NAME (PRINT): --;-:-~~_ _ _ _ _ _--==;----;=_ _ _ _ _ _ __

Last/Surname

STUDENT#:

First IGiven Name

---------------------- SIGNATURE: ----------------

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO MISSISSAUGA

JUNE 2012 FINAL EXAMINATION

STA220H5F

The Practice of Statistics I

Ramya Thinniyam

Duration - 3 hours

Aids: Non-Programmable Calculator; 1 page of double-sided Letter (8-1/2

sheet (hand written); Statistical Tables (provided)

x 11)

The University of Toronto Mississauga and you, as a student, share a commitment to

academic integrity. You arE1 reminded that you may be charged with an academic
offence for possessing any unauthorized aids during the writing of an exam, including
but not limited to any electronic devices with storage, such as cell phones, pagers,
personal digital assistants (PDAs), iPods, and MP3 players. Unauthorized calculators
and notes are also not permitted. Do not have any of these items in your possession
in the area of your desk. Please tum the electronics off and put all unauthorized aids
with your belongings at the front of the room before the examination begins. If any of
these items are kept with you during the writing of your exam, you may be charged with
an academic offence. A typical penalty may cause you to fail the course.
Please note, you CANNOT petition to re-write an examination once the exam has
. begun.

INSTRUCTIONS:
-There are 9 questions - answer all questions.
-For all true/false and fill in the blank questions - circle or put your final answers in blanks
as instructed. Only final answers will be marked.
-For all other questions, show your work to earn full marks and then circle the final
answer. Correct answers with no justifications will not receive any marks.
-For questions with Minitab output given, you may copy the appropriate numbers without
calculating yourself. Do your own calculations when specified to do from scratch.
-Final answers should be in reduced form. Round your answers to 4 decimal places
where appropriate.

BEST WISHES! @
Question

TOTAL

Value

10

10

10

10

20

10

10

10

10

100

Mark

Page 1 of 12

Student Number:

Full Name:

[10 marks - leach]

1. TRUEIFALSE: If the statement is true under all conditions circle T, otherwise circle F.
(a) The p-value is the probability that the null hypothesis is true.
(b) For any events A, B in a sample space: PCA)

+ PCB) =

T F

1.

T F

(c) For any continuous random variable, X, PCX = 3) = O.

T F

(d) The range is a more resistant measure of the spread than IQR .

T F

(e) The margin of error is equal to the width of a confidence interval.

T F

(1) A hypothesis test with a 1% significance level has a probability of at most 0.01 of
incorrectly rejecting Ho.

T F

(g) Mutually exclusive events must be independent.

T F

(h) The best way to deal with outliers is to remove them from the data set.

T F

(i) The smallerthe p-value, the more evidence in favour of Ha.

T F

(j) The Central Limit Theorem says that the sample mean will be unbiased for the
population mean only ifthe sample size is large.

T F

[10 marks]
2. A printer manufacturer tests 15 randomly selected printer heads and records the number of
characters printed until failure. Below is a stem-and-Ieaf plot of the number of characters (in
millions) until failure:
Stern-and-Leaf Display: nurn_char
Stem-and-leaf of num char
Leaf Unit - 0.010

1
2
3
5

8
9.
10

5
2

11

(4)

12
13
14
15

38

0259
236
38
5

6
3
1

N - 15

Page 2 of 12

Full Name:

Student Number:

Fill in the blanks with the final answers:

[1

m]

(a) Find the range.

[1 m]
(b) Find the inter-quartile range, IQR.

~~
(c) If Lt~l Xi

= 18.58 and Lt~l xl = 23.5368, find the sample mean and sample standard deviation.

X=- - - - - -

s= ________

[1 m]
(d) Find a 99% confidence interval for the mean.

[1 m]
(e) With 99% confidence, the manufacturer can advertise that the mean lifetime of their printers is
at least
characters.

[1 m]
(I) Suppose the popUlation standard deviation is known to be 2.1 million characters.

Find a 99% confidence interval for the mean.

[3 m]
(g) What assumptions were required to use the CIs in (d) and (f)? Assess whether or not these
conditions are met.

'.
Page 3 of 12

Student Number:

Full Name:

[10 marks]
3. The table below shows results of a 1998 study on internet communication, in particular,
"flaming in chat rooms." The investigators were interested in whether being personally criticized
1 to cntlclze 0 thers,
b'y 0 thers wou ld rnake one more l'k
1 ely
Not Been Personally Criticized
Total:
Personally
Criticized
127
19
8
Criticized Others
143
Has Not Criticized Others
23
166

Total:

151

42

193

Now, suppose a chat room user is randomly selected,

[2m]
(a) Label with letters and name the two events of interest.

