Prospectsandchallengesof

SolarPowerinIndia
Bibek Bandyopadhyay Bibek Bandyopadhyay
J d U i i Jadavpur University
October28,2013
It i t Itistrue
TheEarthsclimateiswarmingup g p
Eachofthelastthreedecadeshasbeen
successivelywarmerattheEarthssurface
thananyprecedingdecadesince1850.
Oceanwarmingdominatestheincreasein
d h l energystoredintheclimatesystem,
accountingformorethan90%oftheenergy
accumulatedbetween1971and2010.
CO2concentrationshaveincreasedby40%
sincepreindustrialtimes,primarilyfrom
fossil fuel emissions and secondarily fossilfuelemissions andsecondarily
fromnetlandusechangeemissions.
Historically 280 ppm
1950 310 ppm
2000 365 ppm
2025 about 425 ppm
2050 450-550 ppm
Th b i f l l d il f l i i d h Theburningofcoal,naturalgas,andoilforelectricityandheat
isthelargestsinglesourceofglobalgreenhousegasemissions.
Fossil fuels still dominate Fossilfuelsstilldominate
theglobaleconomys
energybalance.
Presently,fossilfuels oil,
l d id coalandgasprovidemore
than80%oftheworlds
primaryenergysupply.
Today,amanconsumes100
i h hi timestheenergyhis
primitive
ancestor used to consume ancestorusedtoconsume.
Lifecyclecarbonintensity
ofelectricitysource IEAvisiononSolarEnergy
Source
Carbon
intensity
(g/kWh)
gy
Leastcostenergymixby2050
Reducingenergyrelatedcarbondioxideemission
levelsbyhalffrom2005levels
High renewable scenario
Coal 920
Oil 730
Natural gas 470
Highrenewablescenario
:PVandCSPcanprovide25%ofglobalelectricity
by2050
:Levelised cost$0.1perunitby2030
Naturalgas 470
SolarPV 46
Solarthermal 22
Biomass 18
Nuclear 16
Wind 12 Wind 12
Hydroelectric 4
Hydrogenfrom 4
renewables
Decarbonisationof Fuels Decarbonisationof Fuels
Decarbonization is the progressive lightening of the amount of carbon used
to produce a given amount of energy, as the energy system favors
l l th t f h d b molecules that favor hydrogen over carbon
8
9
10
4
5
6
7
8
o
f

C
a
r
b
o
n

a
t
o
m
s
0
1
2
3
Wood Coal Oi l Gas Hydrogen
N
o
.

o
Hydrogen completes decarbonisation
t end that has accompanied e ol tion
Wood Coal Oi l Gas Hydrogen
Wood H:C=0.125 to 0.1:1
trend that has accompanied evolution
of energy sources for mankind over
the centuries
IndiaspercapitaCO
2
emissionsare1.39tonne asagainstworldaverageof4.44tonne
PlanwiseRenewableCapacityAddition
11
IndiasNationalActionPlanon
Climate Change (NAPCC) ClimateChange(NAPCC)
National Action Plan on Climate Change was released on 30
th
June, 2008.
Eight Missions were envisaged on
Solar Energy,
Enhanced Energy Efficiency, gy y,
Sustainable Habitat,
Water,
Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem,
Green India Green India,
Sustainable Agriculture and
Strategic knowledge for Climate Change
Conceptualizes living in harmony with Nature
Emphasizes on ecologically sustainable development
Aims at significantly increasing the share of solar energy in the
12
Aims at significantly increasing the share of solar energy in the
total energy mix
13
Percapitaelectricity Consumption Percapitaenergyconsumption: Renewableelectricity:
India:730Units India:0.59tOe India:30%
12.55%
World:2890Units World:0.1.86tOe World:16%
IndianPowerSector
Thermal
Nuclear
Hydro
17.48%
67.86%
Hydro
Renewable
2.10%
Thermal Hydro Nuclear Renewable Total
1,53,847
MW
39,623MW 4,780MW 28,454MW 2,26,704MW
InstalledPowerCapacity:India:226.704GW,World:995GW
Renewable Power Capacity
14
RenewablePowerCapacity
7%
13%
Wind
SmallHydro
Biomass
13%
Solar
67%
Wind SmallHydro Solar Biomass Total
19,051MW 3,632MW 2073MW 3,698MW 28,454MW
14
*
15
PolicyandRegulatorySupport
Regulatorymeasures RPO/REC
Supportinggridconnectedprojectstobringvolumesandreduce pp g g p j g
prices
Financialsupportforoffgrid
Support R&D SupportR&D
Encouragemanufacturing
Humanresourcedevelopment
MissionRoadMap
25 25000
20 20
20
20000
20000
10 10
15
10000
15000
7
10
5
10
5
10
1000
4000
200
1000
2000
0
5000
0
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
0
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
Grid solar power (MW)
Off-grid Applicationa (MW)
Solar thermal collectors (million sq.m.)
