THESIS Submitted for Partial fulflment of the requirement for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIECE !A"RIC#$T#RE% I HORTIC#$T#RE !&egetable S'ien'e% () #ma*ant Mani* DEPARTMET OF CROP SCIECES FAC#$T) OF A"RIC#$T#RE MAHATMA "ADHI CHITRA+OOT "RAMODA)A&ISH,A&ID)A$A)A SATA !M-P-% ./01123DISTRICT SATA !M-P-% IDIA 4hone 5 fa6 !78987% :90.213:90.22 Email no ; mg'g<=redi>mail-'om 2012 1 RO$$ O- ? Ag?2:7 ERO$MET O-? 27RO.7:.7
MAHATMA "ADHI CHITRA+OOT "RAMODA)A &ISH,A&ID)A$A)A CHITRA+OOT ./011.3 DISTT- SATA !M-P-%
CERTIFICATE I, hereby certify that Mr. Vipin Tiwari M.Sc. (Industrial Chemistry) IV th sem. has done this oriinal piece of dissertation wor! entitled "#hysico$Chemical Characteristics of %round &ater 'uality in Satna (istrict) *nder my super+isor and uidance for the partial fulfilment for the award of (eree of Master of Science in Industrial Chemistry of Mahatma %andhi Chitra!oot %ramodaya Vishwa+idyalaya Chitra!oot Satna (M.#.). It is further certified that it combo dies wor! of the candidate himself and it is up to the standard both in respect of its contents and literary presentation for bein referred to the e,aminers.
Examined and Approved by (Prof. I.P. Tripathi) ean Fa!"#ty of $!ien!e and Environment (ate-$
#lace-$ Chitra!oot
. EC%ARATI&'
I, hereby declare that this wor! entitled "P()$IC&*C(E+ICA% C(ARACTERI$TIC$ &F ,R&-' .ATER /-A%IT) I' $AT'A I$TRICT00 is my oriinal unpublished dissertation wor! done under the uidance of Prof. I.P. Tripathi, in the (epartment of #hysical Science Mahatma %andhi Chitra!oot %ramodaya Vishwa+idyalaya, Chitra!oot, for partial fulfilment of the award of the deree of Master of Science in Industrial Chemistry. I, further state that no part of dissertation wor! has been submitted to any *ni+ersity or Institution in India or abroad for the award of any deree or diploma. (ate- #lace- $ Chitra!oot 1ipin Ti2ari
/ AC3'&.%E,E+E'T$ I, first of all con+ey my than!s to #rof. I.P. Tripathi4 ((ean, 0aculty of Science and 1n+ironment) whose e,pert uidance and a+ailable ad+ice constantly helped to complete the present wor! and his administrati+e support and encouraement in the pro2ect wor!. I am hihly indebted to r. Arvind 2ivedi for their friendly treatment and for e,tra support durin the wor!. I am than!ful to my colleaues and friend +an"5a tripathi for their support and co$operation throuhout the wor!. I con+ey my sincere reards to my parents who constantly inspired me durin my wor!.
1ipin Ti2ari
3 Contents 1. Introduction 2. Review of literature 3. Material & Methods 4. Result & Discussion 5. Conclusion Referen'e
Introd"!tion 4 %roundwater is an in+aluable commodity a+ailable in +ery limited 5uantities to human bein and other li+in bein. The usefulness of roundwater to a reat e,tent depends on its chemistry 1 . &ater is basic need of the human bein, and water sector is now a days a thrust area for econometrician and technical people. &ater sector is already established industry in de+ol+ed country, but in de+elopin country li!e India there is a hea+y lode on the water utility to full fill re5uirement of the people effecti+ely and effecti+ely in a matter of 5uality and 5uantity. This is period of de+elopin countries facin urbanisation and industrialisation which causes manaement of e,itin infrastructure . . &ater is one of the most essential re5uirements of life. &ithout fresh water of ade5uate 5uality and 5uantity sustainable de+elopment will not be possible (6umar, 1778).The 5uality of round water depends on a lare number of hydroloical, physical, chemical and bioloical factors. %enerally hiher proportions of dissol+ed constituent are found in round water than in surface water because of rater interaction of roundwater with +arious materials in eoloical strata. %round water has been used a ma2or source of drin!in water in both ruler and urban areas in the world. In India, almost 9:; of the rural population depends on untreated round water (6umar, .::3) / . The round water used for drin!in be free from any to,ic elements, li+in and non li+in oranism< and e,cessi+e amount of minerals that may be ha=ardous to health assessment of roundwater 5uality re5uires determination of ion concentration which decide the suitability for drin!in, ariculture and industrial uses (Tiwari, .:11) 3 .