For each ofthe following, write the events in question with proper notation and then estimate
the probabilities. Put theflnal answer on the blank where indicated:
[1m]
(b) Probability that the individual has criticized others

~~

(c) Probability of being criticized or criticizing others

[1m]
(d) Probability of being criticized and criticizing others

[2 m]
(e) The user has been personally criticized by someone else, What is the probability that he will
criticize another individual?

[3 m]
(1) Are criticizing others and being personally criticized independent events? Justify.

Page 4 of 12

Full Name:

Student Number:

[10 marks - 1 each blank/sentence]

4. Religion Studies researchers were interested in making inferences about the true proportion of
Canadians who believe in some fonnofGod. They randomly surveyed 100 Canadians and
asked them whether or not they believed in God (Yes or No). Here is the Minitab output.
Test and CI for One Proportion
Test of p

0.5 vs p not

0.5

Event = Yes
Sample
1

X
N Sample p
61 100 0.610000

95% CI
0.705597)

(0.514403,

Z-Value
2.20

P-Value
0.028

Use the output to fill in the blanks:

(a)

people in the survey said they believed in God.

and the alternative

(b) As given in the output, the null hypothesis is
hypothesis is
. [use proper notation and symbols]

(c) The value of the test statistic is _ _ _ _ _ _ __

(d) If Ho is true, the distribution of the test statistic is _ _ _ _ _ __

(e) The 95% confidence interval for the true proportion of Canadians Who do NOT believe in some
fonn of God is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

(f) Using a confidence interval, decide on whether or not you agree with this claim: "More than
3/4 ofCanadians believe in some form ofGod", Fill in 'agree' or 'disagree': _ _ _ _ _ __

(g) If the researchers are interested in answering the question: "Do the majority ofCanadians
believe in some form ofGoel? " the appropriate p-value is
, At the 5%
significance level, the conclusion would be
[reject or FTR Ho ],

(b) Give a one sentence conclusion in plain English to answer the question of interest from (g).

"

Page 5 of 12

Full Name:

Student Number:

[20 marks]
5. An intersection in Mississauga has an average of 6 accidents per month.

Before answering each part, label the random variable ofinterest and identify its distribution
with correct parameters. Show your work and circle your final answers:
[3 m]
(a) What is the probability that there are exactly 2 accidents in September at this intersection?

[3mr
(b) What is the probability that in the next year, 3 months will have exactly 2 accidents in them
each?

[4 m]
(c) Approximate the probability that in the next two years, at least 10 months will have 2 accidents
in them each.

Page 6 of 12

Full Name:

Student Number:

[2 m]

(d) On average, how long would you have to wait for an accident to occur at this intersection?
(Include the units in your answer).

[3

m]

(e) An accident just occurred today. What is the probability that the next accident is more than 1/2
a month from today?

[5 m]
(f) You take a random sample of 100 months and record the number of accidents that occur. What

is the probability that the average number exceeds 6.S accidents?

Page 7 of 12

Student Number:

Full Name:

{lOmarksj
6. A new toothpaste has been put on the market that claims to reduce the number of teeth that have
problems (cavities, sensitive teeth, etc:.). In order to test the effect ofthe new toothpaste,
researchers randomly select participants and randomly assign each person to use either the new
toothpaste or a standard toothpaste (a popular brand that has been used for several years). After 6
months of use, each participant reports the number of teeth they have with problems. It can be
assumed that both populations are Normal. Partial Minitab output is given:
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS: standard

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS: new

Variable
standard

Variable
new

N Mean
15 3.70

StDev
1.98

SE Mean
0.51

N Mean
20 3.30

StDev
2.13

SE Mean
0.48

Test for Equal Variances

95% Bonferroni confidence intervals for standard deviations
Sample
standard
new

N
Lower
15 1.38964
20 1.56050

StDev
1. 98
2.13

Upper

3.35600

3.30000

F-Test (normal distribution)

Test statistic = 0.86, p-value = 0.79

[2 m)
(a) Using a=O.05, test for the equality of the variances of the standard and new toothpaste
populations. Include all steps requiredfor a Hypothesis Test (you may copy any relevant parts
from the output without calculating them yourself).

