Tabek Panjangs Society Self-Empowerment

In Poverty of Alleviation

Faturokhman Eka Nugraha, Sucia Miranti, Robi Zamzam Muhammad Firdaus
I nstitute of Home Affair (I PDN), West Sumatra , I ndonesia

Degraone@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Background
Decentralization as an aplication of act 32 of 2004 on Local Government is to
fasten the realization of public welfare through service improvement,
empowerment and society participation. Consequently, not only the local
government demanded an independent and responsive government, But it also
requires the development of societies with high-power of initiative and
creativity to participate in decision-making , implementation , processing and
controlling in local governance and development. Especially in the context of
poverty reduction for people of Nagari in West Sumatra province .
Research Problem
Declaration of " Back to Nagari " as a form of decentralization turned out to
pose a fundamental problem, due to the unprepared people to be independent
and active role , especially in poverty alleviation.
Objective
This study aimed to determine how self- empowerment is done for people of
nagari Tabek Panjang and identify the problems faced by The people in
nagari Tabek Panjang, West Sumatra in facing the problem of poverty .
Methodology
This study uses a case study method . The unit of analysis program in the study
of Nagari Tabek Panjang, Agam, West Sumatra. The techniques used to
collect the data are in-depth interviews with selected informants as people
who are listed as poor households, NGOs and village mayor , direct
observation , documentation, and library research.
Findings
The results were found to vary . There are people who still depend on the
government's poverty alleviation program. In addition, most people have tried
to empower themselves in poverty alleviation.

Keywords : NagariGovernance , Wali Nagari , self empowerment , Policy ,
Poverty




INTRODUCTION

Poverty is not a new issue, but still interesting to study. Not only in Indonesia but also
found even in large cities around the world which incidentally was already advanced. Poverty
causes millions of children in Indonesia can not get an quality education, financial difficulties
and lack insurance health, lack of jobs, lack of social security and protection of the family,
and strengthening the flow of urbanizationso bad, causing millions of Indonesian limit in
food, clothing and homeless. Poverty, causing villagers willing to sacrifice everything for the
sake of the safety of life, risking physical labor to produce benefits for local middlemen and
receive reward that are not unbalance between the working and the rewarding. The farmers
work every day, but they received very little reward.
The Indonesian government for many years has concentrated to reduce poverty with
launch variuos programs and policies. The one of solutions to reduce poverty in Indonesia is
through developt. Development is a process to improve standards of living more better or
more desirable. Development in the context of the nationality and state is improving the
quality of human effort and Indonesian society towards aspired by the spirit of the 1945
Constitution, which is implemented on an ongoing basis based on capabilities and available
resources with regard to global challenges.
The indicators of success in national development is measured by how much has been
able to produce the changes that have an impact on improving the standard of living and
welfare. National development aims to establish the Indonesian people fully and to create
equitable and prosperity community. In addition to the government, the public strongly
demanded an active role in this regard. In other words, the concept and implementation of
development should be oriented to humanize. Therefore, to restore the role must do
empowerment (empowering) local government and local communities through capacity
development (capacity building) for local government and the local community both.
The act of 32 of 2004 on Local Government mandated decentralization to accelerate
the realization of public welfare through service improvement, empowerment and community
participation.
The importance of the involvement and participation of local communities in order to
empower the region, especially in poverty reduction is intended to prevent an assumption that
the problem of poverty is purely a matter of local government and proportional put
decentralized governance is to empower communities, foster initiative and creativity , as well
as increase community participation, especially in poverty alleviation. In other words, that
was a mistakenly assumption if the benefit of local autonomy just for 'local government' and
not for public.

RESEARCH PROBLEM
In the context of so-called village or nagari, gampong and others, according to the act
of 32 of 2004 has native autonomy (autonomous villages). Declaration babaliak ka Nagari
"Back to Nagari" as the spirit of autonomy arising from the village turned out to pose a
fundamental problem especially in the face of poverty. Highly charged active role in poverty
reduction efforts. The solution to poverty is faced with self-empowerment by the villagers

itself. Therefore, this study focuses on how efforts to empower themselves (Self
Empowerment) Tabek Panjang made for the society as an effort to alleviate poverty.