The 5uality of round water is enerally uniform. >s a result, round water is the ma2or source particularly areas ha+in insufficient surface water resources 4 . The definition of water 5uality depends on the intended use of the water which may be consumpti+e (human consumption) and non consumpti+e (industries, ariculture (irriation account for more than .?/ rd of the total human use), power eneration, recreation etc.) dependin upon the purpose uses of @ water. Certain 5uality criteria are established and based on these criteria, 5uality standards are specified by health and other reulatin aencies to ensure that the water 5uality in a resource is suitable for the purposed use. (ifferent type of water use re5uires different le+els of water purity. (rin!in water re5uires the hihest standards of purity where as water of relati+ely lower 5uality is acceptable for other purposes li!e ariculture, industries, fisheries, wild life, li+estoc!, recreation (boatin and swimmin) and hydro electric Various researchers in India ha+e carried out e,tensi+e studies on round water chemistry 6 .
of shallow a5uifers in the costal =ones of cochin and concluded that roundwater present in the shallow a5uifers at some of the station was poor in 5uality and was not suitable for potable use as per the standard stipulated by &AB and ISI. Capid increase in urbani=ation and industriali=ation leads to deterioration in roundwater 5uality 8$7 . The problems of round water 5uality in se+eral part of the country has become so acute in the areas that are densely populated and thic!ly industriali=ed and ha+e shallow round water tub well. There are many sources that contribute contaminants to the round water e.. land disposal of solid wastes, disposal on land, aricultural acti+ities, urban runoff and polluted surface water 1: .
Satna is a town and district in the state of Madhya predesh India. It Is a town of reliious culture, historical and archaeoloical important Situated in the bundel!hand reion. Satna is eoraphicaiiy located at cooridinated .3.1@ o D latitude E 9:.9/ o lonitude. 8,4:. 6m . . total area and popullation ..,.9,@17 census (.:11) of satna district. Satna (cement city) is a city in central India,and a municipal carporation in satna district in the Indian state of Madhya #radesh. It is the administrati+e head 5uarters of satna district. Satna is a border city of the state and is touched by the borders of the state of utter #radesh. &b5e!tive7 8 1. To identified the round water 5uality of study area. .. To learn +arious types of instrument related to round water 5uality analysis. /. To find out the current de+elopment in the field of round water 5uality and its impact. 3. To !now the e,perimental method at the area monitorin and analysis techni5ue.
Revie2 of %iterat"re 9 C.D. Tiwari et al, .:1/. Studied on the study re+eals that the water is hard to +ery hard (The classification as hard to +ery hard is possibly based on incorrect analytical data)< the ele+ated hardness is attributed to the calcareous nature of the a5uifer. The concentrations of cations are characteri=ed by Ca FMF DaF 6. 1le+ated concentrations of calcium (possibly incorrect analytical data) in some localities are related to the a5uifer litholoy. Concentrations of manesium, sodium and potassium are enerally within the permissible limits. The concentration of anions are characteri=ed by ACB / F SB 3 F Cl F DB / F0. Gicarbonate and sulphate concentrations e,ceed the permissible limits in a few samples< ele+ated concentrations appear to be related to the a5uifer litholoy 11 . G Sleema et al, .:1. studied 5uality of water is an important criterion for e+aluatin the suitability of water for drin!in and irriation. &ater 5uality of du well, tube well and municipal supply of 17 wards of Vade!!e!ara #anchayath in 1rna!ulam (istrict of 6erala state was studied for a period of 3 months from September .::7 to (ecember .::7 with an ob2ecti+e to assess the water 5uality status in the study area and its portability. The water 5uality parameters considered in the present study were- colour, odour, turbidity, temperature, pA, electrical conducti+ity, total dissol+ed solids, acidity, al!alinity, total hardness, chloride, free CB . , dissol+ed o,yen, bioloical o,yen demand, chemical o,yen demand, calcium, manesium, iron, sodium, potassium 1. . Muduli Gipra #rasanna et al, .:1. The temporal and spatial distribution of salinity, (B, GB(, turbidity, pA, hardness and dissol+ed nutrients of surface water collected from different points of (hamra estuary were measured durin 0ebruary .::8 to Hanuary .::9. The pA of water was al!aline throuhout the year. The salinity, conductance, hardness increased towards the ri+er mouth as compared to inland stations. The (B le+el was found to be I 9 m?l while GB( remained J/ m?l in all cases. Dutrients (DB / , #B 3 , and DA / ) in eneral e,hibited decreasin trend from ri+erine to estuarine reion. T(S +alues were hih in the ri+erine and TSS +alues were hih durin monsoon period due to 7 hiher amount of floatin particles. The concentration of DB / was hiher than DA / and #B 3 althouh the +alues were well within tolerance limits 1/ . #ushpendra Sinh et al, .:1. the usual and the most nelected cause of water pollution are uncontrolled dumpin of Municipal Solid &aste. Infiltration of water by rainfall, water already present in the waste, or water enerated by bioderadation, cause the leachate to lea+e the dumpin round laterally or +ertically and find its way into the roundwater thereby causin contamination. Ten roundwater samples collected durin the rainy season .:11 from the study reion and the samples were analy=ed for +arious physical and chemical properties. (urin the study it was found that Total (issol+ed Solids +aries from 43@ m?K to 7:8 m?K and compared with permissible limits. Therefore, the best accepted option is to a+oid the possibility of pollutin the roundwater resources 13 . H. (harmara2a et al, .:1. > systematic studies has been carried out to e,plore the #hysico$chemical characteristics of roundwater in si, south India areas. &ater sample from open wells in south India area district were collected and analy=ed for #A, electrical conducti+ity, dissol+ed o,yen, total hardness, and total al!alinity. Comparati+e studies of samples in si, different district were conducted, it shows 1rna!ulum water ha+e low hardness comparati+ely than Tamilnadu districts water. It was also analysed that electrical conducti+ity, total dissol+ed solids, #A, al!alinity. 