Page 8 of 12

Full Name:

Student Number:

[5 m]
(b) Which type of hypothesis test would you use to test if the new toothpaste is effective as
claimed by the manufacturer using a:;:0.05? Why?
Test the relevant hypothesis from scratch. Include all steps requiredfor a Hypothesis Test.

[3 m]
(c) The manufacturer of the new toothpaste now decides to collect data on consumers ofthe new
toothpaste separately in order to improve their study. How large of sample is required to
estimate the mean number of teeth with problems within 0.5 and retain 95% confidence?

Page 9 of 12

Full Name:

Student Number:

flOmarksJ
7. "Is insomnia related to education?" Researchers conducted a study to determine if insomnia
is related to the education of Tennessee residents. 575 adults in Tennessee were selected to
participate in the study using a random-digit telephone procedure. Thenumber of years of
education and insomnia status (normal sleeper or chronic insomniac) were recorded for each
participant. The researchers discovered that the fewer the years of education, the more likely the
person is to have chronic insomnia.
*~: Insomnia

is a sleep disorder (problems falling asleep/staying asleep throughout the night).

In a random-digit telephone procedure, telephone numbers are generated at random and
the people with those phone numbers are contacted to participate in the study.

Fill in the blanks or give a one-sentence brief answer where appropriate to following:
[1 m] (a) Identify the population of interest.

[1 m] (b) Identify the sample.

[4 m] (c) List the variables measured and whether they are categorical or quantitative.

[1 m] (d) What inference(s) did the researchers make?

[1 m]
(e) In general, conclusions about a sample can be generalized to the population if the sample is
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ of the population.
.

[2 m]
(f) In this case, do the selected participants form a random sample? Explain why or why not.

Page 10 of 12

Full Name:

Student Number:

[10marksj
8. You and your friend playa dice-rolling game. You each roll a fair die once and observe the
number that appears on the up face for each person. Ifboth of you get the same number: nobody
wins or loses any money. If you get different numbers: whoever gets the lower number has to
pay the other person $1. Let X represent your winnings (in $) from this game.
[4 m]
(a) Find the probability distribution for X and display it in table form.

[3 m]
(b) Calculate the mean of X and interpret your answer in terms of the game. Show your
calculations and then circle your final answer.

[3 m]
(c) Compute the variance of X Show your work and circle thefinal answer.

Page 11 of 12

Student Number:

Full Name:

{10 marks}
9. A public school is considering adding to the curriculum a course that it believes will improve the
reading comprehension skills of its students. The school has decided to conduct an experiment to
evaluate the course before it is offered to the general student body. Six students are randomly
selected and their reading scores are recorded before and after the course. These scores are
composite measurements of both speed and comprehension (where higher scores indicate higher
')Th
. dbl
compreh enSlOn
. e resuIts are summanze
e ow:
Score Before Course
Student Number
Score After Course

1
2
3
4
5

221
231
203
216
207
203

211
216
191
224
201
178

The school will implement the new course if there is sufficient evidence at the 5% significance
level that the course improves reading comprehension.
[2 m) (a) Which type of hypothesis test is appropriate for this situation and why?

[6m} (b) Conduct the hypothesis test of interest. Include all steps requiredfor a Hypothesis Test.

[2 m} (c) List the assumption(s) required to use this type of hypothesis test.

Page 12 of 12
--END OF EXAM--

794

Appendix A Tables

TABLE IV Normal Curve Areas

o
z
.0
;1, .
.2

'.3
.4

oS

.6

.7

.8

.9

1.0

1.1
1.2
1.3
L4

l.S
L6
L7
1.8
L9
2.0

:U
2.2
2.3
2.4

2.5
2.6
2.7

2.8
2,9
3.0

1;

.00

.01

02

.03

.04

.OS

.06 .

.07

.OS

.09

.0000
.0398
.0793
.1179

.1554

.1915

.2257

.2580

.2881

,.y.3159
.3413

.0040
.0438
.0832
.1217

.1591

.1950

.0080
.0478
.0871
.1255

.1628

.1985

.0160
.0557
.0948
.1331

.1700

.2054

.0359
.0753
.1141

.1517

.1879

. ,2224

.3643

.3849

.4032

.4192

. .4332

.3665

.3869

.4049 .. .:....iQ6ti
.4207,'''1 ~%m22
.4345

.4357

.4463

.4474

.4564

.4573

.4656

.4P49
.4719
.' .4726'"
.4783 .
.~11&";;.'
" , .
.4826

.4830

.4864

.4868

.4896

.4898

.4922

.492Q
.4940

.4941

.4955

.4956

.4967

.4966

.4975

..4976

.4982

.4982

.4987
.4987

.0239
.0636
.1026

.1406

.1772

.2123

.2454

.2764

.3051

.3315

.3554

.3770

.3962

.4131

.4179

.0319
.0714
.1103

.1480

.1844

.2190

.2324

.2642

.2939

.3212 .

