Hannah gave him her
phone number.
Next day Jamie phoned Hannah and invited her to dinner. He took her to a very romantic
French restaurant and they talked all evening. After that Jamie and Hannah saw each other every
day. Every evening when Hannah finished work they met at 5.30 in a coffee bar in the High Street.
They were madly in love.
One evening in October, Hannah was at work.
As usual she was going to meet Jamie at 5.30. It was
dark and it was raining. She looked at her watch. It
was 5.20! She was going to be late! She ran to her
car and got in. At 5.25 she was driving along the High
Street. She was going very fast because she was in a
hurry.
Suddenly, a man ran across the road. He was
wearing a dark coat so Hannah didnt see him until it
was too late. Although she tried to stop, she hit the man. Hannah panicked. She didnt stop and
she drove to the coffee bar as fast as she could. But when she arrived Jamie wasnt there. She
phoned him, but his mobile was turned off, so she waited for ten minutes and then went home.
Two hours later a police car arrived at Hannahs house. A policewoman knocked at the
door. Good evening, Madam, she said, Are you Hannah Davis? Id like to speak to you. Can I
come in?

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Answer the Questions

1. Where did Hannah meet Jamie?

__________________________________________________________________

2. What was Jamie doing when they met?

__________________________________________________________________

3. Where did they go on their first date?

__________________________________________________________________

4. Why did Hannah run to her car one October evening?

__________________________________________________________________

5. What did she do after she hit the man?

__________________________________________________________________

6. How long did she wait for Jamie?

__________________________________________________________________

Now write the questions for the following answers.

1. ___________________________? Hodja was walking absent-mindedly.

2. _________________________? People had to wear a suit and a tie to work 20 years ago

3. ___________________________? No, I dont have to call my boss by her title.

4. ___________________________? In my free time I like watching TV.

5. ___________________________? They were playing video games in their room.

6. ___________________________? I went to the drugstore for some aspirin.

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Future Continuous
Future Continuous has two different forms: "will be doing " and "be going to be doing."
Unlike Simple Future forms, Future Continuous forms are usually interchangeable.
Future Continuous with "Will"
[will be + present participle]
Examples:
You will be waiting for her when her
plane arrives tonight.
Will you be waiting for her when her
plane arrives tonight?
You will not be waiting for her when
her plane arrives tonight.
Future Continuous with "Be Going To "
[am/is/are + going to be + present participle]
Examples:
You are going to be
waiting for her when
her plane arrives tonight.
Are you going to be waiting for
her when her plane arrives tonight?
You are not going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.

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REMEMBER: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Continuous
with little difference in meaning.
Interrupted Action in the Future

Use the Future Continuous to indicate that a
longer action in the future will be interrupted by a
shorter action in the future. Remember this can be
a real interruption or just an interruption in time.
Examples:
I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives.
I am going to be staying at the Madison Hotel, if anything happens and you need to
contact me.
He will be studying at the library tonight, so he will not see Jennifer when she arrives.
Notice in the examples above that the
interruptions (marked in italics) are in Simple
Present rather than Simple Future. This is
because the interruptions are in time clauses, and
you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.
Specific Time as an Interruption in the Future

In USE 1, described above, the Future
Continuous is interrupted by a short action in the
future. In addition to using short actions as
interruptions, you can also use a specific time as an
interruption.

Past Present Future
Past Present Future

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Examples:
Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to be eating dinner.
I WILL BE IN THE PROCESS OF EATING DINNER.
At midnight tonight, we will still be driving through the desert.
WE WILL BE IN THE PROCESS OF DRIVING THROUGH THE DESERT.
REMEMBER
In the Simple Future, a specific time is
used to show the time an action will begin or end.
In the Future Continuous, a specific time
interrupts the action.
Examples:
Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to eat dinner.
I AM GOING TO START EATING AT 6 PM.
Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to be eating
dinner.
I AM GOING TO START EARLIER AND I WILL BE IN
THE PROCESS OF EATING DINNER AT 6 PM.
Parallel Actions in the Future

When you use the Future
Continuous with two actions in the same
sentence, it expresses the idea that both
actions will be happening at the same
time. The actions are parallel.