0rom this, we concluded the 1rna!ulum water is best than the other districts of Tamilnadu 14 . M.C. Mahananda et al, .:1: , The piece of in+estiation was carried out to study the round water as well as surface water 5uality, nutrient status and physico$chemical characteristic of Gararh district of Brissa, India. The study area is situated between .1o /@LL 1 lonitude and 18@./@. mts abo+e sea le+el and 47!m to west of Sambalpur district. The present wor! has been conducted by monitorin two types of round water i.e. du well water and bore well water of 1: wards of the town as well as / types of ponds, +i=. temple pond, small community pond E lare community pond of the town. >ttempts were 1: made to study and analy=e the physico$chemical characteristics of the water. Various parameters li!e Temperature, pA, Total suspended solids, and Total dissol+ed solids, >l!alinity, (issol+ed o,yen, Chemical B,yen (emand, Ditrate, Chloride, Sodium, #otassium, #hosphate, 0luoride, Total Coli forms(#ond water) etc. i+e a picture of 5uality parameter in both du well and bore well water as well as pond water of the town. Gy obser+in the result it can be concluded that the parameters which were ta!en for study the water 5uality are below the pollution le+el for round water which satisfy the re5uirement for the use of +arious purposes li!e domestic, aricultural, industrial etc. Gut in case of surface water, the water 5uality of small community pond is abo+e the permissible limit 1@ . 1mmanuel Gernard, Durudeen >yeni (.:1.) the physicochemical properties of roundwater from +arious locations in Gichi Kocal %o+ernment >rea of 6ano State were analysed usin standard methods. The samples ta!en from twenty different locations re+ealed that the study area has a mean of Turbidity ..: DT*, Colour ..4 TC*, Temp. .4, #A @.9, Total >l!alinity 94.: m?l, Total Aardness 81.9/ m?l, and others are- Calcium .4..3 m?l, Manesium ..17m?l, Iron :.:4, Chloride 8.97m?l, Ditrate :.87 m?l, Total dissol+ed solid 91.: m?l, and Conducti+ity 1/4S?cm,. The study was eared towards ascertainin the 5uality of round water in the area and, it was obser+ed that the water samples were within &orld Aealth Brani=ation (&AB) and Standard Brani=ation of Dieria (SBD) permissible limit for round water which satisfy the safety limit for its use for +arious purposes li!e domestic, aricultural, and industrial. It was suested that there should be reular monitorin and control of human acti+ities to protect the round water from contaminations 18 . C.Shayamala et al, .::9 studied the dyein units at small scale le+els in the te,tile city of Coimbatore are e+er increasin. The effluents from dyein units play a +ital role in to,icatin the roundwater 5uality. Aence the present study was underta!en to characteri=e the physicochemical nature (parameters) 11 of roundwater in Telunupalayam +illae in Coimbatore city by ta!in water samples from fi+e different stations. 1+aluation of physicochemical parameters was carried out. To assess the 5uality of roundwater, each parameter was compared with the standard desirable limit of that parameter in drin!in water as prescribed by different aencies. > systematic calculation was made to determine the correlation coefficient MrL amonst the parameters and the sinificant +alues of the obser+ed correlation coefficient between the parameters was wor!ed out. Suitable suestions were made to impro+e the 5uality of roundwater of Telunupalayam areas 19 . B. >!oto et al, .::8 had consisted of the determination of the trace metals and some physiochemical properties in drin!in water samples from the Gron >hafo reion of the Cepublic of %hana, where drin!in water samples are not treated before it is consumed. The purpose was to ascertain the 5uality of water from these sources. Samples were ta!en from fifteen samplin points and analy=ed for the followin parameters 0e, Cu, Mn, Nn, >l, DB / $ , DB . $ , SB 3 .$ , #B 3 .$ , and 0 $ usin the procedure outline in the Spectrophotometer method. The data showed the +ariation of the in+estiated parameters in samples as follows- pA 4.48$8.43, conducti+ity (1C) /4$1.1@ Os?cm, turbidity /..4$8..4: DT*, #B 3 .$ 1 :./.$7./: m?l, 0 $ :./.$1.:4 m?l, DB / $ :.:7$:.77 m?l, DB .
$ :.::@$:.113 m?l, SB 3
.$ /.//$9.:. m?l, Cu 1.17$..84 m?l, 0e :.:4$:.94m?l, Nn :.:3$:.14 m?l, Mn :.::/$:.:11 m?l and >l :.:4$:.14 m?l. The concentrations of most of the in+estiated parameters in the drin!in water samples from Gron >hafo reion were within the permissible limits of the &orld Aealth Brani=ation drin!in water 5uality uidelines. There were no correlations between metal concentrations in the drin!in water samples 17 . #.%. Smitha et al .::8 'uality of water is an important criterion for e+aluatin the suitability of water for irriation and drin!in. In the present study, the analysis of water samples from different sources li!e open wells, bore wells, farm ponds and streams?ri+ers of twenty +illaes of Gantwal talu! 1. of (a!shina 6annada district, South$western 6arnata!a has been carried out. The physico$chemical characteristics of this water showed that it is suitable for irriation and aricultural purposes .: .
