Hydraulic systems

Although the hydraulic systems used aboard vary widely. They may, however, be grouped into the three
basic set ups.
Constant flow
For a constant flow pump it is possible to vary the flow to a load by varying the outlet from
the load.
The major components are the fixed delivery pump, unloading valve, and accumulator.
The accumulator consists of a steel pressure vessel within which is a rubber bag. The space
between the bag and the steel walls is filled with nitrogen at a set pressure. When the constant delivery
pump is started, oil is supplied to the accumulator inflating the bag with oil against the nitrogen pressure.
When the set system pressure is reached the unloader valve will open maintaining system
pressure at a set amount. The check valve maintains the pressure in the accumulator giving a ready
reserve on demand. An alternative to this is to have a pressure cut out switch for the pump with a
suitable dead band to prevent cycling.
When a throttle or control valve is opened the accumulator supplies oil to the load, the
pressure above the check valve drops, the valve opens, the unloading valve begins to close and oil is
supplied through the check valve.
A common use for this system is for valve openingclosing.
Constant pressure
!ses one or more variable delivery pumps which supply oil at nearly constant pressure to
either a system of multiple loads or a single load such as a hydraulic elevator hoist.
When the pumping capacity exceeds load re"uirements, the system pressure increases above
a set value, at which point the pressure compensator acts to take the pump off stroke. A relief valve is
fitted in case of malfunction of the compensator.
Fluid flow to the load may be controlled by a variety of methods one of which is the simple
three position valve shown.
This system suits an installation containing several high demand units such as deck winch
hydraulics
#hown is a pump typical of the service described. The Flow $imiter acts to restrict the maximum
movement of the #wash plate.The maximum pressure adjustement acts on the set point spring for the
swash plate positioning control. The Tor"ue limiter takes both the %ressure and Flow &#wash %late
%osition'signals in calculating tor"ue
Demand system
The demand hydraulic system is a closed loop
system particularly adapted to meet the precise demands of varying loads such as steering gear and
automatic weapons handling e"uipment. The variable and reversible delivery pump does not take suction
from a sump tank, as a loop of oil is maintained between the main pump and the load. The closed loop
eliminates pressure drop which would exist if the load control were achieved by a servo valve located in
the main hydraulic piping. A servo pump and replenishing pump are driven off the same shaft as the main
pump, provide actuating fluid to stroke the main pump and to provide make up fluid to the closed loop,
respectively. (ontrol of the main pump is accomplished by command and feedback signals. The command
and feedback signals may be composed of a combination of mechanical, electrical, or hydraulic devices.
This system is able to deliver a reasonably precise flow of oil which makes it suitable for
e"uipment where finite speed control is essential. An example other than those given above could be an
anchor handling windlass.