Past Present Future

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Examples:
I am going to be studying and he is going to be making dinner.
Tonight, they will be eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.
While Ellen is reading, Tim will be
watching television.
NOTICE "IS READING" BECAUSE OF
THE TIME CLAUSE CONTAINING
"WHILE."

Atmosphere in the Future
In English, we often use a series of
Parallel Actions to describe atmosphere at
a specific point in the future.

Example:
When I arrive at the party, everybody is
going to be celebrating. Some will be
dancing. Others are going to be
talking. A few people will be eating
pizza, and several people are going to
be drinking beer. They always do the
same thing.
REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future tenses, the Future
Continuous cannot be used in clauses beginning
with time expressions such as: when, while, before,
after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Future Continuous, Present Continuous is
used.

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Examples:
While I am going to be finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Not Correct
While I am finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Correct
AND REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs
tenses. Instead of using Future Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Future.
Examples:
Jane will be being at my house when you arrive. Not Correct
Jane will be at my house when you arrive. Correct

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EXERCISES
Fill in the verbs in brackets in the Future Progressive.
Example: Max ______________ on the computer when his mother comes home. (to play)
Answer: Max will be playing on the computer when his mother comes home.

1. Peggy ___________________ to the party on Saturday. (to come)
2. We ___________________ him tomorrow. (to meet)
3. This time next week he ___________________ to South Africa. (to fly)
4. At 6 o'clock on Friday they ___________________ the new song. (to sing)
5. It ___________________ when I reach Bangkok. (to rain)
6. Tomorrow at nine I ___________________ a test. (to write)
7. Andy ___________________ a video when I arrive tonight. (to watch)
8. You ___________________ pizza soon. (to eat)
9. She ___________________ when you telephone her. (to sleep)
10. They ___________________ in Budapest just about now. (to arrive)
Put the verbs in t hefuture progressive.

1. At midnight we ____________________ (sleep) .
2. At nine I____________________ (watch) the news.
3. They ____________________ (dance) all night.
4. He____________________ (not / play) all afternoon.
5. I ____________________ (not / work) all day.
6. ____________________ (eat / you) at six?
7. ____________________ (drive / she) to London?
8. ____________________ (fight / they) again?

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New Year Future Continuous/ State Verbs

Fill in at least half the sentences below with something true for you:

THIS TIME NEXT YEAR I'LL

(think about) ___________________________________________________
(worry about) ___________________________________________________
(live in) ___________________________________________________
(plan to) ___________________________________________________
(wear) ___________________________________________________
(weigh) ___________________________________________________
(feel) ___________________________________________________
(have) ___________________________________________________
(want) ___________________________________________________
(belong to) ___________________________________________________
(look) ___________________________________________________
(practise) ___________________________________________________
(prepare for) ___________________________________________________

(If you have no ideas for what exactly will be happening, you can use vague language like:
almost exactly the same as now or something completely different to now)

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EXERCISES
Privacy

1. What is privacy?
____________________________________________________________________
2. How do you maintain your privacy at home? At school? On the Internet? When using
Facebook? When you travel? When talking on the phone?
____________________________________________________________________
3. What are some reason why privacy is important for you?
____________________________________________________________________
4. To what extent do public officials have a right to privacy?
____________________________________________________________________
5. Do you think the government has the right to read your email?
____________________________________________________________________
6. How can using social networking sites invade your privacy?
____________________________________________________________________
7. What do you think about being fingerprinted when you enter a country?
____________________________________________________________________
8. How can the press balance freedom of expression with respect for privacy?
____________________________________________________________________
9. In your opinion, which of the following pose a threat to privacy?
Cookies on your PC
_________________________________________________________________
CCTV in supermarkets, Safety cameras in the street
_________________________________________________________________
Employers monitoring employees' use of the internet and email
_________________________________________________________________
Hidden cameras in private homes (e.g. to check on babysitters)
_________________________________________________________________
RFID "spy chips" (= radio frequency identification tags: minuscule microchips, which are
used to identify things)
_________________________________________________________________
Banks keeping tabs on your financial history
_________________________________________________________________
Mobile phones with tracking systems
_________________________________________________________________

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VOCABULARY - CLOTHING
BELT

SHIRT

BLOUSE

SHOES

BOOTS

SHORTS

BRA

SKIRT

CAP

SLLIPERS

COAT

SNEAKERS

DRESS

SOCKS

GLOVES

STOCKINGS

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HAT

SUIT

JACKET

SWEATSHIRT

JEANS

SWEATER

MINI-SKIRT

T-SHIRT

MITTENS

TENNIS

OVERALLS

TIE

PAJAMAS

TROUSERS

PANTS

UNDERWEAR

PANTIES

UNDERSHIRT

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Clothing Exercises
What are they Wearing?

