{A FREE AND OPEN SOURCE PUBLICATION}

Author:shamnas cv
Escap to L!nu"
Human knowledge belongs to the world
Author
Shamnas cv
#$%&'()*'(*&*
shamnascv$)+,ma!-.com
Computr Sc!nc an/ En,!nr!n, stu/nt
0!sh1svara22a Tchno-o,!ca- Un!vrs!t23B-,aum
In/!a
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Escap to L!nu"
Preface
I 1ant pop- to start us!n, opn sourc oprat!n, s2stms an/ app-!cat!ons.
4an2 o5 th pop- ar not a1ar o5 ths so5t1ars 1h!- som s!mp-2 avo!/
thm.Th2 ar not ra/2 to tr2 opn sourc oprat!n, s2stms 62 5ar o5 -oos!n,
com5ort that th2 ar n7o2!n, !n th!r -aptops no1.Actua--2 th2 /on8t 9no1
ths oprat!n, s2stms ar -ot /!55rnt 5rom th pr!m!t!v un!" oprat!n,
s2stm.Pop- 1!-- start m!,rat!n, to ths h!,h :u!pp/ oprat!n, s2stms
-!9 u6untu an/ 9a-! -!nu" !5 th2 hav at-ast tr!/ !t onc or th2 cam to ra/
a6out thm.Th!s 6-!5 !s th rason 1h2 ! am spn/!n, m2 t!m on 1r!t!n, th!s
art!c-.
Th!s 6oo9 !s not su67ct/ to an2 cop2r!,hts -a1s or an2th!n, -!9 that.F- 5r
to ma9 cop!s an/ /!str!6ut th!s 6oo9.I prsona--2 6-!v that human
9no1-/, 6-on,s to th 1or-/.S!nc th!s !s m2 5!rst 6oo93;our 5/6ac9 !s
h!,h-2 apprc!at/.
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Table of contents
Intro/uct!on
<hat !s an oprat!n, s2stm
Choos!n, 2our oprat!n, s2stm
Th!n9 Scur!t2 5!rst3Intr5ac n"t
L!nu" 5or norma- usr
L!nu" 5or stu/nts
L!nu" 5or pro,rammrs
L!nu" 5or scur!t2 "prts
S1!tch!n, 5rom <!n/o1s to L!nu"
Us!n, trm!na- 5or th 5!rst t!m
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Introduction:
It !s no 1on/r that trn/s o5 oprat!n, s2stms 9ps on chan,!n,.But !t !s
mor !mportant to us a sta6- oprat!n, s2stm as a norma- usr.So 1h!ch
oprat!n, s2stm ar 2ou us!n, no1=1!n/o1s=mac=-!nu" or an2 othr=Is !t
capa6- o5 mt!n, a-- 2our n/s=Or ar 2ou 5/ up 1!th th Oprat!n, s2stm
1h!ch 2ou ar us!n, no1=Is !t ma9!n, 2our 1or9s mor comp-"=>r coms a
51 common :ust!ons 1h!ch 2ou hav to ans1r no1.Th!s !s 1hat 2ou shou-/
as9 2ours-5 65or choos!n, or chan,!n, 2our oprat!n, s2stm.
I /on8t th!n9 !t !s a ,oo/ !/a to chan, 2our oprat!n, s2stm 7ust 6caus 2our
5r!n/ /!/ or 7ust 6caus 2ou hav ,ot a 6aut!5u- !con st on othr oprat!n,
s2stm.Bcaus -t m t-- 2ou on th!n, that an oprat!n, s2stm !s not 7ust
1hat 2ou s on th scrn.Thr !s -!tt- mor to 9no1.Lt us -oo9 a -!tt-
/pr !nto 1hat an oprat!n, s2stm "act-2 !s.
What is an operating system
Don8t "pct a comp-t an/ 1-- /5!n/ /5!n!t!on o5 an oprat!n,
s2stm hr.Actua--2 thr !s no 1!/-2 accpt/ /5!n!t!on 5or an oprat!n,
s2stm.
what you get when you order an operating system is an operating
system
Soun/s cra?2=But th!s !s th 1!/-2 accpt/ /5!n!t!on o5 1hat an oprat!n,
s2stm !s.In s!mp- 1or/s 1 can cons!/r an oprat!n, s2stm as a st o5
app-!cat!ons an/ pro,ramms 1h!ch h-ps 2ou connct 2ou to 2our computr
har/1ar.<h!ch h-ps 2ou to !nsta-- a//!t!ona- 5aturs an/ so5t1ars as pr
2our 1!sh an/ n/s.