Solar lighting (million)
Inaddition,100MWcapacitydistributedsmallgrid
connectedpowerplantsduringPhase1
16
SOLARCONCENTRATINGTECHNOLOGYLANDSCAPE
JNNSM(Phase1) KeyDeliverables
1 100 MW Grid Solar Power Projects 1,100MWGridSolarPowerProjects
200MWOffgridSolarApplications
7millionSq.msolarthermalcollectorarea
R&DandHRD;CentersofExcellence
DomesticManufacturing
Institutional arrangements for implementation of activities Institutionalarrangementsforimplementationofactivities
undertheMission
19
Targets & Achievements of PhaseI
20
Targets&AchievementsofPhase I
ApplicationSegment TargetforPhaseI Achievement for
(201013) PhaseI
Gridsolarpower
(largeplants,rooftop&
1,100
MW
1,684MW
(includingthose ( g p , p
distributiongridplants)
( g
understate
initiative)
Offgrid solar applications 200 MW 252 5 MW Off gridsolarapplications
allotment
200MW 252.5MW
SolarThermalCollectors(SWHs,
l ki l li
7million
t
7.001millionsq.
t solarcooking,solarcooling,
Industrialprocessheat
applications,etc.)
sq.meters meters
SolarPlantsinIndia(MW)
2010 35 MW
2011 190 MW 2011 190MW
2012 980MW
2013 1000MW(Expected)
1MWSPV(CrystallineSilicon)PowerPlantatNewDelhi(SolarRPOarrangement)
1MWSPVPlantatHissarinHaryana
SolarProjectsinIndia(August2013)
C i i d Commissioned
SolarPV 1801
SolarThermal 56
Total 1857
Underdevelopment
Solar PV 2339 SolarPV 2339
SolarThermal 445
Total 2784
CumulativeSolarpowerplants:2079MW
(September, 2013) (September,2013)
Crystalline Thinfilm
PhaseIBatchI 54% 46%
PhaseIBatchII 29.63% 66.67%
Generation Generation
5MWp 5MWp Plant Plant at at Khimsar Khimsar Energy Energy pp gy gy
Statewise Solar Installations
Gujarat 857 Orissa 13
Rajasthan 568 Punjab 9
State wiseSolarInstallations
Rajasthan 568 Punjab 9
Maharashtra 185 Haryana 8
Madhya
Pradesh
37 Goa 7
Pradesh
Andhra
Pradesh
28 Uttarakhand 5
K t k 24 Chh ti h 4 Karnataka 24 Chhatisgarh 4
TamilNadu 19 NewDelhi 2.5
UttarPradesh 17 WestBengal 2
Jhakhand 16 Total ~1800MW
GlobalcumulativesolarPVPowercapacity
2012 : 102 GW 2012:102GW
Eightnationsaddedatleastagigawatt ofgridconnectedcapacity
in2012:Germany,China,Italy,theU.S.,Japan,France,theU.K.,and
India.
Thirteennations(upfrom8in2011)areinthegigawatt clubof
cumulativesolarinstallations:Germany,Italy,the
U.S.,China,Japan,Spain,France,Belgium,Australia,theCzech
Republic,theU.K.,Greece,andIndia.
2013(July):116.5GW
Germany,Italy,China,USandJapancrossedmorethan10GW
l PV i t ll ti (S t b 2013) solarPVinstallations (September2013).