OBJECTIVE
Based on the background, this study aims to determine the self-empowerment by the
villagers in poverty reduction and identify the problems faced by Nagari Tabek Panjang
Villagers in addressing poverty.

METHODOLOGY
In general , when people talk about poverty , poverty in question is material. Poverty
with this understanding is a person in the category of the poor when they are not able to meet
the minimum standards of basic needs . In other words look at poverty as an inability (lack of
capabilities ) or powerlessness ( disempowerment ) to meet the minimum requirements .
The self-empowerment by the villagers can be the right solution to overcome the poverty .
Because empowerment may be defined as an effort to get out of the condition of
powerlessness . In the paradigm of social development , society development concept is a
concept that refers to the development and strategy efforts undertaken with the framework of
view -oriented framework and follow the ' humanize humans ' or commonly known in the
academic world to the people- centered development . According to K. Suhendra ( 2006:77 )
is a society development effort for continuous movement generate a independence (self-
propelled development ) . In addition , Sulistiyani ( 2004 ) explained that the objectives of
society development is to form a society of individuals and become independent . In other
words , the core community empowerment or build significantly improve the ability (
capacity building ) and the independence of the community . To establish and build an
empowered society in need of a treatment ( Treatment ) , known as capacity building or
capacity development ( capacity building ) . An effort to develop community capacity , there
are 3 ( three ) dimensions and capacity-building initiatives focus can be identified :

Tabel.1 dimension and focus initiatives capacity building for communities
No. Dimension Focus Type of activity
1. Human Resource
Development
- knowledge
- insight
- awareness
- independence
- participation
- solidarity
- Talent and skills
- an appreciation
- creativity
- inovation
- aspiration
- teaching
- education
- extension
- training
- mentoring
- awareness
- Learning by doing
- internalizing
- socialization
2. Society Organizations
Development
- organizing
- Designing programs
- Decision-making
- Structure and procedures
- training
- mentoring
- awareness
- Learning by doing

- departement-ization
- communication
- leadership
- coordination
- facilitation
- organizing
- mobilization
3. Institutional Reform

- Change and improve the
system
- Public policy
- Changes and
improvements in
institutional
- Changes in and repair the
structure and pattern of
government
management
- Public participation
- Policy monitoring
- Policy advocacy
- Policy setting,
regulation

Source: Modified from Merilee S. Grindle author, 1999, "Getting Good Government:
Capacity Building in the Public Sectors of Developing Countries"

Furthermore, Sumardjo (1999) mentions the public will be considered empowered
when having the following characteristics:
1. Able to understand themselves and their potential, able to plan (anticipate future
changes)
2. Able to direct themselves
3. Have the power to negotiate
4. Have sufficient bargaining power to conduct mutually beneficial cooperation, and
5. Responsible for their actions.
In detail Slamet (2003) explains the meaning of society with power is the people who
know, understand, ideology motivated, has opportunity, take advantage of opportunities,
energetic, able to work, know the various alternatives, able to make decisions, willing to take
risks, able to find and capture information and able to act according to the situation.
Community empowerment process will bear that has properties as expected when done on an
ongoing basis with the participation of society as responsible.
Empowerment is a continuous process throughout the life of an individual or
individuals (on going process). Hogan (2000, 13) This applies also to a society, which will
take place during the process of empowerment of the community is still there and want to try
to empower themselves.
Hogan (2000: 20) describe the continuous empowerment process as a cycle composed
by five main stages, namely:
1. Bringing back the experience that empowers and does not empower (Recall
depowering / empowering experience);
2. Discussing the reasons why the empowerment and depowerment happened (Discuss
Reasons for depowerment / empowerment);
3. Identifying a problem or project (Identify one problem or project);
4. Identifying the meaningful power base for a change (Identify useful power base); and

5. Developing and implementing action plans.

Chart of Empowerment cycle









Source: Hogan (2000) cited dariIsbandi Rukminto Adi, Community Intervention: Community
Development As a Community Development Efforts, PT. King Grafindo Persada, Jakarta,
2008, p. 86