+ateria# and +ethod8
1/ Criteria of $amp#e Co##e!tion-$
The samplin stations were chosen at different site of the study area, water samples were collected from industrial area, residential area of Satna district. The present study is focused on water 5uality assessment for month of >pril .:13. 0or testin the water sample were collected in different sterile plastic bottles and 2erry cans from each station. >fter collection of the sample the bottles were tihtly capped and were immediately transported to the laboratory to a+oid any unpredictable chanes in the physico$chemical characteristics. >ll the samplin locations are presented in tab#e*1. Tab#e*1. %i8t of 8amp#in9 #o!ation8 $' $amp#in9 #o!ation .ater $o"r!e epth in fit e8!ription of 8amp#in9 #o!ation 1 (hawari (C&$1) Tube well .3: Kane no. 4 Dear Talab Satna. . Hawahar Daar (C&$.) Tube well /4: Gehind Hawahar Daar Stadium Satna. / Ci+il Kine (C&$/) Aand pump .4: Ci+il Kine Chow! Satna. 3 %adhiya Tola (C&$3) Aand pump /:: Dear %ayatri Mandir Satna. 4 Ghattha (C&$4) Aand pump .9: Dear #ashupati Dath Temple Satna. @ Sohawal (C&$@) Aand pump /4: Dear #eptic City Satna. 8 #ateri (C&$8) Tube well 3:: Gehind Mahamtma %andhi Collae Satna. 9 6hermai Code (C&$9) Aand pump /:: Inside 6hermai Temple Satna. 7 Gus Stand (C&$7) Aand pump .8: Dear Aotal Gasera Satna. 1: 1!la+ya Colony (C&$1:) Tube well 4:: Infornt of ITI Collae Satna. 11 Girla Cement #lant (I&$11) Tube well 38: Inside Girla Cement #lant Satna. 1. 6aima (I&$1.) Aand pump .4: Dear Getul Bil Mill Satna. 1/ Sama (I&$1/) Aand pump 34: Dear Samal Span2 #lant Satna. 13 *CK Gardadeeh (I&$13) Tube well 3:: Inside the *CK Gardadeeh Satna. 14 Haypee Cement #lant Gabupur Satna (I&$14) Tube well /:: Inside the Haypee Cement #lant Satna. +ethod87* 1. Temperat"re7 Impinin solar radiation and the atmospheric temperature brin about interestin spatial and temporal thermal chanes in natural waters which 13 manifest in settin up of con+ection currents and thermal stratification. (ischare of heated effluents also brins about thermal chanes in natural waters (thermal pollution). Temperature is basically an important factor for its effect on chemical and bioloical reaction in water. > rise in temperature of water accelerates chemical reaction, reduces solubility of ases, test and order and ele+ates metabolic acti+ity of oranism .1 . Pro!ed"re Kower the re+ersin thermometer unit to the desired depth, wait few minutes and re+erse the thermometer with the help of a messener. Ta!e out the unit and note the readin into thermometer. 2. p(7 The hydroen ion concentration is the indicator of acidity and al!alinity of any a5ueous system. Aydroen ion concentration is an important factor the +ariation of which amon other cause are lin!ed with the chemical chane species composition and life process of plant and animal communities in habitation in them .. . Pro!ed"re 1. Maintain the buffer solution and sample at per with room temperature. .. &arm up the pA meter for /: minutes. /. Chec! the le+el of the electrolyte in the reference electrode etc. 3. Cinse the electrode with distilled water. 4. Standardi=ed the instrument usin different buffer solution. @. Cinse the electrode with the distilled water and wipe with tissue paper after e+ery measurement. 8. Immerse the electrode in the sample. 9. Ta!e the readin when becomes stable. 14 :. Tota# i88o#ved $o#id8 (T$)7 Total dissol+ed solid are composed mainly of carbonates, bicarbonates, chloride, phosphate and nitrate of calcium, manesium, sodium, potassium, mananese, oranic matter salt and other particles. Pro!ed"re Ta!e a e+aporatin dish of suitable si=e it clean and dry, and weiht it. 0ilter .4: to 4::ml of sample throuh a filter paper and ta!e the filtrate in e+aporate the sample on hot water bath. whole water is e+aporated note the weiht of e+aporatin dish after coolin in a desiccators. Calculation$ T(S ( ?l ) P Q( > R G)? +S T 1::: &here, > P weiht of e+aporatin dish (), G P Initial weiht of e+aporatin dish () and V P +olume of sample ta!en (ml) ./ ;. Tota# (ardne88 (T()7 Aistorically water hardness was a measure of the capacity of water to precipitate soap, chiefly due to the presence of calcium and manesium ions in the water. More recently other species such as poly+alent cations ha+e been implicated in the precipitation of soap. Total hardness is therefore now defined as the sum of calcium and manesium concentrations I water, e,pressed as calcium carbonate e5ui+alents in millirams per litre accordin to the followin formula (>#A>, 1779). Aardness e5ui+alent CaCB/?K P ..378 UCa, m?KV W 3.119 M, m?KV. Pro!ed"re Ta!e 4: ml of sample in conical flas! and 1 ml of ammonia buffer solution and 3$4 drop of eriochrome blac!