Thr ar var!t2 o5 oprat!n, s2stms ava!-a6- !n mar9t tar,tt!n, /!55rnt
tra!ts o5 usrs.Th!s tar,t var!s 5rom sma-- 9!/s to computr rsarch
sc!nt!sts.It !s our n/ 1h!ch /trm!ns 1h!ch oprat!n, s2stm shou-/ 1
us.4!croso5t 1!n/o1s3os@AmacB3U6untu3m!nt.?or!n35/ora ar 51 amon, th
/!55rnt popu-ar oprat!n, s2stms.
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Escap to L!nu"
!hoosing your operating system
As ! sa!/ 65or choos!n, oprat!n, s2stm nt!r-2 /pn/s on th
purpos o5 us o5 2our computr s2stm.Lt8s hav a sma-- compar!son 6t1n
th thr 9!n,s o5 th!s mar9t.Th os@31!n/o1s an/ U6untu.
Os@ !s an oprat!n, s2stm 5rom App-.It !s 6as!ca--2 a mo/!5!/ vrs!on o5
Un!" oprat!n, s2stm.Th!s un!" cor ma9s os@ a po1r5u- on3! can sa2.os@
prov!/s !t8s usrs a h!,h-2 scur/ an/ soph!st!cat/ comput!n, nv!ronmnt.It
has ,ot h!,h pr5ormanc.It 1or9s -!9 a ma,!c 5or !mp-mnt!n, ntrpr!s
c-ass so-ut!ons.It has ,ot a 6aut!5u- usr !ntr5ac an/ m!n/ 6-o1!n, ,raph!c
5aturs.But !t /man/s an App- computr.Com!n, to th 6u/,t3It !s much
cost-2 1hn compar/ to othrs.
<!n/o1s !s a pro/uct o5 IT C!ant34!croso5t.< can sa2 !t !s th most popu-ar
oprat!n, s2stm amon, common pop-.It has ,ot a ,oo/ !ntr5ac#a m/!um
cost.It !s 6st 5!t 5or hom computrs 1hr 2our 9!/s or 2oun,r 6rothrDs!str
p-a2 som ,ams.Th ma!n a/vanta, o5 us!n, 1!n/o1s oprat!n, s2stm !s
that th2 hav ,ot a 6unch o5 1-- :u!pp/ so5t1ars -!9 4!croso5t
o55!c3photoshop3Ta--230!sua- stu/!o3U-a/ v!/o stu/!o an/ th!s -!st
cont!nus....
U6untu !s a -!nu" 5-avour 1h!ch has ,ot an a/vanta, o5 6aut!5u- usr !ntr5ac
an/ ! rcommn/ th!s oprat!n, s2stm 5or stu/nts.Spc!a--2 5or computr
sc!nc asp!rants an/ IT nthus!asts.It !s an opn sourc so5t1ar an/ !t !s 5r
o5 cost.Th nt!r sourc co/ o5 th!s oprat!n, s2stm !s ava!-a6- an/ !5 2ou
ar a ,oo/ pro,rammr 2ou can mo/!52 !t 5or sur.That !s th 6st th!n, a6out
L!nu" 5-avours 5or stu/nts.L!nu" o55rs 2ou scur!t2.I h!,h-2 rcommn/ us!n,
U6untu.It has ,ot som 1-- occupp!/ so5t1ars an/ nt1or9!n, too-s -!9
Nmap3a!rcrac93mtasp-o!t.It has ,ot a L!6rO55!c 1h!ch 1or9s "act-2 th
sam as ho1 2our m!croso5t o55!c 1or9s on 2our 1!n/o1s p-at5orm an/ a
C!mp !ma, /!tor to rp-ac a/o6 photoshop.
Think security first"Interface ne#t
A computr !s th p-ac 1hr 2ou stor vr2 sns!t!v /ata
somt!ms.a,r/=ma2 6 prsona-3/ucat!ona- or 6us!nss r-at/.<hatvr !t
ma2 6 !5 onc -ost 2ou ma2n8t ,t thos th!n,s 6ac9 or !t ma2 cost h!,h to
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Escap to L!nu"
rtr!v !t 6ac9.Som ma2 us 2our /ata 5or th!r 6n5!ts or som 6a/ 6o2s 5!n/
!t thr!--!n, to put 2ou !n trou6-.Th2 -ov to crash 2our s2stm.