The act of 32 of 2004 on local government offer treatment to alleviate poverty as a
form of powerlessness . Through the provision of flexibility and authority to local
governments , especially in the context of village government of West Sumatra , the village
called Nagari , expected later to give villagers the opportunity ( rural / village ) for initiative ,
get involved and play an active role in decision-making , determining the planning and
development village especially in poverty alleviation through community self-empowerment .
So that when examined , Nagari is a potential container in community empowerment .
Because the process of forming a village based on the understanding of growth combined
with genealogical kinship based understanding of the territorial unity with certain limits so
that it contains three major events as the accumulated results of the activities that have been
held in every step of growth , namely ( Dalam , 2011; 12 ) :
1. For every family that participated in the open forest movement to acquire agricultural
land outside the residential areas the basic aims is to acquire agricultural land as much
and as widely as possible to a more affluent family life in the present and in the future
to the children and grandchildren in the future as heir Pusako Tinggi.
2. Happened new territories such as settlements and agricultural areas to the indigenous
act of the territorial unit of a village that will stand.
3. Happened spread of population into new areas that will lead to the unity of indigenous
people in the village who would stand.
The third major event was realized or not, will lead to the unity of indigenous communities
which have a separate area with specific boundaries along with the wealth that is in it.

RESEARCH METHODS
This study used a Case Study qualitative with using descriptive approach . Data was
collected using the methods of library research , interviews , observation and documentation .
Library Research done by studying and reviewing literature books , official government
Bringing back the
experience that empowers
and does not empower
Develop and
implement action
plans.
Discuss the reasons why
the empowerment and
depowerment happened
Identify a problem or
project
Identifying the
meaningful power base
for a change

documents village , sub-district government and government Baso particular Agam Agency
for Community Empowerment and Governance Nagari ( BPMPN ) , searching various
resources related to society empowerment Nagari Tabek Panjang . Moreover conducted in-
depth interviews with selected informants , either structured or unstructured . Interviews were
conducted with informants of the Target Households Government Apparatus, they are Wali
Nagari Tabek Panjang , Nagari Devices and the member of the Consultative Board ( Bamus )
Tabek Panjang , Ninik mamak , Custom , People / activist community organizations , and the
various parties involved in the village community empowerment Tabek panjang . To
strengthen the documentation of data and observations was made by directly observing the
subject and the object studied . Analysis of the data in this study using the method of analysis
by Milles and Huberman which include data reduction , data display and conclusion.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Basically empowerment is a system oriented in humans development , with the
advanced in participation principle (participatory), networking, independence and justice
(equality) are in the process provide a convenience (access) so that in the end achieved
progress and independence. The independence then become a goal of the Decentralization
Act No. 32 of 2004 in local administration. Furthermore the concept of empowerment, the
community is seen as a subject that can make a change, then the approach abbreviated
ACTORS can be seen how Tabek Panjang community self-empowerment going on.
1. Authority or authorized empowerment done by giving confidence to the people to make
changes that lead them to the quality improvement and standard of their lives .
2. Confidence and compentence or self-confidence and self-efficacy , empowerment can be
initiated with cause and foster self-confidence and the ability to see that people can make
changes .
3. Truth or belief , to be empowered , society or someone must be sure that he has the
potential to be developed.
4. Opportunity, which provides an opportunity for the public to choose everything they want
so that they can develop themselves according to their potential.
5. Responsibility or liability , meaning it should be emphasized that the existence of a sense
of responsibility to the community about changes they made .
6. Support, the support of various parties to the process of change and empowerment can
make people ' better' .

No. Approach Explanation
1 Authority Government Regulation 72 of 2007 about village has empowered
communities, especially indigenous and tribal peoples in the
Implementation of government, implementation of development,
fostering society, and society empowerment using the original
rights, in this case using the custom prevailing in the Tabek
Panjang Nagari. By granting this authority, people are required to
be independent in making changes