$T Indicator titrate aainst 1(T> sol n unil the wine red colour of solution turns blue ( end point ). .3 Calculation$ 1@ Total hardness (m?l as CaCB / ) P (T T 1::: ) ? V &here T P +olume of titrate (ml) V P +olume of sample (ml) 6. i88o#ved &xy9en (&)7 (issol+ed o,yen analysis measures the amount of aseous o,yen (B.) dissol+ed in an a5ueous solution. B,yen dissol+ed in water by diffusion from the surroundin air, by aeration (rapid mo+ement), and as a product of photosynthesis. The dissol+ed o,yen analysis should be performed immediately and in situ. Therefore, this is a field test that should be performed on site. (issol+ed o,yen can be e,pressed either as a concentration (in m?K), which is an absolute +alue, or as percentae saturation, which is an e,pression of the proportion of dissol+ed o,yen in the water relati+e to the ma,imum concentration of o,yen that at a particular temperature, pressure, and salinity can dissol+e. The amount of dissol+ed o,yen in water is larely dependent upon the water temperature< colder water can carry more dissol+ed o,yen that warmer water. &hen in e5uilibrium with the atmosphere, at this ma,imum concentration the water is said to be saturated or at 1::; saturation of dissol+ed o,yen. Pro!ed"re &in!lerLs method Ta!e a lass stoppered God bottle of !nown +olume (1:: $/:: ml) and fill it with sample a+oidin any bubblin. Do air should be trapped in bottle and poor in it 1 ml of each mananous sulphate and al!aline potassium iodide solutions usin separate pipettes. If the +olume of sample o+er .:: ml, add . ml of each reaent instead of 1 ml. a precipitate will appear. #lace the stopper and sha!e the bottle thorouhly. Sample at this stae can store for a few days, if re5uired. >dd . ml of sulphuric acid and sha!e thorouhly to dissol+e the precipitate. Transfer ently whole content, or a !now part of it, in a conical 18 flas!. #ut a few drops of starch indicator. Titrate aainst sodium thiosulphate solution and note the end point when initial blue colour turns colourless. Calculation If whole content is use for titration-
&here, (B P dissol+ed o,yen , V 1 P +olume of titration (ml) D P normality of titration ( :.:.4) V . P +olume of samplin bottle after placin the stopper (ml) V . P +olume of manaaous sulphate W potassium iodide solution added (ml) and To obtain the +alue of (o in ml?l di+ide the (o in ml?l by 1.3/ <. =io!hemi!a# &xy9en emand (=&)7 Giochemical o,yen demand is a measure of the amount of bioloically and?or chemically deradable oranic material that is present in the water. It indicates the amount of o,yen that aerobic a5uatic oranisms could potentially consume in the process of metabolisin all the oranic matter a+ailable to them. The conse5uence of hih GB( is low le+els of dissol+ed o,yen in affected waterways resultin in a5uatic oranisms becomin stressed and in e,treme cases, suffocatin and dyin. Pro!ed"re >dd the phosphate buffer , mcl . , cacl . E fecl . 1$1 ml in sample of
one littler . Ta!e the sample in two bottle .To the determine (B of one sample in present time and second sample determine after fi+e days. Ca#!"#ation GB( P , G m?l 19 &here, ( 1 P first sample readin ( . P second sample readin > P sample +olume of before dilution G P sample +olume of after dilution. .4
>. Chemi!a# &xy9en emand (C&)7 Chemical o,yen demand is the measure of o,yen re5uired in o,idi=in the oranic compounds present in water by means of chemical reactions in+ol+in o,idi=in substances such as potassium dichromate and potassium permananate. #otassium dichromate is the most suitable o,idant but for waters ha+in more than .?l of chlorides potassium permananate is used thouh the results are more +ariable because later is self o,idi=in. The estimation of CB( is of reat importance for waters ha+in unfa+ourable conditions for the rowth of microoranisms such as presence of to,ic chemicals.in such waters bod can not be determined accurately. Aowe+er, cod too is not a perfect inde, of oranic compounds present in water because in this reaction many inoranic compounds are also o,idi=ed and at the same time some oranic compounds remain unaffected. Pro!ed"re $ Ta!e .:ml of sample in the flas! of reflu, unit and add 1:ml of potassium dichromate, a pinch of each sil+er sulphate and mercuric sulphate and /:ml of sulphuric acid, attach liebi condenser to the mouth of flas! and heat the flas! on a hot water bath or heatin mantle for at least .hours to reflu, the contents. Cool the flas! detach from unit and dilute its contents to about 14:ml by addin distilled water, add .$/ drops of ferroin indicator solution and titrate aainst ferrous ammonium Sulphate solution at the end point blue reen colour of contents chanes to reddish blue run simultaneously a distilled water blan! in similar manner. Calculation$ CB( (mXl) P(b$a)YnY1:::Y9?