The installations are concentrated only in a few countries. Theinstallationsareconcentratedonlyinafewcountries.
Thevastsunshinezonesarestillnotactive.
Germany:34.5
GW (July, 2013)
FITsinGermanysinkfurther.
0.1006 per kWh for PV systems with more than 1 MW.
10GWSolarPVClub
GW(July,2013) 0.1006perkWhforPVsystemswithmorethan1MW.
Forsmallrooftopsystems:0.1230to0.1454perkWh.
setagoalofsubsidizingitssolarprogramupto52GW.
Italy: 17GW Conto Energia V,hascometoaninJuly2013. y g , y
MostpartsofItalyhavereachedgridparity
China:7GW
(2012)+1.8GW
Target:35GWby2015
(oneyearagothetargetwasraisedfrom15GWto21GW).
(firsthalf) Newtariffsfordistributedsolarprojects atarateof0.42Yuan
($0.07)/kWh.
Newmanufacturingpolicy.
UnitedStates:
Crossed 10GWin
September,2013
U.S.residentialsolardemandcontinuestosurge,andthird
partyownedsolarresidentialinparticular.
50statebasedmarketswithalayeroffederalpolicy.Marketto p , y p y
hit17GWbytheendof2014.
Japan:10.5GW Target:28GWby2020.
(September, 13) 89%rooftop.
FITProgram foraccelerateddeploymentoflargescaleprojects
(July13):~0.38$/kWh
SolarThermalPowerPlants
Operational(MW) UnderConstruction
(MW)
Spain 1485 Spain 251
S 8 S 1033 USA 785 USA 1033.5
Iran 17.25 India 375
Italy 5.0 China 78.5
India 52.5 Australia 44
Australia 2.0 Israel 121
Germany 1.5 France 13.4
France 0.25 SouthAfrica 150
Algeria 25 Morocco 163
Thiland 5
Italy 5
UAE 100
Total ~2800 Total ~2500
SolarThermalPowerPlants
CapacityunderAnnouncement
(MW) (MW)
USA3949
Spain930
China 2000 China 2000
Morocco 1840
Israel 180
Kuwait280
Chile100
Iran72
Italy30
Mexico14
Total ~9000
Opportunities
Shareofpeoplewithoutelectricityaccessfor
developingcountries,2008(UNDP)
Energyavailabilityandenergysecurityofthecountrytobeimproved
Technologiesforconversionofsolarradiationtoelectricityandheat
have come to a stage of exploitation havecometoastageofexploitation
furtherimprovementsareinthehorizon
Solarradiationavailabilityisgood
Solartechnologiescanprovideaccesstoelectricityonimmediate g p y
basistoourunelectrifiedareas
Challenges
Solarresource
Land and water
g
Landandwater
Technology
Qualityinfrastructure
Transmission
Policy
Financing
Largescalerenewableintegrationtogrid
Local manufacturing Localmanufacturing
Storage
Solarradiationistheprimaryinputforsolarenergysystems.Itisnecessarytoknowas
preciselyaspossiblethequantityandqualityofsolarradiationatthesiteofutilization.
SolarResourceMapsforIndia
31
SolarRadiationResource
Assessment
PhaseI:51Stations
PhaseII:60Stations
Advancestations:4
MEDA stations: 4 MEDAstations:4
Land & Water Land&Water
Solarpowerplantsnormallyrequire5acresoflandperMW.
Solar thermal power plants also require substantial water for its operation. Solarthermalpowerplantsalsorequiresubstantialwaterforitsoperation.
BothSPVandCSPplantsrequirewaterforwashingmodules/collectors.
Availability of solar radiation is more where water is a scarce commodity Availabilityofsolarradiationismorewherewaterisascarcecommodity.
CSPplantsrequirehighdirectsolarinsolationforitsoperation.
Normallywateravailabilityisaprobleminthesesites.
ForPVpowergeneration,rooftopsprovideveryappropriatespaceand
sites.
Roof top PV therefore is an appropriate proposition RooftopPV,therefore,isanappropriateproposition.