>r coms th thou,ht o5 scur!t2.;ou /on8t 1ant to p-a2 1!th 2our prsona-
5!-s.That !s 1hat L!nu" o55rs 2ou.L!nu" has ,ot som str!ct protoco-s an/
prm!ss!ons to accss 5!-s an/ th!s prvnts th !ntru/r to som "tn/.An/
morovr th un!" cor us/ hr ,!vs "tra scur!t2 5aturs to 2our 5!-s.
;ou can accss 2our 5!-s !n U6untu !thr 62 trm!na- or 62 CUI.CUI stan/s
5or ,raph!ca- usr !ntr5ac.But as a stu/nt3!t !s su,,st/ to us trm!na-.prss
ctr-#a-t#t opns a trm!na- !n 2our u6untu 1h!ch na6-s 2ou 1r!t th
comman/s.
4ost o5 th srvrs ar un!" 6as/ 6caus o5 th scur!t2 !t prov!/s an/
a/vanc/ nt1or9!n, 5aturs.Thr ar svra- othr 5-avours o5 L!nu" 1h!ch
2ou can tr2 out.Fa-! L!nu" !s on anothr L!nu" 5-avour/ oprat!n, s2stm
1h!ch !s h!,h-2 us/ !n th 5!-/ o5 c26r scur!t2 an/ c26r 5orns!cs.
$inu# for a normal user
4an2 o5 2ou th!n9 a6out th scr!pts 1hn 2ou har -!nu".But -t m sa2 that
th!s !s not th cas.L!nu" !s not on-2 mant 5or pro,rammrs or sc!nt!sts.4an2
L!nu" 5-avours mant 5or norma- usrs ar ava!-a6- !n mar9t.That too 5r o5
cost.
A?or!n /s9top scrnshotB
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Escap to L!nu"


I rcommn/ HORINAa popu-ar 5-avour o5 L!nu"B or ! can sa2 a mo/!5!/
vrs!on o5 u6untu.That !s 1hat Hor!n !s.I5 2ou 1ant to p-a2 som mp*
son,s3mus!cs or !5 2ou 1ant to !nsta-- som 1!n/o1s so5t1ars 1!thout
/o1n-oa/!n, so5t1ars 5rom !ntrnt3Thn Hor!n !s th on 1h!ch !s mant 5or
2ou.It has ,ot a n!c usr !ntr5ac.4uch -!,htr an/ natr than 1!n/o1s3I /o
6-!v so.
Hor!n has ,ot som a//!t!ona- /r!vrs !nsta--/ !n !t 1h!ch na6-s 2ou to hav
som ntrta!nmnt. <h!ch h-ps 2ou !nsta-- 1!n/o1s so5t1ar.! !5 2ou 1ant
to !nsta-- photoshop on 2our -!nu" cor3vn that !s poss!6-.I 1!-- com to th!s
top!c -atr !n th!s art!c-.

$inu# for students
Stu/nts has ,ot th ma"!mum 6n5!t out o5 -!nu".It8s opn an/ 5r sourc
co/ !s on amon, thm.an/ morovr most o5 th -!nu" 5-avours ar 5r o5
cost.4a!nta!nanc 6com much as!r an/ 2ou /on8t hav to 1orr2 a6out
v!russ or ma-1ars on L!nu" s2stms.
Ascrnshot o5 an u6untu trm!na-B

U6untu !s th L!nu" 5-avour 1h!ch ! su,,st 5or stu/nts.It has ,ot a 6n5!t o5
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Escap to L!nu"
6oth CUI an/ Sh-- !ntr5ac.U6untu %).() !s th -atst /!str!6ut!on as o5
no1.;ou ar a--o1/ to accss th sh-- !ntr5ac 62 opna!n, th trm!na-.
Prss ctr-#a-t#t to opn 2our trm!na- an/ no1 2our trm!na- starts an/ !5 2ou
/on8t 5- com5orta6- 1!th trm!na-32ou can c-os !t an/ cont!nu 1!th th
CUI.As 2ou ar /o!n, !n 1!n/o1s oprat!n, s2stms.

An/ !5 2ou 1ant to 6 5am!-!ar 1!th th comman/s !n U6untu32ou can s!mp-2
opn th trm!na- an/ start pract!s!n, too.I5 2ou ar stuc9 !n 6t1n3thn ma9
us o5 th man comman/.man comman/s ar c-ar-2 mnt!on/ !n th top!c
Is1!tch!n, 5rom 1!n/o1s to -!nu"J.