______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________

___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________

___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________

___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________

___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________

___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________

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EXERCISES
Generation Gap

1. What is a generation gap?
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Have you ever felt a generation gap with your friends?
_____________________________________________________________________
3. How do you overcome the generation gap?
_____________________________________________________________________
4. At what point in life does the generation gap seem to be the largest?
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Do you think you can be a better parent than your own parents in future? Why is that?
_____________________________________________________________________
6. Do you think it is OK to date or marry someone of a different generation to yourself, either
older or younger? What could be some problems with that?
_____________________________________________________________________
7. Do you think your generation's fight is similar to your parents generation's fight?
_____________________________________________________________________
8. What do you think are some of the advantages or disadvantages of another generation?
_____________________________________________________________________
9. What roll does music play in generation gaps?
_____________________________________________________________________
10. What influences the styles, values and interests of a generation?
_____________________________________________________________________
11. Are people from the "older" generation always more wise and correct in their ways of
thinking and choices? Why is that or not?
_____________________________________________________________________
12. What role does technology change play in creating a generation gap?
_____________________________________________________________________
13. Which changes in traditional values could contribute to a generation gap?
_____________________________________________________________________

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VOCABULARY FRUIT/VEGETABLES
APPLE

BEET

BANANA

BROCCOLI

CHERRY

CABBAGE

FIG

CARROT

GRAPE

CAULIFLOWER

KIWI

CORN

LEMON

CUCUMBER

MELON

EGGPLANT

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ORANGE

GREEN PEPPER

PEACH

LETTUCE

PEAR

OKRA

PINEAPPLE

ONION

PLUM

PEAS

STRAWBERRY

POTATO

WATERMELON

SPINACH

ASPARAGUS

SWEET POTATO

BEANS

TOMATO

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Fruit and Vegetables Exercises
Write the name of the fruit and Vegetables in the picture below

___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________

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BODY PARTS

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VOCABULARY
English Help, Advice and Tips

General
Decide why you want to study English. Keep this in mind when studying gets tough.
Regular study is important. Try to study a little and often, 30 minutes a day is better than 3
1/2 hours once a week.
Motivate yourself by studying for an exam eg TOEIC (Test of English for International
Communication).

Listening
Try watching movies and TV programs, and listening to the radio, in English. Don't be
discouraged if you can't understand everything first time, the more you listen the more you will
understand. With movies on video, if you find it difficult, don't try to watch everything at once;
watch a little at a time, checking any new words in your dictionary.
Tape record English radio programs, listen to them several times.
Listen to songs. Follow the lyrics sheet that often comes with a CD. Try to write the lyrics of
a song only by listening to it; you'll probably need to listen several times with many pauses. The
lyrics of many songs can be found on the Internet, try starting with a search engine such as
Google or Yahoo.

ADVICE
1. an opinion or recommendation offered as a guide to action, conduct, etc.: I shall act on your
advice.
2. a communication, esp. from a distance, containing information: Advice from abroad informs
us that the government has fallen. Recent diplomatic advices have been ominous.
3. an official notification, esp. one pertaining to a business agreement: an overdue advice.
synonyms - admonition, warning, caution; guidance; urging. advice, counsel,
recommendation, suggestion, persuasion, exhortation refer to opinions urged with more or less
force as worthy bases for thought, opinion, conduct, or action.

TIPS
1. a small present of money given directly to someone for performing a service or menial task;
gratuity: He gave the waiter a dollar as a tip.
2. a piece of private or secret information, as for use in betting, speculating, or writing a news
story: a tip from a bookie.
3. a useful hint or idea; a basic, practical fact: tips on painting.
Synonyms - suggestion, pointer.