.3461

.3686

.3888

.0199
.0596
.0987
.1368

.1736

.2088

.2422

.2734

.3023

.3289

.3531

.0279
.0675
.1064

.1443

.1808

;2157

.2291

.2611

.2910

.3186

.3438 '

.0120
.0517
.0910
.1293

.1664

.2019

.2357

.2673

.2967

.3238

.3485

.3708

.3907

.4082

.4236

.4370

.4484

.4582

.4664

.. .4732

' . .4788

.4452

.4554

.4641

.4713

.4772

.4821

.4861

.4893

.4918

.4938

.4953

,4965
.4974

.4981

.4987

.4834

.4871

.4901

.4925
..4943

.4957

.4968

.4977

.4983

:4988

.2389

.2704

.2995

.3264

.3508

\ .3729

.3925

.4099

.4251

.4382

.4495

.4591

.4671

.4738

.4793

.4838

.4875

.4904

.4927

.4945

.4959

.4969

.4977

.4984

.4988

.3749

.3944

.4115

.4265

.4394
.4505

.4599

.4678

.4744

.4798

.4842

.4878

.4906

.4929

.4946

.4960

.4970

.4978

.4984

.4989

.4406

<IJ'
.4515

.4608

.4686.
.4750

.4893

.4846

.4881

.4909

.4931

.4948

.4961

.4971

.4979

~49B5

.4989

.2486

.2794

.3078

.3340

.3577

.3790

.3980

.4147

.4292

.4418

.4525

.4616

.4693

.4756

.4808

.4850

.4884

.4911

.4932

.4949

.4962

.4972

.4979

.4985

.4989

.2517

.2549

.2823

.2852

.3106
. .3133

.3365

.3389

.3599

.3621

- .3810
.3830

.3997
' .4015

.4162

.4177

.' .4319

.4306

.4429

.4441

.4535

.4345

.4625..
.4633

.4699 :. .4706

.4761 .
~ ..4767

.4812.

.4817

.4857

.4854

.4887'
.4890

.4913 .
. .4916

.4936

.4934

.4952

.4951

.4964

.4963

.4974

.4973

.4981

.4980

.4986

.4986

.4990 i
.4990

Source: Abridged from Table I ofA. Hald, Statistical Table$ and Fonnulas (New York: Wiley), 1952. Reproduced by permission of A. Hald.

796

-~~

TABLE VI Critic;al Values of t

."

f(t)

,
,

Degrees of
, -Freedom

1
2
3

4
5

6
7

,.

9
10
U
12

13
14
15,
16
17
18
19

20
21
22
23
24
25

26
27
28

29
30

40
60
120
00

t.lOO

t.050

3.078
1.886
1.638
1.533
1.476
1.440
1.415
1.397
1.383
1.372
1.363
1.356

,6.314
2.920
2.353
2.132
2.015
1.943
1.895
1.860
1.833
1.812
1.796
1.782

'1.3~~ ~_ ~-"i.771

1.345 :
1.341
1.337
1.333'
1.330
, 1.328:

li~r~5
I'.., '.. - ,

1.323
1.321
1.319
1.318
1.316
1.315
1.314
1.313
1.311
1.310
1.303 '
1.296
1.289
1.282

-,

1.761
1.753
1.746
1.740
1.734
t;729
1:725
1.721
1.717
1.714
1.711
1.708
1.706
'1.703
1.70f
1.699
1.697
1.684
-1.6n.
1.658
1.645' ,

tJW

.12.706
4.303
3.-182
2.776
2.571
2.447
2.365
2.306
2.262
2.228
2.201
2.179

i1 :
' 2.145
2.131
' 2.120
2.110
2.101
2.093
2.086
2.080
'2.074
2.069
2.064
2.060
2.056
2.052
1 2.048
2.045
2.D42
2.021
2.000
1.980
1.960

