RAFFLES GIRLS SCHOOL (SECONDARY)

RAFFLES PROGRAMME
CHEMISTRY YEAR 3
Established in 1879

Name
Date

: _______________________ (
: ________________

) Class : _______

PERIODIC TABLE II - GROUPS

1.

Group I

The elements in Group I are called the alkali metals. They are lithium (Li), sodium
(Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs) and francium (Fr).
They are known as Alkali metals because of they react with water to produce
alkaline solutions. For example, sodium reacts with water to form sodium
hydroxide.
2 Na (s) + 2 H2O (l) 2 NaOH (aq) + H2 (g)
Properties of Group I metals
a) They have 1 electron in their valence shell. The atoms react by losing one
electron, forming a singly positive charged ion.
b) They are the most reactive of all the metals. Alkali metals are stored under
oil to protect them from moisture and air.
c) They are brittle and silvery metals.
d) They are good heat and electrical conductors.
e) They have generally low density and so float on water.
f) They have low melting points.
Reaction with water
Every alkali metal reacts with cold water, releasing hydrogen gas and producing a
solution of metal hydroxide that is alkaline.
Observations
a) These reactions always result in heat being produced they are exothermic.
b) Darting of the metal piece on the surface of the water
c) Fizzling is observed as hydrogen gas is produced.
d) Colourless solution turns pink as phenolphthalein indicator is added to the
solution.

Trends down Group I

a) Melting points of the elements decreases down the group
Reason: Down the group, the strength of the metallic bond of the elements
decreases. With the atomic radius of the elements increasing, the charge
density (Charge/Size ratio) will decrease. Melting point decreases.

b) Density of the elements increases down the group.

Reason: The molar mass of the element increases down the group.

c) Reactivity of the elements increases down the group (metallic character

increases)
The element shows a more spontaneous reaction with water down the group.
Reason: The ionization energy of the elements decreases down the group
(ease of forming cation increases).

2.

Transition Metals

The transition metals lie between Groups II and III and make up the central block of
the Periodic Table. In addition, there are groups of very radioactive elements
that make up the transition metals. These elements are part of the
lanthanides series and actinides series and are shown at the foot of the
Periodic Table.
Properties of Transition metals
a) They have variable electrons in their outer shells. Because of this, they form
ions of variable charges and have varying valency.
b) When they react, they tend to lose electrons, forming positive ions or cations.
c) They are hard metals, with high density and high melting point. (Example
platinum)
d) They tend to form coloured compounds (for example, iron (II) compounds are
often green and iron (III) compounds are often brown).
Catalytic use of transition metals

Definition of catalyst
A catalyst is a substance that increases the speed of a reaction but remains
chemically unchanged. They are often used in small amounts and are
regenerated at the end of the reaction.
Many of the transition metals are good catalysts. When added to reactions, they
serve to increase the rate of the reactions.
a) Iron is used to catalyse the production of ammonia (NH3) in Haber Process
b) Vanadium oxide is used as a catalyst in the manufacture of sulfuric acid
(H2SO4) in Contact Process.
c) Nickel is used as a catalyst in the manufacture of margarine.

3.

Group VII

The elements in this group are non-metals and are known as Halogens. Halogen
comes from the Greek word salt producing. The halogens will react with all
metals to form ionic salts.

Name of
halog
en

Chemical
form
ula

Molecular
mass
, Mr

Electronic
struc
ture

State at
room
temp
eratu
re

Colour

Fluorine

Pale green

Chlorine

Yellow

Bromine

Reddish
brown

Iodine
Astatine

2,8,18,18,7
At2

2,8,18,32,1
8,7

Solid

Black
Black

Properties of Group VII elements

a)
b)

They have seven electrons in the outer shells.

They all exist as diatomic, covalently bonded molecules, with the formula X2

c)

The atoms react by gaining one electron to form a negatively charged ion, X -

d)

They form ionic compounds with metals, example (sodium chloride)

e)

They form covalent compounds with non-metals, example (hydrogen

chloride)

f)

They are typical non-metals with low melting and boiling points.

g)

They are all non- conductors of electricity.

Trends down Group VII (with reference to the data table above)
a) Colour of the element gets darker down the group.
b) Melting and boiling point increases down the group as seen in the physical
state of the elements changing from gas liquid solid.
Reason: Relative molecular mass of the elements increases down the group.
This increases the strength of the intermolecular forces between the molecules.
Larger amount of heat energy is needed to overcome the forces, thus higher
boiling point and the state changing as such.
c) Reactivity of the element decreases down the group.
Reason: Down the group, the electron affinity of the elements decreases.
Electron affini
reflects the ability of an atom to accept electrons.
Displacement reaction a more reactive halogen can displace a less
reactive halogen from its compound.

Halogen
added

Chlorine, Cl2

KCl solution

Pale yellow
solution

KBr solution

Reddish brown
solution

KI solution

Brown solution
black
precipita
te

Equation for any

occurring
reaction
Cl2 + 2KBr 2KCl +
Br2
Cl2 +2KI 2KCl + I2

Bromine, Br2

Br2 + 2KI 2KBr + I2

Reddish brown
solution

Reddish brown
solution

Brown solution
black
precipita
te

Dark brown
solution

Dark brown
solution

Dark brown
solution

Iodine, I2

4.

Nil

Group 0

The Noble Gases form the last group of elements in the Periodic Table, either as
Group VIII or Group O. The noble gases are Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon
(Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe) and Radon (Rn).
They are also known as Inert gases. Their inertness or lack of reactivity is due to
their stable electronic configuration. They have a complete valence shell and
have little tendency to lose or gain electrons.
They have no wish to share electrons to form a covalent bond or to lose or gain
electrons to form an ionic bond. They are electronically very stable.
Properties of Noble gases
a) They are all non-metallic elements.
b) They are all colourless gases at room temperature and pressure, with low
melting and boiling points.
c) They exist as monoatomic gases due to their electronic stability.
d) They have high ionization energy and high electronegativity.
e) Their inertness is an important feature of their practical uses.

The first 3 Noble Gases,

showing their electron
arrangements with full
very stable outer shells.

Trends down Group 0

a) Melting and boiling points increases down the Group.

Reason: The molecular mass of the elements increase down the Group. This
results in stronger intermolecular forces of attraction between the atoms.
More energy is needed to overcome these forces, thus melting and boiling
point increases.

b) Density increases down the Group.

Reason: The molar mass of the elements increase with the Group.

c) More likely to react and form a compound with very reactive elements like
Fluorine. Stable compounds of Xenon are now known and synthesized.
Checkpoint:
What is the necessary condition for noble gases to react forming
compounds?
High temperature and pressure