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TOUGH
adjective
1. strong or resilient; durable: a tough material
2. not tender: he could not eat the tough steak
3. having a great capacity for endurance; hardy and fit: a tough mountaineer
4. rough or pugnacious: a tough gangster
5. resolute or intractable: a tough employer
6. difficult or troublesome to do or deal with: a tough problem
7. informal unfortunate or unlucky: it's tough on him

MOTIVATE
verb (used with object), -vated, -vating.
to provide with a motive or motives; incite; impel.
Synonyms - induce, move, provoke, prompt, cause.

DISCOURAGED
verb (used with object)
1. to deprive of courage, hope, or confidence; dishearten; dispirit.
2. to dissuade (usually fol. by from ).
3. to obstruct by opposition or difficulty; hinder: Low prices discourage industry.
4. to express or make clear disapproval of; frown upon: to discourage the expression of
enthusiasm.
Synonyms - daunt, depress, deject, overawe, cow, abash. Discourage, dismay, intimidate
mean to dishearten or frighten.

RECORD
verb
1. to set down in writing or the like, as for the purpose of preserving evidence.
2. to cause to be set down or registered: to record one's vote.
3. to set down or register in some permanent form, as on a seismograph.
4. to make a recording of: The orchestra recorded the 6th Symphony.
noun
5. an account in writing or the like preserving the memory or knowledge of facts or events.
6. a legally documented history of criminal activity: They discovered that the suspect had a
record.
7. the tracing, marking, or the like, made by a recording instrument.
8. the highest or best rate, amount, etc., ever attained, esp. in sports: to hold the record for
home runs; to break the record in the high jump.
9. Sports . the standing of a team or individual with respect to contests won, lost, and tied.
10. an official writing intended to be preserved.
11. Law .
a. the commitment to writing, as authentic evidence, of something having legal importance,
esp. as evidence of the proceedings or verdict of a court.
b. evidence preserved in this manner.
c. an authentic or official written report of proceedings of a court of justice.
Synonyms - register, enroll, enter, note. chronicle, history, journal; note, memorandum.

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LYRICS
adjective
1. (of poetry) having the form and musical quality of a song, and esp. the character of a
songlike outpouring of the poet's own thoughts and feelings, as distinguished from epic and
dramatic poetry.
2. pertaining to, rendered by, or employing singing.
3. pertaining, adapted, or sung to the lyre, or composing poems to be sung to the lyre: ancient
Greek lyric odes.
noun
4. Often, lyrics. the words of a song.
EXERCISES
Give us at least three sentences using each of the given words.

ADVICE - _____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
TIPS - _____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
TOUGH - _____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
MOTIVATE - _____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
DISCOURAGED -_________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
RECORD - _____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
LYRICS - _____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

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VOCABULARY
English Help, Advice and Tips - 2

Speaking
Practice introducing yourself in English.
Prepare a 5 minute presentation on a subject that interests you. Give it to your friends.
Speak to as many English people as possible; if you see English people in your country,
say hello and ask if they need any help.
Have an "English Only" party with your friends. Have English food, beer and conversation!

Reading
Read newspaper and magazine articles that interest you.
Subscribe to an English newspaper or magazine or read one regularly on the Internet; see
the links page.
When you find new words try to guess their meaning before looking at them in the
dictionary.
Practice reading quickly, without re-reading, to see how much you can understand (this can
also help your listening).
Practice different kinds of reading:
- Scanning is reading for specific information, eg reading some adverts to find the ones that
interest you.
- Skimming (or reading for gist) is reading to get the main point of a piece of text, eg you
might do this with a newspaper or magazine to decide which articles to read in full.