1.010

t.OO5

31.821
63.657
6.965
9.925
4.541 '
5.841
3.747
4.604
3.365
4.032
3.143
3.707
2.998
3.499
2.896
3.355
2.821
3.250
2.764
3.169 _
2.718
3.106
2.681
3.055
2.650
3.012 '
~ 2.977
2.024
2.602
2.9fl.7
-; 2.921
2.583
2.567
';" -;2.898
't,2.878
2.552
'2.861
2.539
2.528
2.845
' 2.518
2.831
2.508
2.819
2.500
2.807
2.492
279.7
2.485
2.787
2.479
2.779
2.473
2.771
2.763
~.467
- 2.462
2.756
2.457 . -,' "
2.750
2.423
2.704
2.390
2.660
2.358
2.617
2.326
.2.576

t.ooi

t.ooos

318.31
22.326
10.213
7.173
5.893
5.208
4.785
4.501
4.297
4.144
4.025
3.930
3.852
3.787

636.62
31.598
12.924
8.610
6.869
5.959
5.408
5.041
4.781
4.587
4.431
4.318
4.221
4.140:
4.073
4.015
3.965
3.92,2
3.883
3,850
3.819

'.

3.73~

3.686
3.646
3.610 "
3.579 - :i,.,:
'
3.552 't
3.527 .
3.505
3.485
' 3.467
3.450
3.435
3.421
3.408
3.396
3.385
3.307
3.232
3.160
3.090

"

Source: 1his table is reproduced with the lcind permtsSioil of ~e 'frustees of Biometrika from E. S. Pearson and R O. Hartley (eds.),
The Biometrika Tables for Statisticians, Vol. 1, 3d ed., Biometrika, 1966.

3~792

,3.767
3.745
3,725
3.707
3.690
3.674
3.659
3.646
3.551
3.460
3.373
3.291

,,~/~~;-

r:"'7~~"

;,
,

'

c;

ApPENDIX A

"'~

i~

1<'

TABLE IX Percentage Points of the F-distribution, a

Tables

801

= .05

I /:

I,

NUMERATOR DEGREES OF FREEDOM

liZ '

1
2
3

.~

,~

4
5
6
7
8
9

10

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

foil
Q

25

f;i;

0
~

foil
.~

foil
Q

=:

0
Z

24

26
27
28
29
30
40

60
120.
00

161.4
18.51
10.13
7.71
6.61
5.99
'~;;"
5.59
,5.32
5.12
4.96
' 4.84
4.75
4.67
4:60
4.54
4.49
4.45
4.41
4.38
4.35
4.32
4.30
4.28
4.26 '
4.24
4.23
4.21
4.20
4.18
4.17

199.5
19.00
9.55
6.94
5.79
5.14
4.74
4.46
4.26
4.10

215.7
19.16
9.28
6.59
5.41
4.76
4.35
4.07
3.86
3.71

224.6
19.25
9.12
6.39
5.19
4.53
4.12
3.84
3.63
3.48
3.36
3.26
3.18
3.11
3.06
3.01
2.96
2.93
2.90
2.87
2.84
2.82
2.80
2.78
2.76
2.74
2.73
2.71
2.70
2.69

230.2
19.30
9.01
6.26
5.05
4.39
3.97
3.69
3.48
3.33
3.20
3.11
3.03
2.96
2.90
2.85
2.81
2.77
2.74
2.71
2.68
2.66
2.64
2.62
2.60
2.59
2.57
2.56
2.55
2.53

2.61
2.53
2.45
2.37

2.45
2.37
2.29
2.21

4.08
4.0q.
3.92
3.84

3;98--~. :'7f.~i'

3.59

3.8~;' ..

3.49

3;81
3.74
3.68
3.63
3.59"

3.41
3.34
3:29
3.24
),20 ..
3-.16
3.13
3.10

li)),~5

3.52
3.49
3.47
3.44
3.42
3.40
3.39
3.37
3.35
3.34
3.33
3.32
3.23
3.15
3.07 .
3.00

3.07
3.05
3.03 .
3'.01
2.99
2.98
2.96
2.95
2.93
2.92
2.84
2.76
2.68
2.60

6
234.0
19.33
8.94
6.16
4.95
4.28
3.87
3.58
3.37
3.22
3.09
3.00 ~~
2.92
2.85
2.79
2.74
2.70
2.66
2.63
2.60
. 2.57
2.55
,2.53
2.51
2.49
2.47
2.46
2.45, ..
2.43
2.42

"

'"rr'

2.34
2.25
2.17
2.10

I
1'1

,.

236.8
19.35
8.89
6.09
4.88
4.21
3.79
3.50
3.29
3.14
3.01
2.91
;'2.83 ""
2.76
2.71
2.66
2.61
2.58
2.54
2.51
2.49
2.46
2.44
2.42
2.40
2.39
2.37
2.36
2.35
2.33
. 2.25
2.17
2.09
2.01

. 9 .