2 Confidence
and
competence
In Nagari Tabek Panjang, People has a very high desire to escape
from poverty. However, the lack of ability of self becomes a
bottleneck. Even so many members of the community, especially
among those who do not have more than one job in addition to the
principal even odd jobs.
3 Truth Based on the interviews, Burden suffering from poverty force
people to survive from poverty. For survival, many poor people
have some kind of work in addition to the basic work to make ends
meet.
4 Opportunity Potential of Nagari tabek Panjang , from 4 ( four ) Jorong of each
there are real potential can be further improved and developed ,
include :
Jorong Sungai Janiah famous for its tourism potential .
Either in the form of cultural tourism Traditional Minang
Dance nature -hills , caves , and the slopes- , and ' sacred
fish ' Janiah river .
Jorong Tabek Panjang known for its agricultural potential .
There are 21 groups of farmers who actively manage the
rice field area of 283 ha .
Jorong Baso has potential in trade and livestock . The
government is already giving a seed capital for the
development of dairy cattle and beef cattle . In terms of
trade are Baso markets , industries such as handicrafts and
embroidery stitches both home-made and business in the
form of snack crackers . To tailor rely as wage laborers .
Jorong Sungai Cubadak potential in agriculture . In addition
, home cracker industry began to grow rapidly .
With the potential that exists , people have a great opportunity to
improve their standard of living . If it coupled with the knowledge
and ability of the management of the potential that exists , it is
possible that Tabek Panjangs people lives more prosperous .
5 Responsibility Persistence, patience and responsibility to finance the education of
children and family, become ethos for most people in Tabek
Panjang. Responsibility and dedication to become embedded in
people's lives, especially in Nagari Tabek Panjang changes
improved the quality of life for welfare.
6 Support The government through various programs such as BLSM, PKK,
JAMKESMAS, Raskin and other programs continue to be
encouraged, especially in poverty alleviation. Not infrequently
people in capable of categories, impoverish themselves to benefit
from government programs. In addition the government of Nagari
Tabek Panjang, in seeking to advance the community's economy,
among others:
a. Facilitate coaching and training for farmer groups, and home

industries snacks (sweet potato chips). But for home embroidery
industry coaching and training it is lack because it still hung up by
cost.
b. Facilitating POM permit for potato chips home industry.
c. Facilitate comparative studies for a group of cattle to successful
ranchers privately owned ranch located in Tanjung Pati District 50
Kota
d. Facilitate loan funds through PNPM, and business groups
savings (SPP) such as BMT
(source: interviews processed)

Poverty Rate in Nagari Tabek Panjang can be determined through the data Target
Households (RTS) that received assistance from the poverty alleviation programs of the
government. To establish households into RTS, BPS establishes 14 criteria used to determine
a family / household as poor, as follows :
1. Residential building floor area less than 8 m2 per person
2. Dwelling type floor made of earth / bamboo / wooden cheap
3. Residence wall type of bamboo / thatch / low-quality wood / plaster wall without
4. Did not have a bowel movement facilities / shared with other households
5. Sources lighting households do not use electricity
6. Sources of drinking water comes from wells / springs are not protected / river / rain
water
7. Fuels for everyday cooking is firewood / charcoal / kerosene
8. Only eat meat / dairy / chicken once a week
9. Just buy a new set of clothes in a year
10. Could only eat as much as one / two times a day
11. Could not afford treatment at health center / clinic
12. Income Sources of household heads are: farmers with land area of 500 m2, farm
laborers, fishermen, construction workers, plantation workers and or other jobs with
incomes below Rp. 600.000, - per month.
13. Highest level of education of household head: no school / no pass SD / SD only
14. No saving / goods are easily sold at least Rp. 500.000, - like motorcycle credit / non-
credit, gold, livestock, motor boats, or other capital goods
With the provision, if at least 9 variables met then a household can be categorized as
poor households. Data obtained through the Target Households data collection by Welfare
Section Agam Government as follows :



In 2011 recorded 70 Households fall in to the category of RTS. In the next year re-
recording, recorded 105 Household included in the RTS category. An increasing number of
these known high due to the presence of human errors by the committee at the time of
recording. Then, in 2013 re-recorded 104 Households included in the category of RTS.
Known to decline 1 Household of the previous year. By 2014 that number is still down or
stagnant in number 104 Households that fall into the category of RTS.
Inhibiting and Supporting Factors of Self Empowerment
Every effort is certainly have a risk of failure. In the present study found an inhibiting
factor villagers' self-empowerment Tabek Panjang from outside or from within. These factors
can lead to failure if left in the community self-empowerment. Here inhibiting factors,
namely:
a. Society that lack of knowledge
Lack of public knowledge about agriculture, livestock, and industrial cause various
problems in marketing, financial management, processing thus slowing the growth of the
creative industries.
b. Limitations of marketing.
For those citizens who work traders, the lack of targeted marketing that still cause
price instability causing the community's economy slipped then many of home industries
do not survive.
c. Limitations of capital.
Lack of capital is owned by farmers, ranchers, and entrepreneurs sweet potato chips
could inhibit them to further expand its business.
d. Limitations of appropriate technology.
When the price of agricultural products slumped, minimal marketing, and
unavailability of appropriate technologies for processing agricultural crops causing
wasted then becamerubbish and farmers economy was declining.
e. Mental attitude and mindset of society is not open to change.
Society tends to refuse to gather for training, coaching, administration and science of
motivation. This is due to the desire of the community gathered just to get capital.
According to them whatsoever without capital (fund) is wasteless and wasting time.
Besides lack of diligent public is also an obstacle in advancing the community's economy,
instead the majority of people are 'talkative'. Others again the problem with the youth.
They tend to want to be open to change, debriefing, coaching, motivation, and training-