PRESENTATION
noun
1. the act of presenting or state of being presented
2. the manner of presenting, esp the organization of visual details to create an overall
impression: the presentation of the project is excellent but the content is poor
3. the method of presenting: his presentation of the facts was muddled
4. a verbal report presented with illustrative material, such as slides, graphs, etc: a
presentation on the company results

SUBJECT
noun
1. that which forms a basic matter of thought, discussion, investigation, etc.: a subject of
conversation.
2. a branch of knowledge as a course of study: He studied four subjects in his first year at
college.
3. the theme of a sermon, book, story, etc.
4. a person or thing that undergoes or may undergo some action: As a dissenter, he found
himself the subject of the group's animosity.
5. a person or thing under the control or influence of another.
adjective

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6. being under domination, control, or influence (often fol. by to ).
7. open or exposed (usually fol. by to ): subject to ridicule.
verb
8. to bring under domination, control, or influence (usually fol. by to ).
9. to cause to undergo the action of something specified; expose (usually fol. by to ): to subject
metal to intense heat.
10. to make liable or vulnerable; lay open; expose (usually fol. by to ): to subject oneself to
ridicule.

ARTICLES
noun
1. a written composition in prose, usually nonfiction, on a specific topic, forming an independent
part of a book or other publication, as a newspaper or magazine.
2. an item for sale; commodity.
3. Grammar . any member of a small class of words.
4. a clause, item, point, or particular in a contract, treaty, or other formal agreement; a condition
or stipulation in a contract or bargain: The lawyers disagreed on the article covering plagiarism
suits.

SUBSCRIBE
verb
1. to pledge, as by signing an agreement, to give or pay (a sum of money) as a contribution,
gift, or investment: He subscribed $6,000 for the new church.
2. to give or pay in fulfillment of such a pledge.

LINKS
noun
1. one of the rings or separate pieces of which a chain is composed.
2. anything serving to connect one part or thing with another; a bond or tie: The locket was a
link with the past.
3. a unit in a communications system, as a radio relay station or a television booster station.
4. Computers . an object, as text or graphics, linked through hypertext to a document, another
object, etc.
verb
5. to join by or as if by a link or links; connect; unite (often fol. by up ): The new bridge will link
the island to the mainland. The company will soon link up with a hotel chain.

GUESS
verb
1. to arrive at or commit oneself to an opinion about (something) without having sufficient
evidence to support the opinion fully: to guess a person's weight.
2. to estimate or conjecture about correctly: to guess what a word means.
3. to think, believe, or suppose: I guess I can get there in time.
4. to form an estimate or conjecture (often fol. by at or about ): We guessed at the weight of
the package.

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noun
6. an opinion that one reaches or to which one commits oneself on the basis of probability
alone or in the absence of any evidence whatever.

GIST
noun
1. the main or essential part of a matter: What was the gist of his speech?
2. the ground of a legal action.
Synonyms
1. essence, point, substance, burden, kernel, import.

EXERCISES

PRESENTATION -________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
SUBJECT - _____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
ARTICLES - _____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
SUBSCRIBE -____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
LINKS - _____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
GUESS - _____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
GIST - _____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

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_____________________________________________________________________________
VOCABULARY
English Help, Advice and Tips
Writing
Keep a diary. For each day consider the "WH"-questions (what, where, who, when, why,
how).
Write reviews of movies you've seen, restaurants you've eaten at etc. Describe them and
say what you liked - and didn't like about them.
Find some English speaking pen pals or email friends to practice real English
communication with.
Write letters to newspapers and magazines on subjects that interest you.

Vocabulary
Read newspaper and magazine articles that interest you. Write down any new or difficult
words. Try to guess what you think they mean from how they are used. Check the meanings in a
dictionary.
Try using an English-English dictionary before looking at the translation of new words.
Write down and check new words or expressions you hear in movies, songs etc.
Do crossword puzzles and other word games.
Set yourself targets for learning new words - eg try to learn 10 new words a week.

DIARY
noun, plural -ries.
1. a daily record, usually private, esp. of the writer's own experiences, observations, feelings,
attitudes, etc.
2. a book for keeping such a record.
Synonyms
3-journal, daybook, log, chronicle.

REVIEW
noun
1. a critical article or report, as in a periodical, on a book, play, recital, or the like; critique;
evaluation.
2. the process of going over a subject again in study or recitation in order to fix it in the memory
or summarize the facts.
3. an inspection or examination by viewing, esp. a formal inspection of any military or naval
force, parade, or the like.
4. a judicial reexamination, as by a higher court, of the decision or proceedings in a case.
verb
5. to go over (lessons, studies, work, etc.) in review.
6. to view, look at, or look over again.
7. to inspect, esp. formally or officially: to review the troops.