EngineeringresearchonCSPplantsthatrequirelesserwaterisapriority.
l f i i h l d d i i l Developmentofappropriatecoatingsthatrepeldustandmoistureisalsoa
priority.
UltraMegaGreenSolarPowerProject
Kharaghoda Gujarat Unit of Hindustan Salts Limited (HSL) in Little
34
Kharaghoda,GujaratUnitofHindustanSaltsLimited(HSL)inLittle
Runn ofKutch
Project and Site Details:
Land availability : Approximately 18000 acres
Feasible capacity : 4000 MW
Project Duration : 7 years j y
Selection of developers:
Through a competitive bidding process,
Some allocations to joint venture partners j p
Phase I
Earmarked land : ~ 4000 Acres
Capacity : ~1000 MW Capacity : ~1000 MW
TheaerialviewofSambar Lake
KharagodaSite
37
SaltProductionProcessatKharaghoda
SolarPowerProject1000MWp inKargil toinclud 180Kms
transmissionlinefromKargil toAlusten (Srinagar) Proposal
BriefProjectDetails
38
BriefProjectDetails..
ExpectedProjectCost 9000to12000Cr
AreaRequirement 4000to5000hectares
ExpectedEnergyYield(Approx) 83Mn Units/MWp/Yr
ConstructionTime
Including180Kms transmissionline
FromKargil toAlusten (Srinagar) 36to48Months g ( g )
TentativeProposedsitesforgenerationofSolarpowerupto1000Mw
inKargil District
Name of Site Availability of Land Proposed Generation
39
NameofSite AvailabilityofLand ProposedGeneration
Sodh Area(Kulubur toHambutingla) 2000hectare500Mw
Lahlung plateau 700hectare175Mw
Akchamal via tharumsa upto Pushkum 500 hectare 125 Mw Akchamal viatharumsa upto Pushkum 500hectare125Mw
Brakarthang Mulbekh 300hectare125Mw
Wado toNamkila Belt 2000hectare500Mw
Mangbore to Haniskote 3000 hectare 750 Mw Mangbore toHaniskote 3000hectare750Mw
Minji toSaliskote 1000hectare250Mw
TOTAL 9700Hectare 2425Mw
StatusofGridasondate:
Kargil toDrass (proposedGridreceivingstationconnectivitythrough66kVAforChutuk
hydel projectin the2ndphasei,e 2014.
Localgridof11KVAispresentlyavailablefromKargil toDrass.
PresentloadonsubstationDrass is0.5MwofMorpochu Hydel ProjectwithinDrass block.
NationalGridisonlyupto Alusting Srinagar.
Kangan toSonamarg localgridof11KVA.
Ataleoftwosolarcollectors
SolarGreenCollector
Naturalevolution
SolarPhotovoltaicCollector
Engineeredproduct
PlatinisedTCO
coatedglass
I

/I
2
redox
electrolyte
TCO
coated
l
Nanocrystalline
TiO
2
film
Sensitizer
dye
g
Light
glass
I
3

Externalcircuit
D e sensi t i sed Phot oel ect r ochemi cal Sol ar cel l s Dye sensi t i sed Phot oel ect r ochemi cal Sol ar cel l s
Concentrator Solar Cells
Multi J unction High Efficiency Cells Multi J unction High Efficiency Cells
FactorsinfluencingSolarConcentrated
Technology
Directnormal
Ambient
Irradiance
(DNI)
Ambient
Temperature
EFFICIENCY EFFICIENCY
LatitudeEffect WindVelocity
Required
Temperature
Solarthermalcollectors
Applications pp
Heating
Drying y g
Cooling
Powergeneration
Solar Field
Triple Effect Vapour Absorption Machine
Hybridization
Cost effective Costeffective
Reliable
Lowercarbonfootprint
Technologymapping
Hybridization
Storage Storage
Cogeneration
Aconsidereddecisionismustforsystemefficacy,reliability
andcosteffectiveperformance.