8
238.9
19.37
8.85
6.04
4.82
4.15
3.73
3.44
3.23
3.07
2.95
2.85
2.77 \,
2.70
2.64
2.59
2.55
2.51 '
2.48
2.45
2.42
2.40
2.37
2.36
2.34
2.32
2.31
2.29
2.28
2.27

240.5
19.38
8.81
6.00
4.77
4.10
3.68
3.39
3.18

,3.02

2.90
2.80
2.71
2.65
2.59
2.54
",.../.2.49

2.18
2.10
2.02
1.94

~i-,2.46

2.42
2.39
2.37
2.34
2.32
2.30
2.28
2:]7
2.25
2.24
2.22
2.21

ji

1:

"

1i

r'II
f

I'

,I:

2.12
2.04
1.96
1.88

.1

Source: From M. Merrington and eM. Thompson, "Tables of Percentage Points of the Inverted Beta (F)-Distribution," Biometrika,
1943,33,73-88.

(continued)

:I,i
I

,I

iii
1'1

iii

II
I

I,

'l\ .

i:i'INII

802

Appendix A

Tables

TABLE IX Continued

~1
Vl

NUMERATOR DEGREES OF FREEDOM

~r--l-0-"---12---'-15-----r--2-0-;---24---r--30--'--40--'--60~--'~- ~;
1

241.9
19.40
8.79 .
5.96

4.74

4.06

3.64

335

~3.14

~ 10

11

~ ~

14

o 15

rI:J

Iiil

16

~, 17

~ 18

~ 19

=:

(;,

2.98
2.85
2.75
2.67
2.60
2.54
2.49
2.45
2.41
2.38

20

235

21

232

230

2.27

2.25

2.24

2.22

2.20
2.19
2.18
2.16

i .ii

~ 24

~ 2S

26

27

28

29

30

. 40
60

120

OQ

2.08
1.99 .
1.91
1~

243.9
245.9
19.41
19.43
8.74
8.70
5.91
5.86 '
4.68
4.62
4.00
3.94
3.57
3.51
3.28
3.22
3.07
3.01
2.91
2.85
2.79
2.72
2.69
2.62
2.60
2.53
2.53
2.46
2.48
2.40
2.42
2.35
2.38
2.31
2.34
2.27
2.31.. ;2.23
i:Ji., ~r~ '2.20
2.25'
2.18
2.23
2.15
2.20
2.13
2.18
2.11
2.16
2.09
. 2.15', 2.Q7'
'2?i3
2.06
2.12
2.04
2.10
2.03
2.09
2.01

j.,

2.00
1.92
1.83 i
U5

248.0
249.1
19.45
19.45
8.66
8.64
5.80
5.77
4.56
4.53
3.87
3.84
3.44
3.41
3.15
3.12
2.94
2.90
2.77
2.74
2.65
2.61
2.54
2.51
2.46
2.42
2.39
2.35
2.33
2.29
2.28" 2.24
2.23
2.19
2.19
2.15
2.16
2.11
2.12
2.08
2.10
2.05
2.07
2.03
2.05
2.01
2.03
1.98
2.01
1.96
1.99
1.95
1.97
1.93
1.96
1.91
1.94
1.90
1.93
1.89 .

1.921.84
1.84
1.75
1.75
1.66
1.m
1~

1.79
1.70
1.61
1.~

250.1
19.46
8.62
5.75
4.50
3.81
3.3S
3.08
2.86
2.70
2.57
2.47
,2.38
2.31
2.25
2.19
2.15
2.11
2.07
2.04
2.01
1.98
1.96
1.94
1.92
1.90
1.88
1.87
1.85
1.84

251.1
19.47
8.59
5.72
4.46
3.77
3.34
3.04
2.83
2.66
2.53
2.43
234
2.27
2.20
2.15
2.10
2.06
2.03

1:89
1.87
1.85
1.84
1.82
1.81
1.79

4.43
3.74
3.30
3.01
2.79
2.62
2.49
2.38
2.30
2.22
. 2.16
2.11
2.06
2.02
1.98
1.95
1\.92
1.89
1.86
1.84
1.82
1.80
1.79
1.77
1.75
1.74