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8. to discuss (a book, play, etc.) in a critical review; write a critical report upon.
9. Law . to reexamine judicially: a decision to review the case.
PEN PAL
noun
a person with whom one keeps up an exchange of letters, usually someone so far away that a
personal meeting is unlikely: My niece in Texas has a pen pal in France.

MEAN
verb
1. to have in mind as one's purpose or intention; intend: I meant to compliment you on your
work.
2. to intend for a particular purpose, destination, etc.: They were meant for each other.
3. to have as its sense or signification; signify: The word freedom means many things to many
people.
adjective, -er, -est.
4. offensive, selfish, or unaccommodating; nasty; malicious: a mean remark; He gets mean
when he doesn't get his way.
5. small-minded or ignoble: mean motives.

PUZZLE
noun
1. a toy, problem, or other contrivance designed to amuse by presenting difficulties to be solved
by ingenuity or patient effort.
2. something puzzling; a puzzling question, matter, or person.
3. a crossword puzzle: Did you do the puzzle in the newspaper today?
verb
4. to put (someone) at a loss; mystify; confuse; baffle: Her attitude puzzles me.
5. to frustrate or confound, as the understanding; perplex: The problem puzzled him for weeks.
6. to exercise (oneself, one's brain, etc.) over some problem or matter.
7. to be perplexed or confused.

TARGET
noun
1. an object, usually marked with concentric circles, to be aimed at in shooting practice or
contests.
2. anything fired at.
3. a goal to be reached.
4. any marker on which sights are taken.
adjective
5. that is or may be a target or goal: The target group consisted of college graduates who
earned more than $50,000 a year.
verb
6. to use, set up, or designate as a target or goal.
7. to direct toward a target: The new warheads can be targeted with great precision.

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EXERCISES

DIARY - _____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
REVIEW - _____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
PEN PAL - _____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
MEAN - ____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
PUZZLE - _____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
TARGET - _____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

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LIST OF VERBS
A

accelerate
accept
achieve
acquire
activate
adapt
add
administer
admire
admit
adopt
advise
afford
agree
allow
amuse
analyze
announce
answer
anticipate
apologize
appear
appraise
appreciate
approve
argue
arise
arrange
arrest
arrive
ask
assemble
assess
assist
attach
attack
attempt
attend
attract
avoid
B

back
bake
balance
ban
bat
be
bear
beat
become
beg
begin
behave
belong
bend
bet
bid
bite
bless
blink
blow
boil
bomb
book
borrow
bounce
bow
break
breathe
breed
brief
bring
bruise
brush
build
bump
burn
burst
bury
buy
buzz
C

calculate
call
care
carry
carve
cast
catch
cause
challenge
change
charge
chase
cheat
check
cheer
choke
choose
chop
claim
clap
clarify
classify
clean
clip
close
coach
collect
comb
come
command
compare
compete
compile
complain
complete
compose
compute
conceive
concentrate
concern
conclude
conduct
confess
confront
confuse
connect
conserve
consider
consist
consolidate
construct
consult
contain
continue
control
convert
coordinate
copy
correct
cost
cough
counsel
count
cover
crack
crash
crawl
create
cross
crush
cry
cure
curl
cut
cycle

D

damage
dance
deal
deceive
decide
decorate
define
delay
delegate
deliver
depend
describe
desert
deserve
design
destroy
detect
determine
develop
devise
diagnose
dig
direct
disagree
disappear
disarm
discover
dislike
dispense
display
dissect
distribute
dive
divert
divide
do
draft
drag
drain
dramatize
draw
dream
dress
drink
drip
drive
drop
dry

E

earn
eat
educate
eliminate
embarrass
employ
encourage
end
endure
enforce
engineer
enhance
enjoy
enlist
ensure
enter
entertain
escape
establish
estimate
evaluate
examine
exceed
excite
excuse
execute
exercise
exhibit
exist
expand
expect
expedite
experiment
explain
explode
express
extend
extract

F

face
facilitate
fail
fasten
fax
fear
feed
feel
fetch
fight
file
fill
film
finalize
finance
find
fire
fit
fix
flee
fling
float
flow
fly
fold
follow
fool
forbid
force
foresee
foretell
forget
forgive
form
formulate
forsake
frame
freeze