Stiriling Engine StirilingEngine
Externalcombustionengine
can work with any fuel canworkwithanyfuel
Highpowerconversion
efficiency
Canbeusedfordistributive
powergeneration
Solar Hydrogen System
Proposed at SEC
5 Nm
3
/h
capacity
100 kW
electrolyser
Simple water electrolysis
00 W
Hydrogen
storage
Hydrogen Dispenser
54
Hydrogen Dispenser
Applications of Hydrogen
Vehicles Fuel Cells
Qualityinfrastructure
Maintaining credibility as energy source Maintainingcredibilityasenergysource
Quality,durabilitymustbethetoppriority
the$77billionsolarindustryisfacingaqualitycrisisjustassolarpanels
areonthevergeofwidespreadadoption
TheNewYorkTimes,May28,2013.
SignificantnumberofPVinstallationsdonotdeliverthe
projectedoutput
Module degradation affects power generation Moduledegradationaffectspowergeneration
Solarreflectorsgetdegraded
Dust acriticalproblemforIndia
Qualityresourcedata
i li l fi i l Improvingqualitylowersfinancialcost
DEFECTS GENERATED IN CRYSTALLINE SILICON MODULES
C i f M l
EVABrowningEffect
CorrosionofMetal
Contacts
CorrosionofSolar
CellGrid
Delaminatingof
SolarCellModule
GENERATION&GROWTHOFDELAMINATIONDEFECTSINPVMODULES
GENERATION
GROWTHSTAGE1
GROWTHSTAGE2
GROWTHSTAGE3 GROWTHSTAGE4 FINALSTAGE
BROWNINGINCRYSTALLINESILICONPVMODULES
INITIATIONOFBROWNING
DARKNINGSTAGE1
ADVANCEDBROWNING 2
DefectsGrowthinThinfilmModules
(WITHandWITHOUTFRAME)
INITIALSTAGE
ADVANCEDSTAGE
Transmissionnetwork
Issuesinlargescalerenewableintegration:
Intermittency
Variability/Uncertainty
Pl d l i i h k i i Plantsconnectedatremotelocationswithweaktransmission
network
Gridfailure
Measures:
Stronggridinterconnections
Flexiblegeneration,reservesforsupplybalancing
Forecasting of renewable generation and forecasting of power Forecastingofrenewablegenerationandforecastingofpower
demand
EstablishmentofrenewableenergymanagementCentres
equipped with advanced forecasting tools and reliable equippedwithadvancedforecastingtoolsandreliable
communicationinfrastructure
Gridcode,Connectivitystandards,realtimemonitoring
Institutionalarrangementswithdefinedrolesand g
responsibilities
Electricity Act (EA), 2003
REPolicyFramework
ElectricityAct(EA),2003
1.Section86 promotesREbyensuringgridconnectivity&saleofRE.
2.Section3 CentralGovernmenttodevelopanationalpolicyforoptimal
utilizationofresourcesincludingRE. g
3.SERCsto:
Section86 fixaminimumpercentageenergypurchasefromREsources(RPO).
Section61 determinetariffsforthepromotionofRE
NationalElectricityPolicy(NEP),2005
1.Section5.2.20ofNEPpromotesprivateparticipationinRE.
2.Section5.12.1ofNEPtargetscapitalcostreductioninREthroughcompetition.
3.Section5.12.2ofNEPstatesthatSERCsshouldspecifyappropriatetariffsto
promoteREandspecifytargetsforRE.
NationalTariffPolicy(NTP),2006
1.AminimumpercentageprocurementshouldbemadelatestbyApril1,2006
2 A preferential tariff to be determined by SERC to enable RETs to compete 2.ApreferentialtarifftobedeterminedbySERCtoenableRET stocompete
3.ProcurementofREbydistributionlicenseethroughcompetitivebidding
I t t d E P li (IEP) 2008 IntegratedEnergyPolicy(IEP),2008
1.Designofincentivestructuresthatarelinkedtoenergygenerated
2 Regulators to mandate feed in laws for RE where appropriate 2.RegulatorstomandatefeedinlawsforRE,whereappropriate.
3.EnvironmentalsubsidyforREthroughcess onconventionalenergygeneration
4.FIsshouldbeencouragedtosetupCapitalFundsforREentrepreneurs.