+ &here$ >P+olume of titrant used aainst (ml) blan! 17 GP+olume of titrant used aainst (ml) DPnormality of titrant (:..4) VP+olume of sample (ml) ?. 'itrate7 Ditrate is the hihest o,idi=ed form of nitroen o,idation of nitroenous oranic mater of both autochthonous and chthonous oriin. (omestic sewae and aricultural runoff are the chief sources of autochthonous nitroenous oranic matter Metabolic wastes of a5uatic community and dead oranism add to the autochthonous nitroenous oranic matter Certain nitroen fi,in bacteria (+i=. >=obactor) and alae (+i=. Gile reen li!e anabaena, nastic) ha+e capacity to fi, molecular nitroen in nitrates. In round water nitrates may find way throuh leachin from soil and at times by contamination. The hih concentration of nitrate in water is indicati+e of pollution. This is an important plant nutrient, when present in e,cess it causes ubi5uitous rowth of?alae often present in blooms. Aih nitrate content (83:m Do/$D?1) may cause blue baby disease. Pro!ed"re* Grucine method Rta!e 1:ml of sample in 1rlenmeyer flas! add .ml of sodium chloride solution, sha!e the contents and place the flas! a cool water bath add slowly 1:ml of sulphanilic acid and :.4ml of brucine sulphanilic acid solution. Sha!e well and the flas! in a hot water baths with boilin wait for .:minutes. Coll the contents and records the absorbance on spectrophotometer at 31:nm. *se distilled water as blan!. Cun the standard nitrate solution in similar manner and note the absorbance for each. #lot a standard cur+e of +arious standard solutions. (educe the +alue of nitrate R nitroen in sample by comparin the absorbance of sample with the standard cur+e and e,press the result in m Do/$D?1. 10. $"#phate7 .: Pro!ed"re* 1. Ta!e sample ali5uot in 4:ml +olumetric flas!. .. >dd 1:ml acetate buffer and sha!e /. >dd a spoonful Gacl. crystal. 3. Stir for @:W?$. seconds at constant speed. 4. >fter 1:minutes ta!e absorbance at 3.:nm. Cun a blan! of distilled water simultaneously. @. Ta!e a series at 4$.:ppm of so3 .$ .$ in 4:ml solution and treat similarly as sample. 8. Calculation$ Sulphate (m?l) P microram SB 3 (in final +olume) ml sample
RE$-%T A' I$C-$$I&' Phy8i!o*Chemi!a# Chara!teri8ti!8 of ,ro"nd .ater7 The round water samples were analysed some parameter li!e temperature, pA, T(S, TA, (B, GB(, CB(, Ditrate and sulphate. >nalysed all .1 the result are presented in Tab#e*24 and drin!in water standard +alues are presented in Tab#e*:. Tab#e @ 2. The physico$chemical characteristic of round water at different points of Satna Ceion. Samplin Stations Temp ( o C) pA T(S Total Aard. (B GB( CB( Ditrate Sulphate C& 1 .8 8.1: 44: 8@: 4.@9 3.4: 18.// 7.7 @4 C& . .4 9.1/ 1@: /.: 4.33 3./4 .7.:: 19.3 9: C& / /: 8.17 .4: 3@: 3.4: 4.:: ...@: 4.4 4: C& 3 .@ 8..3 .8: 39: 3..@ 4.7: :7./. 11.4 1.: C& 4 .4 8..: .:: 3.: 3..: 4.91 .4./9 8.4 7: C& @ .7 9.3: .1: 3:: 3.@: 4.:4 .:.:: 7.: 79 C& 8 .9 9.47 ./: 3@. 3./: 4.9@ :7.33 7.8 94 C& 9 .@ 8..4 /:: 33@ /.7: 8.:. :@.@@ 7.4 114 C& 7 /1 8.// 19: 3.: 3.94 3..@ 1@.:: 1:.8 13: C& 1: .7 8..: 49: 4.. 4..: 3.1: .9.:: .1.7 1.4 I& 11 .@ 8./: 34: 38: 4.7. /.74 :9.44 .1./ 1.: I& 1. /. 9.7: /3: /4: 3.78 4./: :1.// @.1 134 I& 1/ /4 8.// 4.: 48: 4.33 3.98 1..@@ /:.: 1.9 I&13 .7 8..4 @:: 41: 4./. 3.8. :7.7: .8.9 139 I&14 /3 9.@: /@: 3.: 4..: 3.89 :7.:: 17.: 1/@ >ll the parameter is e,pressed in m?l e,cept pA and temperature. Tab#e*:. &AB uideline for drin!in water 5uality, 1793 Parameter $tandard va#"e Temperature .4 : C to/4 : c #A 9.4 m?l T(S 4::M?l .. Total hardness /::$@::m?l (B 3M?l GB( @ m?l CB( 1:m?l Ditrate 34 m?l Sulphate .4:m?l i8!"88ion87* The present dissertation wor! identifies the round water 5uality of Satna (istrict. The results of round water 5uality of Satna (istrict are i+en below. Temperat"re7 Temperature of the samples were found between .4 o C to /4 o C,the hihest temperature was recorded /4 o C at samplin station I&1/ (Sama). p(7 The pA +alues of drin!in water sample are between 8.1: to 9.7:. Kow pA +alue associated with small amount of mineral acid from chloride source or with oranic acid. Aih pA +alue associated with small amount of mineral acid from carbonate source or with inoranic acid. Its hihest +alue found 9.7: and lowest +alue found 8.1:. pA +alue of at pA samplin stations C&8 pateri ./ (9.47), I&14 2aypee cement plant babupur 9.@: and I&1. !aima (9.7:) are more than the permissible limit prescribed GIS. Tota# i88o#ve $o#id7 Total dissol+e solid content of a sample of water is important in decidin wither the water suitable for drin!in purpose or not. In the present study the lowest +alue of T(S are 1@:m?l and the hihest +alue of @::m?l. >ll the result were below the permissible limit prescribed by &AB(1773) as @:: m?l.