1.74
1.65
1.55
1.46

1.69
1.59
1.50
1.39

1.64
1.53
1.43
1.32

~1.99

1.96 f
1.94
"1~1

252.2
19.48
8.57
5~69

OQ

253.3
254.3
19.49
19.50
8.55
8.53
5.66
5.63
4.40
4.36.
3.70
3.67
3.27
3.23
2.97
2.93
2.75
2.71
2.58
2.54
2.45
2.40
2.34
2.30
2.25
2.21
2.18
, 2.13
2.11
2.07
2.06
2.01'
2.01
1.96
\ 1.92
1.97
1.93
1.88.
1.90
1.84
1~7'
1.81
1.84
1.78
, 1.81
1.76
1.79'
1.73
1.77 ~;\ \ 1.71
1.7~

1.73
1.71
1.70
1.68

1.69' ,
1.67
1.65
1.64
1.62

1.58
1.47
1.35
1:22

1.51
1.39
1.25
1.00

.,
ApPENDIX A

TABLE X Percentage Points of the F-distribution, a

Tables~c6.'3 'y

= .025

f(F)

F,fJ25

~
J.'z

1
2

3
4
5
(;';

8
9
::>1 10
0
~ 11
f;I;l
1213
~
0 14
I:I:l 15
f;I;l
16
~ 17
.~
f;I;l
18
~
=: 19
20
21
22 0 23

~
~
~

"';:."

24

25
26
27
28
29
3.0
40
60
120
00

NUMERATOR DEGREES OF FREEDOM

2

647.8
799.5
864.2
38.51
39.00
39.17
17.44
16.04
15.44
12.22
10.65
9.98
10.01
8.43
7.76
8.81
7.26
6.60
5.89 '
8.07
6.54
7.57
6.06
5.42
7.21
5.71
5.08
6.94
4.83
-4~~:i'
' 00/"'"'3f2~'
6.72
4.63
6.55
5.10
4.47
6.41
4.97
4.35
6.30
4.86
4.24
6.20
4.77
A:15
6.1_2
4.69
4.08
, .
4.62'
..
'
6.Cl1)
\
,
4.01
I
j, . r~:
,4.56
5.98
3.95
5.92
4.51
3.90
5.87
4.46
3.86
5.83
4.42
3.82
5.79
4.38
3.78
5.75
4.35
3.75
5.72
4.32
3.72
5.69
4.29
3.69
5.66
4.27
3.67
5.63
4.24
3.65
5.61
4.22
3.63
5.59
4.20
3.61
5.57
4.18
3.59

,.

.. 5.42
5.29
5.15
5.02

4.05
3.93
3.80
3.69

3.46
3.34
3.23
3.12

899.6
39.25
15.10
9.60
7.39
6.23
5.52
5.05
4.72
4.47
4.28
4.12
4.00
3.89
3.80
3.73
3.66
3.61
3.56
3.51
3.48
3.44
3.41
3.38
3.35
3.33
3.31
3.29
3.27
3.25

921.8
39.30
14.88
9.36
7.15
5.99
5.29
4.82
4.48
4.24
4.04
3.89
3.77
3.66
3.58
3.50
3.44
3.38
3.33
3.29
3.25
3.22
3.18
3.15
3.13
3.10
3.08
3.06
3.04
3.03

937.1
39.33
14.73
9.20
6.98
5.82
5.12
4.65
4.32
4.07
?!.88
3.73

948.2
39.36
'14.62
9.07
6.85
5.70
4.99
4.53
4.20
3.95
3.76

956.7
39.37
14.54
8.98
6.76
5.60
4.90
4.43
4.10
3.85
3.66
,,3.51
l,
3.39
3.29'
3.20

963.3
39.39
14.47
8.90
6.68
5.52
4.82
4.36
4.03
3.78
3.59
3.44
3.31
3.21
3.12
3.05
2.98
2.93
2.88
2.84
.2.80
2.76
2.73
2.70
2.68
2.65
2.63
2.61
2.59
2.57

3.13
3.01
2.89
2.79

2.90 .
2.79
2.67
2.57

3:60

!f

~.61

3.,4-1
3.34
3.28
3.22
3.17
3.13
3.09
3.05
3.02
2.99
2.97
2.94
-.. , ,2.92
2.90
2.88
2.87

3.48
3.38
3.29
3.22
3.16
3.10
3.05
3.01
2.97
2.93
2.90
2.87
2.85
2.82
2.80
2.78
2.76
2.75

2.74
2.63
2.52
2.41

2.62
2.51
2.39
2.29

,-~$P

3.1~"r'-'.
3.0(h
3.01
2.96 ,
2.91
2.87
2.84
2.81
2.78
2.75
2.73
2.71
2.69
2.67
2.65