5.Need to auction sites on public property for wind energy development 5.Needtoauctionsitesonpublicpropertyforwindenergydevelopment
6.Toencouragesolarthermalahigherpremiumoffeedintariffneedsto
beprovided
NationalActionPlanonClimateChange
Paragraph4.2.2:Starting200910,RenewablePurchaseObligationsbeset
at5%oftotalgridspurchase,toincreaseby1%eachyearfor10years.
2011AmendmentinTariffPolicy: 0.25%SolarRPOby2013
and3%by2022
RegulatoryMeasures
RenewablePurchaseObligation(RPO)
FeedinTariffs(FiTs)
Renewable energy certificate (REC) mechanism Renewableenergycertificate(REC)mechanism
TransmissionInfrastructure
Policyintervention
Incentives financialandfiscal
Removingnoneconomicbarriers
Publicprivate partnership Public privatepartnership
Innovativebusinessandfinancialmodels
MandatorySolarRPOMechanism
State Electricity Regulators to fix a percentage of energy purchased from
Solar Power under RPO.
The Solar RPO has to begin with 0.25 % of the energy procured
reaching 3% by 2022.
This requirement likely to go up to 30,000 MW by 2022.
SolarPowerrequiredtomeetSolarRPOs(MW)
201112 201213 201314 201415 201516 201617
1465 3018 4659 6387 8204 10109
Innovativefinancialmechanisms
Attractingnewinvestorsthathavenotbeenabletoinvestsofar
Makingtaxbenefitsaccessibletoallinvestors
Reduceinvestmentrisksthroughinsurancecovers
ExtendingInfrastructuredebtfundforrenewableenergy g gy
ExtendingRECbenefitsforoffgridprojects
Tradableaccelerateddepreciationcredits
ThebenefitofADarenotavailabletomostIPPs
Tradable AD ta credits ill be certificates a ailable to TradableADtaxcreditswillbecertificatesavailableto
generators fortrading
Thiswillensureparitytoallclassesofgenerators
Solarradiationavailabilityisstochasticin
nature
back up power capacity
nature
backuppowercapacity
balancingplants
expandedelectricitygrid
network
smartgridconcept
precisepredictionofenergy p p gy
production
energystoragesystemswith
a portfolio of a variety of aportfolioofavarietyof
technologies
Storage both for off grid and for grid
0 6 12 18 24
Storagebothforoffgridandforgrid
applications
JNNSMPhaseII
67
Gridconnected
Cumulative target:
ff id
Cumulativetarget:
10,000MW (byMarch2017)
4,000MWunderCentralschemes
6 000 MW d S i i i i
Offgrid
Target: 800MW
Thrustareas:
6,000MWunderStatesinitiatives
Thrustareas:
ENERGYACCESS
DIESELREPLACEMENT
TELECOMTOWERS
COLD STORAGE
DevelopmentofT&Dnetwork
DevelopingclusterofSolarParksto
reducecosts
COLDSTORAGE
WATERPURIFICATION
WATERPUMPING
NEWINNOVATIVEPRODUCTS
GridconnectedRooftop
Achievinggridparityattheearliest
VIABILITY GAPFUNDING(VGF)SCHEME
68
TotalcapacityconsideredunderBatchI:
750MWin2categories:
WithDomesticContentRequirement
Open; no restriction Open;norestriction.
ImplementingAgency:
SolarEnergyCorporationofIndia(SECI)
VGFMechanism
69
Tariff tobepaidtothedeveloper:
Rs.5.45/kWh,fixedfor25years
10%lessviz.,Rs.4.95/kWhforprojectsavailingbenefitof
AcceleratedDepreciation
VGFtobepaid:upto30%ofprojectcostlimitedtoRs.2.5cr./MW,
b d b d basedonbid
Developersequity:minimumRs.1.5cr./MW
BalancecanberaisedasLoan.
Min.Capacityofeachproject:10MW
Max capacity 50 MW Max.capacity :50MW
Max.3projectsatdifferentlocationsbyonedeveloper,
subjecttoamax.of100MW.
India
RenewableEnergyProjectionsfor2027
Cumulative Installed Capacities in GW CumulativeInstalledCapacitiesinGW
71
Thankyouforyourattention