.3 Tota# (ardne887 In the present study the TA of water was found to be /.: to 8@: m?l. The hihest +alue was found 8@: m?l at samplin location C&1 ((hawari) and lowest +alue was found /.: m?l at samplin location C&. (Hawahar naar) most of samplin stations were found hiher +alues of hardness
&7 The (B +alue rane from /.7: m?l to 4.7.m?l the hihest (B was obser+ed at(4.7.m?l) C&9(6hermai Mandir) as show in Tab#e*2 and lowest +alue was recorded at samplin station I&11(Girla cement plant). 6ataria(177:) noted (B :.19 to 7.@ m?l in bore well water of Ghopal .@ . .4 7 277 :77 177 .77 077 977 877 /77 R , 2 R , : R , 1 R , . R , 0 R , 9 R , 8 R , / R , M R , 2 7 I , 2 2 I , 2 : I , 2 1 I , 2 . I , 2 0 =&7 The GB( +alue rane from /.74 m?l to 8.:. m?l, the hihest GB( was obser+ed (8.:. m?l) at samplin station C&9 while lowest +alue was obser+ed (3.1.) at samplin station I&11. 6han et al (.::3) studied round water 5uality of nanded city and reported GB( +alue from :.8. m?l to @.1. m?l .8
C&7 The CB( +alue rane form :1.// m?l to .7.// m?l. >s show in Tab#e* 2. The +alue of CB( at samplin stations C&1 (hawari (18.//),C&. 2awaharnaar (.7.::), C&/ ci+il line (...@:), C&4 pashupatinath mandir .@ (.4./9), C&@ sohawal (.:.::), C&7 bus stand (1@.::)and C&1: e!la+ya colony (1..@@) are hiher than the permissible limit prescribe by GIS and &AB as 1:m?l.
'itrate7 The nitrate +alue ranes from @.1 m?l to /:.: m?l. The hihest nitrate +alue was recorded (/:.: m?l) at samplin station I&1/(*CK Gardadeeh) &hile the lowest nitrate +alue was obser+ed (@.1 m?l)at samplin station I&1. (sama) as show in Tab#e*2. >ll the results were below the permissible limit prescribed by &AB (1773) as 34 m?l. Madhuri et al (.::3) studied in round water 5uality in commercial areas of Visha!hapatnam and reported Ditrated concentrations e,ceeds the uideline +alue (3: m?l ) in some of the sample .9 . .8
$"#phate7 The sulphate +alue raned from 4: m?l to 139m?l. >ll the sulphate +alues were recorded with in the permissible limit prescribed by &AB (1773) as .4:m?l. Haisawal et al (.::9) Studied pre are post mansoon +ariation in physico$chemical characteristics of round water 5uality of Ghopal and reported Sulphate content all the round water 5uality under prescribed limits .7.
Con!#"8ion
#resent dissertation embodies the wor! done on round water of Satna district co+erin +arious inoranic non metallic constituents co+ered are #A, T(S, TA, (B, GB(, CB(, Ditrate, Sulphate. The temperature chaned between .4 to /4, pA 8.1: to 9.7:, T(S 1@: to @:: m?l, (B /.7: to 4.7., GB( /.74 to @.1:, CB( 1.// to .7.//, Ditrate @.1 to /:.: m?l, Sulphate 4: to .9 139 m?l. Aih pA +alue associated with small amount of mineral acid from carbonate source or with inoranic acid. Most of the sample T(S and CB( are hiher than the permissible limit prescribed by &AB (1773) as /:: m?l and 1: m?l. TA of all the water sample are hiher than the permissible limit prescribed by &AB as /:: m?l. Ditrate and Sulphate of all the result within the &AB recommended +alues as 34 m?l and .4: m?l. it is concluded that the round water of Satna district are not hihly contaminated, but there is an indication of increasin pollutant due to dischare of industrial effluents on land and surface water bodies.