oriented business opportunities. However, if in practice they have not been successful,
there is a kind of sentiment nature of the business or organization make only rival to rival
that has been successful, not oriented success.
f. Dependence on Government Programs
The tendency of people to seek benefit from government programs becomes crucial
constraint. This raises spoiled attitude and powerlessness within society. The number of
people who claim to not be able to afford in order to get more government help treat this
condition worse.
g. Lack of solid coordination
Lack of coordination between the local government, relevant agencies, government
sub-district, Nagari government with Jorong government . Jorong government
involvement in government aid programs are very less. As a result many government
assistance programs without supervision and control so that the impact to the welfare of
society is very less.
The next is the factor that support self-empowerment in Nagari found in Tabek Panjang :
1. Region Potential
In Each Jorong (course) in Tabek Panjang have their potential thing that can be
improve and increase, they are :
Jorong Sungai Janiah has been popular by its tourism objects.
Jorong Tabek Panjang with their agriculture. There are 21 actived farmer-group that
work for 283 ha land.
Jorong Baso with their trade-center and livestocks.
Jorong Sungai Cubadak, with its agriculture potential.
2. Local Leadership
As a native-village, the existing of native-leader (chief) is very important in Nagari
Tabek Panjang. Because for every single activity that held by nagari government, the
leader of nagari and all of the staffs, it wouldnt be effective if theres no support by the
native-leader. In other words, empowerment effort to increase native-leaders knowledge
is the very first activity to do. So then, the society can be more faster to moving forward,
because they were really loyal to the nativeleader it self.
Nagari Tabek Panjang, leaders of native people collected in one intitution called
Kerapatan Adat Nagari (Intitution of Native Society in Nagari). KAN including importent
person in Minangkabau society, they are :
1. Penghulu or Datuk from every native-group (chief from each native group called
Suku)
2. Manti, the people with high-level knowledge or educational people.
3. Malin, the religious people.
4. Dubalang, to save the society from bad situation. In charge of maintaining the security
and safety of citizens.
They collected in a group called Nan Ampek Jinih (the Four-Type of leader ), but if it
just three-type of leader without Penghulu or the chief, then it called Tungku Tigo
Sajarangan.
3. Quality of Nagari Government
The Nagari Government was pushed to create a job vacancy to make all of the
potential of nagari useful. Include the potential of how large the tabek panjang weidth and

about how potential the society of Tabek Panjang Nagari counted 9.648 people. So the
Quality improvement of Nagari Government can make steps to faster poverty allevation.
4. Proffesion Group in Society.
Proffesion group such as Farmer Group, livestock group, Home industry group, and
another proffesion group in the society are very important because they made couching,
training and adsorbing labour to get job became easier.
5. programme of the government
Support of the government in the shape of programmes to increase the welfare of
society can faster the flow of poverty allevation, even it in the shape of improve society
creativity level or programmes that touch the society it self.
6. Work Culture
Work culture of minang people especially in Nagari Tabek Panjang Society become a
potential resources and precious to be exploited. In effort to fulfill the requirement of life
, number of people has more than one job even in a tight-condition. Work-ethos like this
is important to be improved in the way to allevated the poverty.