$inu# for a programmer and software de%elopers
As pr th pro,rammr !s concrn/3h 1!-- hav to 1r!t co/s !n
/!55rnt pro,ramm!n, -an,ua,s an/ U6untu o55rs a 1!/ var!t2 o5 so5t1ars
to support pro,ramm!n,.<hn !t coms to th mattr o5 pro,ramm!n,3U6untu
sho1s !t8s po1r.It /osn8t r:u!r man2 so5t1ars to comp!- /!55rnt
pro,ramm!n, -an,ua,s.7ust th 6as!c C/!tA1h!ch !s a popu-ar t"t /!torB #
2our -!nu" trm!na- 1!-- /o !t most o5 th t!m.
I am us!n, u6untu an/ ! 1r!t co/s !n c3c##3htm-37avascr!pt an/ php.A-- us!n,
th!s t1o.It !s not -!9 thr !s no othr so5t1ars !n u6untu to /o spc!5!c
pro,ramm!n,.But prsona--2 ! 5- com5orta6- us!n, th!s t1o.I hav !nsta--/
an c-!ps a-so !n m2 -aptop 5or 1r!t!n, 7ava.16 /v-oprs ar su,,st/ to
!nsta-- "ampp srvr 5rom sourc5or, to tst th!r php pro7cts.
$inu# for a security e#pert
Th 5!rst oprat!n, s2stm that com to m!n/ o5 a nt1or9 scur!t2
spc!a-!st or a cu6r 5orns!c o55!cr 1!-- 6 o5 cours th Fa-! -!nu"Ath
po1r5u- 5-avour o5 -!nu"B an/ Bac9trac9As-!,ht-2 out /at/B.Th2 com 1!th
som 6u!-t!n app-!cat!on 1h!ch ar capa6- o5 /o!n, t/!ous nt1or9 scur!t2
tas9s.
Som amon, th scur!t2 an/ c26r 5orns!c r-at/ app-!cat!ons ava!-a6- on
ths oprat!n, s2stms ar Nmap3a!rcrac93mtasp-o!t3s:- n!n7a an/ th!s :uu
o5 vu-nra6!-!t2 tst!n, an/ !n5ormat!on ,athr!n, so5t1ars cont!nus.
Bac9trac9 !s th pr!m!t!v vrs!on o5 9a-! -!nu" supp-!/ 62 th compan2
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Escap to L!nu"
8o55ns!v scur!t28.Latr th2 stopp/ th pro/uct!on an/ ma!nta!nanc o5
6ac9trac9 an/ up,ra// to 9a-! -!nu" 1!th som a//!t!ona- 5aturs3o5 cours.
A9a-! -!nu" /s9topL!ma, 5rom ,oo,- !ma,sB
&witching from windows to $inu#
I am a ,rat supportr o5 -!nu" an/ !t8s 5-avours 5rom th cor o5 m2
hart.<hat ma9s m t-- no to 1!n/o1s !s that th2 9p on chan,!n, th
!ntr5acs.Noth!n, -s.No scur!t2 up/ats.No pr5ormanc up,ra/s.I
prsona--2 5-t so.An/ morovr a-- th!r so5t1ars ar c-os/.I hop 2ou
un/rstoo/ 1hat ! mant 62 c-os/.Th2 9p th sourc co/ !ns!/.
U6untu %).() !s capa6- o5 rp-ac!n, 1!n/o1s.!n vr2 sns.I too 1as us!n,
1!n/o1s 65or ! !nsta--/ u6untu %(.() on m2 hom pc.An/ ! ra--2 1ant/ to
-arn th trm!na- an/ that !s th rason 1h2 ! rp-ac/ m2 1!n/o1s @P 1!th
u6untu.JI too 5-t -!9 that 1as a 1ron, /c!s!onJ.But soon a5tr ! un/rstoo/
that !t !s actua--2 not.
<hn u6untu %'.() cam to mar9t3! start/ 1or9!n, on !t an/ no1 !t8s
%).().An/ !t !s vr2 usr 5r!n/-2.Th 5act !s that 2ou /on8t hav to opn th
trm!na- 1!n/o1 5or th r,u-ar uss.No pro,ramm!n, !s r:u!r/ at a--.I5 2ou
1ant to start us!nn, u6untu.7ust /o1n-oa/ th !so 5!- 5rom th 16s!t or a
c/.Boot an/ !nsta-- th c/.It !s much as!r than !nsta--!n, 1!n/o1s.Must 5o--o1
th !nstruct!ons.No tchn!ca- s9!--s ar r:u!r/.!5 2ou ar st!-- !n /ou6t 2ou can
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Escap to L!nu"
us u6untu 62 -!v c/ 1!thout !nsta--!n, !t a-so.