Referen!e 1. >madi, #.>., Bfoebu, C. (. and Morrison, T., Aydroeochemistry assessment of roundwater 5uality in part of the Dier (elta, Dieria. 1n+iron %eol &ater Sci, 13,174$.:. (1797). .. >mit +ishwa!arma Mu!ul !ulshrestha
2010. Stochastic #roduction 0rontier >nalysis of &ater Supply *tility of *rban Citis in the State of .7 Madhya #radesh, India. International 2ournal of en+iormental science.+ol.1 no./. /. 6umar, D 1778. >+iew on fresh water en+ironment, 1col. 1n+. >nd Cons., Vol. / pp. /$3. 3. 6umar, > .::3. &ater pollution. Disha 1nterprises Dew (elhi. #p1$//1. 4. Chemical and bioloical methods for water pollution studies, C.6. Tri+edi and #.6 %oel, en+ironmental publication !arad @. Kalura2, C.M., %opinath, %. and (inesh !umar,#.6.,roundwater chemistry of shallow a5uifers in the costal =ones of cochin, india, >pplied 1coloy and 1n+ironmental Cesearch,/(1),1//$1/7 (.::4). 8. Srini+as,C.A., #is!a Ca+i Shan!ar, Ven!ateshwar, C., Satysnarayan Cao, M.S. and Ca+inder Ceddy, C., studies on roundwater 5uality of Ayderabad, pollution Cesearch,17(.), .94$.97(.:::). 9. Hha, >.D. and Varma, #.6., #hysico chemical #roperty of (rin!in water in Town >rea of %odda (istrict, *nder Santal #arana, Gihar, #ollution Cesearch 17(.),134$.38(.:::). 7. #atnai!, 6. D., Satyanarayan, S.V. and Cout, S,#., &ater #ollution from Ma2or Industres in #aradeep area$> case Study, Indian Hournal of 1n+irmental Aealth,33(/),.:/$.11(.::.). 1:. >mrita sinh and Sunil 6.Choudhary, Chemical analysis of round water, nath naar bloc! under Ghaalpur (istrict, Gihar (India), H.1n+iron science and en. 4/ (3) 3@7$383 (.:11) 11. C.D. tiwari, Shan!ar Mishra and #rabhat pandey
.:1/. Study of ma2or and trace element in roundwater of Girsinhpur >rea, Satna (istrict Madhya #radesh, India. International Hournal of &ater sCesources and 1n+ironmental 1nineerin. Vol.4(8), pp./9:$/9@. 1.. &ho internal standards for drin!in water monoraph series DB 3. (1777). /: 1/. &ho 1uropean standards for drin!in water . nd ed. (178:). 13. #ushpendra Sinh Gundelaa, >n2ana Sharmab, >!hilesh 6umar #andeyc, #riyan!a #andeya and >bhishe! 6umar >wasthia .:1. issn ../1$337: +olume$. issue$1 14. H. dharmara2a, s. +adi+el, e. anesh!arthic! international 2ournal of scientific E technoloy research +olume 1, issue 4, 2une .:1. issn ..88$ 9@7. i2str .:1. 1@. M.C.Mahananda, G.#.Mohanty E D.C. Gehera (.:1:) IHCC>S . (/) 18. 1mmanuel Gernard, Durudeen >yeni .:1. &orld 1n+ironment , .(@)- 11@$ 117 (BI- 1:.47./?2.en+..:1.:.:@.:. 19. C.Shyamala, M. Shanti and #.Kalitha (.::9) . ISSD- :78/$3734< CB(1D 1CHA>B 1$Hournal of Chemistry h. net Vol. 4, .3, pp. 7.3$7.7, Bctober 17. B. >!oto< H. >diyiah (.::8) chemical analysis of drin!in water from some communities in the born ahafo reion .:. #.%. Smitha1, 6. Gyrappa and S.D. Camaswamy/ (.::8) .9(/) 471$474 .1. M.C.Mahananda, G.#.Mohanty E D.C. Gehera (.:1:) IHCC>S . (/) ... &ho internal standards for drin!in water monoraph series DB 3. (1777). ./. &ho uide line for drin!in water 5uality +ol$1, %en+a (1793)X .3. Standard method of water and waste water analysis, >#A>, >&&>, *S>. .4. M. M. Sa,ena. Goo! of water analysis edition .::7. .@. 6ataria, 6.C.(177:) preliminary study of drin!in water of Ghopal . poll Ces.17(3),@34$@37. .8. 6han >.M., 6umar T.>., Aasant (., Tri+edi C.C., .::4, #hysico$chemical studies of drin!in water and performance e+alution of treatment plants in (elhi poll Ces.3.(1),1/$19. /1 .9. Madhurei *sha, Shrini+as, T., Sitiesha, 6.>., .::3, study on round swater 5uality in commercial areas of Visha!hapatnam poll Ces. ./(/:,4@4$4@9. .7. Haiswal >. and Sa+ita (i,it, .::9, pre and post mansoon +ariation in physico$chemical characteristic of round water 5uality of Ghopal >sian H. e,p. Sci. +ol ..(/), /11$/1@. /.