Conclusion
Based on founded data, can be concluded that self-empowerment in Tabek Panjang
Nagari Society is not too succesful in effort of poverty allevation. Variety of the founded data
in field such as mental attitude of society to depend on government programmes influences
the poverty allevation to be more slower. Even some of people in the society in a large
number try to empower them self in the effort of poverty allevation.
Advices
Considering the support factors and inhibitor factors that founded, suggested :
1. Mental correction and improvement in religion-understanding in this case is for
government who managed people and the people it self.
2. The quality of local leader needs to be improved, considering government activity would
not be success if there is no support by the native-leaders.
3. Government makes and facilitates programme such as bapak angkat to couching and
improving society economic level. It was good if couching, motivating, and training
activities gave in one package with controlling and rolling-capital then there is positive
motivation to improve each economics unit.
4. Good Coordination between local government, and all level of government below until
jorong government then the function of couching and controlling can be more optimal in
the way to helping the economics level of society.
5. Improvement local potential management by the government and also by the society so
that local potential can be better then before (maximal).


REFERENCES
Himpunan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan Kecamatan, Desa Dan Kelurahan.(2008).
Fokusmedia : Bandung
Undang-Undang Otonomi Daerah 1999. (1999). Institut Ilmu Pemerintahan. Jakarta : Sinar
Grafika.
Adi, Isbandi Rukminto. Intervensi Komunitas Pengembangan Masyarakat Sebagai Upaya
Pemberdayaan Masyarakat, Rajagrafindo Persada : Jakarta,
Bodgan, Robert, dan Steven J. (1993) Taylor, Kualitatif Dasar-Dasar Penelitian. Surabaya :
Usaha Nasionals
Brannen, Julia. (2005). Memadu Metode Penelitian Kualitatif dan Kuantitatif. Yogyakarta :
Pustaka Pelajar,
Bungin, Burhan. (2001). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif, Aktualisasi Metodologis Ke Arah
Ragam Varian Kontemporer, Jakarta: Rajawali Press.
Bryson, John M. (1995). Strategic Planning Fo Public and Non Profit Organizations, A
guide to Strengthening and Sustaining Organizational Achievement.San Fransisco:
Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Grindle, Merilee S.( 1997). Getting Good Government, Capacity Building in The Public
Sectors of Developing Countries. Harvard University : Harvard Institude for
International Development.
Irawan, Prasetya. (2000). Logika Dan Prosedur Penelitian. Jakarta : STIA LAN Press, Info
Medika.
Ingraham, Patricia W., and Romzek Barbara S. (1994). New Paradigms for Government,
Issues for The Changing Public Service. San Fransisco : Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Maxwell, Joseph A. (1996). Qualitative Research Design An Interactive Approach, Applied
Social Research Methods Series, Volume 41. California : SAGE Publications.
Mikkelsen, Britha. (2003). Metode Penelitian Partisipatoris Dan Upaya-Upaya
Pemberdayaan. Jakarta : Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
Moleong, Lexy J.(1993). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung : Remaja Rosdakarya.
Muhadjir, H. Noeng. (1996). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif, Edisi III. Yogyakarta : Rake
Sarasin,.
Nurcholis, Hanif. (2005). Teori dan Praktik Pemerintahan dan Otonomi Daerah. Jakata:
Gasindo.
Raco, J. R. (2010). MetodePenelitian Kualitatif. Jakarta : Grasindo.
Rianse, Usman, dan Abdi. (2008). Metodologi Penelitian Sosial dan Ekonomi. Bandung :
Alfa Beta.
Strauss, Anselm, dan Juliet Corbin. (1990). Basic of Qualitatif Research. California : SAGE
Publications.
Sukidin, Basrowi. (2002). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif Perspektif Mikro.Surabaya : Insan
Cendekia.
Suprajogo, Tjahjo. (1999). Manajemen Pelayanan Publik, Bahan Kuliah. Institut Ilmu
Pemerintahan (IIP). Untuk Kalangan sendiri. Jakarta.
Unaradjan, Dolet. (2000) Pengantar Metode Penelitian Ilmu Sosial. Jakarta : PT. Grasindo.
Vredenbregt, Jacob.(1984). Metode Dan Teknik Penelitian Masyarakat. Jakarta : PT.
Gramedia.
Wasistiono, Sadu, dkk. (2009) Perkembangan Organisasi Kecamatan Dari Masa Ke Masa.
Bandung : Penerbit Fokus Media.
Wasistiono, Sadu, dan Irwan Tahir. (2007). Prospek Pengembangan Desa. Bandung :
Fokusmedia.