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frighten
fry

G

gather
generate
get
give
glow
glue
go
govern
grab
graduate
grate
grease
greet
grind
grip
groan
grow
guarantee
guard
guess
guide

H

hammer
hand
handle
hang
harass
harm
hate
haunt
heal
hear
help
hide
hit
hold
hook
hop
hug
hunt
hurry
hurt

I

identify
ignore
illustrate
imagine
implement
impress
improve
improvise
include
increase
influence
inform
initiate
inject
injure
innovate
inspect
inspire
install
instruct
insure
integrate
intensify
interfere
interpret
interrupt
interview
introduce
invent
investigate
invite
irritate

J

jail
jam
jog
join
joke
judge
juggle
jump
justify

K

keep
kick
kill
kiss
kneel
knit
knock
know

L

label
land
last
laugh
launch
lay
lead
lean
leap
learn
leave
lecture
lend
let
level
lick
lie
light
like
list
listen
live
load
locate
lock
log
long
look
lose
love

M

maintain
make
manage
manipulate
map
march
mark
marry
match
mean
measure
mediate
meet
melt
memorize
mend
mislead
miss
misspell
mix
model
modify
monitor
motivate
mourn
move
mow
multiply
murder

N

nail
name
navigate
need
negotiate
nest
nod
nominate
normalize
note
notice
number

O

obey
observe
obtain
offend
offer
open
operate
order
organize
overcome
overflow
overhear
overthrow
own

P

pack
paddle
paint
park
participate
pass
paste
pause
pay
peel
perceive
perform
persuade
phone
pick
pinpoint
place
plan
plant
play
plead
plug
point
poke
polish
pop
possess
post
pour
practice
pray
preach
precede
predict
prefer
prepare
prescribe
present
preserve
preside
press
pretend
prevent
print
process
produce
profess
program
progress
project
promise
promote
proofread
propose
protect
prove
provide
publicize
pull
pump
punch
puncture
punish
purchase
push
put

Q

qualify
question
queue
quit

R

raise
rate
reach
read
realign
receive
recognize
reconcile
reduce
refer
refuse
regret
regulate
reinforce
reject
rejoice
release
rely
remain
remember
remind
remove
repair
repeat
replace
reply
represent
reproduce
request
rescue
respond
retire
retrieve

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return
review
ride
ring
rise
rob
roll
rub
ruin
rule
run

S

sail
satisfy
save
say
scatter
schedule
scrape
scratch
scream
screw
scrub
seal
search
secure
see
seek
select
sell
send
sense
separate
serve
set
settle
shake
shape
share
shave
shine
shiver
shock
shoot
shop
show
shrink
shut
sigh
sign
sin
sing
sink
sip
sit
ski
skip
slap
sleep
slide
sling
slip
slit
slow
smash
smell
smile
smoke
sneak
sneeze
sniff
snore
soak
solve
soothe
sort
sound
sow
spare
spark
speak
specify
speed
spell
spend
spill
spin
spit
split
spoil
spot
spray
spread
squeak
squeeze
stain
stamp
stand
stare
start
stay
steal
step
stimulate
sting
stir
stop
store
stretch
strike
strip
strive
structure
study
stuff
sublet
subtract
succeed
suck
suffer
suggest
supervise
supply
support
surprise
surround
suspend
swear
sweat
sweep
swell
swim
swing
switch

T

take
talk
tap
target
taste
teach
tear
tease
tell
tempt
test
thank
think
thrive
throw
tick
tie
tip
touch
tour
tow
trade
train
transcribe
transfer
transform
translate
transport
trap
travel
treat
trick
trust
try
tug
turn
tutor
twist
type

U

undergo
understand
undertake
undress
unfasten
unite
unlock
unpack
update
upgrade
uphold
use
utilize

V

vanish
verbalize
verify
visit

W

wait
wake
walk
wander
want
warm
warn
wash
watch
wave
wear
wed
weep
weigh
welcome
whine
whip
whisper
whistle
win
wink
wipe
wish
withdraw
withhold
work
worry
wrap
wreck
wrestle
write

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Easy Institute

TMP 4 D33

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