;ou /on8t hav to !nsta-- a-- 2our /v!c /r!vrs.That !s on o5 th 6n5!t 2ou
hav ovr 1!n/o1s.I5 2ou ar hav!n, trou6- 1!th an2 o5 th /r!vrs /o1n-oa/
th rstr!ct/ /r!vrs pac9a, 5rom U6untu so5t1ar cntr.It !s s!m!-ar to 2our
appstor 1h!ch 2ou us on a /a!-2 6as!s on 2our smartphon.Th!s !s ho1 2our
u6untu so5t1ar cntr -oo9s.
Ascrnshot o5 u6untu so5t1ar cntrB
;ou hav ,ot -ot o5 5r app-!cat!ons an/ 6oo9s un/r /!55rnt c-ass!5!cat!ons !n
2our u6untu so5t1ar cntr. ;ou can /o1n-oa/ so5t1ars 5rom hr.Or 2ou
hav an a-trnat!v opt!on to us trm!na-.t2p th comman/ 81,t8 5o--o1/ 62
th /o1n-oa/ -!n9 to /o1n-oa/ an2th!n,.;ou hav 2our 5!r5o" 16 6ro1sr
!n6u!-t 1hn 2ou !nsta-- 2our u6untu.
No1 1hat 2ou hav to /o n"t !s /o1n-oa/ 1!n 1!n/o1s pro,ram -oa/r 5rom
th!s /o1n-oa/ cntr as 2ou 1!-- hav to us som 1!n/o1s pro,ramms 1hn
2ou su//n-2 s1!tch 2our 1!n/o1s to u6untu as 2ou ma2 not 6 5am!-!ar 1!th
th pr5ct a-trnat!vs 5or th so5t1ars 1h!ch 2ou hav 6n us!n, !n th
1!n/o1s.as ,!mp to photoshop.
N"t 2ou 1!-- hav to /o1n-oa/ th u6untu rstr!ct/ /r!vrs pac9a, to p-a2
som mp* son,s or v!/os 1h!ch !s !n 5ormats -!9 mp) or *,p.
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A/!55rnt u6untu 1!n/o1sB
No1 2our U6untu !s ra/2 5or th norma- us.;ou can p-a2 mus!c3v!/os3p-a2
,ams3prpar prsntat!ons an/ ach an/ vr2 th!n, 2ou can 6r!n, to 2our
u6untu atmosphr.
'sing Terminal for the first time
S!nc 2ou ar n1 to trm!na- ! 1!-- !ntro/uc 2ou som 6as!c oprat!ons
on trm!na-.Don8t "pct pro,ramm!n, hr.6as!c mans 6as!c.>r ar 51
comman/s 1!th th!r usa,Anot that comman/s can hav opt!ons pr5!"/ 62 a
8N8B:
-s :-!st!n, 5!-s
som opt!ons ar Oa3-3A363B3cP
usa,: -s Na Ath!s 1!-- -!st nams o5 a-- 5!-s !nc-u/!n, h!//n 5!-sB
cat :/!sp-a2 th contnts
usa,: cat 5!-nam.t"t
c/ :chan, /!rctor2
usa,: c/ /!rctor2Q-ocat!on
mv :mov 5!-
usa,: mv sourcQ-ocat!on /st!nat!onQ-ocat!on
cp :cop2 5!-
usa,: cp sourcQ-ocat!on /st!nat!onQ-ocat!on
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Escap to L!nu"
Th a6ov ar th 51 6as!c comman/s.tr2 !t out.I5 2ou ncountr an2 pro6-ms
1h!- us!n, an2 comman/s3us man comman/ to 9no1 mor a6out that
comman/ an/ to 9no1 ho1 to us !t.
>r !s an "amp-:
to 9no1 mor a6out th var!ous usa, o5 -s comman/3opn th trm!na-.It !s as
as2 as prss!n, ctr-#a-t#t.thn t2p
man -s
That8s !t.;ou 1!-- ,t pa,s o5 !n5ormat!on a6out that s!n,- comman/.U6untu
man pa,s ar that ,oo/.>av a ,oo/ t!m us!n, -!nu" 5-avours.
(est wishes))
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