2.45
2.33
2.22
2.11

2.53
2.41
2.30
2.19

Source/From M. Merrington and C. M. Thompson, "Tables of Percentage Points of the Inverted Beta (F)-Distribution," Biometrika,
1943,'33,73:'88.
(continued)"

4
Appendix A Tables

804

TABLE X Continued

~Vl

NUMERATOR DEGREES OF FREEDOM

V2~r---l-0--r--U--~-'~~--~~20--'---~~'---~---'---~~-'---6-0--'---U~O--'---~--1
2
3
4
5
6
7

8
9
10

Q 11

E 14~
):i;

o 15
.r:I.l
~

16

~ ~17
~ 18
Q 19
=.:

~ 20

<
~

21
22

23

24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40

60
120
QO

968.6
976.7
.984.9
39.40
39.41
39.43
14.42
14.34
14.25
8.84
8.75
. 8.66
6.62
6.52
6.43
5.46
5.37
5.27
4.76
4.67
4.57
4.30
4.20
4.10
3.96
3.87
3.77
3.72
3.62
3.52
3.53
' 3.43
3.33
3.37
3.28
3.18
3.25
3.15
3.05
3.15
3.05
2.95
3.06,
2.96
2.86
2.99
2.89
2.79
2.92
2.82
2.72
2.87
2.77
2.67
2.82
2.72
2.62
2.77
2.68
2.57
2.73 =I~~~:. 2.53
2.70
,'2:60
2.50
2.67
2.57
2.47
2.64
2.54
2.44
2.61
2.51
2.41
2.59
2.49
2.39
2.57
: 2.47 ':! 2.36
2d5t f : i . 2.45 : 2.34
. 2.43
232
2.53
2.51
2.41
2.31
2.39
2.27
2.16
2.05

2.29
2.17
2.05'
1.94 I

2.18
2.06
1.94
1.83
I

993.1
997.2
39.45
39.46
14.17
14.12
8.56
8.51
6.33
6.28
5.17
5.12
4.47
4.42
4.00
3.95
3.67
3.61
3.42
3.37
3.23
3.17
3.07
3.02
2.95
2.89
2.84
2.79
2.76
2.70
2.68
2.63
2.62
2.56
,2.56
2.50
2.51
2.45
2.46
2.41
2.42
2.37
2.39
2.33
2.36
2.30
D3 .
2.27
2.30
2.24
2.28
2.22
2.25
2.19
2.232.17
2.21
2.15
2.20
2.14
2.07
1.94
1.82
1.71 I

2.01
1.88
1.76
1.64

1,001
39.46
14.08
8.46
6.23
5.07
4.36
3.89
3.56
3.31
3.12
2.96
2.84
2.73
2.64
2.57
2.50
2.44
2.39
2.35
2.31
2.27
2.24
2.21
2.18
2.16
2.13
2.11
2.09
2.07

1,006
39.47
14.04
8.41
6.18
5.01
4.31
3.84
3.51
3.26
3.06
2.91
2.78
2.67
2.59
2.51
2.44
2.38
2.33
2.29
~
2.25
2.@.1
$ 2.18
~, ':Ii 2.15
'., 2.12
'. 2.09
2.07
2.05
2.03
2.01

1.94
1.82
1.69
1.57

1.88
1.74
1.61
1.48

_1,010
1~014-;:
3,9.48
39.4~
1:3.99
13.95
8.36
8.31
6.12
6.07
4.96
4.90
4.25
4.20
3.78
3.73
3.45
3.39
3.20
3.14
/ 3.00
2.94
2.85
2.79
2.72
. 2.66
2.61
2.55
2.52 .
2.46
2.45
2.38
2.38
2.32
2.32
2.26
2.27 .
2.20
2.22
2.16
2.18
2.11
\ 2.14
\ 2.08
2.11 .
2.04
2.08
2.01
2.05
'1.98
2.03
).95
2.00
i~~3
.. 1.98
. 1.91
1.96
1.89
1.94
1.87
1.80
1.67
1.53
1.39

1,018 '
39.50
13.90
8.26
6.02
4.85
4.14
3.67
3.33
3.08
2.88
2.72
2.60
2.49
2.40
. 232
2.25
2.19
2.1~

1.72
1.58'
1.43
1.27 .

'2.09
2.04
2.00
1.97.
1.94
1.91
1.88
1.85
1.83
1.81
1.79
1.64
1.48
1.31

1.00